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Sir Gerard Clauson (1891–1974)
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
Oxford аt the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Ely House, Glasgow, New York, Toronto, 1972
YĞL - ZR

Attention! This is substantially corrected and annotated
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PDF and ASCII Files • PDF и ASCII Файлы
Sir Gerard Clauson An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
Preface Abbreviations Suffixes A - EGE EGE - ARD ARD - BDD BDĞ - CCĞ CD - DLM DLS - ĞDĞ ĞDL - GCY GDE - SDĞ SDM - YĞĞ YĞL - ZR Full
Pp i - xxxi Pp xxxiii - xxxviii Pp xl - xlviii Pp 1-100 Pp 101-200 Pp 201-300 Pp 301-400 Pp 401-500 Pp 501-600 Pp 601-700 Pp 701-800 Pp 801-900 Pp 901-988 Pp 1-988
1 M 1 M 1M 7M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 7M
7M
INDEX
PREFACE Pp i - xxxi  v
ABBREVIATIONS, SHORT TITLES, ETC. Pp xxxiii - xxxviii xxxii
SUFFIXES Pp xl - xlviii xl
Mon. A Ä E I O Ö U Ü Pp 1-100; 101-200; 201-300 1
INITIAL LABIAL PLOSIVES B P V F W 201-300; 301-400 291
INITIAL DENTIPALATAL AFFRICATE C Č J 301-400; 401-500 393
INITIAL DENTAL PLOSIVES D T 401-500; 501-600 433
INITIAL VELAR PLOSIVE Ğ K X 501-600; 601-700 578
INITIAL VELAR POST-PALATAL PLOSIVES G K H 601-700; 701-800 686
L 701-800 763
M 701-800 765
N Ŋ Ñ 701-800 774
R 701-800 780
S 701-800; 801-900 781
Š Ș 801-900 866
Y 801-900; 901-988 869
Z 901-988 982
Sir Gerard Clauson
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
ASCII text pages 301 - 400
YĞL - ZR

901

Dis. YĞL-

D yağu:k (yağuk) (near; neighbour; neighbourhood; relative) Dev. N./A. fr. yağu:- (approach, come, be near); ‘near; neighbour; neighbourhood; relative’, and the like. Survives in some NE languages as yu:k; Tuv. čo:k: NC Kır. ju:k; Kzx. ju (w)ik: SC Uzb. yovuk: NW Kk. Juwik; Kumyk yuvuk; Nog. yuwik. Cf. yakın. Türkü vııı yağuk erser ‘if they are near’ I S 7, II N 5: Uyğ. vııı ff. (Man.-A see yağa:k (nut, walnut)): Bud. (before a list of names) yağukta ‘in this neighbourhood’ U II 80, 65: Civ. yağuktakı Iš ‘affairs in the neighbourhood’ TT I 140 (ešidüt): Xak. xı yağu:k ye:r ‘a nenr-by (al- -qarib) place’; hence one calls ‘neighbours’ (or ‘kinsfolk’, al-aqerib) yak yağu:k Kaš. III 29; o.o. / 433, 7; III 22 (yakm); 76 (yatık-); 255 (ula:-): KB otka barma yağuk ‘do not go near a fire’ 653; o.o. 778, 783, 4229: xııı (?) Tef. yavuknear, neighbourhood’; yak yavukkinsfolk’ 132-e: xıv Muh. (under ‘terms of relationship’) al-qarib ya:wuk/ya: xııı Mel. 49, 2 (only); al-qardba ‘kinsfolk’ yagu:k Rif. 143 (Mel. ka:ya:š): Čağ. xv ff. yawuk^i?» Vel. 402 (quotn.; yawuk yitik belürsiiz ‘lost, unknown’, 407 is prob. a corruption of 1 yo:k); yawıığ/yawuk nazdik ‘near’ San. 34or. 29: Xwar. xıv yavuknear’ (in space or time) Qutb 75; Nahc. 39, 11; 243, 11; 251, 7; yak yavuk ‘neighbours’ (or kinsfolk?) Nahc. 8, 10; 16, 13: Kom. xıv ‘near’ (Adv.) ya’ox CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-qarib (opposite to ‘distant’ yira:k) yawuk (/ya:km) Hou. 25, 12; (under ‘terms of relationship’) al-qardba yawuk do. 32, e: xıv yawuk (or ya’uk?) al-qarib Id. 99: qarib (yakm/) yuwuk (sic) Tuh. 28b. 8.

D yuğa:k (washing, water bird (kind)) Dev. N. (connoting repeated action) fr. yu:-; lit. ‘constantly washing’; in practice ‘some kind of water bird’, prob. a diver. Xak. xı ördek yuğark tuyüru' l-mal-izvazz wa nafnvuhu ‘water birds, geese (should be ‘ducks’) and the like’ Kaš. I222, 18; III 17, 10; n.m.e.: KB yuğak in a list of eight sporting birds 5377.

*yağku: See yaku: (dağğu:) (raincoat).

Dis. V. YĞĞ-

D yağık- (d-) (hostile) Intrans. Den. V. fr. yağı: (d-) (enemy; hostile); ‘to be hostile’. N.o.a.b.; R's statement in III 41 (based on Zenkeŋ that it is Osm. is prob. an error for Čağ. Cf. yağıd-, Xak. xı begle:r bi:r bi:rke: yağıktı: ‘the begs were at enmity (ta'ede) with one another’ Kaš. III 76 (yağıka:r, yağıkma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yağık- (spelt) yeği šudan ‘to be hostile’ San. 333r. 13 (quotns.).

Tris. YĞĞ

D yağaklığ (nut-bearing) P.N./A. fr. yağark; ‘bearing nuts’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. (I am a grey buymul falcon; I sit on a rock with a wide view and look around — see körüklüg) yağaklı:ğ toğra:k üze: tüšü:pen yaylayur-men ‘I settle on a poplar bearing nuts and spend the summer’ IrkB 64 (this is of course \\ nonsense, but as in the case of do. 56 (see yağa:k (nut, walnut)) all the words in the para, are chosen for the alliteration:- kö-, ka-, ko-, kĞ- ; ya-, to-, tü-, ya-): Xak. xı yağaklığ yığa:č al-šacar dü'l-cawz ‘a nut-tree’ Kaš. III 50.
901

D yağaklık (nut-trees) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. yağa:k (nut, walnut). Xak. xı yağaklık manbitu'l-cawz ‘a plantation of nut-trees’ Kaš. III 51.

D yağukluk (proximity) A.N. fr. yağu:k (yağuk) (near; neighbour; neighbourhood; relative); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı KB yakınlık yağukluk yırattı kadaš ‘kinsfolk have put an end to neighbourliness and feelings of kinship’ 6468: xııı (?) Tef. yavuklukproximity’ 132: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 75.

Dis. YĞL

D ya:ğlığ (yağlığ) (oily, buttery, fatty) P.N./A. fr. ya:ğ (butter, fat); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 13 (kamıč): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (trees and shrubs become, inter alia) yağlığ ‘full of oil’ Wind. 20: Bud. bıšmıš yağlığ et ‘cooked fat meat’ U III 41, 2 (iŋ — yağlığ yumšak közin ‘her lustrous soft eyes’ TT X 437; (he went about visiting the sick and) edgü yağlığ yumšak savın ötlep eriglep ‘advising (Hend.) them with kind soothing gentle words’ Suv. 597, 6-7: Civ. yağlığ aš ‘fatty food’ TT VII 16, 11-13; a.o. VIII 1.19 (odğurak): Xak. xı yarğlığ dasim ‘greasy, fatty’ Kaš. I 70,24; II309 (büküt-); III 43,2; n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. yağlığ/yağlık čarb toa rawğan-elüd ‘greasy, oily’ San. 333V. 2 (quotn.)

Dis. V. YĞL-

D yağıl- (fall, pour, rain, snow, hail) (Sp. llover (duver)) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of yağ- (? da:ğ-) (fall, pour, rain, snow, hail) (Sp. llover (duver)). Xak. xı yağmur yağıldı: ‘the rain (etc.) was poured down’ (umtira) Kaš. III 79 (yağılu:r, yağılma:k).

D yakıl- (ignite, burn, rub, approach, come near) the Pass. f.s of 1 yak- (rub, anoint), 2 yak- (approach, come near), and 3 yak- (ignite, burn) have all existed at one time or another. The early occurrences are of the Pass. f. of 2 yak- (approach, come near); those of 1 yak- (rub, anoint) and 3 yak- (ignite, burn) are noted in the medieval period and still s.i.s.m.I., but that of 3 yak- is the commoner, and it is doubtful whether that of 2 yak- still survives although other der. f.s like SW Osm. yakıšıl- do so. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bürtmekdin yakıldačı ‘being brought together by (the sense of) touch’ TT V 24, 66-70: Xak. xı agar yakıldı: umissa (MS. amassa) bihi ‘it was brought into contact with him’ Kaš. III 81 (yakilu:r, yakilma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yakıl- (i-3) afriixta šudan ‘to be ignited’; (2-D basta šudan hinne tea markam wa amtel-i en ‘to be dressed with henna, a plaster, and the like’; (3-2) muattar tea pasandida šudan ‘to be impressed, pleased’; (4-2?) mutham šudan ‘to be calumniated’ San. 343r. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yakıl- ‘to be burnt’ MN 237: Kip. xıv yakıl- ihtaraqa ‘to be burnt’ İd. 95: Osm. xv ff. yakıl- ‘to be burnt; to be greatly distressed; to be deeply moved’; in three texts TTS I 768; II980.

D yığıl- (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back) Pass. f. of yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); s.i.s.m.I., w. the same phonetic changes, for ‘to be heaped up’ and \902\ the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap] yığılmak [pap] TT IX 117: Hud. Sanskrit samsthögera ‘meeting-house’ yığtlğuluk evimiz TT VIII G.3; o.o. do. C.12 (olur-); D. 16 (teğinč); alku yığılmıš ed tavar ‘all the goods and property that have been accumulated’ U III 33, 12; o.o. U I 23, 4 (birğerü:); U II 28, 6  (ı); Iliien-ts. 1800; Stiv. 553, 8; USp. 58, 10: Xak. xı er ı:štın yığıldı: ‘the man held back (imtana'a) from the affair’; also used when someone else has restrained him (tnana'ahu); Intrans. and Pass. (yığılu:r, yığılma:k); and one says bodu:n yığıldı: ‘the people assembled’ (ictama'a), and yarma:k yığılılı: ‘the money (etc.) piled up’ (ictama'a), and topra:k yığıldı: 'the earth (etc.) was heaped up’ (kuwivima) (yığılu:r, yığtlma:k) Kaš. III 79; bu ye:r ol munda: kiši: yığılğa:tı ‘this is a place where people constantly assemble’  (yactamt ) III 54: KB (if a man has no wealth) er yığılmaz agar ‘people do not rally to him’ 5460; a.o. 460, etc. (a:v-): xııı (?) Tef. yığıl-  (1) ‘to assemble’; (2) ‘to refrain, hold back’ 156; yığlu bar- ‘to assemble and go’ 133 (mistranscribed yaglu and mistranslated): Čağ. xv ff. yığıl-/yığılıš- cam' nidan ‘to assemble’ San. 35or. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yığıl- ‘to assemble’ Qutb 91; ‘to refrain, hold back’ Nahc. 281, 13; 300, 9: Kom..»xiy„Jto assemble’ yıl- (yı:l- < yığıl-) CCG; Gr.
902

D yıkıl- (collapse, fall down) Pass. f. of yık- (bring down, overthrow, demolish, destroy); usually Intrans. ‘to collapse, fall down’, and the like. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı ta:m yıkıldı: ‘the wall (etc.) collapsed’ (inhadama) Kaš. III 81 (yıkılu:r, yikilma:k); bu ta:m ol tutčı: yıkılğa:n ‘this wall is constantly collapsing’ III 54; a.o. I 348 (külf): xııı (?) Tef. yığıl-/yıkıl- ‘to collapse’ 156-7: xıv xariha wa waqa'a ‘to become a ruin, fall down’ yixil- Md. 25, 13; yıkıl- Rif. 108: Čağ. xv ff. yıkıl- uftedan wa xarab šudan ditto San. 350V. 21 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yıkıl- ditto Qutb 91: Kom. xıv ditto yıkıl- CCI; ytxil-CCG; Gr. 133 (quotn.): Kip. xv waqa'a yıkıl-Kav. 29, is-20; Tuh. 38b. ü: Osm. xıv TTS I 20 (alık). •

D yokal- (perish, destroyed, lost, disappear) ‘to perish, be destroyed or lost; to disappear’; presumably Pass. f. of *yoka:-, Den. V. fr. 1 yo:k. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW. Cf. yoka:d-. Xak. xı KB (the sun, when it rises, illuminates the world and reaches all men but) yokalmaz özün ‘does not itself perish’ 827; o.o. 692 (törü:- (created, born, plant (set up), initiate, творить)), 828: xııı (?) Tef. yokal-‘to perish’ 159: Čağ. xv ff. yokal- nlst tea tna'dthti šudan ‘to be, or become, non-exisfent’ San. 343V. 28: Xwar. xıv yokal- ‘to be destroyed, to perish’ Qutb 82.

D yukil- Pass. f. of yuk-; survives only (?) in NE Bar. yuğul- ‘to be infected (with a disease)’ R III 542. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if any man) beglerde ağır yazuklukun yazuksuzun yana yukila kelip (he is put in prison and bound and lies in his bonds and suffers pain); if correctly transcribed this seems to mean ‘comes again to be infected (with suspicion) of grievous offences against the begs whether he is guilty or innocent’ Kuan. 36-7: Xak. xı to:nka: kara: yukuldi: ‘the black substance stuck (talattaxa) to the garment’ (etc.) Kaš. III 81 (yukulu:r, yukulma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yukul- (spelt) sireyat karda šudan ‘to be infected’ San. 343V. 21.

D yağla:- (ya:ğla:-) (grease, oil) Den. V. fr. ya:ğ (butter, fat); ‘to grease, or oil (something Acc.)\ S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı er koğuš yağla:dı: ‘the man oiled (dahhana) the leather’ (etc.); originally ya:ğla:dı: Kaš. III 308 (yağla:r, yağla:mа:k): xıv Muh. dnhana ya:ğla:- Mel. 26, 5: yağla:- Rif. 109: Kip. xıv yağla- dahatta Id. 95: xv ditto Kav. 75, 10; ditto yawla-; Tkm. yağla- Tuh. 16a. 1.

S yığla:- See ığla:-.

D yoğla:- (d-) (wake, funeral feast, mourn) Den. V. fr. yo:ğ; properly ‘to celebrate a funeral feast’. Survives in NC Kır. jokto-; Kzx. jokta-: NW Kk. jokla- ‘to mourn for (a deceased)’. See yokla:-

Preliminary note. Türkü vııı I E 4, II E 5 (sığta:-); Ix. 27 (kuvra:-); Ixe-Asxete C 2 (ETY II 123; dubious): O. Kır. ıx ff. yoğladıgız Mal. 42, 5: Xak. xı ol ölügke: yoğla:dı: ittaxada da'wa (MS. du’wa) li'l--mayyit ‘he held a (funeral) feast for the deceased’; this is a custom of the Turks Kaš. III 309 (yoğla:r, yoğla:ma:k).

D yokla:- Preliminary note. Apart fr. the Den. V. fr. 2 yok (high ground) listed below, there is clear evidence of the existence of a Den. V. fr. 1 yo:k at any rate in Tkm. yo:kla- 'to destroy, kill, expend (money)'. This Tkm. V. also means 'to remember, or commemorate', and there is a wide range of V.s fr. Čağ. onwards which have more or less similar meanings: NE Tuv. čokta- 'to notice the absence of (someone or something)'; Alt. yokto- ‘to feel, examine' R III 40J: SE Türki yokla-/yokli- 'to look after, to visit (a friend to ask after his health), to inquire, verify, check': NC Kır. jokto-, Kzx. jokta- 'to investigate, check; to discover a loss': SC Uzb. yükla- 'to visit, inquire, investigate': NW Kk. jokla- 'to discover the loss of something'; Nog. yokla- 'to visit': SIf7 Az. yoxla- 'to check, investigate, feel'; Osm. yokla- 'to feel, examine, search, try, test, visit'. While it would be just possible to regard these as Den. V.s fr. 1 yo:k in the sense of 'to note, or investigate, the absence of something', it is likely that some at any rate are extensions of the meaning of yoğla:- which developed when, with the adoption of Islam, the practice of holding funeral feasts was dropped and forgotten.

D yokla:- (rise) Den. V. fr. 2 yok (high ground); ‘to rise’, and the like. Survives in NE Sag., Šor (R III 2008), Tuv. čokta-, Khak. čoxta- ‘to go upstream’. Cf. a:ğ-, ün- (rise, sprout, stand up, ortho-), Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king said to his ministers...) yoklar) bang ‘get up and go’ (to every street, etc.) USp. 97, 32-3; \\ ol evde kün künipe yoklamak ašılmak bollır ‘there will be in that house every day a rise and increase (in prosperity)’ TT VI 287; o.o. do. 346; PP 57, 2-3 (4 kö:k); TT III, p. 26, note 5, 11 (1 karak): Xak. xı (under-ka: Dat. Suff.) tarğka: yokla: ‘climb (iš ad) the mountain’ Kaš. III 212, 1; a.o. III 221 (tö:ŋ; n.m.e.; KB yokla:- is common; kuti künde arttı örü yokladı ‘his good fortune increased daily and rose higher’ 438; ara kılkim ildi ara yokladı ‘sometimes my character deteriorated and sometimes improved’ 746; (by the proper use of language man on the brown earth) yašıl kökke yoklar ‘rises to the blue heaven’ 1002; šatunug bašıma tegi yokladım ‘I climbed to the top of the ladder’ 6053 (in 6054 ağıp): xııı (?) At. bilig birle 'elim yokar yokladı ‘by knowledge the scholar has risen on high’ 101; Tef. yokla- ‘to rise (to heaven), to climb (a mountain)’ 160: (Čağ. xv ff. yokla- (-mıš) fokundur- ‘to cause to touch or be touched’ Vel. 419; yokla- (1) tafahhuš kordan ‘to investigate’; (2) gum wa ne-padid kardan ‘to lose’ San. 343V. 15 : Kom. xıv yoxla- ‘to lose, note the absence of’ CCG; Gr. 125 (quotn.)).
903

Dis. YĞM

D yağlat- (grease, oil) Caus. f. of yağla:- (ya:ğla:-) (grease, oil); ‘to have (something) greased, oiled’, etc. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol koğıšni: yağlattı: ‘he gave orders for oiling (bi--tadhin) the leather’ (etc.) Kaš. II 355 (yağlatu:r, yağlatma:k).

S yiglat- See ığlat- (weep).

D yoğlat- (d-) Caus. f. of yoğla:-; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (the xagan said, ‘I must go home, my wife has died’) anı: yoğlatayın ‘I must have a funeral feast celebrated for her’ T 31; Išvara: Bilge: Küli Čorığ yoğlat (t)ı: ‘they had a funeral feast held for Küli Čor’ Ix. 24.

D yoklat- Caus. f. of yokla:-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol am: ta:ğka: yoklattı: ‘he made him climb (aš'adahu) the mountain’ (etc.) Kaš. II 355 (yoklatu:r, yoklatma:k): KB kišig yoklatur ‘it raises a man (’s reputation)’ 175, 2120: xııı (?) Tef. yoklat- ‘to lift, raise’ 160i (Čağ. xv ff. yoklat- Caus. f.; tafahhuš farmüdan ‘to order to investigate’ San. 343V. 27): Xwar. xıv yoklat- ‘to raise (dust)’ Qutb 83.

D yağlan- (grease, oil) Refl. f. of yağla:- (ya:ğla:-) (grease, oil); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes, usually in a Pass. sense. Xak. xı yağlandı: ne:o ‘the thing was oiled’ (iddahana) Kaš. III m (yağlanu:r, yağlanma:k).

D yoklun- Hap. leg.; unusual Refl. f. of yokal-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ančulayu ok ol ıduk tınlığ (MS. tınlğığ) yoklunmaksız erür ‘fhus that sacred mortal is indestructible’ UII 37, 58-9- '...

S yığlaš- See ığlaš-,

D yığlıš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yığıl- (Intrans.). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı sü: kamuğ yığlıšdı: taderakati'l-cunûd ‘the armies all came together’ Kaš. III 105 (yığlıšu:r, yığlıšma:k; MS. yığıltš-): Xwar. xıv yığlıš-- ‘to assemble’ Qutb 90. 11
903

Tris. YĞL

D yağı:lığ (d-) (hostility, quarrel) P.N./A. fr. yağı: (d-) (enemy; hostile); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı fF. Civ. (in a bad omen) kılmıš İšig yağılığ ‘whatever you have done meets with hostility’ TT I 37 (cf. tütüšlüg (? tütöšlüg) (quarrelsome, mutually hostile) (тусовка, потасовка) ): Xak. xı KB (do your duty and do not make enemies) yağılığ kišike kopar mlp čoğı ‘a man who has enemies is involved in innumerable quarrels’ 4232.

D yağı:lık (d-) (enmity, (arrow) for enemy) A.N. fr. yağı: (d-) (enemy; hostile); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (there are two kinds of enemy; one is the pagan temple; pagans are always hostile) takı bir yağılık asığ yas üčün ‘the other kind of enmity arises from (hope of ) profit or (fear of) loss’ 422e: Kip. xıv yağılık (MS. yaglık) al-nuššeb mu add li'l-'admo ‘an arrow destined for the enemy’ Id. 95.

Tris. V. YĞL-

JD yaka:la:- (edging, (seize) collar, throat) Den. V. fr. 1 yaka: (edge, border); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes, usually for ‘to seize by the collar or throat’ or 'to go along the edge (of something)’. Uyğ. vııı Šu. E 8; S 2 (1 yaka:): Čağ. xv ff. yakala- girîben-i kasi giriftan ‘to seize someone by the collar’ San. 334r. 29.

D yağı:la:- (d-) (hostile, fight, враждовать, бороться) Trans. Den. V. fr. yağı: (enemy; hostile); s.i.s.m.I. w. similar phonetic changes, meaning ‘to be hostile to, engage in hostilities with (someone Acc.)\ and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yağıla[gap] TT IX 74 (fragmentary): O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 45, 4 (elle:-): Xak. xı ol anı: yağı:la:dı: ‘edehu ‘he was hostile to him’; and one says er yağı: yağırlardı: ‘the man fought (haraba) the enemy’ Kaš. III 328 (yaği:la:r, yağı:la:ma:k); a.o. III 325, 4: KB yağılayu... yağısın 4227; o.o. 4261, 5318: xıv Müh. 'ada ya:ğı:la:- Mel. 28, 15; Rif. 112.

Dis. YĞM

D yığım (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back, heap up) Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); lit. ‘a single act of heaping up’. Xak. xı yığım topra:k tull mina'1-tureb 'a heap of earth’; the -m is changed from -n Kaš. III 19 (see yığın).

D yağmur (d-) (rain) Dev. N. fr. yağ- (? da:ğ-) (fall, pour, rain, snow, hail) (Sp. llover (duver)); ‘rain’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Az., Osm. yağmur; Tkm. yağmır; in almost all other languages yam-ğur w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yağmur yağmıš teg ‘like rain pouring down’ TT V 10, 107; o.o. Kuan. 202, etc. (yağıt-); Civ. TT I 5 (yağ-); VII 29, 1 (yağıt-); a.o. H II 30, 142: Xak. xı yağmur al-matar ‘rain’; yamğur alternative form Kaš. III 38 (prov.); 15 o.o.: KB yağa turšu yağmur (Vienna MS. yamğuŋ ‘let the rain go on raining’ 118: xııı (?) Tef. yağmur 133: xıv Muh. al-ğayt ‘heavy rain’ yağmur Mel. 79, io; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. yamğur yağmur Vel. 410; yamğur beren ‘rain’ San. 337V. 6 (quotn.); a.o. 33.1v. 3 (Osm.): Kom. xıv ‘rain’ yamğur/amğur CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-matar yamğur; Tkm. yağmu:r Hou. 5, 7: xıv Tkm. yağmur al-matar; Kıp. yamğur Id. 95; al-matar yağmur Bul. 2, le: XV ditto yamğur/yağmur Kav. 58, 4; yamğur Tuh. 38b. 3: Osm. XVI11 yağmur in Ritmi, ‘rain’, Čağ. yamğur San. 333V. 3.
904

Tris. YĞM

D yağmtırčıl (rainy) Map. leg; N./A. of Addiction fr. yağmur; elsewhere ‘rainy’ is usually a P.N./A. in -lığ or the like. Xak. xı yağmurčıl ye:r ‘a place where there is much rain' (yakh'tr fihi'l-matar) Kaš. III 56 (followed by a note on the Sufl'. -Čil).

Dis. YĞN

?F yağa:n (elephant) ‘elephant’; cf. yaŋa:n; the fact that elephants were exotic to the early Turks, and the alternative pronunciations, suggest that this is a l.-w. of unknown origin (More credible is to associate yağa:n/yağan/yaŋa:n/čağan with the notion of enemy, in concrete noun form with the abstract affix -an; čağan may ascend to the Hunnic form). A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as čağan (Koiv. 2245, Ilaltod 554); survives only in NE Alt., Tel. ya:n; Tuv. ča:n, which are perhaps reborrowings fr. Mong.; elsewhere l.-w.s, usually Pe. pil/fil, are used for ‘elephant’. Oğuz/Kıp. (?) xı yağa:n al-JU fi ihde'l--luğatayn ‘elephant’ in one of the two languages; hence a man is called Yağa:n Tegi:n Kaš. III 29: xııı (?) At. (Postscript) yağan ‘an elephant’ (if loaded with gold) 487: xıv Rbğ. yağanlar ya'ni piller R III 39; Muh. al-fîl yağa:n Mel. 72, 6; Rif. 174: Xwar. xıv yağanelephant’ Qutb 64.

D yakın (akin, near) (akin) Intrans. N./A.S. fr. 2 yak- (approach, come near); ‘near’ (in place, time, or kin); syn. w., and to some extent complementary to, yağu:k (yağuk) (near; neighbour; neighbourhood; relative); s.i.a.m.l. except NE and some NW. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 52 (elet-): Chr. yakın banp ‘approaching’ IJ I 6, 11: Bud. yekke yakın kelse‘if he approaches the demon’ UII24, 12; yakın yonyu barıp III 64, 5; o.o. of place U II 39, 87 (aprmn); Suv. 585, 13-15 (ağrığlığ) — ölümi yakın keltükte ‘when (the time of) his death approaches’ TT III, p. 26, note 5, 9: Civ. TT VII 30, 10 (eltlš-): Xak. xı yakm ‘near’ (al-qarib) of anything; one says yakın ye:r ‘a near place’ and yakın er al-racıılu'l-qarib mina'l-ixiva ‘a kinsman’ Kaš. III 22 (verse, yakm yağuk al-qarib xva'l-ax): KB yakm is common, e.p. biligke yakm... özke yakın ‘near to knowledge... near to himself' 254; yeme tuttı eš tuš yakın kıldı öz ‘and he took comrades and make himself near to (i.e. intimate with) them’ 500; similar phr. 1464; hišarka yakm turma ‘do not live near a castle’ 454e: xııı (?) At. 174 (ınančlığ); Tef. yakm ‘near’ 13e: xıv Muh. Mel. 49, 2 (yağu:k): Čağ. xv ff. yakın nazdik ‘near’ San. 334V. 22 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 40:xiv ditto Qutb 69; Nahc. 105, 15: Kip. xııı Hou. 25, 12 (yağu:k): xıv yakm al-qarib Id. 95: xv Tuh. 28b. 6 (yağu:k).

D yigm Intrans./Pass. N./A.S. fr. yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak, XI yığın topra:k ‘a heap (al-kawma) of earth’ (etc.) Kaš. II22; (as an example of a Dev. N. in -n) the phr. for ‘a heap of earth’ yı:ğın (sic) topra:k taken fr. the phr. topra:k yığdı: ‘he heaped up earth’ I 15, 21 (and see yığım): Čağ. xv ff. yığın (spelt) fawe wa girııh ‘a body or group of men’ San. 350V. 10: Kom. xıv yi’in ‘a gathering’ CCG; Gr. : Kip. xıv yığın al-macmu ‘a collection, gathering’ Id. 95; al-qabila ‘a tribe’ ıyun Bui. 5, 8.

yoğu:n (yoğo:n) (thick)thick’ and the like; see kalın for the difference between the meanings of these two words. S.i.a.m.l.g.; NE yo:n, čo:n: SE Türki yoğan: NC Kır. jo:n; Kzx. ju (w)an: SC Uzb. yüğon: NW Kk. juwan; Kaz. yuan; Kumyk yuvan; SW Az., Osm. yoğun; Tkm. yoğı:n. Türkü vııı (when a thing is thin, it is easy to tear it) ylnčge: yoğun bolsar üzgülük alp ermiš ‘if the thin thing becomes thick it is difficult to tear it’ T 13-14: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yoğun TT VIII A.33 (kögüzmek); yoğon do. C.7 (azığlığ): Civ. evdeki (?) yoğun iš išletsermen ‘if I made him do heavy work in the house’ USp. 55, 7-8; a.o. TT VII 42, 3 (tamaŋ: Xak. xı yoğu:n ‘corpulent (or bulky, al-daxim) of anything’ Kaš. III 29: xııı (?) Tef. yoğun ‘thick, bulky; (of a voice) low’ 158: xıv Muh. (under ‘physical characteristics’) al-ğaliz ‘corpulent’ (opposite to ‘thin’ inčge:) yo:ğun Mel. 48, 10; Rif. 143; a.o. yoğu:n 55, 9; 153: Čağ. xv ff. yoğan/yoğun daxim iva sitabr ‘corpulent, gross’ San. 343V. 2 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tonuguz yoğun šüfdm turur ‘your clothing is of thick wool’ Nahc. 105, 15: Kom. xıv ‘thick’ yoğan/yoğun CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ğališ (opposite to ‘thin’ yinče:) yoğun Hou. 27, 13: xıv yoğun al-taxin ‘thick, stiff’ Id. 95; yowun boldi: taxuna do. 99: xv al-ğali~ (opposite to inšge:) yoğun Kav. 64, 16; ğališ yowun; Tkm. yoğun Tuh. 26b. 11: Osm. xıv ff. yoğun ‘thick’, with various shades of meaning; c.i.a.p. TTS I 836; II 1059; III 815; IV 892.

Dis. V. YĞN-

D yığın- Refl. f. of yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); s.i.s.m.I.. w. the usual phonetic changes for ‘to come together’ or ‘to be collected’, ityğ. vııı ff. Man. (Thou hast commanded them) yığınkuğ (sic) ‘to assemble’ (for religious ceremonies) TT III 162: Bud. Sanskrit saıııehita ‘assembled’ yığınmıš TT VIII A.27: Xak. xı er ö:zige: yarma: k yığındı: ‘the man devoted himself to collecting (bi-cam') money (etc.) for himself’ Kaš. III 84 (yığınu:r, yığınma:k): Kip. xv indamma ‘to be collected’ yiyin- Tuh. 6b. 8.

Tris. YĞN

D yağanlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yağan. Xak. (?) xı yağanlığ er racul fayyel ‘an elephant leader, or driver’ Kaš. III 50.

D yakınlık (nearness, proximity, propinquity) A.N. fr. yakın (akin, near) (akin); ‘nearness, propinquity’. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı KB yakınlık is fairly common, /905/ e.g. yakınlık kılur er kišike tušı ‘propinquity makes a man the comrade of other people’ 910; o.o. 605, 886, 6468 (yağukluk), 6470.
905

Tris. V. YĞN-

D yoğunad- (thicken) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. yoğu:n (yoğo:n) (thick). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if one thrusts an iron peg into the ground, however long it lies in the ground) yoğunadu uzayu umaz ‘it cannot get any thicker or longer’ TT IV 12,43-

Dis. YĞR

yağır (d-) (saddle-gall, sore, shoulder, withers) ‘a saddle-gall’; a First Period l.-w. in Mong. w. the same meaning, da'ari (Haenisch 20)!dağari (Kozu. 1582); survives w. this meaning in SE Türki yĞğlr; NC Kır. jo:r; Kzx. jawir: NW Kk. jawir; Nog. yavir: SW Az., Osm., Tkm. yağır. The reason why in the medieval period it came to mean ‘shoulder’ or the like, and still has the second meaning ‘ (a horse’s) withers’ in Osm., is obscure, but this perhaps evolved from ‘the part of the animal where saddle-galls occur’. The position is complicated by the simultaneous emergence of yağrın apparently as a Sec. f. of 1 yarın (shoulder-blade), q.v. Xak. xı yağır al-dabar fi'1-debba ‘a saddle-gall on a pack-animal’; hence one says yağırlığ at ‘a galled (dabir) horse’ Kaš. III 9; o.o. in a prov. I 68, 4; 370, 4: Čağ. xv ff. yağır (spelt) katif wa šana ‘shoulder; shoulder-blade’ (quotn.), also called yağrın; and, metaph., carahati... ki dar düš wa šena-i dawabb ba-ham-rasad ‘a sore which appears on the back or shoulders of pack-animals’ San. 333V. 4; (kebze (prob. a l.-w.) katif zva düš, also called yağır/yağrın 300r. 10); a.o. 323r. 27 (1 yarın): Xwar. xııı (?) (the infant Oğuz’s... chest was like a bear’s) yağrı kiš yağrı teg ‘his shoulders like a sable’s’ Oğ. 13: Kip. xıv yağır 'aqru'l-dabba ‘a sore on a pack-animal’ Id. 95 (also ya:ğır (d-) (enemy; hostile) ‘a small iron shield’; Hap. leg.): Osm. xıv ff. yağır ‘a saddle-gall’; fairly common TTS I 765; II 975; HI 754; IV 825.

S yokar See yokaru: (upwards).

yakri: (fat, suet)fat, suet’, and the like. Cf. ya:ğ, which cannot, however, be connected etymologically. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of demons between ‘meat eaters’ and ‘marrow eaters’) yakrı ašlığlar ‘fat (or suet) eaters’ UII 60, 2 (in: Civ. H I 57-8 (ergüz-): Xak. xı yakri: 'il-šahm ‘fat, suet’ Kaš. III 31 (verse); o.o. II 105, 24; III 204, 10; 306, 2.

D yağru: (near)near’; apparently a Directive f. in -ru:; if Kaš. is right in saying that this was originally yakru: then the base must be 2 yak, which would then be not a jingling prefix to yağu:k but a N. homophonous w. 2 yak- (approach, come near); but the supposed form yakru: prob. rests on a false etymology fr. Ar. and the Türkü form is yağru:; the basis is more likely to be *yağ, which would also be the basis of yağu:- (approach, come, be near). Türkü vııı (thus the Chinese drew people near (yağu:tı:ŋ them) yagru; kontukda: \\\ ‘when they had settled down near (them)’ I S 5; (ignorant people accepted this argument and) yağru: barip ‘went near (them)’ / S 7, II N e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yağuru (sic) translating Chinese chin che (Giles 2,021 542) ‘in the near future’ Iliien-ts. 314: Xak. xı one says ol agar yağru: yori:ma:s la yaqrub hawlahu ‘he does not go near him’; originally yakru: with a -k- which was changed to -ğ-because it was near it (in sound); this is near (qarib) the Ar. word yaqrub, taken from the word yaqrii, the wew changed from the be’ in yaqrub Kaš. III 31 (sr'c ?; the grammar is very confused).

VU yoğrı: (dish (large, deep)) pec. to Xak. Xak. xı yoğrı: al-cafna ‘a  dish’ Kaš. HI 31 (prov., see tatığ); yoğrı: čana:k ‘the dish and the bowl’ (al-qaf'a) III 32, 4 (in a verse).

S yoğru:/yoğru:y See yoğdu: (camel’s beard).

D yuğrut (yogurt) abbreviated Dev. N. fr. yuğur- (knead); ‘coagulated curdled milk, yoğurt'. Metathesized to yuğurt in the medieval period; survives only (?) in NW Nog. yuvirt; Krim yoğurt/yuğurt R III 412, 453: SW Az. yoğurd; Osm. yoğurt. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U IV 50, 122 (sağu:): Civ. yoğrot [gap] TT VIII 1.21 (there are other cases of o for u in this text); (mix it) yurğurtka (jıc) ‘with yoğurt' H145; yurğutka (51c) do. 169; yuğrut satığı ‘the sale (price?) of yoğurt’ USp. 35, 3: Xak. xı yuğrut (sic in the MS., consistently transcribed yoğurt in the printed text and Atalay) al-laban ‘milk’ / ı82 (udıš-); II189 (sütger-); al-raib ‘curdled milk’ I 208 (udıt-); II 295 (1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist)); /// 190 (koyul-); ratiya ditto III 164 (suwuk); n.m.e.: KB yuğrut 4442 (azaŋ: xıv Muh. al-labanu'1-hemid ‘sour milk’ yuğurd Mel. 66, 9; al-cemid ‘thickened (milk)’ yuğurt (MS. yağurt) Rif. 16e: Xwar. xıv (VU) yuğrut Qutb 81 (the MS. has yu:ğu:rt, but it rhymes w. sağar süt): Kom. xıv ‘sour milk’ yuğurt CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-raib ya:ğurt Hou. 16, 12: xıv yağurt ditto td. 95; al-laban yağurt Bul. 8, 2: xv al-labanu'l-raib yuğurt Kav. 63, 4; laban (inter alia) yavurt Tuh. 31b. 13.

D yuğrum (batch (dough), замес) Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. yuğur- (knead), Xak. xı bi:r yuğrum u:n daqiq qadr me yu can bihi marrata (n) ‘the quantity of flour which is kneaded in a single operation’ Kaš. III 47.

S yağrın See 1 yarın. (shoulder-blade)

(D) yuğruš (yuğruš, yuruš (Great, main), short for Yavğu Yuğruš) morphologically Dev. N. fr. yuğur- (knead) but with no apparent semantic connection (yavğu yuğruš (Yabgu Great, main Yabgu)). This title first appeared in the Karakhanid period and was superior to yabğu: (after devaluation of the title Yabgu), q.v.; it thus displaced šad (Yabgu (Prime Minister) is independent of Šad (Crown Prince), can't displace it), q.v., in the Türkü hierarchy. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yuğruš (i.e. Yavğu Yuğruš) ‘a man of the common people (al-siiqa) who holds a position equivalent to that of al-wazir (statutory Prime Minister, head of the maternal dynastic tribe) among the Turks’; it is not permissible to give this title to a Persian or man of another race, however distinguished he may be; he is one rank (daracata (n)) below the xaqan; he is given \906\ a black umbrella (qubba) which is held over his head in rain, snow, or great heat Kaš. III 41: KB (in a list of high positions which a man may hold) kayu yavğu yuğruš bolur e1 beği ‘some become yavğu or yuğruš or chief of a province’ 4069: (Čağ. xv ff. yuğruš sirišt tea ta xııı ir ‘kneading’ San. 343V. 3).
906

Dis. V. YĞR-

D 1 yakur- (approach, come near) Caus. f. of 2 yak- (approach, come near); syn. w. ynğut-, q.v.; survives only (?) in NW Kaz. yakır- R III 28. Xak. xı ol atığ maga: yakurdi: ‘he brought the horse (etc.) near me’ (qarraba ilayya) Kaš. III 68 (yakurur, yakurma:k): KB (I took hold of it gently and) yaktırdım ara ‘then brought it near me’ 6617.

2 yakur- (gasp, pant, heave, puff) Hap. leg. Xak. xı er yakurdi: tanahhada'l-insdn wa axadahu'l-rabw ‘the man gasped and suffered from shortness of breath’ Kaš. III 68 (yakurur, yakurma:k).

yuğur- (knead) ‘to knead (dough, etc.)’. Survives in SE Türki yuğur- Shaic, Jarring; juğur- BŠ: NC Kır. ju:r-; Kzx. jur-: SW Az. (and Rep. Turkish) yoğur-; Osm., Tkm. yuğur-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 82 (2 titig): Civ. (pound the herbs until they are soft and^ mır bilen yuğurup ‘knead them with honeyv 'TT” VII 22, 13; yuğur- ‘to knead (drugs, etc.) together’ is common in II I and Ii: Xak. xı Kaš. II 102 (suvıš-); n.m.e.: xıv Muh. 'acana ‘to knead’ yuğur- Mel. 28, 15; (Rif. 112 uy-); al-'acn yuğurmak 36, 13; 122; al-'acin ‘dough’ yuğurmıš u:n 64, 7; 163: Čağ. xv ff. yuğur- xamir kardan wa sirišlan ‘to knead’ San. 343r. 22: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 85: Kom. xıv ‘to knead’ yur- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı 'acana yuğur- Hou. 34, 2: xıv ditto; one says u:n yuğurğul ‘knead the dough' Id. 95; ditto Bui. 6ir.: xv ditto Kav. 75, 3; 'acana yuwur- Tuh. 26a. 9: Osm. xıv yukur- (sic) ‘to knead’; in one text, Pscribal error TTS I 847.

PUD yokur- (surmount, obercome, pass) this V., which is clearly not yuğur- (knead), is pec. to Uyğ. Bud; it would suit the context to take it as a Den. V. fr. 2 yok (high ground), but the ordinary Den. Suff. is -ar- not -ur- and such V.s are properly Intrans. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the lotuses present a great danger) ol linxwa (PU) yoluğ yokuru usarsiz ‘if you can surmount the road (?) past those lotuses’ PP 39, 1; (there are also dangerous dragons and snakes) am yokuru usarsiz ‘if you can surmount that’ do. 7; (you will reach the island of jewels) yokurunčsuz uluğ ög körtük yokurup ‘after surmounting the un-surmountable great desolate snowdrifts’ TT VI, p. 62, footnote 2.    ^

D yağrı:- (d-) (galled) Den. V. fr. yağır (d-) (saddle-gall, shoulder); n.o.a.b.; cf. yagrıt-. Türkü vııı ff. (the horse) yağrı:pan ‘was galled’ (and stood still) IrkB le: Xak. xı I 104, 25 (ičlik).

D yuğurt- (knead) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of yuğur- (knead). Xak, xı ol anı: yuğurttı: ‘he ordered him to knead \\ (a'cannhu) flour’ Kaš. III 436 (yuğurtur, yuğurtma:k).

D yağrıt- (d-) (gall) Caus. f. of yağrı:- (galled); pec, to Xak.; cf. yağırla:- (d-) (gall). Xak. xı ol mcnig atığ yağrıttı: ‘he galled (adbara) my horse’ (etc.) Kaš. II 352 (yağrıtu.-r, yağrıtma:k); o.o. I 139, 7; III 342 (yağırla:-)..

D yığrıl- Pass. f. of yığur-, Caus. f. of yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); basically ‘to be drawn together, concentrated’, and the like. Yığıır- survives in NE .Šor čığır- ‘to fold together, draw together on a string’ R III 2065; and this word in NE Bar. yığrıl-; Leb. yığırıl- ‘to be wrinkled; (of curls) to be crisp or tight’. Xak. xı er turn-luğka: yığrıldı: ‘the man crouched (ikla'azza) because of the cold’; and one says to:n yığrıldı: ‘the garment shrank (taqallasa) in the wash’ Kaš. III 107 (yığrılu:r, yığnlma:k); (in the winter) Čiğa:y yavuz yığrılu:r ‘poor wretched people draw their clothes tight round them’ (yataqabba) I 248, 4.

D yuğrul- Pass. f. of yuğur- (knead); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı u:n yuğruldı: ‘the dough was kneaded’ ('ucina) Kaš. III 107 (yuğ«ulu:r, yuğrulma:k); balčık balık yuğrulu:r ‘mud and slime are heaped up’ (yatarekam) 1 248, 3: Čağ. xv ff. yuğrul- (spelt) sirišta šudan ua xamir šudan ‘to be kneaded’ San. 343r. 28: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 84.

D yuğruš- Co-op. f. of yuğur- (knead); pec. to Xak.? Xak. xı ol agar u:n yuğrušdı: ‘he helped him to knead (ft ’acn) the dough’; and one says soduk ağızda: yuğrušdı: ‘the spittle dried ('asaba) in his mouth’ Kaš. III 102 (yuğrušu:r, yuğrušma:k); (in the spring) čında:tı yıpa:r yuğrušu:r translated ‘the solid mass (tin) of sandal-wood and musk is kneaded (yata'accan), and their odour is smelt’ II 122, 24.

Tris.YĞR

S yağuru See yağru: (near).

D yokaru: (upwards) crasis of *yokğaru:, Directive f. of 2 yok; ‘upwards’ and the like; in Türkü the form is yoğaru:. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some fluctuations in the first vowel; NE Khak. čoğar: SE Türki yokan Shaw; yukuri/jukuri BŠ; yokan/yukan Jarring: NC Kır. Joğoru; Kzx. joğari: SC Uzb. yukori: NW Kk. jokan; Kaz. yuğari; Nog. yoğan: SW Az. yuxari; Osm., Tkm. yokan. Türkü vııı (I led them to the Ötöken mountain forest) Kök Ögüg yoğaru: ‘up the Kök öıj river’ T 15; yokaru: (sic) at yete: yadağın ığač tutunu: ağtu:rtım ögreki: er yoğaruča: (sic) tegürüp ‘I made them climb upwards on foot leading their horses and holding on to the trees, sending the advance guard up to the top’ T 25-6; a.o. II SE: vııı ff. Man. basin (sic) yokaru kötürüp ‘raising his head’ M I 6, 5‘- Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M 113, 15 (1 a:ğ-), 19 (ağtur-); 26, 26 (ilgerü:): Bud. (Sanskrit lost) yoka:ru etöz tülüg erür ‘his hair stands on end’ TT VIII G.63; (unable)

Dis. YĞS

yokaru turğalı ‘to stand up’ PP 19, 5; o.o. do. 19, 8; 60, 5 ; tlz yokaru bĞlke tegi ‘from the knees up to the waist’ TT V 4, 4; a.o. do. m (egln): Xak. xı yokarru: (in verses twice yoka:r / 142, 15; 320, 26) occurs ten times qualifying V.s like kop- (rise, get up, stand up, arise, , appear, exalt, взлетеь), tur-, etc. but is not separately translated; n.m.e.: KB (as the month proceeds the moon) yokaru ağar ‘climbs higher’ 731; a.o. 72 (kakila:-): xııı (?) At. 101 (yokla:-); Tef. yokari/yokaru kozi (sic for kodŋ ‘up and down’ 159: xıv Muh. al-ele ‘high’ üstün yo:karu: Mel. 14, 9-10; (Rif. 90 üstün; al-'ele yüksek, in margin yoğarı: 153 only): Čağ. xv ff. yokkari yokan Vel. 419; yokarı/yokğarı bele wa fawq ‘upwards, above’ San. 344r. 2 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yokaru ‘upwards’ Qutb 83: Kom. xıv ‘upwards’ yoxan CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı fawq (opposite to ‘downwards’ ašağa:) yo:ka:ri: Hou. 26, 19: xıv yokaru: fawq İd. 95; fawq yoğaru: Bul. 14, 4 : xv fawq yoğarı: Kav. 35, 3; yokan Tuh. 28a. 7; 73b. 6.

D yuğrutluğ P.N./A. fr. yuğrut; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yuğrutluğ aš ‘food containing yoğurt’ TT VII 16, 9: (Xak.) xıv Muh. (?) al-labaniya ‘a milk diet’ yuğurtluğ aš Rif. 165 (only).

D yuğurğu:č Hap. leg.; N.I. fr. yuğur- (knead). Xak. xı yuğurğutč ‘a roller (al-mipmala) used to spread out (yabsut) dough for noodles, etc.’ Kaš. I 493.

VUD yoğurka:n (blanket)blanket’; first vowel uncertain, but prob. -o-; there is no semantic connection w. yuğur- (knead) and -ka:n is a Den., not a Dev., Suff.; perhaps connected etymologically w. yoğum. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. yu:rkan; Kač., Koib. yorğan; Sag., Tuv. čo:rğan; Khak. čorğan: NW Kaz. yurğan; Kumyk yuvurğan; Nog. yuvirkan/yurkan; SW (all) yorğan. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 36, 10 (3 kök): Xak. xı yoğurkam al-diter ‘blanket’ Kaš. III 54; o.o. II i37 (kösül-); III 110 (al-lihef ‘blanket’; yörgen-); 253 (ešü:-), etc.: xııı (? j Tef. yorğan ditto 162; xıv Muh. al-lihef yorgam Mel. 67, 3; Rif. 166; ditto döše:k/yorğa:n 67, 13; yorğam 168: Xwar. xıv yoğurğan ‘blanket’ Qutb 81: Kom. xıv ditto yowurgan CCI\ Gr.: Kip. xııı al-lihef yoğurğam; Tkm. yorğam Hou. 17, 1: xıv yo:rğan ditto Id. 92: xv ditto yorğam Kav. 64, 6; Tuh. 31b. 11.

D yaknkam Den. N. fr. yakri:; lit. ‘inclined to be fat’ or the like. Pcc. to Xak. Xak. xı (under fa'lalal indicating -kan) yaknkan nabt yatanetar minhu hami amtelu'l-banediq ‘a plant which sheds fruits like hazel-nuts’; their skins are stuck to the lips when they are cracked by the (cold) wind, and they recover; yaknkam (sic) a word for ‘suet ice’ (šahmu'l--camd), that is when ice is cut up, and things in the shape of (bits of) suet are scattered from it Kaš. III 56.

D yağırlığ (d-) (saddle-pad, saddle-felt, galled) P.N./A. fr. yağır (d-) (saddle-gall, shoulder); pec. to Kaš., but the corresponding A.N. (Conc. N.) \\ is noted as below. Xak. xı yağırlığ tevey ‘a galled (dabiŋ camel’ (etc.) Kaš. III 49; o.o. II 9 (Č>J-); HI 9 (yağıŋ: xıv Muh. al-mi'rafa wa’l-namartq (MS. tamerin) ‘the place where the mane grows; saddle-pads’ yağırlığ Mel. 71, 12; (in Rif. 173 the Ar. word al-ğešiya is omitted and its translation transferred to this phr., see yapığ): Kip. xıv yağırlık al-miršaha ‘saddle-felt’ Id. 95).
907

Tris. V. YĞR-

D yağırla:- (d-) (gall) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr.yağır (d-) (saddle-gall, shoulder), Xak. xı ol atığ yağırlardı: ‘he treated the gall (ašlaha'1-dabar) on his horse’; if you wish to say ‘he galled it’, you say ol atığ yağnttı: adbara'l-faras; the difference is the same as that between tariba and atraba and qasata and aqsafa (MS. qasata) in Ar. Kaš. III 342 (yağırla:r, yağırla:ma:k).

D yağırlan- (d-) (gall) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yağırla:- (d-) (gall). Xak. xı tevey yağırlandı: ‘the camel (etc.) had many saddle-galls’ (katurat adbeŋ; also used when it scratched (ihtakka) the saddle-galls Kaš. III 113 (yağırlanr.r, yağırlanma:k).

D yakrilan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. yakri:. Xak. xı ko:y yaknlandi: ‘the sheep was, or became, fat’ (katura šahm... wa šera de šahm) Kaš. III 203 (yakrıîanu:r, yakrı-lanma:k); verbs of this kind are compounded from four-letter nouns (al-rube'îya) by eliding the end of the word, and are pronounced as five-letter words (xumasiya) but not so written; for example ko:y yaknlandi:.... the ye’ of yakri: having disappeared (saqatat) 204, 7.

S (E) yağrınla:- See yarınla:- (shoulder-blade).

Dis. YĞS

D yoksuz (useless, poor, destitute) Priv. N./A. fr. 1 yo:k; fairly common in Uyğ. Bud. where it clearly means ‘ineffective, to no purpose’, and the like; by the medieval period it had come to mean ‘poor, destitute’. Survives in this sense in one or two NE languages: SE Türki: NC Kır. (joksuz): SW Osm. (obsolete?). It has been displaced by yoksul in SC Uzb. (yüksll): NW Kaz. (yuksil): and SW (all); this word is first noted in Xwar. xııı 'Ali 53 and Kom. xıv CCI, CCG and is clearly a corruption of yoksuz. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu meniŋ öt tinmiš ötügümin yoksuz kuruğ kılmag ‘do not make this request of mine ineffective and barren’ U I 31, 6-8; bu tegrller yoksuz emgenürler ‘these gods are distressing themselves to no purpose (or unnecessarily)’ U IV 20, 252; (if I do not treat them properly, any friendly language that I use) yoksuz bolğay ‘will be ineffective’ do. 46, 70-1; Sanskrit avandhyatvyet ‘because it is not fruitless, ineffective’ yoksoz heri bolma:ma:kmdin TT VIII A.9 (hiri is prob. a misreading of yerl); o.o. U III 31, 7; 38, 14; Kuan. 81, 181: (Xak.?) xııı (?) yoksuz (/yoksul) ‘poor’ Tef. 160: xıv Muh. (?) al-faqir ‘poor’ yo:ğsız Mel. \908\ 55, 10 (only): Čağ. xv İT. (yoksul/) yoksiz müflis tea bi-čiz 'poor, destitute’ San. 344r. 8.
908

Dis. V. YĞS-

D yağsa:- (butter, fat) Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. yağı: (d-) (enemy; hostile)
yağı:la:- (d-) (hostile, fight, враждовать, бороться)
(butter, fat). Xak. xı er yağsa:dı: ‘the man longed for butter and fat' (al-samn ıva'1-duhn) Kaš. III 305 (yağsa:r, yağsa:ma:k).

D yağsı:- (butter, fat) Hap. leg.; Simulative Den. V. fr. ya:ğ (butter, fat). Kaš. did not realize the nature of this Suff. Xak. xı yağsızdı: ne.ŋ axacfa,l-šay' (MS. in error racul) ta'ma'l-duhn ‘the thing acquired a fatty taste’; and one says yakri: ya:ğı: yağsı:ma:s ihelatu'1-šahm lei yıicad fifıi me yu mal'amala l-duhn ‘the fat of sııet has not the qualities (necessary) to perform the functions of oil’; originally yağsa:dı: but altered (? , udğima) Kaš. III 305 (yağsı:r, yağsı:ma:k).

D yıksa:- (demolish) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of yık- (bring down, overthrow, demolish, destroy), Xak. xı ol ta:m yıksa:dı: ‘he wished to demolish (hadm) the wall’ (etc.) Kaš. III 306 (yiksa:r, yıksa:ma:k; MS. yıkıša:-).

D yaxsin- (yaksın-) (approach, come near) Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative f. of 2 yak- (approach, come near). Xak. xı er kafta:n yax-sındı: ‘the man threw (alqa) the cloak over his shoulders but did not fasten it in the middle or insert his arms (in the sleeves)’; also used of a tunic (af-qurtuq), etc. Kaš. III 109 (yaxsinu:r, yaxsinma:k).

Tris. YĞS

D yağıšız (d-) Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. yağı:. Türkü vııı kop baz kıltım yağıšız kıltım ‘I made all (the people in the four quarters of the world) peaceable and free from hostilities’ I E 30, \\ E 24.

Dis. YĞŠ

D yağıš (d-) (downpour, sacrifice, libation) Dev. N. fr. yağ- (? da:ğ-) (fall, pour, rain, snow, hail) (Sp. llover (duver)); lit. ‘flowing down together’; originally rather specifically ‘a libation (sacrifice)’ to a deity; later, more especially in Moslem areas, more generally ‘a downpour’, usually of rain. S.i.s.m.I., e.g. NIC Tuv. ča:s: SW (all) yağıš. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bııd. (demons) yağıš ašlığlar ‘who devour libations’ U II 61, 4; o.o. TT VII 25, i (ayık); 20 (yağ-): Xak. xı yağıš ‘the word for a sacrificial victim (al-'afira) which the pagans used to sacrifice to their idols in fulfillment of a vow or to seek a favour’ (taqarrub, MS. yaqarrtib) Kaš. III 10: Čağ. xv ff. yağıš yağmak Vel. 4rr; yağıš beriš ‘rain’ San. 333V. 8: Osm. xiv, xv yağıšrain’; in two texts TTS II 975.

D yaxšı: (suitable, pleasing, good-looking) abbreviated Dev. N./A. fr. 2 yakıš- w. sound change -kš- > -xš-; not noted before xi. Although all the authorities fr. Kaš. to Tuh. use much the same Ar. words to translate this word and edgü:, it is difficult to believe that they were originally syn. and it is likely that this word originally had some shades of meaning der. f. 2 yakıš- (approach, come near) which distinguished it fr. edgü:, ‘suitable, pleasing, good-looking’, or the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual \\\ phonetic changes, and largely syn. w. edgü:, some languages using only one or the other but most both; in the latter case yaxšı: has some meanings like ‘good-looking’ which edgü: has not. Xak. xı yaxšı:al-liasan‘good-looking, fine’ of anything; hence one says ynxšı: ne:g ‘a fine thing’; yaxšı: ı:š ‘a fine affair’ Kaš. III 32; (if you reach a position of distinction) edgü: kılın bolğıl kiši:g begle:r katın yaxšı: u:Ia:n alisin xulqak wa kim 'inda'l--umare' ıvaššel xayr hasanu l-tnahdar li-atnri'l--nes ‘improve your character and become a good representative with the begs of the affairs of other people’ I 64, 14: KB (man uses his tongue to speak) sözi yaxšı bolsa ‘if his words prove to be appropriate’ (he is honored) 275; similar phr. 1008; (listen to the words of) yaxšı Yağma beği 4947; idi yaxšı aymıš ‘said very appropriately’ 5308: xııı (?) Tef. yavlak yaxšı hukm kılmıš ‘he made a very good (i.e. appropriate) decision’ 148: xıv Muh. al-cayyid ‘good’ (opposite to ‘bad’ yama:n) ya-aši: Mel. 18, 6 (Rif. 97 edgü:); 54, 3; 150; aš/aha ‘to do good’ yaxšı: İšle- 22, 13; 103; hašuna ‘to be good-looking, fine’ yaxšı: bol- 107 (25, 5 yaxšı:la:-): Čağ. xv ff. yaxšı xtib wa nikû ‘good-looking, good’ San. 326V. 2e: Xwar. xııı (f) yakšı (? yaxšı) ‘good’ is common in Oğ.; edgü does not occur: xıv yaxšı ‘benevolent, kindly’ Qutb 64; šaburdın yaxšı yoktur ‘there is nothing better (more appropriate?) than patience’ MN 127 (the refrain to each Chapteŋ: Kom. xıv ‘good’ yaxšı/yakšı CCI, CCG; Gr. 114 (quotns.): Kip. xııı (‘good’ eygi:/key; ‘bad’ yama:n/ yawuz) al-hasan (opposite to ‘ugly’ čirkin) yakšı: Hou. 25, 10: xıv yakšı: tayyib ‘good’; -k- and -x- interchange (tabaddala) in this word İd. 9e: xv al-cayyid yaxšı: Kav. 23, 8; 60, 5; taba ‘to be good’ yaxšı: bol- do. 39, 11; maWi ‘good-looking’ (inter alia) yakšı TuJı. 33a. 4: Osm. xıv ff. yaxšı ‘pretty, agreeable, good’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 767; II 977; III 754; IV 825. '

Dis. V. YĞŠ-

yağıš- (d-) (in opposition, oppose) Co-op. of yağu:- (approach, come, be near) (OTD p. 224 . jaɣïš, jaɣuš-, противопоставлять, оппонировать ~ in opposition, oppose)

D yağuš- (approach, be near) Recip. f. of yağu:- (approach, come, be near); properly ‘to approach one another’. Survives only (?) in NC Ktr. ju:š-, Cf. 2 yakıš- (approach, come near), Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if a man consults the oracle about himself) enč turmak yavšur ‘tranquillity approaches’ TT 1220: Xak. xı bi:r ne:g bi:rke: yağušdı: ‘one thing drew near (taqaraba) to another’ Kaš. III 73 (yağušu:r, yağušma:k); a.o. II 90 (artukluk): KB 136 (ula:-); 5311 (ekkigü:): Čağ. xv ff. yawuš- (-ur, -ğan) yakın ol- Vel. 402, 411; yawuš- San. 339V. 8 (yağu:-): Xwar. xıv yavuš-/yawuš- ‘to approach, or be near to, one another’ Qutb 75-e- _

D 1 yakıš- (rub, anoint) Co-op. f. of 1 yak- (rub, anoint); survives in SW Tkm. Xak. xı ol agar yakığ yakıšdı: ‘he helped him to apply the ointment (fi u'ad’i’l--damed) to the wound’ Kaš. III 74 (2 yakıš- follows).

D 2 yakıš- (approach, come near) Co-op. f. of 2 yak- (approach, come near) ; originally syn. w. yağuš-, ‘to approach, draw near to, one \909\ another’. In this sense it has been displaced by Den. V.s fr., or compound V.s w., yakın or yağuzk, but 1 yak- (rub, anoint) survives in SW Osm. for 'to be suitable, becoming, proper, fit; to look well, be handsome’; cf. yaxšı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 8, 17 (ii) (yavaš): Xak. xı (after 1 yakıš-) and one says amŋ kelme:ki: yakıšdı: ‘his arrival is imminent’ (qaruba); also used of the approach (qurb) of anything when its arrival has become imminent (ena); hence one says of an eloquent speaker (al-faših) when he has spoken amŋ erni: yakıšmars ‘his lips never come together’ (yaqrub) because of the speed and effectiveness of his speech Kaš. III 74 (yakıšır.r, yakıšma:k); o.o. I 170, 19 (tutuš-); 383, 5 (1 kuruğ); II 103, 2e: KB 134 (bakıš-): Osm. xıv to xvı yakıš- ‘to approach, draw near’; in several texts TTS I 769; III 755.
909

D yığıš- Co-op. f. of yığ- (? yı:ğ-) (assemble, collect, restrain, hold back); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes as yığ-. Xak. xı ol maga: buğda:y yığıšdı: ‘he helped me to heap up (ft takivim) the wheat’ Kaš. III 73 (yığıšu:r, yığıšma:k).

D yıkıš- Co-op. f. of yık- (bring down, overthrow, demolish, destroy); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes as yık-. Xak. xı ol agar ta:m yıkıšdı: ‘he helped him to demolish (ft hadm) the wall’ (etc.) Kaš. III 74 (yıkıšu:r, yıkıšmatk).

D yukuš- Hap. leg.?; Co-op. f. of yuk-; between yakıš- and yıkıš-, but spelt tukuš-j t.k.š- in the MS. Xak. xı uduz yukušdı: ‘the itch passed (ta'adde) from one place on the body to another because of its moisture’ (bi--rutübatihŋ Kaš. III 74 (yukušu:r, yukušma:k).

D *yakšırt- See yakčırt- (excite, ignite).

Tris. YĞŠ

D yağıšlığ P.N./A. fr. yağıš; ‘for pouring libations’ and the like. Pec. to Uyğ. Bud. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the innumerable alms-begging Brahmans) yağıšlığ orunka bušıka keltller ‘came to the place where libations are poured to receive alms’ U III 11, 13 (ii); o.o. do. 12 (ı); TT IV 6, 46 (e:t-); Suv. 29, 8-9 (tapığ).

Dis. YĞZ

D yağız (d-) (brown)brown’; originally a stock epithet of the earth, as opposed to the blue (kö:k) sky. It is therefore prob. a Dev. N./A. fr. yağ- (? da:ğ-) (fall, pour, rain, snow, hail) (Sp. llover (duver)) and originally meant 'poured upon, saturated’ and so ‘brown’. Later used for the colour of a horse’s coat or a man’s complexion. A First Period l.-w. in Mong. as dayir (Hae-nisch 34; now obsolete) and used in the Secret History (1) as the name of a horse; (2) in the phr. dayir etügen ‘the brown earth’, mistranslated ‘great earth’ in the Chinese translation. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. yağız of a, horse, darkish brown’ (and kara yağız ‘very dark brown, almost black’). Cf. yazığ. Türkü vııı üze: kök teŋri: asra: yağız yer kılındukda: ‘when the blue sky was created \\\ above and the brown earth below’ IE 1, IIE 2; (Kül Tegin) Az yağızım binip 'riding his dark bay horse Az’ 1 N 5, 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yağız ytr U IV 48, 91; TT VII 40, 13; X 162, etc.; Suv. 530, 1: Civ. ditto TT 14: Xak. xı yağız al-athamt ‘dark brown’, that is a colour between red and black; and the earth (al-artf) is called a9 a simile (yušabbah bihŋ yağız ye:r; yağız at ‘a dark bay (al-aflas) horse’ Kaš. III 10: KB yağız yer 3, 64, 68: xıv Rbğ. R II 1449 (kürge:k): Kıp.xııı (under ‘colours of horses’ coats’) ai-yeğiz ma'riif ‘a word used both in Ar. and in Turkish’ Hou. 13, 6; al-'ufr ‘earth-coloured’ ya:ğız do. 13, 10; a.o. 31, io (kara:): xıv ya:ğız ‘the well-known (ma'riif) colour of horses’; and the earth (al-ard) is called after it ya:ğız ye:r Id. 95; kara: yağız ‘black’ (al-astvad) in colour; yağız is usually used w. kara:, but may be used separately (yunfarad) and one says yağız af ‘a horse of a colour between black and sorrel’ (al-duhma ua’l-šuqra) do. 69; (see bakır; the phr. for ‘Aldebaran’, bağır šığan (under b-) Id. 33 and yağır (sic) šığın in Bui. \\ 2, 14 may be misreadings of yağız šığın lit. ‘the dark brown maral deer’): xv (under ‘human complexions’) al-asmar ‘swarthy’ kara: ya:ğız Kav. 59, 18: Osm. xvııı yağız (spelt) in Rumi, čarda wa rang-i siyah ‘dark bay’ and ‘black’ in colour; and as a descriptive Adj. (šifat-i tawdihŋ they say kara yağız siyeh čarda; they use this metaph. for ‘a black horse’, which in Ar. is adham San. 333V. 6.

Mon. YG

1 yeg (better, best)better’ (than something else); the object of comparison, when mentioned and not merely implied, is normally in the Abl.\ although the connotation of comparison was always present in the early period, it is sometimes best translated ‘best’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. yeg/yey; Tkm. yeg (described as ‘obsolete’) ‘better’. Türkü vııı ötüken yıšda: yeg İdi: yok ermiš ‘there was positively no better (place to live) than the ötüken mountain forest’ I S 4, II N 3; arığ uvutı: yeğ ‘modesty in a pure man is better (than pride?)’ T 37; o.o. I E 29, II E 34 (ığaŋ; I SE (tayğu:n): vııı ff. Tun. III a. 3-4 (kör-): Uyğ. ıx [gap] eki:de: yeg [gap] ‘better than both’ (or ‘best of the two’?) III B 6 (ETY II 38): vııı ff. Man. yeg nomuğ ukıttıgız ‘you have made them understand the better doctrine’ TT III 56; tüzgerlnčsiz yeg ‘unsurpassable and better’ do. 178; o.o. do. 75, etc. (üstünkŋ; (my god,) ratnıda yeg ‘better than a jewel' M II 7, 5, etc.: Bud. Sanskrit sreyo ‘better’ yeg TT VIII B.5; F.5 ; ol yeg bolğay ‘that will be better’ TT IV io, 25; o.o. do. 12, 57 etc. (tüzgerlnčsiz); 24, 71-2 (adruk), etc.: Civ. TT VIII 1.16 (suvsuš): Xak. xı ye:g a Particle (harf) meaning ‘better’ (xayŋ, used only in speaking of the superiority (tafdil) of one thing over another; hence one says bu at anda: (sic, ?for andın) ye:g ‘this horse is better than that’ Kaš. III 144; six o.o. at the end of proverbs saying that \910\ it is better, e.g. to be a widow than have an abusive husband: KB bodunda yegi ‘best among the people’ 50; (is a bad man) saga yeg ‘better for you’ (or a good one?) 243; sözüg ačsamu yeg azu kizlese ‘would it be better to make a statement or conceal it ?’ 1018: xııı (?) At. tabl'otto yegi ‘the best human characteristic’ (is generosity) 249; a.o. 409 (borčı:); (Tef. y^grek ‘better’ (than something Abl.), under yig 153); Xwar. (xııı yegrek ‘better’ 'Ali 19, 59): xıv yeg ‘better’ Qutb 77: Kip. xıv yeg al-cayyid ‘good’ Id. 9e: Osm. xıv ff. yeg/y^g ‘better’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 810; II 1029; III 792; IV 866.
910

Mon. YG

PU?D 2 yeg (bit (bridle)) Hap. leg.; perhaps Dev. N. fr. ye- (eat) in the sense of ‘something bitten’. Xak. xı yeg fa'su'l- (MS. fešu'l-) licam ‘a horse’s bit’ (lit. the bit of the bridle); hence one says yügü:n ye:gi: Kaz. III 144.

?F?D ye:k (yek) (demon, devil, shaitan, (constantly) eating, glutton, bad, vile, unpleasant, loathe) ‘demon, devil’; the old theory, which still has some support, is that this is a l.-w. fr. yakka, a Prakrit f. of Sanskrit yakšademon’; as such this is improbable, yakša itself occurs in TT VII 13, 55; 16, 17; but it might be a l.-w. fr. a Sogdian or Chinese transcription of the Sanskrit word. v. G. in TT VI, p. 61, note 131 put forward the more plausible theory that, since yek often occurs in the Hend. yek ičgek, in which ičgek is a Dev. N./A. in -ge:k (connoting habitual action) fr. ič- meaning ‘constantly drinking’, i.e. ‘vampire’, ye:k is a Dev. N. in -k (her theory that it is a crasis of *ye:ge:k is improbable) fr. ye- (eat) meaning ‘ (constantly) eating’, i.e. ‘glutton’. The only objections to this theory are (1) that a Dev. N./A. fr. ye- should be yek (cf. 2 ye:g (bit (bridle))), not ye:k; (2) that an actual l.-w. ye:k might well have been taken for such a Turkish Dev. N. and ičgek devised to match it, in order to represent ‘demons and vampires’. For ‘demon’ the word is now obsolete, displaced by Mong. l.-w.s in the NE and Ar. words like šayten, iblis elsewhere, but survives as yek ‘hateful, hostile’ in NE Alt., Tel., ček in Šor, ček in Sag., ditto, and če:kglutton’ in Sag., R III 316-17, 1945. Türkü vııı ff. yek ‘demon’ in antithesis to teŋri ‘god’, and interchangeable w. šımnu:, q.v., is common in Chuas.; yek ičgek do. 144-5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yekdemon’ MI 15, 19; 19, 1 etc.: Man. yek tuğum ‘rebirth as a demon’ TT IX 61; a.o. III 91 (ogjin): Bud. yek, spelt ye:k in TT VIII 0.4, 9, is common esp. in TT X\ where it occurs in lists of supernatural beings of which the Sanskrit originals are known it corresponds to yakša (not, as stated Kuan., p. 28, note 142-3, nega, which corresponds to lu) U II 20, 22; 35, 19; TT VII 13, 49; Kuan. 142; o.o. TT V 10, 84 etc. (ičgek): Civ. yek by itself and yek ičgek are common in TT I and VII: Xak. xı ye:k al-šayten ‘the devil’ Kaš. III 160 (prov.); I 266 (esnet-) and 3 o.o.: KB (the sky became dark yek yüzi teg ‘like a devil’s face’ 5029; (if he has a dream) yektin bolur ‘it comes from the devil’ 6017: xııı (?) Tef. al-šaytenjibliš yek 150: \\\ xıv Muh. al-šayten yek Mel. 45, 8; Rif. 138 Čağ. xv ff. yek/yekleš (spelt) bad wa zabu ‘bad, vile’ San. 334V. 23; yek ditto tv nexıvuš (‘unpleasant’) 35ir. 6 (quotn.): Kom xıv ‘devil’ yek CCG\ Gr. 121 (quotn.): Kip xıv yek al-šaytün (and yek kör- abğada ‘to loathe’) İd. 96; al-zawba’a ‘devil’ yek yaSit’l -šayfön Bul. 3, 1 : xv zaıvba'a yek (/burğan) Tuh. 17b. 11; šayfen yek do. 21a. 7.

yi:g (raw) ‘raw’; more or less syn. w. čig; n.o.n.b. modern words all seem to go back to čig Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Hüen-ts. 2128 (burnarč) Civ. yigli bıšığlı et ‘raw and cooked meat TT VII 24, 9-10; 25, 10-11; yig šakar ‘rav sugar’ II I 87; a.o. TT I 192 (bıšığ): xr Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘raw’ yig Ligeti 284; R II 507: Xak. xı yi:g et ‘raw (al-nŋ meat’; an< anything raw is called yi:g Kaš. III 144; a.o I 338 (Č*r*ı): KB (if a man’s behaviour i grasping) yig erse özi ‘his soul crude’ (hi character hasty and his eye greedy) 849 (if the head cook is dishonest, all his staff ar dishonest) yomıtsa kalın yig bu aš oğrıs ‘if these crude food-stealers collect in a crowd (how can their master’s table look nice?) 2861xiv Muh.(?) al-labin gayr mufaxxar ‘unbakee brick’ yi:g kerpi:č Rif. 158 (only): Xwar xııı (?) yig et Oğ. 10.

S yi:k See i:k. (spindle, distaff) (axle)

yü:g (feather, wool) (wig)feather’; survives only (?) in NE Kač R III 586; Sag. čüg 2192; Khak., Tuv čüg. NC has jün (yuŋ) properly ‘wool’; some other languages use tü: (hair (body)) (fur) properly ‘hair’, and some use l.-w.s. Xak. xı yü:g rišul-fay ‘bird’s feather’ Kaš. III 143; o.o. III 41 (yüksek); 70 (yapıš-); 97 (yapšur-): KB 3005 (1 er): xıv Muh. rîšu’l-nišeb ‘arrow feather’ o:k yü:gi: Mel. 71, 8; Rif. 173; al-ri yü:g 73, 8; 17e: Kıp. xııı al-riš yüg Hou. 10 14: xıv ditto İd. 9e: xv rîš (yuŋ/tüg; in margin in second hand) yüg Tuh. 16b. 13: Osm. xıv to xvı yügfeathers’; in several texts TTS . 855; II 1083; III 833; IV 915 (transcribed yün in I to III and yuŋ in IV but no doubt belongs here).
(OTD p. JÜK II перо птицы)

D 1 yük (yü:k) (pack, bundle, load, burden, вьюк) Dev. N. fr. *yü:-, cf. yü:d-‘a load, burden’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usua phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. U I 6 11-12 (2 ačığ): Bud. Sanskrit bherasya ‘of th< load’ yükfgap] TT VIII G.22; a.o. do. A.34 ağır yükler ‘heavy loads’ Kuan. 47; bir yül nom ‘one load of scriptures’ (fell in the water Hüen-ts. 2022; o.o. TT V 22, 43 etc. (yü:d-) Xak. xı yük al-haml ‘a load’; hence one say bi:r yük buğda:y ‘one load of wheat’; als< tviqr ‘a donkey-load’, etc. Kaš. III 4; nearlj 30 o.o., including four of yü:k: KB yinil boldı yük ‘the burden became light’ 195 o.o. 59 (yü:d-), 687, 4528 (tegeš): xııı (?) Ât (wealth is a source of anxiety and care today and tomorrow) yük wabSI ‘a burden and 1 curse’ 426; Tef. yük ‘load, burden’ 16e: Xl\ Muh. al-himl yü:k Mel. 40, 4; Rif. 129; al -rahl ‘luŋgage’ yü:k 68, 11; 168: Čağ. xv ff yük (‘with -ü-’) ber ‘burden, load’ San. 345r \911\ 1: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 88: Kom. xıv ‘load, baggage’ yük CCI; Gr.: Kip. (xııı after ‘hill’ Tkm. öyük wa huwa'l-iviqt wa'l--himl Hou. 6, 16; prob. a lapse of memory):xiv yük al-himl; wa huwa kinaya 'ani'l--člamen ‘and it is an idiomatic expression for “bail, surety”’ Id. 96; al-himl yük liul. 7, 7:xv ditto Kav. 77, 9; Tuh. 13a. 1.
911

Dis. V. YGD-

2 *yük See yügerü:, yükse:-.

Mon. V. YG-

*yig- (seam) See yigi: (seam), yigtür- (seam),

S yük- See ük- (heap up, accumulate).

Dis. YGE

D 1 yegü: (food) Conc. N. fr. ye-; ‘food’; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (when a stranger comes, grant him lodging) ičür ber yegü ‘give him drink and food’ 495; a.o. 4601 (uvšatk): xııı (?) Tef. yegÜ aš ‘food to eat’ 149: xıv Muh. (?) (after al-faem aš); al-ma'kül ‘edibles’ yegU Rif. 164 (only).

?E 2 yegü: in TT VIII A.i (see 1 bi:) the translation of Sanskrit kšurasya dhere va is damaged, but is read y[e]g[ü]niŋ bisi (MS. pisŋ teg. The word to be expected here is yüligüniŋ and this should perhaps be restored. .

D yigi: (seam, close, compact) Dev. N./A. fr. *yig- (seam), cf. yigtür- (seam); lit. ‘close, compact’; hence ‘a (tightly sewn) seam’. Kaš.'s phr. yigi: yığa:č may be authentic, but the shorter form yi: yığa:č is the common Uyğ. phr. 1: ığač ‘bushes and trees’, see 1 1:, and it may be no more than a mistaken reconstruction of that phr. The only certain survival is in NC Kzx. jiyi ‘thick, dense, frequent’; apparently also survives meaning ‘seam’ in NE Alt., Bar., Leb., Tel. yik (also ‘a cleft’, e.g. in the mountains) R III 507; Koib., Sag., Šor čik do. 2111; Khak. čik; Tuv. tig: NC Kır. jik (also ‘cleft’), and perhaps SE Türki ček BŠ. SW Az., Osm. yiv, now ‘scratch, groove’, is the same word, see below. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. [gap] yigi yekler bir[le] ‘with a crowd of demons’ TT VII 28, 2: Xak. xı yigi: yığa:č ‘closely packed (al-katiru’l-multaff) trees’; and the -g- is omitted from it and one says yi: (? yı:) yığa:č; and one says yigi: tı:š al-sinnu’l-mutarešš ‘close set, compact teeth’; hence one says to:n yigi: tik ‘sew the garment and make its seams tight and strong’ (ac'al darza.hu mutarešš muš c muakkad); and one calls ‘a seam’ yi:, originally yigi: fr. this word Kaš. III 25; yi: ‘the seam of a garment’; hence ‘a tailor’ (al-xayye () is called yi:či:; yi: ‘a small cleft’ (al-ši'b) in the mountains; and one says yi: (? yı:) yığa:č for ‘closely packed trees’, originally yigi: mutarešš, but contracted; hence ‘close set teeth’ are called yigi: tı:š III 216; cigi: yi: ‘a firmly sewn seam’, the c- is altered fr. y-, fr. the phr. yigi: (MS. tigi:) tikti: ‘he sewed firmly’. This is as we explained in the introduction to this book, the c- is substituted for y- in the \\ language of the Kip. and others, as in the word cinčü: originally w. y- III 229; a.o. III 283 (sığza:-): xıv Muh. al-darz yi:g Mel. 67, 1; Rif. 166 (biyig): Osm. xv ff. yiv c.i.a.p.; once (xv) definitely for ‘seam’, but generally translates darz in its broader meaning of ‘suture, wrinkle (on the face, etc.)’ TTS 1833; //1056; III 813; IV 889.
911

Dis. YGD

yigit usually ‘a young man, strong and vigorous’, also occasionally used for ‘young woman’; Kaš.’s translation prob. does not imply that it could be used for other than human beings. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, e.g. NE Alt. yi:t R III 523. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (this old man was formerly) yigit igsiz sizinteg kičig körtle urt ‘a vigorous, healthy, young, good-looking youth like you’ USp. 97, 10-12; o.o. U III Si, 3 etc. (türk): Xak. xı yigit al-šebb min kull šay’ ‘a young man (from 16 to 30) of anything’ Kaš.. III 8; o.o. I 353 (türk) and 9 others translated al-šebb or al-fate ‘youth’: KB ay edgü yigit 359; (Aytoldı) yiğit erdi oğlan ‘was a young man’ (good-temperedandintelligent)463:xııı (?) At. yigit koca bolur ‘young men become old’ 193; Tef. yigit ‘a young man’ 153: xıv Muh. al-šebb (opposite to ‘old’ kan:) yigi:t Mel. 48, 15; Rif. 143; a.o. 152 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yigit (‘with -g-’) cuwan ‘young man’ San. 35m 9 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 80; MN 9e: Kom. xıv ‘young man’ yigit (or igit?) CCI; yegit CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šebb yeyit, also pronounced yigit Hou. 24, 19: xıv yigit ditto Id. 96; ye:’it ditto, also called yigit do. 100:xv šebb yigit Tuh. 20b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. yigit (occasionally in xıv igit) (1) ‘a young man’; (2) as an Adj. ‘young’, also used to qualify ‘woman, moon, tree’, etc. TTS I 830; II1053; III 810; IV 885.

yigde: originally ‘the jujube tree, Zizyphus angustifolia' but in some modem languages ‘a species of oleaster, Elaeagnus angustifolia’. Survives in SE Tar., Türki cigde: NC Kır. jigde/jiyde; Kzx. jide: NW Kk. jiyde: SW Az. iyde; Osm., Tkm. igde. The word is used both for the tree and its fruit. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yigde H II 14, 128: Xak. xı yigde: al-ğubayre ‘the jujube tree’ Kaš. III 31; a.o. III 147 (ba:ŋ: xıv Muh. al-ğubayre yigde: Mel. 78, 13; Rif. 183: Oğuz xı the Oğuz Türkmen pronounce yigde: al-ğubayre as yigte: (-g- marked) Kaš. I 31, 25: Kip.xııı al-ğubayrq yigde: Hou. 8, 8.

VU yögdik Hap. leg. Xak. xı KB 5377 one of eight sporting birds.

Dis. V. YGD-

D yeged- Den. V. fr. 1 ye:g; pec. to Türkü and Uyğ.; apparently both Intrans. ‘to get better, to succeed’ and Trans, ‘to make better, to improve’ and, at any rate in the Hend. yeged- ut-, ‘to get the better of (someone)’. Türkü vııı [gap] kılmadım [?ellg] törü:g yegedi: kazğantım ‘I did not make... \\ I strove to improve and acquire the realm (?) and traditional law’ II E 3e: vııı ff. Man.-A M III 6, 2-3 (iii) (utlı:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (in a dating formula; at a good moment, on an auspicious day, in a blessed month) yegedmiš kutluğ yilka ‘in a successful and fortunate year’ M I 26, 23; o.o. do. 28, iS etc. (ut-): Bud. (this Buddha is called... ‘having the voice of the sea') yörtinčüde vegedmiš ünlüg ‘having a voice which is successful in this world’ Kuan. 204-5; °-°- U \\ 21, 11-12 etc. (ut-); TT VI 419 (ögüt-): Civ. asra atnj y^gedtiŋ ‘you have improved your low reputation’ TT I 7~X; o.o. da. 2 (ut-), 205 (alkin-).
912

Dis. V. YGD-

S yigit- See igid-.

S yögüt- See ögit-,

D yigtür- (seam) Caus. f. of *yig-, cf. yigi:; ‘to squeeze, compress’, and the like. Semantically close to yığtur-, N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ta:r etük ada:kığ yigtürdi: ‘the tight boot lamed (a'ksaha) the foot’ Kaš. III 97 (yigtürür, yig-türme:k): Osm. xvııı-xix Red. 2205 (quoted in R III 319) lists yekdir- ‘to make, or let, hobble; to hop or hobble’, perhaps taken fr. an entry in the Osm. translation of the Ar. Qamiis quoted in TTS IV 868; no doubt th^,saoifi. word, 'mistranscription of yigdir-.

Tris. YGD

D yiğitlik A.N. fr. yigit; ‘the time of youth’. S.i.s.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı yiğitlik al-fate ‘the time of youth’; hence one says essiz anıg yigitliki: ‘alas for his youth’ (šabebihŋ Kaš. III 51; o.o. I 143 (essiz); 511, 11: KB yiğitlik kačar ‘youth is Heeting’ 231; o.o. 360, 362 (1 kü:č), 375 (ıra:-), 1079, etc.: Čağ. xv ft', yiğitlik cawani ‘youth’ San. 35ır. 10: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 80: Kom. xıv ‘youth’ yeyitlik CCI; Gr.: Osm. xıv ff. yigitük the meaning ‘youth’ is common till xvi; it now means rather ‘courage, heroism’ TTS II 1053; III 871; IV 886.

Tris. V. YGD-

D yegedmekleš- Hap. leg.; Recip. Den. V. fr. the lnfm. of yeged-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the suitors amused themselves) bir ikintike yegedmeklešü: ‘trying to get the better of one another’ U II 22, 27.

Dis. YGL

D yeglik (superiority) A.N. fr. 1 yeg; ‘superiority’; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit kjtegra ‘the height of (good) behaviour’ kılmıš yeglikle:r (MS. yegligle:ŋ TT VIII G.4: (Xak.) xııı (?) At. 410 (borčı:).

D yeklük (mischief, devilry) A.N. fr. ye:k; ‘devilry’; n.o.a.b. Türkü vı 11 ff. Man. (the live gods) su (y)m yeklügün sügüšüp ‘fighting with sin and devilry’ Chuas. 38; a.o.o.

D yüglüg (feathery, woolly) (wig) P.N./A. fr. yü:g (feather, wool) (wig); ‘having... feathers’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı Kaš. III 217 (kaba:); n.m.e.

Dis. V. YGL-

S yikle:- See irkle:- (trample, trod).

D yükle:- (load, навьючить) Den. V. fr. 1 yük; normally ‘to load (something Acc., on to something Dat.)\ but in some modern languages ‘to carry a burden’, and esp. (of a woman) ‘to be pregnant’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol teveyke: yü:k (sic) yükleıdi: ‘he loaded the load (hamala'l-himl) on the camel’ (etc.) Kaš. III 309 (yükletr, yükle:me:k); o.o. 314, 27; 316, 4-9: xııı (?) Tef. yükle- ‘to load’ 16e: xıv Muh. hamala yü:kle:- Mel. 24, 4 (Rif- 108 kötür- (lift up, raise, carry)); 40, 4; 129 (and 107, see aylığ): Čağ. xv ff. yükle- (-p) yüklet-Vel. 418 (quotn.); yükle- ber kardan ‘to load’ San. 344r. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) yükle-‘to load’ Og. 273: xıv ditto Qutb 88: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kiu. xıv yükle- damana ‘to warrant, guarantee’ Id. 96.

D yüglet- (yü:glet-) (feather, wool) (wig) Hap. leg.; Caus. Den. V. fr. yü:g (feather, wool) (wig). Xak. xı ol ok yügletti: areša’l--nabl ‘he had feathers fixed to the arrow’; originally yü:gletti: but shortened Kaš. II 356 (yügletü:r, yügletme:k).

D yüklet- (load, навьючить) Caus. f. of yükle:- (load, навьючить); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes; in those languages in which yükle:- has come to mean ‘to carry’ it means ‘to load’. Xak. xı ol yük yükletti: ahntala'l-himl ‘he had the load loaded’ Kaš. II 355 (yükletü:r, yükletme:k): Čağ. xv ff. yüklet- Caus. f. ber farmüdan ‘to order to load’ San. 344r. 22: Kip. xııı hammala ‘to load, impose a burden’ yüklert- Hou. 39, 14:xv ditto Kav. 77, q; waqara ‘to load’ yüklet- Tuh. 38b. 10.

Tris. V. YGL-

D yüklemsin- (load, навьючить) Hap. leg., mentioned only as a grammatical example; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. the N.S.A. of yükle:- (load, навьючить). Xak. xı ol yük yüklenišindi: ‘he pretended to load (yahmil) the load but did not actually do so’ Kaš. III 322, 12.

Dis. YGM

S yükmek See ükmek.

Dis. YGN

yegen (? yegen) (nephew, niece (younger lineage)) originally ‘the son of a younger sister or daughter’, see K. Gronbech, op. cit. under 1 eči:. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. in this sense as cegen (Ilaenisch 88, ce/ce'e; not in Koiv. or Haltod). Survives in NE Alt., Küer. ye:n; Šor če:n R III 328, i960; Khak. če:n (? čeyen); Tuv. če:n usually ‘sister’s son or grandson’, Šor also ‘son of mother’s younger sister’: SE Türki ciyen: NC Kır. je:n ‘sister’s son or grandson’, je:n kız ‘sister’s daughter or grand-daughter’; Kzx. jjyen ditto, or ‘daughter’s son/daughter’: SC Uzb. ciyan ‘nephew, niece’: NW Kk. jiyen ‘sister’s or daughter’s son’, and jiyen kız ‘ditto’s daughter’; Nog. yiyen/yiyen kız ditto: SW Osm. yegen ‘nephew’, and more recently also ‘niece’; Tkm. yegen ‘sister’s \913\ child or grandchild’. Cf. eči:, atı:, 1 čıkan. Uyğ. vııı [gap] xatun yögeni: öz Bilge: bü[?n]in [gap] ‘ (my) xatun’s sister’s son Öz Bilge ? ’ Šu. W 8: ıx Suci 8 (atı:): vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of relatives) yeğenimiz ‘our younger sister’s sons’ Pfahl. 23, 15; a.o. do. 24, 26, etc. (tağay); the word also occurs in a number of P.N.s Inal Yegen do. 8, 9; Yegen Külüg Sagug do. 10, 15, etc.: Civ. in USp. 114, 115 there are stock provisions prohibiting various relations from disputing the contracts (my elder and younger brothers, my offspring and kinsmen) yeğenim (/yeğenim) tağayım 114, 9; 115, 13-14: O. Kır. ıx ff. Öz Yegen Alp Turan P.N. Mal. 5, 2; Yegen Bilge: Sagug P.N. do. 24, e: Čağ. xv ff. yegen (spelt) hamšlra zeda 'a sister’s child’ San. 35ir. 8: Osm. XV111 yegen, in Rumi, biredar-i zan ‘a wife’s brother’ San. 334r. 23.
913

PU?D yigen (? or yegen) (rush, rush-mat) ‘a rush’; later sometimes ‘a rush-mat’; perhaps a crasis of *yiğğen fr- *yig- meaning ‘closely packed’ or the like. Survives only (?) in NE Bar. yigen ‘tall, stiff steppe grass’ R III 509: SE Türki yiken ‘a rush’ Jarring, p. 157. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man makes a vihera the size of a nutshell..., and puts in it a reliquary the size of one-seventh of a perilla seed) yigenče sutup čekür (?) turğursar ‘and erects a stupa... like (or the size of) a rush’ Pfahl. 8, 7: Xak. xı yigen al-bardl ‘a rush’ Kaš. III 23: Kom. xıv ‘rush-mat’ yegen CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hasir ‘a rush-mat’ yege:n (jjc) Hou. 17, 4: xıv yigin (sic) ditto Id. 96; al-bardi yegen Bui. 3, 14: xv hašir yegen Tuh. 16a. 9.

yügü:n (? yügö:n) (bridle) ‘bridle’. Survives in NE yügen/čügen: SE Türki yügen: NC Kır. jügön; Kzx. jügen: SC Uzb. yugon: NW Kk. jiiwen; Kaz. yögen; Kumyk, Nog. yügen: SW Az. yüyen; Osm. and xx Anat. oyan; Tkm. uyan. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Hüen-ts. 162 (tul-): Xak. xı Kaš. III 144 (2 yeg); do. 163 (küveč); 366 (čıgıl); 371 (tuluŋ); n.m.e.: xıv Muh. al-licem ‘bridle’ yü:ge:n Mel. 71, 14; Rif. 174 (mis-spelt ü:nge:n): Čağ. xv ff. (VU) üyen čilaıv-i asb ‘bridle’; also called tizgin San. 92V. 3: Xwar. xıv yügen ‘bridle’ Qutb 87; Nahc. 53, 2; 72, e: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı üyge:n Hou. 14, 4: xıv üyen al-licem; Tkm. üygen (? , vocalized üyügen) Id. 2e: xv licem yügen (below, in second hand, üyen) Tuh. 31b. 9; ditto yü:lige:n (sic, in error) Kav. 64, 3: Osm. xıv ff. (VU) oyan ‘bridle’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 733; II 940; III 721; IV 793.

S yigne: See igne:.

D yükünč Dev. N. fr. yükün-; ‘an act of worship or obeisance’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yekke teŋrike tepen yükünč yükünügme ‘worshipping a demon, saying that he is a god’ Chuas. 130: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. alkunug barča (?) yükünčin ‘by the worship of all’ TTS III 4; yetî yükünčüg ‘seven obeisances’ do. 147: Chr. yükünč \\\ yükündiler ‘they worshipped’ U 16, 15: Kip. xı yükünč al-šalet ‘prayer’, in Kip.; hence one says teŋri-.ke: yükünč yükündi: ‘he prayed (šalla) to God’, and ol begke: yükünč yükündi: ‘he bowed (fa’ta'a) his head to the beg’ (etc.) Kaš. III 375: Öğuz xı Kaš. I 171 (e:t-); II 25 (kıl-): Kom. xıv ‘worship’ yügünč CCG; Gr. 130 (quotn).

Dis. V. YGN-

yükün- (bow, worship) ‘to bow, do obeisance to (someone Dat.); to worship’. Survives only (?) in NE Kur. yügün- R III 594: SE Türki yükün-BŠ, Jarring (and yürken-). Türkü vııı xaganka: Kırkız boduni: ičikdi: yükünti: ‘the Kırkız people surrendered and did obeisance to the xagan’ T 28; (the begs and people of the On Ok) kop kelti: yükünti: ‘all came and did obeisance’ T 43: vııı ff. Man. neče yagılu yüküntümüz erser ‘if we have somehow worshipped in error’ Chuas. 139-40; o.o. do. 130 (yükünč); TT II 10, 81-3 (ötün-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yinčürü yükünü teki-nürbiz (sic) ‘we venture to bow and worship' TT IX 5; III 2 (ayančag); a.o.o.: Chr. banp yükünelim anıg uluğ kutiga ‘let us go and worship His great majesty’ U I 5, 1; o.o. do. 6, 3-4 (ol), 15 (yükünč): Bud. süzük kert-günč kögülin yükünü mča tep t^zünler ‘let them worship with a pure and believing mind and say’, followed by a string of sentences each beginning yükünürmen ‘I worship’, and ending kutiga ‘the majesty’ (of various Buddhas) U I 31, 16 to 33, 10; yinčürü yükünürler TT X 272-3; o.o. Hüen-ts. 2030 (küntüz), etc.: Xak. xı kul teŋri:ke: yükündi: ‘the servant prostrated himself (sacada) before God most high’; arid one says toyın burxa:nka: yükündi: ‘the infidel prostrated himself before the idol’, and ol maga: yükündi: ‘he bowed (ta’fa'a) his head to me, and bowed himself in respect’ ' (inhafada ihtirema (n)) Kaš. III 84 (yükünü:r, yükünme:k; verse); o.o. II 167, 3 etc.: KB eligke yükündi ‘he bowed to the king’ 582; (at dawn he rose, washed himself, and) yükündi ‘worshipped’ 5452: xııı (?) At. (believe me, every morning the body stands up) tilke yüknüp tadarru' kilur ‘bows to the tongue and prays’ 148; Tef. yükin- ‘to worship’ 16e: Čağ. xv ff. yükün- zenü bar zamln zadan ‘to kneel on the ground’ as a mark of respect; it is the custom of the Turks when they enter the service of the Sultans in the palace to kneel and offer their greetings; and petitioners kneel on both knees to present their requests; this action the Turks call yükünmek and the Persians pe bus San. 344V. 11 (quotns.): Oğuz/Kıp. xı Kaš. III 375 (yükünč): Xwar. xıv yükün- ‘to bow, to worship’ Qutb 87: Kom. xrv ‘to kneel (before someone Dat.)' yügün- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv yükün- xadama bi'l-ruku ‘to serve kneeling’ Id. 9e: xv baraka ‘to kneel’ (čök-/bük-/) yükün- Tuh. 8b. e: Osm. xıv to xvı yükün- ‘to kneel’; in several xiv, xv, and one xvı text; in other xvı texts described as Kıp. TTS I 855; II 1082; 111 833; IV 912.
914

Tris. V. YGN-

D yükündür- Caus. f. of yükün-; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı I E 2, II E 3, etc. (1 bašlığ): Čağ. xv ff. yükündür- Caus. f.; ‘to make (someone) kneel in respect and greet’, and metaph. 'ard kunenîdan ‘to order to present, request’, etc. San. 344V. 26 (quotn.).

Dis. YGR

S yügür See üyür (small seed, millet).

D yüğrük (yügürük) (fast-running, swift) Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. yügür- (run, race, rush); ‘fast-running, swift’. S.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes as yügür-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 625, 5 (košuğluğ): Civ. TT I 124-5 (körünčle:-): Xak. xı yüğrük at ‘a swift, fast-running (al-sdbiqu’l-muhdiŋ horse’ Kaš. III 45; tayğa:n yügrüİdn tilkü: sevme:s ‘the fox does not like a nimble (afrah...fVl-'adw) dog’ III 175, 2; a.o. / no, 12 (idu:): xııı (?) At. qada kelse yüğrük yügürmez urup ‘if fate intervenes the swift horse does not run fast, even if you beat it’ 461; Tef. yüğrük ‘a swift horse’ 164: xıv Muh. (under ‘horses’) al-catvdd ‘a swift horse’ yüğrük Mel. 70, 2; Rif. 171: Čağ. xv ff. yügürük šdhib-i daw ‘galloping’ Sqq,_.34$F. 3: Oğuz xı (after Xak.) and the Oğuz call ‘a penetrating, intelligent, learned scholar’ (al-'elimu'l-hddiqu'l-fatinu’l-fedil) yüğrük bilge: Kas. III 45: Xwar. xıv yüğrük ‘swift’ (dog) Qutb 87: Kip. xıv yüğrük at ‘a spirited (carrd’) horse’ Id. 9e: xv carrd' yügrük/yürük Tuh. nb. 8; sdbiq zva carrd’ yüğrük do. 19b. 3: Osm. xıv ff. yüğrük (1) ‘fast’; (2) speed’; c.i.a.p. down to xvııı TTS I 852; II 1080; III 831; IV 910 (now replaced by yürük).

D yügrüm (lot) Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. yügür- (run, race, rush). Xak. xı bi:r yügrüm ye:r ard qadr me yu'de fîhe marrata (n) ‘a piece of ground of such a size that one can run across it as a single operation’ (i.e. without halting) Kaš. III 47.

yegren (? yegren) (chestnut (color))chestnut’ as the colour of a horse’s coat. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as cegere (Kotu. 2320, Haltod 564) where it is used as a N. meaning ‘gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa’, see Doerfer I 171, the der. f. cegerde being used for the colour. In this meaning and in forms similar to the Mong. it was reborrowed by various Turkish languages fr. Čağ. onwards, but survives w. its original meaning in NE Alt. yeren (ye:ren) R III 338; Koib. yögrin (sic) do. 322; Leb. yigren do. 511; Sag. čegren/čegri/čiger do. 1958, 2114; Šor čegren/čiğren do. 1958, 2115; Khak. č^gren; (Tuv. šilgi ?not connected): SE Türki člren: NC (Kır. jerrde); Kzx. jiren: SC Uzb. jiyron: NW Kk. jiren; Kumyk jiyren; Nog. yiyren: SW Tkm. yegren. Türkü vııı Küli Čor özlüki: yegren at binip ‘Küli Čor riding his favourite chestnut horse’ Ix. 15; a.o. do. 21 (?): (Čağ. xv ff. ceren (spelt) ehii ‘gazelle’ San. 205V. 28 (verse); ceyren ehii ziov. 17 (verse)).

Dis. V. YGR-

yügür- (run, race, rush) ‘to run fast’, of a man, horse, etc., and metaph. of other things. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NW Kk. juwir- (sic)/jügir-; Nog. yuvir- (sic); SW Az. yüyür-; (Osm. yügür- obsolete); Tknı. yüvür-. Türkü vııı kanıŋ suvča: yügürti: ‘your blood ran like water’ I E 24, II E 20; kara: terim yügürü: ‘my black sweat running (down me)’ 7" 5a; vııı ff. keylk oğlı: yügürü: aztı: ‘the young wild animal ran and got lost’ IrkB 15; (a lean horse...) yügürü: barmi:š ‘went running’ do. 16; a.o. do. 44 (ürjüš-): Man. yügürü bardı MI 7, 17; a.o. do. 12 (anča:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. sansar ičinde yoksuz örü kodı yügürdüg ‘you have run upwards and downwards to no purpose in the series of rebirths’ U III 31, 7-8; yel teg tavrak yügürüp ‘running swiftly like the wind’ TT X 295: Civ. II II 20, 9: Xak. xı kiši: yügürdi: ‘the man ran swiftly’ ('add tea šadda) (yügürü:r, yügürme:k; verse); and one says ol bö:z yügürdi: asde’l-sadefi'1-kirbes ‘he wove the woof of the cotton cloth’ Kaš. III 68 (the position of the last sentence suggests that it was taken into the text fr. a marginal note in an earlier MS.; it is obviously out of place here, and is perhaps based on a misreading of *tügür-, Caus. f. of tüg-, which is not recorded but could have this meaning); four o.o. translated 'add: KB yügür- is common, e.g. azıp yügrür erdim ‘I was running astray’ 384; o.o. 1734 (kulačla:-), 1999 (evin-), 2401 (učaŋ, 2370 (okčı:): xııı (?) At. bu dünye sorjmda yügürmek neče ‘why run after this world?’ 181; o.o. 6 (uč-), 4el (yüğrük); Tef. yügür- ‘to run’ 164: xıv Muh. al-'adw ‘to run’ yügürmek Mel. 36, 11; 37, 16; Rif. 122, 124 (in margin, sekritmek in text); 'add yügür- 112 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yügür- (-di, etc.) sekirt- ‘to run’ Vel. 419; yügür- (spelt) dawtdan ‘to run’ San. 344r. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'AH 54: xıv ditto Qutb 87: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 130 (quotn.): Kip. xııı 'add yügür- Hou. 35, 9: xıv yügür- (-g- marked) card tea camaza 'to run; to walk quickly’ Id. 9e: xv card mina’l-cary yügür-‘with -ğ-’ Kav. 74, 7; care yüwür-; Tkm. yügür- Tuh. 12a. e: Osm. xıv to xvıı (only) yügür- ‘to run’; common TTS I 854; II 1081; III 832; IV 910.

D yügürt- (run, race, rush) Caus. f. of yügür- (run, race, rush); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Türkü vııı T 54 (tö-günllg): Xak. xı ol anı:yügürtti: a'dehu'he made him run’ Kaš. III 437 (yügürtür, yü-gürtme:k); a.o. II 274, 25: KB bir oğlan yügürtti ‘he sent a boy running’ (with a message) 574: Čağ. xv ff. yügürt- (spelt) datvdnidan ‘to cause to run’ Satı. 344V. 4 (quotns.): Kip. xıv acre ‘to cause to run’ yügürt- Bul. 25V.: Osm. xvı yügürt- ditto; in a few texts TTS II 1081; IV 911.

(D) yigren- (disgusted, revolted) ‘to be disgusted, revolted (by something Acc.)'; perhaps Refl. Den. V. fr. yi:g. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes (y-/c-/č-/j-, etc.), exceptionally NW \\ Nog. šlyken- (sic): SW Az. lyren-; Osm. Igren- ; Tkm. yigren-. The modern meaning is sometimes ‘to be fastidious, squeamish’. Cf. yarsı:- (revolted, disgusted). Xak. xı anig yi:ni: ylgrendi: (MS. tügründi:) ičša'arra cilduhu ‘his body shuddered’; and one seys er etni: ylgrendi: ‘the man reckoned that the meat was raw (m) and loathed Čefa) eating it’ Kaš. III 109 (ylgrenikr, ylgrenme:k): xııı (?) Tef. yigren- ‘to loathe’ (enemies) 154: xıv Muh. (?) al-karh ‘to loathe’ ylgre:nmek (MS. mak) Rif. 125 (only): Čağ. xv ff. ylgren- (spelt) ne xıvuš amadan ‘to be unpleasant’; syn. w. ylgir- San. 35ir. 5 (reverse entry w. one quotn. 35OV. 28; this V. is otherwise unknown and prob. inferred fr. a faulty reading): Xwar. xıv menl ylgrengeyler ‘they will loathe me’ Nahc. 278, 3; blrl birigizke (sic) ylgrenmegiz ‘do not loathe one another’ do. 412, e: Kip. xv qarifa ‘to loathe’ Iren-; Tkm. Igren- (in margin in second hand yigren-) Tuh. 30b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. yigren-‘to loathe’; common till xvi, sporadic till xvııı instead of Igren- TTS 1831; II1054; III 81 x; IV 887.

D yügrüš- (run, race, rush) Co-op. f. of yügür- (run, race, rush); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı oğla:n yügrüšdi: ‘the boys (etc.) ran’ ('adat, together) Kaš. III 102 (yügrüšü:r, yügrüšme:k, MS. ma:k); (in summer dangerous insects) kudruk tlklp yügrüšü:r ‘attack (tahmil ’ala) people with their tails erect’ III 367, 12: xııı (?) Tef. yügürüš- ‘to run together’ 165: Čağ. xv ff. yügürüš- be yak dtgar dawtdan ‘to run together’ San. 344V. 11: Osm. xıv to xvı only yügrüš- ditto; common TTS I 853; II 1081; III 832; IV 9ro.

Tris. YGR

D yügerü: (upwards, arise, rousing, future) no doubt crasis of *yükgerü: Directive f. of 2 *yük, cf. yükse:-; properly ‘upwards’, but with some odd meanings in Uyğ. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı közi: yügerü: körti: ‘the eyes (of the rejoicing people) looked upwards’ HE 2; a.o. I E 11, II E 10 (kötür-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. övke kögülüm yügerü bolmayuk erser ‘if thoughts of anger do not arise in me’ U III 61, 4-5; (then the hunter) yarlıkančučı körjüli yügerü kılıp ‘rousing compassionate thoughts in himself’ do. 58, 9-10 (ı); (if in a woman’s mind the passion of lust) yügerü bolsar ‘arises’ do. 79, 3 (ii); o.o. do. 41, 7-8 (ii); U I 20, 14-15 (1 turğur-); TT IV 12, 25-6; V 22, 42; ögre ertmiš ödki ermez ken kellgme ödki ermez yügerü közünür ödki ermez ‘it does not belong to the past, the future, or the present day’ Suv. 204, 7-12: Civ. (if the right ear twitches) yüz yügerü asığ bolur ‘a hundred (or, taking it as a Reduplicative Prefix, ‘very’) superior advantages arise’ TT VII 34, 8-9; a.o. I 1 (tapığ).

D yügürük See yüğrük (fast-running, swift).

D yügürge:n (run, race, rush) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. (connoting habitual action) fr. yügür- (run, race, rush). Xak. xı \\ yügürge:n the word for any ‘courier’ (berid) who sets out in advance of the merchants of China to the Moslem countries and carries their messages and letters; yügürge:n at ‘a race-horse’ (al-muhdiŋ, etc. Kaš. III 54.
915

Dis. YGS

D yügürgü:n Hap. leg.; Collective f. of yügür (üyüŋ; lit. ‘a quantity of (millet) seeds’. Xak. xı yügürgü:n ‘a plant (nabt) which has red seeds like millet (al-duxn) that the Türkmen eat’ Kaš. III 54.

yeglrmi: ‘twenty’; c.i.a.p.a.i. w. the usual phonetic changes; Čuv. čirdmjčirem (syirem/ 8ylrem) Ash. XII 169, 170; the -e- seems to be fixed by one scription in O. Kır. and other evidence. Türkü vııı yeglrmi: sügüš sügüšmiš ‘he fought twenty battles’ IE 15, HE 13; yeglrmi: kün ‘twenty days’ I SE; a.o. II E 25: vııı ff. Man. ygrml (so spelt) M III 22, 16 (ii); Yen. yeti: yegirmi: ‘seventeen’ Mai. 26, 5; altı: yegi:rmi: yašıma: ‘in my sixteenth year’ do. 48, 7: Uyğ. vııı yeglrmhke: ‘on the twentieth’ (day of the eleventh month) Šu. S 11: vııı ff. Man. M III 39, 1-3 (ii) (adınčığ): Bud. beš yglrm6 ‘fifteen’ TT VIII H.7; altı yglrme (jic) ‘sixteen’ do. 8; ygirmi TT IV 8, 53: Civ. in TT VIII the spellings are L.ı yerm6, L.26 ff. yg&rmi, elsewhere ygrmi: O. Kır. ıx ff. yeghrmi: Mai. 5, 2; yeglrmi: do. 11, x; yegi:rmi: do. 45, 2: Xak. xı yeglrme: ‘twenty’; yeglrmi: alternative form Kaš. III 4% (ya unvocalized): xıv Muh. ‘twenty’ yeglrmi: Mel. 8i, 11; Rif. 18e: Čağ. xv ff. yeglrme (spelt) ‘twenty’ San. 35ir. 10; yeglrml do. i8r. 4: Xwar. xıv yeglrml MN 9e: Kip. xııı ‘twenty’ yeglrmi: Hou. 22, 8: xıv yeglrmi: and egirmi: (-g- marked) ditto Id. 96; ditto yeglrmi: Bui. 12, 12: xv ditto Kav. 39, 4; 65, 8; yegirmi Tuh. 60b. 9.

D yegirminč Ordinal f. of yeglrmi:; ‘twentieth’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes and the longer form of Suff., -nčl and the like. Türkü vııı ff. Man. bir ygrmlnč (sic) ‘eleventh’ Chuas. 221: Uyğ. vııı bir yegirminč ay ‘in the eleventh month’ Šu. S 11: vııı ff. Man.-A bir ygrmlnč M115, le: Civ. in the dating formulae for the eleventh month in documents in USp. the spellings are ygrminč/ygirminč/yegirminč: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. bir yegirminč ay Ligeti 143; R III 510: Xak. xı yegirminč ‘twentieth’ Kaš. I 132, 10; III 449, 9; n.m.e.: KB in the list of Chapters in the Vienna MS. 8, 22 the later form yegirminč! is used: Kom. xıv yiriminči ‘twentieth’ CCG (mistranscribed yirenči and mistranslated in Gr. 124).

Dis. YGS

D yüksek (yükse:k) N./A.S. fr. yükse:-; ‘high’. Survives only (?) in SW Az., Osm.; other modern languages use other words, generally edlz or bedük, q.v., in this sense. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 61, 5 (orunluk): Xak. xı yüksek ta:ğ ‘a high (al-murtafi') mountain’; similarly anything, when it is ‘high or \\ tall’ (murtafi' tawil badix) is yüksek; it is compounded from yü:ğ ‘a bird’s feather’, because its nature is rising nnd ascent (al-'ulii wa'l-sa'ud), and anything ‘lofty’ ('elŋ is called yüksek Kaš. III 45 (verse); yüksek tağığ al-šöhiq ‘a high mountain’ II 294, 24: KB bu tört neg učuz tutma yüksek yör-i (?) ‘do not regard these four things as trivial, describe^) them as important’ 308: xııı (?) Tef. yüksek ‘high’ (place) 167: xıv Rlığ. özüm yükseki a term of endearment R III 592; Muh. (?) al-'öli yüksek Rif. 153 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yüksek (spelt) buland (‘high’) wa murtafi'-, also called üksek San. 345r. 3; reverse entry 79V. 22: Xwar. xıv yüksek ‘high’ Qutb 88: Kip. xııı al-'eli (opposite to ‘low’ ašağ) yükse:k (/yü:če:) Hou. 25, 17: xıv yüksek ditto td. 9e: xv ditto (opposite to ‘low’ alšak) yüksek (/büyük) Kav. 36, 8.
916

Dis. YGS

D yüksük perhaps Intrans. Dev. N. fr. yükse:-; lit. ‘elevated’ or the like, in practice ‘a thimble’. Survives only (?) in SW Az. üskük; Osm. yüksük; displaced elsewhere in the medieval period by oymak, which first appears in Kip. xııı ; Kom. xıv CCI, CCG; Gr. and Čağ. XV ff. San. 92V. 20, or by l.-w.s. Xak. xı yüksük (MS. yüksek) ‘a thing in the shape of an archer’s thumbstall (al-xaiVa, undotted in the MS.) made of brass or rawhide, which tailors put on their fingers to protect them from being pricked by the needle’ Kaš. HI 4e: Kip. xııı al-kustuban ‘thimble’ (oymak/) yüksük (MS. yiksük) Hou. 23, 13:xiv yüksük ditto Id. 9e: xv ditto (oymak) Tkm. üksük (in margin in second hand yüksük) Tuh. 31a. 4: Osm. xvııı yüksük (spelt) in Rümi, angušttvena-i xayyati ‘a tailor’s thimble’ San. 345r. 4.

D yeğsiz Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. 1 yeg. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit asere ‘from Worthless’ yegses yarpsıstın TT VIII D.33.

Dis. V. YGS-

D yükse:- (tall, high) Desid. Den. V. fr. 2 *yük, cf. yügerü:; ‘to be high’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yükse:di: ne:g ‘the thing was high or tall’ (irtafa'a wa tela) Kaš. III 306 (yükse:r, yükse:me:k): KB (if the beg's words are kindly) kulı kögli yükser ‘his slave’s spirits rise’ (and his brow clears) 1809. , D yükset- Caus. f. of yukse:-; n.o.a.b.; in SW Osm. where yükse:- has been replaced by yüksel-, this V. has been replaced by yük« selt-. Xak. xı ol ta:m yüksetti: ‘he heightened and raised (rafa'a... wa ašeda) the wall’; also used when anything has been raised Kaš. II 354 (yüksetü:r, yüksetme:k): Kip. xııı 'alia tnina’l-ta'liya ‘to raise’ yükset- Hou. 42, 10.

Mon. YL

ya:l (d-) (mane) ‘a horse’s mane’, hence ‘the place where the mane grows’. While this seems to be the standard pronunciation, there are traces of an alternative f. w. a front vowel. A First Period l.-w. in Mong. as del (Haenisch 35; Studies, p. 238; Kotv. 1716); survives in NE Alt., Tel. yal; .Šor čal; (Khnk. čelin); Tuv. čal ‘the place where the mane grows’; čel ‘mane’: SE Tar. yayl R III 11; Türki yal; NC jai: SC Uzb. yoi: NW yal/jai: SW Az. yal; (Osm. yele); Tkm. ya:l. This word is quite unconnected w. the modern word yal ‘wages’ and the like. Radlofr read the latter twice in USp. 70, but the new edition by Yamada in The Forms of the Uighur Documents of Loan Contracts, Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters, Osaka University, XI, March 1965 (in Japanese) shows that these were mistranscriptions. Xak. xı ya:I ‘a horse’s mane’ Čurfıt’l-faras) and ‘the place where the mane grows’ (ma'rifatuhu, sic for ma'rafatuhu) in all the languages; hence one says at ya:li: ‘the place where a horse’s mane grows’, that is the flesh (al-lalnn) on which the mane grows (yanbut)Kaš.III 160; a.o. III 13 (1 yalığ (mane, cock’s comb), q.v.): KB 5801 (buka:): Kom. xıv yalı (sic) ‘the mane’ CCG; Gr.\ Kip. xııı ma'rafatu'l-faras ya:l Hou. 12, 17: xıv yal (‘with back vowel’) ditto İd. 97: xv ma'rafa yal Tuh. 33b. 9: Osm. xiv, xv yal ‘mane’ in several texts; xvı to xvııı yalı ‘mane’; in several texts TTS I 770; II 980; III 756; IV 829 (Kom. and Osm. yalı are presumably Sec. f.s of 2 yalığ (pommel, saddle-bow)).

1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl, spirit)wind’; also metaph. ‘demoniacal possession’ and the like, owing to a supposed connection between evil spirits and the wind; it is not always easy to see which meaning is intended. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Čuv. čil (syll) Ash. XII 146; hence l.-w. in Hungarian as szel. Modern forms like SC Uzb.; SW Tkm. yel, taken w. the TT VIII scriptions, indicate -e (ä,æ,ə)-, not -e-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yel teŋri ‘the wind god’ Chuas. 35: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yel teŋri Wind. 5; a.o.o.: Bud. yel (often spelt yül, i.e. ye:l ?) is common, e.g. (dust) yel üze tokıtıhp ‘whipped up by the wind’ U II 39, 90; taluy ičinde kara yel ‘a strong wind at sea’ Kuan. 20; o.o. TT V 6, 44; X 58, 115, 295, etc.; in Suv. 588, 13 the four kinds of illness are classified as those due to yelwind, flatulence’; sarığ ‘bile’; lešip ‘mucus’ (Tokharian (Agnean ?) l.-w.); and sanipat Sanskrit samnipeta ‘disorders of the three bodily humours': Civ. yel bu:lğa: [gap] (p-) ‘flatulence’ (?) TT VIII 1.6; tünle: soğık yelta: (sic) tokımakta: ‘because he is buffeted by a cold wind at night’ do. I. 14; alku yel igig ‘all diseases due to flatulence’ H I 13 ; yel tözlüg ağrığ ‘pain caused by wind’ do. 139; ağız yel (spelt yl) emi ‘a cure for bad breath’ (?) do. 177; o.o. TT I 15-16 (tigile:-); H II 10, 54 (ötül) — yel seems to mean ‘demoniacal possession’ in kičig oğlan yel tartsar ‘if a small boy is possessed by a devil (wind)’ (?) VII 27, 8; kimniŋ közin ağızın yel tartıp ‘if a man’s eves or mouth are distorted by an evil spirit’ (?) II I 124: Xak. xı ye:l al-nasim ‘the wind’; ye:l al-cinn ‘an evil spirit’; hence one says er yelpindi: ašeba’1-racul sa’fa mina’l--cinn ‘demoniacal possession attacked the man’ Kaš. III 144; (for the preamble see ko:l \917\ another example is ye:l ‘the wind’ (with a short vowel) in the sentence amg yeli: (ji'c) kü:člüg ‘its wind (rihuhu) is strong’, with ‘wind’ spelt in the same way as ‘yearyıl III 161, 15 fF.; o.o. I 415 (köge:n); III 93 (1 yelpir-), 108 (yelpin-), 227 (böke:), 268 (tokı:-), etc., translated al-rih, al-nasim, or sa'fa minal-cinn: KB (what you call life) yel teg kečer ‘passes like the wind’ 693; a.o. 63 (öŋdün): xııı (?) At. (moments of enjoyment) kečer yel (v.l. yel) kečer teg ‘pass as the wind passes’ 194; Tef. yel (1)wind’; (2) (a good) ‘spirit’ 150: xıv Muh. al-haiva ‘windye:l Mel. 79, 13; yel Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. yel badwind’ San. 351 v. 21: Xwar. xıv yelwind’ Qutb 77; MN 11, etc.; Nahc. 30, le: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı al-hawa yel (MS. yel), also ‘year’ Hon. 5, 7; a.o. 28, 6 (yıl): xıv yel (‘front vowel’) al-rih; one says yel esti: ‘the wind blew’ Id. 97; al-hawa yel, al-nasim yeleser (sic) Bui. 2, le: xv hawa’ yel Tuh. 3a. 13; 37b. 8.
917

S 2 ye:l See 1 yalığ Xak. (mane, cock’s comb)

yıl (year)year’. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as cil (Haenisch 90, Kow. 2343), originally only ‘a year of the 12-animal cycle’, later ‘year’ generally; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı yıl ‘year’ is common, esp. in dates in the 12-animal cycle: vııı ff. üčünč yilta: ‘in the third year’ IrkB 15; o.o. do. 21 (yaru:-), 59: Man. bir yilka ‘in one (i.e. every) year’ Chuas. 244: Uyğ. vııı yıl ‘year’ is common in Šu.: vııı ff. Man.-A sansaz tümen yıl bolti ‘it is countless years (since)’ M I 10, 4-5; a.o. do. 12, 16 (lağzın): Bud. (if you keep livestock) yılığa ašılur ‘they increase from year to year’ PP 13, 6; yılın ayın ‘from year to year and month to month’ TT VI 62; o.o. do. X 561, etc.: Civ. y»i ‘year’ is common in dating formulae and calendar texts: xıv Chin.-Uyg. Dict. ‘year’ yıl Ligeti 2S4: O. Kır. ıx ff. kırk yıl ‘for forty years’ Mai. 45, 4: Xak. xı yıl al-sana ‘a year’; hence one says bi:r yıl kečti: ‘one year has passed’ Kaš. III 5; about 20 o.o. esp. in /345, 27 ff. on the 12-animal cycle: KB iki yıl sekiz ay ‘for two years and eight months’ 131; (if a man does not bring out his knowledge...) yatsa yılın ‘it will lie (idle) for years on end’ 214; a.o.o.: xııı (?) Tef. yıl 'year’ 157:xiv Muh. al-sana yi:l Mel. 79, 15; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. yıl (same para, as 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)) also used for ‘year’ (sel) San. 351 v. 21: Xwar. xııı yıl ‘year’ 'Ali 20: xıv ditto Qutb 91; MN 70, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘year’ yıl/ıl CCI, CCG; Gr. 132 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-'ani ‘year’ yıl, also ‘wind’; followed by phr. for ‘this year’, etc. Hou. 28, 6; a.o. 5, 7 (1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)): xıv yil al-sana; one says yıl kutluj bolsun ‘may the year be blessed’ (mubarakf Id. 97; al-sanatu' l-hedira ‘the present year’ bu: yıl; other similar phr. Bui. 13, 1 i ff.: xv al-sana yıl Kav. 36, 11 (followed by phr.); Tuh. 3a. 13; 19b. 11.

yo:l (road, way, journey, times, streak, stripe, bars)road, way’, and the like; fr. the earliest period used in various metaph. meanings, e.g. (so many) ‘times’, and later ‘streak, stripe’ (see \\\ bars). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı Kögmen yoh: blr ermiš ‘there was one road across the Kögmen mountains’ T 23; o.o. IN 9 (yurt), etc. — altı: yolı: sügüšdim ‘I fought six times’ (i.e. battles) II E 28; o.o. IE 15, II E 13 (kirk), etc.: vııı ff. IrkB 30 (yara:-), 35 (I a:r-); ala: atlığ yol (or yul?) teŋri: men ‘I am the God of the Road (or the Spring?) with a dappled horse’ do. 2; a.o. ditto do. 48: Man. eki ağuluğ yol ‘the two poison-infected roads’ Chuas. 125-6; yoluğuz ‘your road’ TT II 6, 24: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (explain) üč yoh ‘his three ways’ M I 34, 12 (religious metaphoŋ: Man. barku (sic) yoluğ bilmedin ‘without knowing the way to go’ TT III 128; o.o. do. 63 (o:z-), etc.: Bud. yol is common both lit. for ‘road’ and metaph. for ‘way’, esp. in a religious sense translating Sanskrit marga; (then the door-keeper lifting him up) yolta ögi olğurtı ‘sat him facing the road’ PP 66, 2; (let us be released from this sinful body and) kurtulmak yolka teglnellm 'reach the way of salvation’ do. 52, 1-2; at yol ayağ čllteg tileser ‘if he desires fame (Hend.) and respect’ Suv. 444, 5 (or perhaps ‘a (good) name and the (right) road’ ?); o.o. U II 4, 2-3 etc.: Civ. yol is common, at yol tile-mekte TT I 196 (cf. Bud.); o.o. do. 21 (o:z-); HI 38 (kašanığ), etc.: Xak. xı yo:I al-tariq ‘road’; and a journey (al-safar) is also called yo:l; hence one says amŋ yo:l čıktı: ‘a journey appeared (bada) for him’; this is said only when the journey appears suddenly (or urgently, 'ind zuhür... 'aid ğirra) Kaš. III 144; / 63, 13 (anča:) and about 30 o.o., usually translated al-tariq: KB könl yolka kirdig ‘you have entered the straight road’ (to paradise) 36; sevinč minde sakınč maga yol azar ‘I have happiness, care loses its way to me’ 677; kıldı yol ‘he set out’ 766; o.o. 842, etc.: xııı (?) At. yol is common; generally metaph., e.g. aya šakk yolında yeligll odun ‘O you who are trotting along the road of doubt, wake up!’ n; Tef. yolroad, way (lit. and metaph.); time (s)’ 160: xıv Muh. al-tariq yo:l Mel. 74, 13; Rif. 178; tarraqa ‘to open the way to (someone)’ yo:l et- 28, 7; (112, yul-): Čağ. xv ff. yol reh (‘road’) wa tariq; and metaph. rdh-i sultik ‘a way of behaving’ San. 345V. 13: Xwar. xııı yolroad, way’ 'Alt 3e: xııı (?) if the transcription is right, in Oğ. sometimes spelt yol, e.g. yolda ‘on the way’ 248, and sometimes col (djol), e.g. colda (djolda) 228: xıv yol ‘road, way; time (s)’ Qutb 81-2; MN 114, etc.: Kom. xıv yolroad, way, journey’, etc. CCI, CCG; Gr. 125 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-tariq yo:l Hou. 5, 20; 51, 4: xıv yol (‘back vowel’) ditto Id. 97; (under ‘the earth and what is in it’, between ‘gypsum’ and ‘fortified enclosure’) al-xatt fVl-ard wagayriha ‘a line on the ground, etc.’ yol Bui. 4, 2; a.o. 2, 13 (kuš): xv tariq yol Tuh. 3a. 13; 23b. n: Osm. xıv ff. yol in various phr.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 838-40; II 10631065; III 817-19; IV 895-7.

yul (spring, fountain) ‘a spring, fountain’, and the like; survives only (?) in NE Kač., Kız., Koib. yul ‘mountain \\ stream, brook’ R III 552; Sag. čul do. 2175; Khak. čul. Kaš.'s alternative form yu:l seems to be an error. Cf. bırja:r, 1 bulak (spring (water), fountain). Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 17 (kör-); o.o.? do. 2, 48 (see yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars)): Uyğ. vııı Kara Buluk ög[dü]n Sukak Yuli:nda: ‘at the Gazelle Spring cast of Kara Buluk’ Šu. S 11: vııı ff. Bud. Anupadat yul (spelt yxiul) suvı erürsiz ‘you are the water of the Anavatapta spring’ Hüen-ts. 2104-5; (a^ the rivers, lakes) yullar (yuullar) yulaklar ‘springs and small springs’ Suv. 529, 4: Civ. TT VIII I.ıs (ağu:suz): Xak. xı yul 'aynu'1-me' ‘a spring’; hence one says čok-rama: yul 'ayn fatacara ‘an abundant spring’ Kaš. III 4; yu:l 'aynül-ma III 144; o.o. 1 492 (čokrama:); ill 17 (yulak): KB 973 (egsü:-): xııı (?) At. 387 (kurı:-).
918

Mon. V. YL-

D 1 yal- (blaze, burn, shine) Pass. f. of *ya:-  (is blazed, is burned, is shined), cf. 3 yak- (ignite, burn), 2 yan- (ignited shine, flame); normally Intrans. ‘to blaze, burn, shine’, and the like; occasionally irregularly Trans. Survives only (?) in NE Alt., Tel. yalı- (sic) ‘to blaze, shine’ R III 165; Šor čal- do. 1877, but see yalın. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (just as a fire blazes up under the influence of dry fuel, so also under the influence of grasping (upedena) the fires of action (bhava)) örtenür yalarlarflame up and blaze’ U II 9, 30: Xak. xı o:t yaldı: ‘the fire blazed up’ (iltahaba); and one says ba:š yaldı: ‘the wound burnt’ (or ached, atnadda); and kü:n yü:züg yaldı: ‘the sun tanned (latetcahaf) the face and blackened it’ (šateteadathu) Kaš. III 63 (yala:r, yalma:k); a.o. III 65 (2 yan-): KB kün ay teg yalashining like the sun and moon’ 415: (Čağ. xv ff. yele- duraxšenîdan ‘to cause to shine’, San. 351 r. 26 (quotns.), may be connected).

2 *yal- (bare (naked)) See yalt (bare, barren), yalım (bare, barren), yalma: (thick quilted coat; linen amour, rain-coat), yaliŋ (bare, naked), 1 yalın- (undress, bare, flash).

1 yel- (? vel-) (trot, amble) (of a horse) ‘to trot, amble’, with some implication of haste; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; in SW only Osm. Türkü vııı (the xagan said) yelü: kör ‘advance at a trot’... kün yeme: tün yeme: yelü: bardımız ‘we went at a trot day and night’ T 26-7; (yelmedi: in II E 41 seems to be a misreading of kelmedi:): Xak. xı atlığ yeldi: (MS. yeldi:) ‘the horseman ambled and trotted’ (xabba... tea ahdara) Kaš. III 64 (yele:r, yelme:k, sic; this V. is listed between yul- and 2 yel-, which implies a pronunciation yel-, and this is perhaps right): KB (what good is fortune when it comes to you) yana barmaz erse tllekče yelip ‘and then does not go trotting along as you wish?’ 1077: XIII (?) At. 11 (yo:l); Tef. yel- (sic) ‘to trot’ 150 (mistranslated ‘to break wind’): Čağ. xv fF. yel- pûya kardan tea rah raftan ba-ta'cil tea darcidan ba-tariq-i hirateula ‘to canter, to travel rapidly, to run like an advance guard’ San. 35m 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv (a negro slave mounted on a camel) yelip kele turur ‘is approaching at a trot’ Nahc. 133, 7: Kip. xrv y^I- habba ‘to move briskly’ Id. 97: xv xabbaba ‘to trot’ yel- Tuh. 14b. 8 (yelmek added in sccoiul hand over xabbaba); hanvata ‘to amble’ yel- do. 38a. 1 : Osm. xıv ff. yel- (occasionally yel-) ‘to trot’, more generally ‘to hurry, move quickly'; c.i.a.p. TTS I 815; II 1035 ; III 795 ; I V 872.

D 2 ye:l- (be eaten) Pass. f. of yö:-; ‘to be eaten’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but Mon. forms like NC Kır. jel- are less common than Dis. forms like SC Uzb. yeylJ-, Xak.xi aš yeldi: ‘the food (etc.) was eaten' (ukila) Kaš. III 64 (yelü:r, yelme:k); aš ye:ldi: same translation III 185 (ye:lü:r, ye:lme:k).

S yil- See il- Uyg. Bud.

yul- (pull out, pluck out) basically ‘to pull out, pluck out' (e.g. a thorn Acc., fr. a wound AM.) but with various extended meanings, particularly in Xak. S.i.a.m.l.g. as yul-/čul-/jul-, but SW Az., Osm., Tkm. yol-. Cf. yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip); not to be confused w. yuh:-. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 8 (i:n): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yul- al- or al- yul-‘to take back, recover’ (something which has been sold) is a stock phr. in contracts for the sale of land, slaves, etc. in USp. in the context that third parties who yulayın alayın teserler ‘say “we will take (her or it) back” ’ will be liable to stated penalties 16, 20-1; 30, 18; 107, 14 etc.: Xak. xı er bulunuğ (MS. buluttuk) yukli: ‘the man redeemed (fakka) the prisoner’; and one says er tutuğ yuldi: ‘the man redeemed the pledge’ (or surety, al-rahn); and er kuš yuldi: ‘the man plunged (ğamasa) the bird in boiling water in order to pluck it’ (li -ya ta mar rata), also (used when) he scalded (asmata) the hair off a hide (etc.); and ura:ğut bašın yuldi: ‘the woman obtained a divorce' (ixtala'at... mitia'l-mahŋ; and ol bitig yuldi: ‘he copied (nasaca) the book’ Kaš. III 63 (yula.r, yıılma:k); a.o. II 24, 4 (kır-): KB bulun kılsa nafsım yuluğlı kanı ‘if it makes my soul a prisoner, who will redeem me?’ 363e: xııı (?) At. kel ottm özüp yul ölümdin öŋ-c ‘pull yourself out of the fire before you die’ 12; a.o. 160; Tef. yulu- (xic?) ‘to pull out’ ıer (yolu-): xıv fada ‘to redeem, get a divorce’ yu:l- Mel. 29, 13; Rif. 13; vıufde yu:lmıš 51, 11; 147; (25, 9 see yüli:-; 112 see yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars))': Čağ. xv ff. (yul- (-up) yol bulup gel- ‘to find a way and come’ Vel. 418 (quotn.) mistranslated); yul- kandan mü tea par ‘to pluck out hair or feathers’, in Ar. natafa (‘to pluck’) San. 345r. 6 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yul- ‘to pull up (grass); to ransom, rescue’ Qutb 81 (yol-), 85: Kom. xıv ‘to redeem’ (in n religious sense) yul- CCI, CCG; Gr. 128 (quotn.).

Dis. YLA

yala: (suspicion; blame; false accusation)suspicion; blame; false accusation’, and the like; homophonous w. yala:-. Survives w. the same range of meanings in NE Alt., Tel. yala R III 154: SE Türki yala: NC jala: NW yala/jala. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 135, 6 (kadağ): Civ. yala yagaru (? read yagirtŋ ükliyür ‘false accusations increase afresh’ TT I 75: Xak. xı yala: al-tuhma fi'1-šay' ‘suspicion (or false accusation) about something’; \\ and a kind of (VU) al-miğ<fan ‘puff-pastry’ is called yala:čı: yuğa: that is ‘wrinkled (muğaddan) bread’; whenever the least thing touches it it breaks because of its fragility (riqqatihŋ, and the baker is falsely accused (yatahham) for it and they say ‘you broke it’ Kaš. III 25; a.o. III 82 (yalal-): Kom. xıv ‘false accusation’ yala CCG; Gr. no (quotn.^. \\

VU?D yelü: (? yelü:) Hap. leg.; perhaps Dev. N. fr. 1 yel-, but there is no obvious semantic connection. Xak. xı yelü: ribetu'l-afla ‘a tether for colts’; when the sucking foals (al-emiš) are taken from the mares, they are tethered to a single rope, so that the mares circle round them in the meadow to be milked Kaš. III 26.

yula: ‘torch, lamp’, and the like. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as cula (Studies, p. 239; Koiv. 2386). Survives only (?) in NE Alt., Tel. yula R III 553; Tuv. čula. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ^nčgülük yaruk yula tamdurdačı ‘kindling the bright lamp of tranquillity’ USp. 102a. 35; o.o. UI 22, 3 etc. (tamdur-); U III 28, 26 (osuğluğ); TT V 6, 49 (todunč-suz); TT VII 24, n; 25, 12; 40, 98 etc.: Xak. xı ‘a lamp’ (al-sirec) is called yula: Kaš. III 25 (verse); a.o. I 200 (udm-): KB (the Prophet) yula erdi xalqka ‘was a lamp for the people’ 35; ukuš Ol yula teg ‘understanding is like a lamp’ (on a dark night) 288; o.o. 601, 885, 1861, etc.: xıv Muh. (l) (‘lamp’ (Pe.) člreg); al-šama' ‘candle’ yu:la: Rif. 170 (only): Xwar. xıv yula ‘lamp’ Qutb 85; MN 253, etc.

Dis. V. YLA-

yala:- in this meaning Hap. leg.; later occurrences of yala- and the like are Sec. f.s of yalğa:-. Homophonous w. yala:. Xak. xı ol agar oğrı: yala:di: ‘he falsely accused him (ittahamahu) of being a thief (etc.) Kaš. III 89 (yala:r, yala:ma:k, MS. yalama:k).

D yılla:- Den. V. fr. yıl; s.i.s.m.I., e.g. NW Tat. yel1a-; Nog. yılla- ‘to spend a year; (e.g. of wine) to be kept for a year’: SW Osm. yılla- ‘to spend a year; to be a year old’, etc. Xak. xı KB karımaz bu edgü neče yıllasa ‘the good man does not grow old, however many years he lives’ 347: Osm. xv ff. yılla-, meanings as above; in several texts TTS 1829; II 1051; IV 883.

yılı:- ‘to be, or become, hot’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but SC Uzb. ylH-/lll-: SW (Az. Dev. N./A. llığ (sic) only); Osm. ılı- (sic) ‘to become lukewarm’ (after being either hotter or coldeŋ; Tkm. yila- (sic). Xak. xı suv yılı:dı: ‘the water (etc.) was, or became, hot’ (saxuna) Kaš. III 91 (yilr.r, yili:ma:k): xıv Muh. napfa (Rif. našafa)'l-harera ‘to be lukewarm’ yi:li- Mel. 41, 8; yılı:- Rif. 131.

D yola:- Den. V. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars); ‘to set out, or go, on a journey’. As such survives only (?) in \\ NC Kır. Jolo-; Kzx. Jola- ‘to approach, draw near’, but the Den. V. in -la:-, yolla-/jolda-etc., s.i.s.m.I. in the original meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ančakı’a tltsi ulušmdın yolayu barsar ‘if he travelled making a small detour (?) through his pupil’s country’ Hüen-ts. 281-2; o.o. PP 60, 6-7 (ünde:- (summon, wave to come)); Kuan. 43 (1 ert-).
919

VU yuli:- (pillage) ‘to pillage’; not to be confused w. yul- (pull out, pluck out); n.o.a.b., cf. yulıt-. Türkü vııı tegdimiz yulı:dımız ‘we attacked and pillaged them’ T 39; a.o. II E 32 (bark): Uyğ. vııı evi:n barkım yılkısım [yjuhmadim ‘I did not pillage their dwellings, property, or livestock’ Šu. E 2; evi:n yuh:p do. S 5: Xak. xı beg bodu:nuğ yulı:dı: (changed by second hand to yula.ydt:) ‘the beg raided (ağara ’aid, so read, cf. yulıt-, MS. a'dna) the tribe’ (al-qatvnt) Kaš. III 90 (yuh:r, yuh:ma:k, MS. yulay-).

yöle:- ‘to prop up, or support (something Acc.)'; later also ‘to lean (e.g. one’s head Acc.) against something’. Survives in NE Alt., Kiier., Tel. yölö- R III 451; Sag., Šor (do. 2043), Khak., Tuv. čöle-: SE Tar. yöll-; Türki yöle-/yöli-: NC Kır. Jölö-, Xak. xı ol ta:mığ yöle:di: ‘he propped up (*ammada) the wall’ (etc.) Kaš. III 89 (yöle:r, yöle:me:k; verse): KB (my Lord,...) yölegil kutun ‘support (me) with (Thy) grace’ 5125; seni ol yöledi kopurdı kutun ‘he supported you and raised you by his grace’ 5792; a.o. 2105 (süzük).

yülir- (shave) ‘to shave’; survives only (?) in NE Tuv. čülü-: NW Kumyk yülü-: SW Osm. yülü-, Xak. xı er sač yüli:di: ‘the man shaved (halaqa) the hair’ Kaš. III 90 (yüli:r, yüli:me:k): xıv Muh. halaqa yü:ll- Mel. 25, 9; yü:li:- Rif. 108; al-halq yü:li:nmek (MS. mak) 37, 10; yu:li:mek (mak) 123: Xwar. XIV bašınım yülürmen ‘I shave my head’ Nahc. 37, 2: Kom. xıv ‘to shave’ yülü- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı halaqa min halai'l-ša'r yü:li:-Hou. 36, 20; xıv yüli- halaqa Id. 97: xv ditto yülü- Tuh. 13b. 7; 41a. 5: Osm. xıv ff. yüli- (rare)/yülü- ‘to shave’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 885; II 1082; III 833; IV 912.

Dis. YLB

PUF yalbi: (broad) Hap. leg.; under cross-heading B; no possible Turkish etymology, perhaps a 1.-w. Xak. xı yalbi: ne:ŋ ‘broad’ (al-'arid) of anything carved (manqiir) out of wood, for example a shallow platter (al-fabaqu'Uadi Id 'umq lahu) Kaš. III 30.

yelvi: (sorcery, witchcraft) ‘sorcery, witchcraft’, and the like. The connection between this and yelpi:- and it’ der. f.s is obscure; the spelling of both is certain; they may both be der. fr. some foreign word. The semantic connection w. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl) is prob. fortuitous. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as cilbijcilvi ‘sorcery, trickery, deception’ (Kow. 2346, Haltod 573). NE Tel. tyilbi R III 522; Šor (do. 2139), Tuv. čilbl are no doubt reborrowings fr. Mong, Türkü vııı ff. Man. neče yelvl yevlledlmiz erser \\ ‘inasmuch as we have practised witchcraft’ Chuas. ioR-q: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 5, 8-10 (antağ): Hud. V II 71, 3 (ii) (kömen): Xak. xı yelvi: al-sihr ‘sorcery’; hence al-sahir ‘a sorcerer’ is called yelvi:či: Kaš. III 33 (verse); yelvin tuta:r közkiye: lahe 'ayn snhira, properly ‘little eye that captures by sorccrv’ III 359, 9.
920

D yelpik (fortune-telling) Dev. N. fr. yelpi:-, q.v. regarding the basic meaning. Survives in NK .Šor čelbeg 'fortune-telling by letting a cloth wave in the air’ R III 1981 : SW Az. yelpik ‘a fan’; Osm. yelpik ‘difficulty in breathing, severe asthma’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man believes false doctrine and sins, his house is invaded by all sorts of evil demons, false teachers) opjın yelpik (TT VIII f?]lpağla:ŋ yekler ‘ghouls, evil spirits (?), demons’ (ravens, owls, etc.) TT VI 59 (VIII O.4): Xak. m yelpik al-sa'fa tnina'I-cinn ‘demoniacal possession’ (cf. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)); hence one says erke: yelpik tegdi: 'demoniacal possession attacked (asehn) the man’ Kaš. III 46. '

Dis. V. YLB-

S yalva:- See yalğa:-.

yelpi:- not noted before the medieval period, but see yelpik, 1 yelpit-, etc. Semantically connected w. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl) in both meanings, ‘wind’ and ‘evil spirit’, but it is difficult to suggest a morphological connection; -pi:- is not a known Den. Suff.; and see yelvi:. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but only in the sense ‘to fan, winnow’, and the like. The Dev. N. (N.I.) yelpigüč ‘n fan’ also s.i.s.m.I,, sometimes much distorted as iti SW Osm. yelpaze. Čağ. xv ff. yelpi- (spelt) bad zadati 7i'a minvalin cünhandan ‘to fan, to wave a fan’ San. 351 v. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv payğatnbar 'alayhi'l-saleırmı yelpir erdi ‘he was fanning the Prophet' (and driving away (lies) Nahc. 120, 12; a.o. 23s, 15; Kom. xıv ‘to fan’ yelpi- CCG; Gr. ' ‘

S yalvat- See yalğat-, 13 1 yelpit- Caus. f. of yelpi:-; ‘to order to fan' and the like. S.i.s.m.I. in this sensew. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol agar sirje:k yelpitti: (also vocalized ye/petti:) ‘he ordered him to drive away (dabb) the (lies with a fan’ (hi’l-mincaha) Kaš. İl 351 (yclpitü:r, yelpitme:k; not vocalized).

PU (D) 2 yelpit- Hap. leg.; this V., which precedes 1 yelpit-, is almost entirely unvocalized, only one fatha on the yd' being marked; it is obviously not connected with yelpi:- but is semantically connected with a medieval and modern V. yibi- ‘to be moist’, which, w. its der. f.s, survives in some NE, SE, NC languages as yibi-/čibi-/jibi-/ibi- ‘to be moist’, in the Caus. f. ‘to moisten’. The earliest trace of it seems to be in Čağ. (see below). Cf. 2 yelpir-. Xak. xı ol atka: ašba:r yelpitti: ‘he moistened (balla) the horse’s forage’, that is Straw and bran; also used of drizzling rain (al-raded nıina'l-arnteŋ when it has marked (irasatna) the surface of the ground with moisture (mina'l-nade); one says yağmu:r ye:rig yelpitti: Kaš. II 351 (yelpitü:r, yelpitme:k): (Čağ. xv ff. ibin- (spelt) xisidan ‘to be moistened, soaked’; ibit- xisantdan ‘to moisten, soak’ San. 93r. 5).

13 yelvik- Intrans. Den. Y. fr. yelvi:; ‘to practise sorccrv’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Kuan. 184, etc. (ağıık-).

S yalvan- See yalğan-, D yelpin- Refl. f. of yelpi:-; s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes, usually as a Pass., ‘to be fanned, winnowed’, etc. Xak. xı oğ!a:n yelpindi: axadati'l-sabi sa'fa ‘the boy was possessed by a devil’; and one says ol ö:ziŋe: ye:l yelpindi: t nival la tanvihi'l-nasim li--nafsihi ‘he fanned himself’ Kaš. III 108 (yelpinü:r, yelpinme:k); a.o. III 144 (1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)).

yalvar- (beg, beseech, pray) ‘to beg, beseech, pray (to someone Dat.)'; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual initial changes; -v- survives in SE Türki: SW Az., Osm. but has become -b- elsewhere. Türkü vııı ff. kuzğurn savı: tegrhgerü: yalvarir.r ‘the raven’s words are a prayer to heaven’ IrkB 54; a.o. do. 19 (1 ayın-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A tümen tümen yalvardı: ‘he made innumerable requests’ M I 20, 4-5: Man. teŋri yaruk küčlüg bilgeke yalvararbiz ‘we pray to the divine, bright, strong sage’ MII jo, 2 (ı): Bud. yalvara ötünürmen ‘I venture to pray’ (on behalf of all mankind) U II 79, 52; same phr. do. 88, 70-1; TT IV 12, 34; Kuan. 40; o.o. TT IV 4, 13 (ığla:-); V II 79, 4e: Xak. xı ol ınaıja: yalvardı: is t ağa ta bî ıva talaba ınintıt ta/ıšil niurddihi ‘he asked for my help and begged me to fulfil his desires’ Kaš. III 99 (yalvarur, yalvarma:k); o.o. I 494, 4; 498, 20: Klf (I have entrusted (tutuz-, q.v.) him to God) yalvara ‘in my prayers’ 1483: xF11 (?) Tef. yalvar- ‘to pray’ 137: xıv Muh. al-tadarru' ‘to make a humble request’ ya:Iba:rmak Mcl. 38, 8; Rif. 125; tadarra'a yalba:r- 106 (only); al-su’al ‘to ask’ yal- ba:rmak 123 (so:rmak 36, 7): Čağ. xv ff. yalbar- 'acz kardan ‘to entreat’ San. 335V. 1 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı yalwar- ‘to pray’, etc. 'Ali 7: xıv yalbar- ditto Qutb 65: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 111 (quotns.): Kip. xıv taivassala ‘to entreat’ yal\va:r- Ihıl. 40V.:xv tadaxxn/a ditto yalbar- Tuh. 9b. 9.

D 1 yelpir- Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of yelpi:-. Xak. xı yel yelpirdi: tanassama'I--nashn ‘a gentle wind blew’; and one says er yelpirdi: (MS. te/tiredi:) iltafata’l-racul yatn-nahu tv a yasrahu ka-annahu ašebahıı sa'fa mina't-cinn ‘the man constantly turned to the right anti left as if be was possessed by a devil’ Kaš. III93 (2 yelpir- follows).

PU (D) 2 yelpir- Hap. leg.; cognate to 2 yelpit-, q.v.; follows 1 yelpir-. Xak. xı kepek yelpirdi: (MS. yelfüredi:) ‘the chaff was wetted’ (nuddiyat); similarly when gentle rain (al-tašš) has struck the surface of the ground \\ one says yağmur yilpirdi: that is ‘the rain has wetted (naddd) the surface of the ground’ Kaš. III 99 (yelplre:r, yelplrme:k; MS. ydpereme:k).

Dis. YLB

D yelvir- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. yelvi:. Syn. w. talpır-, q.v., and more connected semantically w. yelpi- and its der. f.s than w. yelvi:; the word is only partially dotted and vocalized and farfara is written very oadly and unvocalized. Xak. xı tolvir yelvlrdi: xafaqa' l-hacel wa farfara ‘the canopy fluttered in the wind (Hend.)’ Kaš. III too (yelvlre:r, yelvlrme:k).

D yelpiš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yelpi:-. Xak. xı ol agar siŋe:k yelplšdi: ‘he helped him to drive away (ft dabb) the flies’; also used when he fanned him (ratvwahahu) (yelplšü:r, yelplšme:k); and one says keperk yelpišdi: ‘the chaff flew about in every direction’ (taeddabat... ba'dtıhe min ba'dj (yelplšü:r, yelplšme:k) Kaš. III 100 (the double entry, with kepe:k in the second one, is curiously reminiscent of the entry of 1 and 2 yelpir-, but in this case the two are clearly identical).

Tris. YLB

F yala:vač/yala:wač/yala:var (envoy) an Iranian l.-w,; -va:č/-wa:č is an Iranian word meaning ‘voice’, see sanduwa:č (nightingale); - var too is an Iranian Suff., but the first part is not yet identified and the word has not been found in any Iranian language. It might be (Iranian) Xwarazmian. Originally ‘a diplomatic envoy from one ruler to another, ambassador’; adopted in Manichaean and Moslem terminology for ‘Prophet’, i.e. God’s envoy to mankind; the Ar. word al-rasül has both meanings, which causes some ambiguity, but prob. in the medieval period it was used only for ‘Prophet’. N.o.a.b,; cf. elči:, arkıš, sa:včı:. Türkü vııı II E 3g (2 ötüg): vııı ff. IrkB ıı (sa:včı:): Man. Söki teŋri yalavačı burxanlarka ‘against the former Prophets, the envoys of God’ Chuas. 64-5; o.o. do. 69; M III 14, 7-8  (in: Yen. erdem üčün Tüpü:t xanka: yala-vač bardım kelmetim (? so read) ‘because of my manly virtues I went as ambassador to the Xan of Tibet and did not return’ Mai. 29, 8; Kara: xanka: barıpan yalavač baripan kelmedirjiz ‘you went as ambassador to the Karaxan and did not return’ do. 30, 5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 21, 17-18 (arkıš); 22, 21: Civ. in contracts in USp. there is a stock clause forbidding the seller’s relatives to try to get the contract revoked by appealing to crklig beg ešl elči yalavač ‘the responsible district chief and his wife, the local representative of the central government and envoys from it’ (?) 13, 13; 16, 19: Xak. xı yala:vač al-rasül (see above); yala:wač alternative form (luğa fihŋ\ yala:var the word used for ‘royal ambassadors’ (rusulıil-mtdük) in the Uyğ. language Kaš. III 47 (prov.); o.o. I 66 (uzak); 83, 9; 97 (alkıš); II 288 (1 kırğaığ); III 266 (bošu:-); 438 (i:d-): KB in Chapter II 34 ff. the Prophet is called yalavač in the heading \921\ but savčı in 34; ('Atiq) yalavač sevlnčl tiledi ‘desired the happiness of the Prophet’ 52; the reasons for sending yalavač ‘ambassadors’ from one country to another are discussed in 2593 ff., and their functions and privileges in 3814 ff.; a.o. 2362 (elleš-): xııı (?) Tef. yalavač payğembar savčı translating rasül nabl 136; a.o, 257 (sa:včı:):xiv Muh. (the first entry in ‘kinds of men’, before ‘Adam’) al-rasül yalawa:č Mel. 45, 2; Rif 138: Čağ. xv ff. yolawuč (so spelt) payğembar wa rehnume wa muršid ‘prophet, guide, spiritual director’ San. 345V. 15: Xwar. xııı yalawač ‘envoy’ 'Ali 49: xıv yalavač ‘the Prophet’ Qutb 65; Nahc. 230, e: Kip. xııı ‘the Prophet of God’ is called payğembar, a Pe. word meaning ‘the bearer of a message’; al-rasül mutlaqa (n) ‘an envoy’ in general is called yalawa:č Hou. 3, 15-le: xıv yalawa:č al-rasül İd. 97; (al-nabi payğambaŋ; al-rasül yalawač Bul. 2, 10: Osm. xıv and xv yalavač ‘ambassador’ in one text, ‘Prophet’ in two TTS I 771; IV 828.
921

D yelvi:či: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. yelvi:; ‘sorcerer’. Xak. xı Kaš. III 33 (yelvi:).

?E yılpağu:t See alpağu:t, Türkü, S yala:var See yala:vač.

Tris. V. YLB-

D yelvlle:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yilvi:; ‘to practise witchcraft’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 108-9 (yelvi:).

Dis. YLC

E yo:hč See yowlač.

D yolčı: (guide) N.Ag. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate); originally ‘guide’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SK (?), w. the usual phonetic changes; in NC Kır., inter alia, ‘guide’, otherwise usually ‘traveller, road-mender’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 69 (a:*-): Bud. (I will first seek out the way (yol) and then become) yolčı yerčl ‘a guide (Hend.)’ (to others) U II 5, 13; o.o. Kuan. 46; TT VI 154; PP 40, 8 (köni:): Civ. USp. 93 is a brief note ordering that a yol atı should be given to a yolčı:: (O. Kır. ıx ff. y[ol]čı: in Mai. 44, 2 is corrected to yağırčı: in Shcherbak’s revised text): Xak. xı KB ukuš bolsu yolčıg kegeščig bflig ‘let understanding be vour guide and knowledge your counsellor’ 5209: xııı (?) Tef. yolčı ‘guide’ 161: xıv Muh. (?) (in the list of‘professions’) heml ‘protector’ yo:lčı: Rif. 155 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yolčı rahraw wa musefir ‘traveller’ San. 345V. 17 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘guestyolču CCG; Gr.

D yalčık ‘the moon’; n.o.a.b.; a word apparently invented by the author of KB, cf. sevit, 1 yašuk; by analogy w. the latter a connection w. 1 yal- (blazed, burned, shined) must be suspected, but -čık is not a recognized Dev. Suff.; there is no semantic connection w. yalčı:-. Xak. xı KB in the list of ‘planets’ in Chap. V ‘the moon’ is yalčık (137), not 1 ay as elsewhere: xıv Rbğ. yalčık \\ ‘moon’ also occurs in the passage (fol. 6ev. of the B.M. MS.) copied fr. KB.
922

Dis. V. YLC-

yalčı:- (obtain desired, needed) not noted before the medieval period but see yalčıt-; survives, meaning ‘to get what you want, or need', in SE 'Fiti ki yalči-: NC Kır. jalčı-: SC Uzb. yalči-/yolči-: NW Kk. jalšı-, Čağ. xv IT. yalčı- (spelt) bnhra yaftan wa faydmand šudan ‘to achieve, or enjoy, favour’ San. 335V. 12: Kip. xv ajlaha ‘to prosper, thrive’ yalšı- (/or>-) Tuh. 5b. io.

D yalčıt- (obtain desired, needed, satisfy) Caus. f. of yalčı:- (obtain desired, needed); survives in the same languages for ‘to satisfy, give satisfaction’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if, when they are reborn as human beings) yavlak kılınč-larka yalčıtıp yarağsız orunlarda tugmıš-Iarı bar erser ‘they are reborn in disagreeable places which cause them to find satisfaction in evil deeds’ U 7/ Si, 70-1.

Tris. YLC

D yala:čı: N.Ag. fr. yala:; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı yala:čı er ‘a man who is quick to make false accusations against someone (yatta-himi’1-imen sari’a (n’)) about anything’; hence a kind of puff-pastry (al-muğaddan) is called yala:čı: yu\vğa: because it breaks when-the slightest thing touches it Kaš. III 35; a.o. III 25 (yala:).

D yolčılığ (guided) Hap. leg. (?); P.N.'A. fr. yolčı:; ‘having (someone) as a guide’. Xak. xı KD 2354 (böke:).

Mon. YLD

?D yalt (bare, barren) (jut “protrude”) Hap. leg.; cf. yalım (bare, barren), also used w. kaya:; perhaps Dev. N./A. fr. 2 *yal- (bare (naked)), and lit. ‘bare’, i.e. free of vegetation. Xak. xı yalt kaya: ‘a bare (or sterile, al-sald) rock’ (Kaš. al-cabal ‘mountain’); also used of anything massive (or solid, mu sınat) Kaš. III 7.). (OTD p. 230, JALT отвесный, выступающий краем ~ precipitous, protruding (jut): jalt qaja отвесная скала ~ precipitous cliff (МК III 7)

This is an example of the cases when turning to English cognate would help to rectify a translation, resolve the Hap. leg. puzzle, and provide a proper English equivalent.

Dis. YLD

D yulat (brook, stream, river, pool) apparently Dev. N. fr. *yula:- Den. V. fr. yul, lit. ‘flowing from a spring’ or the like. Survives in NE Sag., Šor (R III 2176), Khak. čulatbrook’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a long list of natural objects, see toš; streams, river waters, all pools) yulat sitvlar ‘brooks and waters’ (all shrubs and trees, etc.) TT V, p. 15, note A 23, 17.

PU yaltğa: (derision) Hap. leg.; this word is placed in a small section containing words with several consecutive consonants under the crossheading Ğ, followed by the cross-heading K before yaldrik, yartma:k, which suggests that a final -ğ has been lost. Xak. xı yaltğa:derision’ (al-suxrlya) of something; one says ol anı: yaltğa: kıldı: ‘he laughed at him and derided him’ (istahza'a bihi wa saxira minJnt) Kaš. III 432.

VU yaltri:k (shining) Dev. N./A. fr. yaltri:-, q.v. regarding the vocalization; ‘shining, a shining object’; as a star name. prob. ‘Procyon’, see \\ Clauson, ‘Early Turkish Astronomical Terms’, vol. 35D. 1963, p. 366. S.i.a.m.l.g., generally as yaltirak, with the usual phonetic changes (y-/č-/j-; -il-/-t-) ‘gleam, gleaming, shining’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (that golden drum... illuminated the world) yaruk yaltnk iize ‘with a bright gleam’ Sin'. 92, 19; (drawing back the flower...) valturukin ötiglig öllgi birle ‘with her hand adorned with a shining ornanıent’ (?) TT X 491: Civ. in the fragmentary list of the lunar mansions in TT VIf, p. 57, middle, yaltrak represents the 23rd lunar mansion, prob. ‘Procyon’: Xak. xı (in the same section as yaltğa:, q.v.) yaldrik ne:t) (MS. yaldurahl-ih) ‘anything shining’ (mudV) like a brass basin and the like; and ‘a smartly dressed (id-tni/laharrica) woman’ is called yaldrik (MS. ditto) išle:r that is ‘a woman who has adorned herself’ (al-tnutazny-yina); wa yudannn a!-yd' film ‘also yoldrik’ 1\aš. III 432: KB the name of n star, prob. ‘Procyon’ 5676, 6220; in 5676 Fergana MS. yildnk. others yulduz; in 6220 Vienna MS. yıltırık, others unvocalized: Čağ. xv ff. yaldırak (spelt) 'the name of the star Canopus’ (sttJiay/) San. 336V. 14.

yıltız (root, pedigree, basic (sense))root’; survives in one or two NE languages as yıltıs/čiltıs, etc.: SE Tar. yiltiz; Türki yıldız/yildız: SC Uzb. ildiz; in some modern languages such words represent yultuz. Cf. tü:b, tö:z, 1 kök (root, origin). Türkü vııı ff. Man. iki yıltız ‘the two roots’ (heaven and hell) Chuas. 158 fT.; o.o. 47-8, etc. (to:7.); Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. iki yıltız M130, 5-e: Bud. yıltız ‘root’ U III 41, 7 (i) (1 i:g); TT III, p. 28, note 71, 3 (kedgir-); IV 12, 58; VIII K. 10 (butik); Suv. 529, 7-9 (ulun) — in Buddhist terminology Sanskrit indriya ‘organ of sense’, owing apparently to an over-literal translation of the Chinese equivalent, is translated yıltız or töz yıltız, e.g. köz ulatı nltı törlüg el(l)enür yiltizlar ‘the six kinds of ruling sense organs, the eye, etc.’ TT VI 189-90; ertigü teriŋ töz yıltız nomin ‘the very profound doctrine of indriya' do. 148; a.o.o.: Civ. H I 45 (osğıın); a.o. II 6, 13: Xak. xı yıldız ‘iran'1-šacar ‘the root of a tree’; also used metaph. for the ‘pedigree’ (nasah) of a man; one says tö:zlüg yıldızlığ that is ‘a man with a long pedigree, well-born’ (inšen 'arlq fî'1-nasah asil) Kaš. III40: KB kögül kodkısı ol anıŋ yıldızı ‘the man with a humble mind is the root of it’ 1704; o.o. 2132, etc. (1 kök), 44u.

yultuz (star) ‘star’; a generic term for fixed stars and planets. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NE yıltıs, etc.: SW Az. ulduz; Osm., Tkm. yıldız, elsewhere yulduz w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. kamağda: erkli-.g yultu:z ermi:š ‘the stars have authority over all’ Toy. III 2r. 7-8 (ETY II 170); a.o.o.: Uyg. vııı ff. Chr. ol yultuz ‘that star’ U I 6 e: Bud. (Buddhas showing a bright lamp) yultıız teg ‘like a star’ TT V 8, 78: Civ. yultuz ‘star’ (fixed or planet), common in TT VII, VIIi: Xak. xı yulduz al-kawkah ‘star’, a generic term; then there are specific names (yufarraq TT I 15-16, 143, 225 (endUr-): Xak. xı yel yeldirdi: tanassama'l-nasim ‘the wind baynahume, sic); ‘Jupiter’ (al-muštarŋ is called eren tü:z; kara: kuš is ‘Libra’ (al-mtzen); Ülker ‘the Pleiades’ (al-turayye); yeti:ge:n ‘Ursa Major' (banet na'š); temür kazuk ‘the Pole star’ (al-qutb fi'l-falak); bakır sokim ‘Mars’ (al-mirrix) Kay III 40; o.o., translated al-nacm ‘star’, / 96, 10; II 303, 13; III 194, 15; 378, 21: KB 22 (beze:-): xıı (?) Tef. yulduz ‘star’ 163: xıv Muh. al-nncm yuldu:z Mel. 78, 16; Rif. 183: Čağ. xv n. yulduz sitera ‘star’; also name of the son of Ay Xan, son of Oğuz Xen San. 345V. 25: Xwar. xııı yulduz/ulduz ‘star’ 'Ali 5e: xııı (?) (they called the third son) Yulduz Oğ. 69, a.o.o. as P.N.: xıv yulduz ‘star’ Qutb 85: Kom. xıv ditto, common CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-nacm yulduz (MS. yalduz) Hou. 5, 5:xiv yulduz ditto Id. 97; ditto (MS. yaldizf-uz) Bui. 2, 12; al-watni ‘pagan’ yulduz (yalduz) eri: do. 5, 8: xv al-nttcûm yulduzla:r, Sing. yul|uz (sic) Kav. 58, e: nacm yulduz Tuh. 36a. 4.
923

Dis. V. YLD-

Dis. V. YLD-

D yılıt- (heat, warm) Caus. f. of yılı:-; ‘to heat, or warm (something Arc.)'. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (take sesame o’l and musk and) azkı’a yılıtıp ‘heat them a little’ H I 161: Xak. xı er yılıttı: ‘the man was feverish (humma) and his body was hot with fever’ (saxuna... mina'1-humme); this is Intrans. (lezim); and one says er survuğ yılıttı: ‘the man heated (saxxana) the water’; this is Trans. (muta'addŋ Kaš. II 316 (yılıtu:r, yihtma:k): xıv Muh. (after yılı:-, q.v.) amara bi'l-tantif 'to order to warm’ yı:lı:t- Mel. 41, 8; Rif. 131 (tanšif).

D yulıt- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yuli:-. Xak. xı beg bo:ynt: yulitti: ‘the beg ordered (omitted in MS.) the pillaging of the tribe’ (bi'1-iğera 'a/d’l-qabfla) Kaš. II 316 (yulitu:r, yulitma:k, corrected fr. me:k).

D yulit- (shaved) Caus. f. of yüli:-; survives in NE Tuv. čülüt-: SW Osm. yülüt-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. sačın sakalın yülitip (MS. yulıtıp) ‘having his hair and beard shaved’ USp. 105a. 9: Xak. xı er sačın yülitti: ‘the man had his head shaved’ (ahlaqa... ra’sahu) Kaš. II 316 (yülltü:r, yülİtme:k): Xwar. xıv (the servant of God) kim bašını yülltse ‘who has his head shaved’ Nahc. 46, 14: Kip. xv ahlaqa yülüt- Kav. 74, 13.

D yaltur- (blazed, burned, shined) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 yal- (blazed, burned, shined). Xak. xı tüpi: o:tuğ yalturdi: ‘the wind made the fire blaze’ (alhabati'l-neŋ Kaš. III 97 (yalturur, yalturma:k).

?D yeltir- (of the wind) ‘to blow’; not a Caus. f., which would have the Suff. -tür- not -tir- in these languages; this Suff. is otherwise unknown; perhaps a crasis of 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl) and te:r- (gather, collect, assemble), lit. ‘to collect wind’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. M III 45, 6-7 (i) (künür-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kün batsıkdın sigar yeI yeltirser (MS. vltriser ?) ‘if a wind blows from the west’ MIIİ 9, 4 (in: Bud. PP 18, 2-3 (tüplr-): Civ. blew’ Kaš. III 98 (yeldlre:r, yeldirme:k): Osm. xıv 'asq degil ml yeli dün gün yeldiren ‘is not love a wind which blows both night and day ?’ TTS I 812.

D yeltür- Caus. f. of yel- ; s.i.s.m.I. usually for ‘to make (someone) hurry’. Türkü vııı bu Türkü bodun ara: yarıklığ yağı:ğ yeldirmedim ‘I did not allow armoured enemies to gallop about among this Türkü people’ T 54: Čağ. xv ff. yeldür- Caus. f.; daivanidan wa ta'cil-i rawan saxtan ‘to make (someone) run or hurry’ San: 35m 24 (quotns.): Osm. xv ff. yeldir-/yeldür- ditto; in several texts TTS I 812; II 1032; III 795; IV 869.

D yultur- Caus. f. of yul- (pull out, pluck out); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes, generally for ‘to order to pluck out’ and the like. Xak. xı ol bulunug yulturdi: ‘he urged someone to ransom (hamala man fede) the prisoner’; and one says ol taka:ğu:nı: yulturdi: ‘he ordered (someone) to pluck (antafa rlš) the fowl’ (etc.); also used when he had anything hairy (muš'ar) plucked (istamrata); and one says ol kulin yulturdi: ‘he urged his slave to buy his own (freedom, an ištare nafsahu)’ Kaš. III 97 (yulturur, yulturma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yuldur- Caus. f. (after yul-, no translation) San. 345r- 15-

yaltrı:- (shine, gleam) ‘to shine, gleam’, and the like. This seems to be the oldest form, but as in the case of yaltrık the vocalization is chaotic; Kaš. distinguishes, not very plausibly, between the meanings of yaldri:- and (VU) yoldri:-. S.i.a.m.l.g.: NE yıltra-/yıldıra-/čıldıra-: SE Türki yaltiri-: NC jaltira-: SC yaltira-: NW yaltıra-/jaltıra- (Kumyk yırtılla-): SW Osm., Tkm. yaldıra-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yaltrağlı yašın terjriče ‘like the flashing lightning god’ M I 25, 33-4; a-°- do. 10, 8-9 (isig): Man. yanık biİigleri yaltrıyu ‘their bright knowledge shining’ TT III 133; yıltırar (sic?) ay ‘the shining moon’ Wind. 17: Bud. Sanskrit vyatirocanti ‘they shine over’ ertlp yaltrı:yu:rla:r TT VIII A.15; prabhe-sate ‘gleams’ ya:ltnyu:r do. B. 13; a.o. do. F.2; yaltrıyu yašuyu ‘shining and flashing’ U II 37, 56; a.o. TT V 4, 9; yanımıš yaltırmıš do. VI 378 v.l., yarumıš yaltnr-mıš do. 383 v.l. both seem to be errors, or mistranscriptions, for yaltrımıš; (if one sees that the doctrine and teaching) yarumakin yaltrimakm ‘shine and gleam’ Hüen-ts. 2014: Civ. TT VII 30, 5-6 (artukrak): Xak. xı kü:n yaldrı:dı: (altered in MS. to yaldirandi:?) ‘the sun shone faintly’ (ade'a... qalila (n)), also used of lightning, fire, and anything else; when it shone faintly one says yaldndı: (yaldiradi:); yaldrur, yaldn:ma:k (yaldırayr, y aldır ay ma:k); and one says kılıč (VU) yoldrıdt: (yoldiradilyal-) ‘the sword gleamed’ (ade’a), also used of any jewel (cazvhaŋ; with a fatha (i.e. yaldri:-) it is used for al-diyd' and with a damma (i.e. yoldri:-) for the sparkling (talemi') of jewels; yoldırı:r, \924\ yoldrıma:k (ynldtraytrlytl-, yoldirama:kjyi!-) Kaš. III 437: xr 11 (?) Tef. yildira- (sic}) ‘to shine’ 157: Čağ. xv ff. yaldira- duruxštdan ‘to shine, flash’ San. 335V. 18: Kom. xıv ‘to flash’ yıltra- CCI; Gr. (and 'glass’ yiltrm): Kip. (all the vocabularies have words for ‘lightning’ or ‘glass’ variously vocalized as yaldnm/yildnm/ (VU) yoldrum/yoldu-rum; the only V.s are) Tkm. xıv (VU) yoldurum al-z>cac iva htnva'f-karq ‘glass’, also ‘lightning’, one says yoldurum yoldu-radi: ‘the lightning flashed’ Id. 97: Kip. xv lama'a ‘to glisten, sparkle’ yıldıra- Tuh. 32a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. ‘to gleam, flash, sparkle’, c.i.a.p. in various forms, some ambiguous, including yaldura-/yildira-/vildura-/ildi-ra- (not \ohlura-) TTS I S29; 11 1049; III 808; IV 881.
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D yaltrıt- (shine, gleam) Caus. f. of yaltrı:- (shine, gleam); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. See yalrit-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Hud. ydrtinčüğ yarııtmak yaltritmak 'to illuminate and give light to the earth’ U II 46, 68-9; (that golden drum...) yarutu yaltrıtu turur erdi ‘was continuously illuminating and giving light to’ (all quarters of the earth) Sui'. 92, 20-1: Čağ. xv ff. yaldırat- dururšenidan ‘to cause to shine or flash’ San. 335V. 25.

Tris. YLD

?D yuldurğa: possibly Dev. N. fr. yuldur-, but as Kaš. spells this word yultur- more likely to be one of the numerous names of plants and animals ending in -ğa:. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yuldurğa xuasin yašm yumšak sokup ‘pound the flowers and leaves of a thistle until they are soft’ II I 168 (transcribed yoldurğan w. a note that the -n may be an error): Xak. xı yuldruğa: al-našî ‘a thistle’, that is a plant which grows tall sis if it was a sword; and the del is vocalized and it is called yuldurğa: Kaš. III 433.

D yaltrıklığ P.N./A. fr. yaltrik; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. in the Turkish translation of Suvarnaprabhesnsûtra, prabhesa ‘gleam’ is translated yaruk yaltrıklığ Suv. 2, 7, etc.; the same phr. occurs as part of the title of (PU) Lušanta Buddha TT V 6, 23.

D yultuzčı: (astrologer) N.Ag. fr. yultuz; 'astrologer'. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A ol yultuzčı ‘that astrologer’ M III 30, 2 (in: Bud. TT VI 133 (körütnči:): (Xak.?) xıv Muh. munaccim ‘astrologer’ yulduzčı: Mel. 58. 13; Rif. 157: Xwar. xıv yulduzčı ditto Qnth 85: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.

D yıldızlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yıldız (yıltız); ‘having a (long) pedigree’. Xak. xı Kaš. III 40 (yıltız); n.m.e.

Tris. V. YLD-

D yıldızlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. yıldız (yıltız), Xak. xı yığa:č yıldızlandı: ‘the tree was well-rooted’ (a'raqat); similarly when a man has made a place his home (tmvalln mawdi') and arranged his property \\\ there one says er yıldızlandı: ‘the man has cast his roots (a'raqa... ka-annahu hatta 'unlqahu) in a place’, or ‘had a (long) pedigree’ (šera ’ariq fr’I-nnsah) Kaš. III 116 (yildiz-lanu:r, yildizlanma:k).

Mon. V. YLĞ-

yalk- (disgust, nauseate, repel) ‘to be nauseated’ or the like. N.o.a.b.; cf. yarsı:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Suv. 235. 10-12 (1 i:r- (mope, lonely, bored)): Xak. xı ol ya:ğka: yalkdı: ‘the oil lav heavy on his stomach (ğamatahu) so that he was nauseated by it’ (hašinin minhu) Kaš. III 435 (yalka:r, yalkrna:k; prov.): KB üküš sözke yalkar bu yalrjuk ire ‘a man is disgusted and bored by many speeches’ 6628: (Čağ. xv ff. yalkı- ratıcula šudan iva zalnnat kašidan iva kilfta iva xastn šudan ‘to be exasperated, to suffer pain, to be distressed and ill’ San. 33er. 3 (quotn.)).

D yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip) Emphatic f. of yul- (pull out, pluck out) and almost syn. w. it, later sometimes in the more regular f. yuluk-. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW as yulk-/yulki-/yuluk- w. the usual phonetic changes. Not to be confused w. yoluk- Den. V. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate), ‘to meet’ and the like, which is first noted in the medieval period and s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı ta:š anıŋ ada:km yulkdı: ‘the stone scraped and bruised (sahaca... wa latamahu) his foot’, also used of anything that has scraped something (yulka:r, yulkma:k); and one says ol andın ne:g yulkot: ‘he stripped (qašnra) the thing off him’; the meaning is that he gained and acquired (intafaa iva ha šala) the thing from him; Kaš. III 435 (yulka:r, yulkma:k) Xwar. xıv yulk- ‘to pluck out’ Qutb 82: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv natafn ‘to pluck’ yuluk- Kav. 75, 13; ditto yulka- (below the line yul- added) Tuh. 37a. 10; (tatarraqa ‘to aim at, draw near to’ (presumably) yoluk-do. ion. 8).

Dis. YLĞ

(D) 1 yalığ (d-) (mane, cock’s comb) syn. w. ya:l (mane) and obviously cognate, but morphologically obscure, since -ığ is not a recognized Den. Suff. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yalığ 'urfu'l-dik ‘a cock’s comb’, hence one says takuk yatığı:; yalığ also ‘a horse’s mane’ ('urf); luğa fi ya:l, ye:l ašahh minhtıme Kaš. III 13 (the clear implication of the last sentence is that both ya:l and ye:l were used for ‘mane’, but that yalığ was a more correct form than either): (Kom. xıv see Hap.: Osm. xvı to xvııı see Hap.).

VIJ (D) 2 yalığ (pommel, saddle-bow)saddle-bow’; pec. to Kaš.; this word is listed after yuluğ and yilığ, and so should presumably have -ı- as its first vowel; but, although generally unvocalized, it has a fatha on the ye’ in the first entry, and seems to be a metaph. usage, of 1 yalığ in the sense of something sticking up. It was therefore prob. an afterthought of the author inserted in the wrong place in our MS. Cf. ümzük (pommel, saddle-bow). Xak. xı yalığ al-qarbûs wal-qayqab ma'a (tŋ both ‘the front and the back saddle-bow’; they are distinguished and al-qarlnls is called ögdünki: yalığ that is ‘the \925\ front one' (al-nmqaddam) and al-qayqab kördinki: yalığ that is ‘the back one’ (al-mu'axxar) Kaš. III 14; a.o. (unvocalized) II 327 (köklet-).
925

D yılığ (hot; warm) N./A. S. fr. yılı:-; ‘hot; warm’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (avoid quarrels) yılığ yumšak bolğıl ‘become warm and gentle’ TTI178; a. o. IIII 34, 21: Xak.xi yılığ su:v ‘lukewarm (al-jatir fi'l-harŋ water’; also used for'anything which is between hot and cold in temperature Kaš. III 14; the Turks call'lukewarm water’ yılığ su:v and they (i.e. the Oğuz and Kıp.) ılığ su:v I 31, e: xıv Muh. (al-ma) al-fetir yi:H:g (sic) su: Mel. 77, 10; Rif. 181 (yiHg): Čağ. xv ff. ılığ/ılık nim garm ‘lukewarm’ San. ii3r. 18 (quotn.): Oğuz, Kıp. xı ılığ su:v ‘lukewarm water’, originally yılığ Kaš. I 64 (and see Xak.): Kom. xıv yılı/yılu ‘hot, warm, Turkish hath’ CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı (under ‘buildings’) al-hammam ‘Turkish bath’ (ıssı: šu:, that is ‘hot water’, and) illi: šu: ‘lukewarm water’ Hou. 6, 8: xıv ılı: šu: ‘hot (suxn) water’ Id. 21:xv hammem Vilı šu (in margin, in second hand, ma fetir, also ılı) Tuh. 13a. 13; fetir yıl» do. 28a. 4.

D yıllık A.N. fr. yıl; ‘a period of a year’, usually preceded by a numeral. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı (I set up a memorial there) big yıllık tümen künlik ‘to last for a thousand years and ten thousand days’ Šu. E 9: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. yıllık ‘a period of (sixty, a hundred) years’ 158: Čağ. xv ff. San. 352r. 6 lists, w. quotns. yılčıllk, yıllık, y 1111k, yılkı as syn. and used w. a preceding numeral for ‘a period of years’, yılkı is certainly and the others possibly Adjs. (w. Čağ. -Itk for -lığ): Xwar. xıv (the distance between heaven and earth is) beš yüz yıllık yer ‘a journey of 500 years’ Nahc. 66, 6; (if you do not become Moslems, submit to us and) yıllık mel beriŋler ‘pay an annual tax’ do. 82, 14; a.o. 335, 13: Kip. xv musenet ‘a period of a year’ yllllk (sic) Tuh. 35b. 4; a.o. 50a. 3.

D yolak (yorlak) Dim. f. of yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate); ‘a small path’. Survives, meaning ‘stripe, striped’, in NC Kzx. jolak: NW Kk. jolak; Kaz. yulak; Nog. yolak; and, meaning ‘corridor’, in SC Uzb. yülak. Xak. xı yolak al-tarha (? read al-turraha) wahwa tariq šağir fi'1-maföza ‘a small track in the desert’; yolak barčm ‘striped (al-muxattat) brocade’; and anything with streaks or stripes (tarayiq wa xutiit) is called yolak; originally yo:lak Kaš. III 17.

D yulak Dim. f. of yul; ‘a small spring’. N.o.a.b., but in Ar. script easily confused w. 1 bulak (spring (water), fountain). Cf. yulat. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 529, 4 (yu»): Civ. TT VIII 1.15 (ağu:suz): Xak. xı yulak 'aynu'l-mai'l--kafirati l-šiğer ‘a low-yielding spring’; hence one says yul yulak with the qaf attached (mulhaqa, MS. muhlaqa) to the lem Kaš. III 17 (verse); same verse I 222 (aktur-): (xiv Muh. Rif. 180, see 1 bulak (spring (water), fountain)).
925

D yolluğ P.N./A. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate); in the early period rather specifically ‘having the right way’. S.i.s.m.I. with a wide range of meanings, ‘having a... road, having a... manner, striped’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT V 26, 103 (ylvlg): (Xak.) xııı (?) At. (nowadays the hypocrite is regarded as the best of men) kim ol yolluğ erse anıg yolı yok 'the man who follows the (right) road has no road open to him’ 410.

D yuluğ (tax, extraction,, weeding, tearing out, tearing up, commerce, ransom, compensation) Dev. N. (N.Ac.) fr. yul- (pull out, pluck out). Survives in NC Kır., Kzx. julu:: NW Kk. yuliw, but only as an ordinary N.Ac. for ‘tearing out, tearing up, weeding’, and the like. Uyğ. vnı ff. Bud. yuluğ ‘buying’ in the stock phr. satığ yuluğ ‘commerce’ TT VIII E.9, etc. (satığ (selling, trade, commerce, sale price)): Civ. yuluğ börim kelse ‘if a tax on trade (?) becomes due’ USp. 11, 9; a.o. do. 66, 9: Xak. xı yuluğ al-fida ‘ransom’ and the like Kaš. III 13 (verse); o.o. meaning ‘ransom’ (for a prisoner) I 210, 22 (tašut-); 243, 12 (same verse); 399, 25; III 333, 10: KB (the Prophet) atasın anasın yuluğ kıldı ol ‘made his father and mother the ransom’ (i.e. sacrificed them; for the people) 37; same phr. 52; kolsa canım yuluğ ‘if he asked for my life as a ransom’ 85; a.o. 1736 (2 tura:): xıv Muh. al-fida zoa'l-'iwSd (‘compensation’), yu:lu:ğ Mel. 85, 5; Rif. 191; al-fida yu:luğ 147 (only, mis-spelt tu:lug): Xwar. xıv (let our family and all our possessions) sizke yuluğ bolsun ‘become a ransom for you’ Nahc. 84, 13; a.o. 115, 1: Kom. xıv yuluv ‘ransom’; yuluğna (*yuluvğma) ‘a small ransom’ CCG; Gr.

D yuluk Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yul- (pull out, pluck out); survives in SC Uzb. yuluk: SW Az. yoluğ; Osm., Tkm. yoluk ‘torn out, plucked, hairless’, etc., and perhaps in NC Kır. juluk; Kzx. julik: NW Kk. julik; Nog. yulik ‘the vamp (of a shoe)’, although the connection is not obvious. Türkü vııı (Heaven) Türkü bodun yitmezün teyin yuluk ermezun teyin ‘said “let the Türkü people not go astray and be extirpated”’ Ongin 3: Čağ. xv ff. yuluk muy kanda ‘one whose hair has been tom out’ San. 345V. 29 (quotn.).

(D) yalğu: (nauseating, revolting) Hap. leg.; the semantic connection is w. yalk-, perhaps a crasis of *yalkğu:, ‘nauseating, revolting’. Oğuz xı yalğu: al-fasl mina'1-ricel ‘a base, ignoble man’ Kaš. In 33.

D 1 yılkı: (yield, continuing) N.A./S. fr. yıl (year); ‘lasting for (so many) years’. N.o.a.b. (?). Xak. xı KB bu bir söz sınamıš üktiš yılkı ol ‘this is a saying which has been tested and is many years old’ 2042: xııı (?) Tef. tört yılkı ‘four years old’ 158: Čağ. xv ff. ılkı ... (2) and one says yüz ılkı šad sala ‘a hundred years old’ San. 112V. 27 (quotn.); yılkı syn. w. (muredif-ŋ yıllık/ yılčıllk, e.g. they say on yılkı dah sela ‘lasting ten years’ 352r. 8 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yılkı ‘lasting (fifty, a thousand, etc.) years’ Qutb 91.

?D 2 yılkı: (livestock, quadrupeds, animal, sheep, camels, cattle, horses) basically ‘livestock, quadrupeds’ (not including small game, etc.), but in \926\ Buddhist terminology ‘animal’ as opposed to ‘human being’, and sometimes, even quite early, used in association w. sheep, camels, etc. in such a way as to suggest that it meant only ‘cattle and horses’; in some modern languages it is used even more restrictively for ‘horses’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, see Shcherbak, p. 84, and a l.-w. in Pe. and other languages as ilki/ilxi, etc., see Doerfer II 658. It is very possible that the word is a special usage of 1 yılkı: and means lit. ‘giving an annual increase (yield) or the like. Türkü vııı (I routed the Tarčut tribe and captured their children, wives) yılkı:sı:n ‘livestock’ (and property) II E 24; o.o. II K 38, etc. (igid-); II S 3: vııı ff. (there was heavy rain...) yilki:ka: kiši:ke: edgü: bolti: ‘conditions became good for man and beast’ IrkB 53; a.o. do. 47 (ağıl): Man. Chuas. 200, etc. (bul-): Yen. Mai. 26, 6 (tamğalığ): Uyğ. vııı Šıı. E 2 (yulı:-), E 3: ıx Sııci 5 (ağıl): vnı ff. Man. yılkıta ‘during (existence as) an animal' (?) TT III 2e: Chr. U I 8, 3 (yüdür-): Bud, koy yılkı igidser ‘if one keeps sheep and (large) livestock’ PP 13, 5; a.o. U II 73, i (iii) (kegen) — (rebirth in) tamulı yılkıîı erklig xan yertlnčüsin ‘hell, as an animal, or in the realm of the lord of the underworld’ U II 33, 7-8; yılkı ajunında barmıš ‘have gone to be reborn as-animals’ do. 43, 12-13; o.o. Suv. 6, 14; 138, 8; TT Mil N. 12; Kuan. 191, etc.: Civ. kayu kišinİT) yılkısı üküš ölser ‘if a man’s livestock die in large numbers’ U II 100, 8 -9; TT VII 27, 17; yılkı kara ‘livestock’ (or ‘livestock and serfs’?) do. 28, 43 etc.: O. Kır. ıx ff. tört adak(lığ) yılkım ‘my four-footed livestock’ (in antithesis to ‘my eight-legged barım’, q.v.) Mai. 10, 10; o.o. do. 11,3; 46, 3 (? , misread): Xak. xı yılkı: al-baheyim ‘livestock’, a generic term for all quadrupeds Kaš. III 34; about 20 o.o. usually translated nl-da:vebb ‘beasts of burden’ or al-haytven ‘animal’: KB (compared to a wise man) barča yılkı sanı ‘all the rest are like animals’ 266; (the indolent man) oš ol yılkı ud ‘is just (like) an animal or ox’ 4821 ; o.o. 585, 985 (ata:-), 962, 2041: xııı (?) Tef. yılkı ‘livestock’, and in phr. ‘sheep and (large) livestock’; ‘livestock and camels’ 158: Čağ. xv ff. ılkı (1) tlxi-yi asb ‘a herd of horses’ San. ii2v. 27: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 15-16 (küd-), etc.: xıv teve yılkı sığır koy ‘camels, horses (?), oxen, and sheep’ Qutb 178 (teve); sığır yılkı kara koy ‘cattle, horses, and black sheep’ (or ‘serfs and sheep’ ?) 91; (sons, daughters, male and female slaves, and) yılkı karası Nahc. 17, 8: Kom. xıv ‘horse’ yılkı CCG; Gr.: Kip. (?) xıv yılkı: al-bahhna; this is the original meaning; and it is used in Kip. (sic) for ‘horse’ (al-xayl), but anyone w ho means specifically (yuxtiss) ‘horse’ in Turkish says vu:nd (MS. yu:nda); and when they wish to abuse (al-šaltrı) someone they say ay yilkt:, that is ye bahima Id. 97: XV xayl yılkı Tuh. 14b. 3; in a list of collective terms (cam'; a collective term for ‘wild game’ keyik); a collective term for ‘horses’ yılkı; (ditto for ‘livestock’ (al-baheyim) tawarlar) do. 85b. 12: Osm. xıv yılkı ‘livestock’, in two texts; xvı ‘a herd of horses', ditto TTS I 829; II i05i.
926

Dis. YLĞ

D yalğıl Hap. leg.; Den. N./A. in -ğıl (associated w. colours) fr. Hap.. Xak. xı yalğıl atını yaz1ımı:r 'my horse that has white in its mane (alladi ft 'urfihi bayed) gets loose’ 111 228, 1 5 ; n.m.e, ?D yalğa:n ‘untruthful, a lie, a liar’; prima facie a N./A. (connoting habitual action), perhaps fr. 2 *yal- (bare (naked)) but there is no obvious semantic connection except w. yala:, yala:-. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) w. the usual phonetic changes; SW yalan. Cf. ötrük, ezüg (false, lying; falsehood, lie). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. 1111 76, 5 etc. (ezüg): Civ. (if there is a complaint) yalğanı bolsar ‘and it contains a lie’ USp. 56, 16-17: Xak. xı yalğa:n al-kadib ‘a lie’; and it is used attributivcly (yftšaf bihŋ and one says yalğa:n kiši: ‘a liar’ and yalğa:ıı sö:z ‘a false statement’ Kaš. III 37: KB til yalğanı ‘a lying tongue’ 338; a.o. 84.8:xııı (?) At. 152-3 (tez- (escape)), 163; Tef. yalğan ‘lie, liar, lying’ 137: xıv Muh. al-kadib yala:n Mel. 52, 3; Rif. 148; a.o. 20, 13; 114: Čağ. xv ff. yalğan durüğ ‘lie’ San. 336V. 15 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yalğan ditto Qutb 65; MN 135, etc.; Nahc. 2, 8: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr. 111 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-hadib (opposite to ‘truth’ kerti:; ötrük and also) yala:n Hou. 27, 4; kadaba... Tkm. yala:n söyle:- do. 36, 4: xıv yalğan al-kadib Id. 97; kadaba yalan söyle- Bul. 76V.: xv hanita ‘to swear falsely’ yalğan ant ič- Tuh. 13b. 9: Osm. xv ff. yalan ‘lie, lying’; fairly common TTS I 770; III 757; IV 827.

yılğu:n ‘tamarisk’; survives in SW Osm. ılğın; Tkm. yılğııı. Xak. xı yılğurn al-farfe' ‘tamarisk’ Kaš. III 37: xıv Muh. al-farfe' yulğun Mel. 7<S, 7; ıdğun Rif. 182: Kıp. xııı al-tarfe' yılğtı:rı Hou. S, 7.

S yalğuz See yalıju:s.

Dis. YLĞ-

S yuluk- See yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip).

yalğa:- (d-) (lick, fondle) properly ‘to lick’, in Uyg. sometimes metaph. ‘to fondle’, or the like. A First Period l.-w. in Mong. as doliğa-/doliğu-/doliya- (Kow. 1850, Haltod. 471); survives in NE yalğa-/čalğa-; Tuv. čılğa-: SE Türki yala-: NC jala- : SC yala-: NW yala-/jala-: SW yala-. Türkü vııı ff. (an old woman... found a greasy spoon and) yalğayu: tiri:lmi:š ‘kept herself alive by licking it’ IrkB 13: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the oxen) tllln yalap (sic) ‘licking him with their tongues ’ PP 65, 7; (the delicate maidens) GUgbegnlgbaštın ada-kıgategi kodi (?) yalğadılarfondled (rather than ‘licked’) the king from head to foot’ U III 15, 1-3 (ı): Civ. bu Isig Igllgke yalğağu vu ol ‘this is an amulet which a man suffering from fever must lick’ TT VII 27, 1; a.o. do. 4 (a:z-): Xak. xı (ol) aya:k yalğa:dı: ‘he licked (lahisa) the cup’ (etc.) (yalğa:r, yalğa:ma:k; prov.); er ya:ğ yalva:dı: ‘the man licked up (la'iqa) the butter’; this V. is \927\ commoner (aklar) than the previous one (yalva:r, yalva:ma:k) Kaš. III 306; same prov. / 253, 21: xıv Muh. lahisa ya:la- Mel. 30, 15; Rif. 1x4; lahisa wa lata.'a (‘to lick’) yala:- 41, 6; 131: Čağ. xv (F. yala- (1) llsulan ‘to lick’; (2) tir dar kamen paywastan ‘to put an arrow on a bow’ San. 334V. 24 (quotns.; no other trace of second meaning): Xwar. XIV yıla- (sic, spelt yı:la:-, Zaj. yele-) ‘to lick’ Qutb 77: Kom. xıv ditto yala-: Kip. xııı la'iqa yala:- (MS. yola:-) Hou. 35, 17: xıv yala- ditto Id. 97; lahisa wa la'iqa yala-Bitl. 8or.: xv lahisa yala- Kav. 77, 4; la'iqa yala- Tuh. 32a. 7. (yalğa:r, yalğa:ma:k; yalva:r, yalva:ma:k)
927

D yalğat- (d-) (lick, fondle) Caus. f. of yalğa:- (lick, fondle); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Uyğ.vmft. Hud. (?) (in a treatment for a pregnant woman who cannot give birth; write this dharani and its accompanying mngicnl drawing on a mirror with a brush (?) and) yalğatğu ol ‘make (the woman) lick it off’ USp. 102a. 11 : Xak. xı ol agar ba:l yalğattı: ‘he made him lick up and lick (aVaqahu... wa alhasahu) the honey’ (yalğatu:r, yalğatma:k); ol agar ya:ğ yalvattı: ‘he made him lick the butter’; alternative form to yalğat- Kaš. II354 (yalvatu:r, yalvatma:k; MS. everywhere -/-): xıv Muh. ‘to order to lickyala:t- Mel. 41, 7; Rif. 131.

D 1 yalğan- (d-) (lick, fondle, flatter, blandish) Refl. f. of yalğa:- (lick, fondle); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı er čana:k yalğandı: ‘the man set himself to lick (lahs) the bowl’ (etc.) (yalğanu:r, yalğanma:k); er ağzın yalvandı: ‘the man put out (adla'a) his tongue and passed it over his lips’ (talammaza (MS. in error -ta) fahu) Kaš. III 109 (yalvanu:r, yalvanma:k): xıv Muh. tamallaqa ‘to flatter, blandish’ ya:lan-Mel. 24, 11; Rif. 106 (MS. ta:lan-).

D 2 yalğan- (d-) (lie, falsehood, lying, false) (OTD p. 228, JALƔAN 1 . лживый, ложный ~ lying, false; 2. обман, ложь ~ lie, falsehood)

D yulkun- (pull out, pluck out, strip, scrap) Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip, scrap). Xak. xı yulkundi: ne:ŋ ‘the thing was scraped’ (insahaca) Kaš. III 110 (yulkunu:r, yulkunma:k).

VUD yolğır- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate); ‘to go on a journey’; so vocalized in the MS.; yolğar- might be expected, but it rhymes w. odğura: and kadğura:. Xak. xı kelse: saga: yolğıra: ‘if he comes to you when he is on a journey’ (merra (n) fi fariqihŋ Kaš. II 193, 3; n.m.e.

D yalğaš- (d-) (lick, fondle) Hap. leg.?; Co-op. f. of yalğa:- (lick, fondle). Xak. xı ola:r ba:l yalğašdı: ‘they licked up (talaaqiŋ the honey (etc.) together’ Kaš. III 103 (yalğašu:r, yalğašma:k).

D yulkuš- Hap. leg.?; Co-op./Recip. f. of yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip). Xak. xı yulkušdı: ne:g ‘the (whole) thing was scraped’ (insahaca) (yulkušu:r, yulkušma:k; everywhere vocalized yul kaš-); ola:r bi:r ikindi:din ne:g yulkušdı: ‘each of them drew an advantage (carra... manfa'a) from the other’ Kaš; III 103 (yulkušu:r, yulkušma:k).

Tris. YLĞ

D yılkıčı: (herdsman, пастух, табунщик) N.Ag. fr. yılkı:; ‘herdsman’. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı KB 5590 (iğdiš): xıv Muh. \\\ re'i ‘shepherd, herdsman' yılxıčı: Mel. 57, 12 (Rif. 156 has ko:yma:nct? for ko:yunci:).

Dis. YLG-

D yılığlık (heat) A.N. fr. yılığ; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı yılığlık (MS. }yalğılık) al-suxuna ‘heat’ Kai. III 51.

D yuluğluğ (ransomed) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yuluğ (tax, extraction,, weeding, tearing out, tearing up, commerce, ransom, compensation). Xak. xı yuluğluğ kiši: ‘a man who is ransomed’ (al-mufadde) Kaš. III 49.

Tris. V. YLĞ-

D yuluğla:- (pay ransom, risk) Den. V. fr. yuluğ (tax, extraction,, weeding, tearing out, tearing up, commerce, ransom, compensation); pec. to KB; lit. ‘to offer, or pay, (something Acc.) as a ransom’, but in practice the meaning seems to be ‘to risk (something Acc., for the sake of something Dat.)’. Xak. xı KB kayu cen yuluğlar tegJzke kirür ‘some risk their lives going to sea’ 1733; similar phr. 2281, 6105; bağırsak yuluğlar klšike özin ’the compassionate man risks his life (or ‘sacrifices himself’) for the sake of others 1943; a.o. 4227 (satığ (selling, trade, commerce, sale price)).

D yalığlan- (mane, cockerel’s comb) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 yalığ (mane, cock’s comb). Xak. xı takuk yalığlandı: ‘the cockerel’s comb ('urf) grew’; also used of a horse’s mane ('urf) Kaš. III 114 (yalığlanu:r, yaliğlanma:k).

D yulaklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. yulak. Xak. xı ye:r yulaklandı: katur et yanebi'u’l-ard ‘the ground was full of springs’ Kaš. III 115 (yulaklanu:r, yulaklanma:k).

D yalğantur- (d-) (flatter, blandish, lying, heresy) morphologically this must be a Caus. f. of yalğan- (d-) (lick, fondle, flatter, blandish), meaning something like ‘to flatter, blandish’, but the temptation to connect it w. yalğa:n was irresistible and this is reflected in the Xak. translations. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı flt. Bud. kunčuylarnıg isiz yavaz (sic) 8akınčın uzun turkaru Brahmadati eligke yalğanturur erdi (Queen Bhadrŋ ‘with evil, wicked women’s wiles for a long time and continuously was in the habit of blandishing (flattering) King Brahmadatta’ U III 54, 11-İ3 (II 23, 23-5); (then the tigress came up to the king) amranmaklığ erigln barığın tü törlüg yalğanturup ‘blandishing (flattering) him with all sorts of wild amorous movements’ (?) do. 63, 5-e: Xak. xı er yalğandurdı: kaddaba'l-racul ‘the man accused (someone) of lying’ Kaš. III 116 (yalğandurur, yalğandurma:k): xııı (?) Tef. yalğantur-/yalğandur- meaning obscure, ?‘to have false beliefs(heresy) (Intrans.), ‘to believe (something Dat.) to be false (heresy)’ 137.

D yılğunlan- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yılğun. Xak. xı ye:r yılğunlandı: ‘the ground produced tamarisks’ (axracat... al-tarfa) Kaš. III 117 (yılğunlanu:r, yılğunlanma:k).

Dis. YLG

yilik (marrow)marrow’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NE yillk/ yilig/čiliŋ: SE Türki: SC Uzb.: SW Az., Osm. ilik; Tkm. yilik: NC and NW Kk. jilik; Kumyk, Nog. yilik all mean ‘marrow \928\ bone’, but Kaz. cilek is still ‘marrow’. Türkü vııı ff. in a corrupt passage in IrkB 16 yili:ŋe: (? error for yiliki:rje:) yağrı-.pan Pmeans ‘galled to the marrow’: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of demons) yilik ašlıklar ‘those who devour marrow’ U II 61, 3; (we worship the Buddha with deep devotion) yilikimizdin sügükümüzdin berü 'right from our marrow and hones’ Suv. 159, 13-14; a.o. do. 153, 2-3 (beruki:): Xak. xı yilik Kaš. I 72, see Oğuz: \iii (?) At. 89 (sügük): Čağ. xv ff. (after elik) and with i- (i.e. ilik), mağz-i ustuxivan ‘bone marrow’, in Ar. muxx San. 11 jr. 21: Oğuz xı ilik al-tnuxx ‘marrow’, in Oğuz, among the 'Turks yilik, the alif substituted for the ye’ Kaš. I 72: Xwar. xıv (of the houris) takı sürjükleri altındın yilikleri körüngey ‘their marrow will be visible inside their bones’ Nahc. 65, 16-17: Kom. xıv ‘marrow’ yilik CC (j; (>’>.: Kip. xıv yilik al-wnxx Id. 97:xv Tuh. 15b. 1 (ya:ğ).
928

Dis. YLG

D yölek (yöle:k) (prop, support) Dev. N. fr. yöle:-; ‘prop, support’, lit. and metaph. Survives in NKTel. työlök R 111 451; Khak. čöleg: NC Kır. jölök. Xak. xı KB bir bayatım maga tap yölek ‘my one God is sufficient support for me’ 4728; o.o. 90 (arka:), etc.: Kip. xıv yölek al-qidda fVt-sahm ‘a (reinforcing) thong round an arrow’ Id. 97. '”

D yülük Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yüli:-. Survives in SW Osm. yülük, ‘clean-shaven, smooth’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. [gap] öŋi yülüg (sic, for -k) kiši yatlguk ‘other clean-shaven men (Hend.)’ TT VIII N. 14: Xak. xı KB yüzi körki körklüg kerek ham yülük ‘he must be good-looking and clean-shaven’ 2208; o.o. 2217, 2289 (kašığ), 2298, 2458, 2663: Kip. xv mahltlq ‘clean-shaven’ yülük Tuh. 48b. 10.

D yelgin (traveller) Dev. N./A. fr. 1 yel-; lit. ‘one who trots or rides fast’, hence more generally ‘a traveller’. N.o.a.b. Not connected w. yelken/ yalken ‘a sail’, perhaps a Den. N. fr. 1 yeI, first noted in Čağ. xv tT.; Xwar. xiv; Kip. xııı to xv, which s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, NC. Xak. xı yelgin atlığ al-ferisu I-muğidd ‘a rider who hurries his horse’ Kaš. III 37; the Turks call ‘a traveller’ (al-musafiŋ yelgin and they (the Oğuz and Kıp.) elgin I 31, 5; o.o., translated al-mmdfir III 33, 13; 288, 14 (küntüz); 309, 10: Oğuz xı (after Xak.) and the Oğuz call ‘a traveller’ elgin substituting an alif for the ya Kaš. III 37; o.o. 731,5 (see Xak.); 102, 4; II 242 (tüšlen-): Čağ. xv ff. yelgin (spelt, ‘with -g-’) hatceyî fi'l-i asb-re güyand ki dar waqt-i lakad parandan bi-ceyî ba-rasad ‘a word for the violent action of a horse which occurs when he lets fly a kick’ (?) San. 352r. 13: Kip; xıv elgin al-ğarîb ‘a stranger’ (and also al-saiqa ‘a thunderbolt’): Osm. xiv, xv elgin ‘stranger’, in two texts TTS I 261 ; II 371.

Dis. V. YLG--

PU yilgi»:- See yalgu:- (stripped ?).

E yilkit- See belgürt- KB. (manifest, display)

D yelgür- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl). Xak. xı KB (the blue-grey crancs...) učar ydlgürer ‘fly and soar in the wind’ 74.

Tris. YLG

D yölergü: Hap. leg.; Dev. N.A. fr. yöle:-. Cf. yölek. Xak. xı yöle:gü: ne:g something by which something else is supported’ (yu'amnutd hihŋ Kaš. III 36.

D yüli:gü: (razor) Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. yüli:-; ‘a razor’. N.o.a.b.; cf. kere:y. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TM IV 253, 41 (osğuč): TT VIII A. 1 (1 bi: and see 2 yegü:): Xak. xı yülhgü: ‘a razor (al-ntûsrŋ with which the hair is shaved’; the Oğuz do not know this word and call it kere:y Kaš. III 174.

D yiliklig P.N./A. fr. yilik; s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı yiliklig sügük ‘a marrow (al-mumixx) bone’ Kaš. III 52.

D yöleklig Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yölek. Xak. xı yöleklig yığa:č (al-) xašabu'l--musnada iva'l-šacaru'l-muraccab ‘a timber which is supported’, and ‘a tree which is propped up’ Kaš. III 52.

D yiliksiz Priv. N./A. fr. yilik. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı (in a prov.) oğla:k yiliksiz ‘a kid has no marrow’ (and a child no knowledge) Kaš. I 119, 23: xııı (?) At. biligsiz yiliksiz süŋük teg xali ‘an ignorant man is as empty as a bone without marrow’ 91.

Dis. V. YLL-

D yalal- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of yala:-. Xak. xı ar>ar kuruğ yala: yalaldi: uthima bi--tuhma kediba ‘a false accusation was made against him’ Kaš. III 82 (yalalir.r, yalalma:k).

D yölel- ITap. leg.?; Pass. f. of yöle:-. Xak. xı ta:m yöleldi: ‘the wall was propped up’ ('umida) Kaš. III 82 (yölelü:r, yölelme:k).

D yülil- Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of yüli:-. Xak. xı sač yülildi: ‘the hair was shaved’ (huliqa) Kaš. III 82 (yülilü:r, yülilme:k).

Dis. YLM

?D yalım (bare, barren) N.S.A. fr. 2 *yal- (bare (naked)), syn. w. yalt (bare, barren), q.v.; normally used to qualify kaya:; ‘bare’, i.e. free from vegetation. Survives by itself and w. kaya: in NE Koib. yalım R III 169; Khak., Tuv. čalım; and in SW Osm. yalım ‘a flat, bare, smooth surface; one surface of a blade; a bevelled cutting edge’; dağ yalımı ‘the steep slope of a mountain’ Red. 2x92. Türkü vııı ff. yalım kayağ ‘the bare rock’ IrkB 40; a.o. 49 (ımğa:): Xak. xı yalım kaya: al-šüh ıvahıva'1-cabalul-šald ‘a cliff, that is a bare mountain (side)’ Kaš. III 19 (prov.): Osm. xıv ff. yalım in yalım kaya and other phr.; in several texts TTS I 772; II 982; III 758; IV 829.
929

yelim (? yelim) (glue, jelly, paste) ‘glue, paste'; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes and either -e- or -e-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yilim H II 32, 13: Xak. xı yelim ‘glue’ (al-ğira ) with which (arrow) feathers and other things are stuck (yulfaq); and ‘fish glue’ is called yaru: yellm Kaš. III 20; o.o. (twice yelim) III 24 (yaru:); 70 (yapıš-), -"99 (yapšur-), 108 (yapšın-):xiv Muh. (under ‘implements of the fuller’) al-ğira' yelim Mel. 61, 5; yeli:m Rif. 159: Kom. xıv ‘glue’ yelim CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv al-ğira yelim Hou. 23, 19: xıv ditto Id. 97:xv ğira yelim 7u/j. 26b. 7: Osm. xıv ff. yelim ‘glue’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 814; II 1033; /// 797; 7^871.

?D yalma: (thick quilted coat; linen amour, rain-coat) perhaps Dev. N. fr. 2 *yal- (bare (naked)); ‘a thick quilted coat; linen armour (?)’. N.o.a.b.; a l.-w. in Pe. as yalma and Ar. as yalmaq both as a specifically Turkish garment, although actual translations vary. Türkü vııı I E 33 (ur-): Xak. xı yalma: al-yalmaq; the Persians took (the word) from the Turks and said yalma (with -h); then the Arabs took it from the Persians and said yalmaq turning the ha into qaf, just as they said xandaq for (Pe.) katida and yaraq (MS. yarq) for (Pe.) yara; yalmaq is mentioned in a verse by Dii'l--rumma (quoted); there is no one who says that the Turks took it from the Persians. I heard it myself used by uncivilized (acldf) Turks in the frontier districts (aqše’l-tuğûr); they are more in need of rain-coats (al-mamtar, sic) than other people because there is more rain and snow in their country Kaš. III 34.

D yelme: Dev. N. fr. yel-; a technical military term, ‘reconnoitring patrol’. N.o.a.b. Cf. yeze:k. Türkü vııı uzun yelmeg yeme: ıt (t)ım ‘I also sent out a long-distance reconnoitring patrol’ T 52; a.o. T 34 (edgü:ti:): Uyğ. vııı (just as the standard, i.e. the main body, was starting) yelme: eri: kelti: ‘a man from the reconnoitring patrol came in’ Šu. E 6; a.o. E 12 (bas- (push, press, ambush)).

S yalman See yamla:n.

Dis. V. YLM-

VUD yilmir- Hap. leg. in a section containing Dis. V.s; the Infin. is given as -me:k, but it is clearly cognate to yılı:- and seems to be a Den. V. fr. *yılım, N.S.A. fr. yılı:-. Xak. xı su:v yılmırdı: kdda'l-md' an yasxun ‘the water almost became hot’ Kaš. III 100 (yılmıra:r, yilmirma:k; me:k).

Tris. YLM

D yeli:me:n Hap. leg.; der. fr. yel-, but morphology obscure. Xak. xı yeli:me:n al-ğeratu'l-ša'wa ‘a disorderly foray’ Kaš. III 38.

Tris. V. YLM-

D 1 yelimle:- Den. V. fr. yelim; ‘to glue (something Acc.)'. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol ok yelimle:di: translated ‘he stuck (alfaqa) the feather on the arrow’ Kaš. III343 (2 yelimle:- follows).

D 2 yelimle:- Hap. leg.; cf. yelme:; Den. V. fr. 2 *yelim N.S.A. fr. yel-; the spelling is certain, since it is included in the same para, as 1 yelimle:-, but it is completely unvocalized and the ye' undotted. Xak. xı ol yo:luğ yelimle:di: taqaddama (MS. yaqdam) mina'l- askar li-yabsara’ l-tariq hal fihi kamın mina'l-'adüw atv fdli’a li-yastaxbir ‘he went ahead of the army to inspect the route (and see) whether there were enemy ambushes or reconnoitring patrols on it’ Kaš. III 343 (yelimle:r, yelimle:me:k).

D yelimlen- Refl. f. of 1 yelimle:-; s.i.s.m.I., usually as Pass. Xak. xı ok yelimlendi: translated ‘the glue stuck (iltafaqa’l-ğira) to the arrows’, also used when it (the arrow) was stuck with it (MS. id alsaqa bihi, ?read idd ulšiqa) Kaš. III 115 (yelimlenü:r, yelim-lenme:k).

Dis. YLN

D yalın (flame) Intrans. Dev. N. fr. 1 yal- (blazed, burned, shined); ‘flame’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Cf. ört, čo:ğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT IX 19 (čo:ğ): Chr. (a dreadful great light) o:t yalın birle ‘with fire and flames’ U I 8, 13: Bud. U II25, 26 etc. (ört); UIV 1 o, 51 etc. (čo:ğ): Civ. TT I 123 (öč- (quelling, затухать)): Xak. xı yalın lahabu'l--ndr 'n flame of fire’; one says o:t yalını: Kaš. III 23: KB (Jupiter rose from the horizon) yalın teg bolup ‘becoming like a flame’ 5675: xııı (?) Tef. yalın ‘flame’ 138: Čağ. xv ff. yalın (spelt) šula-i etaš ‘a flame of fire’ San. 336V. 24 (quotns., pointing out that the translation ‘of a dog, to put out its tongue because it is hot, or mad’ in Vel. 172 (talin), 409 (yalın) is an error): Kom. xıv ‘flame’ yalın CCI, CCG; Gr.: Osm. xıv ff. yalig (sic) ‘flame’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1773; 77 983; 77/ 758; 7 V 830.

D yaliŋ (bare, naked) Dev. N./A. fr. 2 *yal- (bare (naked)); ‘naked’. Survives in SW Az. yalın; Osm. yalig, and in some other languages, e.g. Tkm., as yalag or more often yalagač (*yalanğač) w. the usual phonetic changes. Čıplak the commoner word for ‘naked’ in Osm. (Az. čılpak) is first noted as Tkm. xv in Tuh. Türkü vııı yadağın yalujın yana: kelti: ‘they came back on foot and naked’ I E 28, IIE 22; a.o. do. 29, 23 (ton-lığ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (those who are not ashamed of what they ought to be ashamed of) ya:lig yorima:kta: ulattı: ‘walking about naked, etc.’ TT VIII E.$o; a.o. TT VI 14 (boğuz): Civ. TT I 162-3 (üz“): Xak- « yalıŋ kılıč ‘an unsheathed (al-mucarrad) sword’; yaliŋ er ‘a naked (al-'uryan) man’, and anything naked Čerŋ is called yalilj Kaš. III 373: KB yağıka yaliŋ teg eren teg uruš ‘attack the enemy (even if you are) naked and fight like a man’ 2289; a.o. 3923 (oprak): xııı (?) At. (what use is wealth?) barursen yalii} ‘you go naked’ (to the next world) 287; a.o. 330 (bütür-): Tef. yaliŋnaked’ 138: Čağ. xv ff. yalag čıplak ‘naked’ (quotns.), also dikilmemiš qaftanlık qumeš ‘cloth for a garment which has not been \930\ sewn together’ (quotn.) Vel. 399; yalap (spelt) (1) barahna (‘naked’) wa 'urydn; (2) qumeš wa mate' nd düxta ‘cloth not sewn together’ San. 336V. 4 (quotns., the second meaning taken fr. a single quotn. where yalaŋ ton, not yaları by itself has this meaning); (yalanğač/yalagač ‘naked’ (quotns.), also called yalag 336V. 1); yalig (‘with -1-’) syn. w. yalag ‘naked’ 337r. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yalig ‘naked’ Qutb 6e: Kom. xıv yalag ‘hare’ (metaph.) CCG; Gr. 110 (quotn.; and ‘naked’ yalagač CCI, CCG; Gr.): Kip. xıv yalın kıl- ca'alalıu 'uryen ya'ni carradahu ‘to make naked’, that is ‘to strip’ Id. 97: (xv 'uryen yalanaš (MS. yalanš) Tuh. 24b. 12): Osm. xıv ff. yahg ‘naked’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 773; II 983; III 759; IV 830 (yalig is also noted as a Sec. f. of yalın (common) and yalım).
930

D yelin (udder) ‘udder’, normally of animals; the word for human beings is emig, q.v., and later emček. S.i.a.m.l.g. (rare in NE). Xak. xı yelin (unvocalized, but follows yulun, so ? yelin) atbe’u’I-ramaka ‘the udder of a mare’ and also of any cloven-hoofed animal (det lıefiŋ Kaš. III 23: xııı (?) Tef. yelinudder’ 150: Xwar. xıv koynug yelini ‘a sheep’s udder’ Nahc. 22, 8; a.o.o.: Kom. xıv yelinudder’ CCG; Gr.

D yeliŋ Den. N./A. fr. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl); n.o.a.b. Xak.xi ‘places in which there are many violent winds’ (hubiibu’l-rth) are called yelig; and one says bu: yelig kü:n ‘it is a windy (rehŋ day’ Kaš. III 373; (Čağ. xv ff. yeleg (spelt) čust ua čebuk ‘agile, brisk, quick’ San. 351 v. 28 (quotns.), perhaps the same word used metaph.).

yila:n (d-) (snake, dragon) ‘snake’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; one of the animals of the 12-year cycle. It is generally considered that it is dilorfi in the Old Bulgar ‘Kings’ list’, see O. Pritsak, Die bulgarische Fürstevliste, Wiesbaden, 1955, pp. 43, etc. Türkü vııı tT. yılan yıl onunč aykfa:] ‘in the tenth month of the snake year’ HT VII \ (ETY II 112; badly spelt)~altu:n bašluğ yılan men ‘I am a golden-headed snake’ IrkB 8: Man. on yılan bašlığ ergekin ‘with ten snake-headed fingers’ Chuas. 54: Bud. yılan ‘snake’ is common, PP 38, 3 etc. (ağu:luğ); o.o. U II 31, 54; 35, 21; 84, 12; III 20, 8 (ı): Civ. yılan as a member of the cycle is common in TT VII and VIII P. (spelt yla:n), e.g. yılan kiši ‘a man born in a Snake Year’ Ü II 100, 4; TT VII 27, 11 — yılan kasıkın ‘a snake’s skin’ H I 109; a.o. do. 114 (teri:): Xak. xı yila:n al-hayya ‘a snake’; ok yıla:n al-afe ‘a viper’, which throws itself at men (etc.); yıla:n yılı: the name of one of the twelve years in Turkish Kaš. III 29; o.o. / 37 (1 ok (arrow)), 409 (sorğun); III 155 (na:g), etc.: xııı (?) At. yılan teg bu ajun ‘this world is like a snake’ 213; a.o.o.; Tef. yılan ‘snake’ 157: xıv Muh. al-hayya yi:la:n Mel. 74, 4; Rtf. 177; yı:la:n yı:İı: 80, 20; 1Se: Čağ. xv tT. yılan (MS. yıllan) mer ‘snake’, also the name of one of the Turkish years San. 351 v. 25 (and two phr.); ilan ( (1) ‘with’, i.e. ilen); (2) mer, also called yılan 112v. 10: Xwar. xıv yılan ‘snake’ Qutb 91, Nahc. 21, 7: Kom. xıv yılan/ılan ‘snake’ CCG; ‘viper’ CCI; Ur.: Kip. xnr al-hayya yila:n liou. 11, 17: xıv yılan al-hayya Id. 96; Bui. 11, 4: xv al-tuben (‘serpent’) ua’l-hayya yıla:n Kav. 62, 9.

D yulun prob. Pass. Dev. N. fr. yul- (pull out, pluck out), in the sense of something that can he extracted; ‘spinal cord’. Survives in SE yulun Tar. R III 556; Türki Jarring, p. 160: NC Kır. jülün (sic); Kzx. julin: NW Kk. julin; Nog. yulin. Xak. xı yulun al-nuxa ‘spinal cord’ Kaš. III 23.

(D) yalŋu: (swing) Hap. leg., but see yalgu:la:-; prima facie an abbreviated Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. *yalın-, but there does not seem to be any such V. w. an appropriate meaning. Xak. xı yalgu: the name of ‘a girls’ game’ (la'ib li’l--caıverî); the two ends of a rope are fastened to a tree or cross-beam ('erida) and the girl sits in the middle of the rope and kicks with her legs so that sometimes she goes up and sometimes down Kaš. III 380.

?D yalŋuk (pyalŋok) ‘a human being, man’; prob. a crasis of *yalınğuk Dev. N. fr. yalın-, lit. ‘stripped, naked’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yalguklar ara ‘among men’ TT 111 22; yalguklarnig oğlanıga (?) ‘to the children of men’ do. 12e: Bud. Sanskrit njnayn ‘for men’ ya:Igokla:rka: TT VIII A. 15; o.o. yalgoklarka: do. # 31; purušas ‘man’ kiši yalgok E.44; kiši ya:Iguk (sic) E.7, N. 14; üstün teŋri altın yalguk ‘heaven above and man below’ TT X 105; o.o. do. 17, 65; Suv. 5; 3^4, 22-3; Kuan. 72, etc. (sometimes transcribed yalayuk, prob. in error): Xak. xı yalguk (in a section for Diss., but sometimes misvocalized yahijuk) the name of ‘Adam’, God bless him (prov.); yalguk al-lmšar cami'a (n) ‘mankind’ in general (verse) Kaš. III 384; about a dozen 0,0.: KB (God) törütti üdürdi sečii yalgukuğ ‘created man and chose him out (of the rest of creation)’ 148; tirig bolsa yalguk ‘if a man is alive’ 977: xııı (?) Tef. ane bašar ‘I am a man’ men bir yagluk (sic) men; yağlık ditto 141: Oğuz, Kıp., Suvverîn xı yalguk al-ama ‘a female slave’ Kaš. III 385.

yalgu:s (alone, only; solitary) ‘’; the evidence for -s, a final so rare (-s, -ma-, maz negation participle, ref. French pa) as to suggest a foreign origin for a word with no obvious etymology (algu other, algus not other), is overwhelming down to xi, but later it is usually -z. S.i.a.m.l.g. in a wide range of forms; NE Alt., Küer., Tel., Tub. yagis R III 64; Sag. čalğıs do. 1887; Khak. čağıs/ čalğıs: SE Türki yalğuz: NC jalğız: SC yolğiz: NW' Kk. jalğız; Kaz., Nog. yalğız; Kumyk yanğız: SW Ar. yalğız/yalmz; Osm. yaligiz; Tkm. yalgı:z. Türkü vııı yalgu:s Ix. 23 (uvul-): vııı ff. yalgu:su:n yon:yu:r ‘he walks alone’ IrkB 40: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yalgus bir ‘only one’ U 111 69, 23; siz yalguskiya kalirsiz ‘you will remain all alone’ PP 40, 3 : Civ. yalgus H II io, 69: O. Kır. ıx ff. yalgu:s kızıma: ‘my only daughter’ Mai. 16, i: Xak. xı yalgu:s er \931\ al-raculu*l-wahid iva ğayruhu ‘one man (etc.) only’ Kaš. III 384 (prov.); o.o. I 333 (2 suk); III 133, le: KB özüm kalsa yalguz ‘if I myself remain alone’ 395; (when the king was sitting) özi yalguzun 'alone by himself’ 620, 765 (the MSS. consistently have -z, but are not contemporary): xııı (?) Tef. yalğuz/yalguz ‘alone’; yalguz yalguz ‘one by one’ 138: xıv Muh. (}) al-wahtd yalgu:z Rif. 148 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yalğuz tanhe ‘alone, solitary’; yalğuzun ba-tanhe'i San. 336V. 17 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) yalğuz (sic}) oldurur erdi ‘he was sitting alone’ Og. 56; calğuz (jüt?) oldurur erdi do. 73: xıv yalğuz ‘alone’ Qutb 65; a.o. 159 (2 suk); Nahc. 11, 9; 129, 15; 130, etc.; yalğuzun ditto Qutb 65: Kom. xıv ‘only, alone’ yalğız/yalğuz CCI, CCG\ Gr. m (quotns.): Kip. xııı (after ‘twin’ yikiz)al-mawltld mufrada (n) ‘born alone’ yarhkiz (sic, MS. ya:hki:) Hou. 26, 6; xıv yalaguz (sic) fard ‘single’ Id. 97; ai-wahda ‘solitude’ yalğuz Bul. 6, 4; wahdak ‘by yourself’ yalğuz do. 14, e: xv ivahda yaligiz; Tkm. yalığız Tuh. 62a. 13; a.o. 38b. 1: Osm. xiv-xvi yalğuz; xıv ff. yalgiz/yaluguz; xıv ff. yaldızın ‘alone’; fairlv common TTS I 775; 7/987; IV 829-33.
931

Dis. V. YLN-

3 yalın- (flame, flash) Preliminary note. Yalın- as the Refl. f. of 1 yal- (blazed, burned, shined) may occur in KB and certainly survives in NE Alt., Tel. yalın- (of lightning) ‘to flash’ R III 167. Yalın- as the Refl. f. of 2 *yal- (bare (naked)) is the only certainly old V. but is pec. to Xak. A third yalın- is first noted only in the medieval period; San. clearly linked it w. yalğa:- (lick, fondle) and translated it (of a dog) ‘to lick its master’ (flatter, blandish) (2 yalın- (plead, implore flatter, blandish, dog's kiss)), but this translation seems to be based on this false etymology. The basic meaning seems to be rather ‘to plead' and the like. If so, it is more or less syn. w. yalvar- (beg, beseech, pray) but cannot be linked morphologically. None of these V.s provides a suitable basis for yalŋu: (swing), q.v.
(OTD p. 229 JALÏNA- пылать (to flame); jalïnaju, jalïnï)

D 1 yalın- (undress, bare, flash) Refl. f. of 2 *yal- (bare (naked)); n.o.a.b. In/CJB 121 the meaning might be ‘may the wicked man be stripped (bared)’, but the translation suggested below, which is Arat’s, is likelier. Xak. xı er yalındı: ‘the man (etc.) stripped himself’ (ta'arre) Kaš. III 85 (yalinu:r, yalmma:k): KB tirilsüni terken kutı mig kutug yalınsum körmez karakı utun ‘may the king’s majesty live with a thousand favours of heaven; may the wicked man be dazzled so that his eyes cannot see’ 121.
(OTD p. 229 JALÏN- I раздеваться (undress))

2 yalın- (plead, implore flatter, blandish, dog's kiss) ‘to plead’ and the like; see above. Survives as yalın- ‘to plead, implore’, occasionally ‘to flatter’ in NE Alt., Küer., Tel. R III 167: NC (jalin-): SC Uzb. (yalin-): NW Kk. (Jalm-), Kaz., Nog.: SW Tkm. Čağ. xv ff. yalın- (spelt) sag zaben dar mvardan wa šehib wa ešne-re Itsldan ‘of a dog, to put out its tongue and lick its master and friends’, and metaph. leba kardan ‘to implore’ San. 330r. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yalın- ‘to plead’ Qutb 6e: Kom. xıv ditto CCG\ Gr.: Osm.xv, xvı yalın- ‘to flatter, blandish’; in three texts TTS II č$b ; IV 852.
(OTD p. 229 JALÏN- II просить, умолять (ask, beg, plead))

S yilin- See ilin-. (caught, attached, suspended, hung on)

D yulun- Refl. f. of yul- (pull out, pluck out); s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes, usually as a Pass. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bağıg čuğug yulundı ‘your bonds and wrappings have been stripped off’ TT I 9: Xak. xı sač yulundı: ‘the hair was plucked out’ (murita); and one says kul yulundı: ‘the slave was freed’ ('uttqa), when he paid his master a price for himself; and bulun yulundı: ‘the prisoner was ransomed and freed’ (iftada... wa ufliqa); and ura:ğut yulundı: ‘the woman obtained a divorce’ (ixtala'at) Kaš. III85 (yulunu:r, yulunma:k): KB (just as a ball is unstable and rolls about) am teg me dawlat özüm yulunur ‘in the same way I, too, fortune, retain my freedom’ 662: (xiv Muh. al-halq ‘to shave’ yü:li:nmek (mak) Mel. 37, 10 does not belong here, see yüli:-): Čağ. xv ff. yulun- kanda šudan ‘to be plucked out’ San. 345r. 15: Xwar. xıv yulun-‘to be freed; (of a bird) to be plucked’ Qutb 85: Kom. xıv ‘to be ransomed, redeemed' yulun- CCG; Gr.

D yelne:- (yelne:-) (swell (udder)) Den. V. fr. yelin (udder); pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı be yelne:di: ‘the mare’s (etc.) udders swelled (? , ašraga) at the time of parturition’, that is when milk became abundant (arsalat) in them Kaš. III 310 (yelne:r, yelne:me:k); a.o. 319, 18.

PU?D yalgu:- (stripped ?). Xak. xı KB 5972 reads (he spent a sleepless night; the dawn broke; in the flower garden a nightingale) sumlıdı üdiklig ešitti and then three alternative readings (Fergana MS.) kögül y.lgü:di:; (Cairo MS.) kögül y.lgu:di:; (Vienna MS.) turup yığladi; after ‘sang an unintelligible song, he heard it with delight’, the Vienna text, ‘and stood up and wept’ is obviously wrong. Of the other two texts the Cairo one seems preferable; the Fergana one is the same with -li-omitted. Arat took it to be a Den. V. fr. yalın and translated it ‘caught fire’; this is possible but not very plausible since the Sec. f. yalig is pec. to Osm. It therefore seems likely that it is a Den. V. fr. yalig and that the phr. means ‘his mind became stripped (of care)’.

Tris. YLN

?D or F yılınčğa: n.o.a.b.; one of several words ending in -ınčğa: which have a foreign look. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a much damaged description of a girl; her firm but soft breasts) ılınčğa (first four letters doubtful) yanlafi [gap] perhaps ‘her slender hips’ TT X 44e: Xak. xı yılınčğa: aš ‘food (al-ta'em) which has no fat (dasam) in it, or salt, or taste’ (ta'm) Kaš. III 4.33. ‘

D yalındak (naked) Hap. leg.; -dak seems to be a Den., not a Dev., Suff, so ?Den. N./A.-fr. ♦yalın for yalig. Xak. xı yalındak er ‘a naked (al-'uryen) man’ Kaš. III 51.
932

Tris. YLN

D yalınlığ P.N./A. fr. yalın; ‘flaming’. 5.1.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ot yalınlığ 'blazing with tire’ TT V 6, 44; o.o. do. 8, 65 (ört); TTIV10, 25 6 (örtlüg); U II 59, 5 (iŋ etc. (čoğluğ): (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. yalınlık (m'c) ot ‘a flaming fire’ 138: Čağ. xv ff. yalınlığ afnlxta wa mııšta'al ‘shining, flaming’ San. 336V. 28 (quotn.).

D yalrjuskiya See yalgu:s.

D yalınsız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. yalm; ‘without flames, radiance, etc.’ Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 299, 10-11 (terinsiz).

Tris. V. YLN-

D yalına:- Den. V. fr. yalın; ‘to flame’. N.o.a.b.; cf. yalınla:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yalınayu turğan tamu ‘the ever-flaming hell’ TT III 135: Bud. uluğ yalmadačı ‘the great flaming’ (Buddha) U II 59, 1 (ii); yalınayu turur ‘he goes on flaming’ TTX 358: (Xak. ?) xıv Rbğ. yalınayu turğan yalın R III 170 (s.v. yalın); (Muh. (?) ittaqada ‘to blaze’ yala:n- Rif. 102; ?a mis-spelling of this word).

D yalınla:- Den. V. fr. yalın; ‘to flame’. 5.1.s.m.I. in NC, NW, SW w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vmfT. Bud. TM IV 252, 34fT. (tuluk); (Xalc.'XTfirf'?)' Tef. yalmlan-‘to flame’ 138: Xwar. xıv yalirjlan- (sic) ditto Qutb 66).

D yalgurla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yalgu:. Xak. xı ki:z yalgu:la:di: ‘the girl (etc.) played (la'ibat) on two ropes which were fastened’ (MS./Hîî/frt, Pcorrect to tušadd; ‘to a tree’ implied) Kaš. III 411 (yalt)u:la:r, yalgu:la:ma:k; MS. everywhere yaltyu:la:-).

Dis. YLR

yula:r (halter) ‘a halter’. Survives only (?) in NE Tuv. čular; SW Osm. yular; in all other languages, even Az., Tkm., displaced by the Mong. l.-w. vokto. Xak. xı yular 'ideru'1-faras ‘a horse’s halter’ Kaš. III 9 (prov., yularla:-); yula:r ditto HI 28: xıv M«/;. (?) al-afser ‘halter’ yu:la:r (MS. yu:la:k) Rif. 174 (only): Kom. xıv ‘reins’ yu[lar] (?) CCG; Gr. 128: Kip. xııı al-miqwad ‘halter’ yu:la:r (/nokta:) Hou. 14, 5: xıv yular al-macarr ‘leading-rein’ (?) Id. 97: xv zitneın (‘halter’) wa'l-macarr yular Tuh. 18a. 3; macarr yular do. 33b. 12: Osm. xvııı yular (spelt) in Rumi, miher-i šutür wa afser-i ash ‘a camel’s nose-peg; a horse’s halter’ San. 345V. 13.

Dis. V. YLR-

D yılır- Hap. leg. (in a verse quoted twice); syn. w. yılı:- and perhaps only an artificial form devised to rhyme w. kölerdİ: and ilerdi:. Xak. xı ajun tını: yılırdı: saxuva nafsu’l--dunye ‘the breath of the world became hot’ Kaš. I 179, 21; II 283, 4; n.m.e.

(S)D yalrit- (yaltrit-) (sheen, glisten) a Sec. f. pec. to Kaš., in which yaltrit- is not mentioned. As in the case of other words in this group the vocalization is chaotic. Xak. xı ol o:t yalrıttı: (P ynhrtti:) awmada' l-mlr ‘he made the fire g gently’; and one says ol tu:čuğ yalrıttı: (P yohrtti:) ‘he burnished and polished the br (amqa 7ca adal-šahah wa'l-šufııŋ until it a brightness and sheen like a burnished cop bowl or shield which glisten when the sun f on them or (even) if it does not (yalriti yalritma:k, MS. y.hr.tu:r, y.hr.tma:k)-, one says kirše:n anıg yü:zin yolrıttı: (IN yolratti:) ‘the white lead (etc.) made woman’s face shine’ (nbraqa), also used of a thing that has made something shine (ašraı and one says ol kumğa:nığ yolrıttı: rubbed (ada) the dirt ofT the jug, unti acquired a sheen’ (bartq), also used of anyti that has a sheen (yolrıtu:r, yolrıtmaîk, IN yalr.tu'.r, yalr.tma:k)\ bi-fathi'l-ya yakün -fi'I aqwa mina'l-damm fi hedayni'l-fi'layn these two V.s yalrit- is stronger than yolr Kaš. II 353 (in Kaš.'s system of arrangen yalrit- should precede yolrit- and examples show that the first V. is ‘stron than the second, although the vocalization the MS. suggest the opposite).

Tris. YLR

D yularlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yul Xak. xı yularlığ at ‘a horse on a halter’ -mu'addaŋ Kaš. III 49.

Tris. V. YLR.

D yula:rla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yul Xak. xı (after yular; hence the prov.) yi bašın yula:rlap kengeldi: (sic) translate’ you wish to eat the head of a horse after cc ing it put a halter (al-'idtlŋ on it, and faste first, so that it does not turn over (yanqa then eat it’; this proverb is quoted to some who is being told to keep his horse so thf may not get loose Kaš. III 9 (the last wor corrupt and no satisfactory emendation been suggested); n.m.e.

D yularlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yula:rl Xak. xı at yularlandi: ‘the horse was tered’ ('uddira) Kaš. III 114 (yularlan yularlanma:k).

Dis. YLS

E yılsığ See yılıšığ.

D yo:lsu:z Priv. N./A. fr. yo:l (road, way, times, streak, stripe, bars, fate); s.i.s.m.I. the usual phonetic changes meaning (1) (country) ‘without roads’; (2) (of people) the right road, lost’; (3) ditto abstractly ( of policies, etc.) ‘lacking direction, uncerti Türkü virr altu:n yıšığ yolsızın aše ‘I passed cross-country- over the Altay mo tain forest’ T 35: Xak. xı yolsu:z al-‘astray, lost’, originally yo:lsu:z Kaš. III xııı (?) Tef. yolsuz ‘ (morally) confused’ ( yolsizhk/yolsuzlik al-dalela ‘ (mental moral) deviation’) 161: Čağ. xv ff. yo bi-reh wa naqis dar amr-i tarlqat wa sulûk ‘1 deficient in matters of behaviour and cond San. 345V. 26 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yol \\ most; not knowing the way’ Qutb 82: Kom. xıv yolsuz ‘without a road’ CCG; Gr. 125 (quotn.).
933

Mon. YM

Dis. YLŠ

D yuluš Dev. N. fr. yul- (pull out, pluck out); n.o.a.b., syn. w. yuluğ (tax, extraction,, weeding, tearing out, tearing up, commerce, ransom, compensation) iri the sense of ‘ransom’. Xak. xı KB asığ kıldı erse ölümke kümüš kümüš kıl fay erdi er özke yuluš 'if silver were an effective (remedy) for death, a man would have made silver a ransom for his soul’ 1113; xazina bu neg erse baška yuluš 'if these precious things are a ransom for your head’ 1190; a.o. 1114.

Dis. V. YLŠ-

D yalaš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of yala:-; entered between yılıš- and yuluš-; the vocalization is chaotic. Xak. xı ola:r bi:r ekindî:ke: oğrı: yalašdı: (MS. yıhšdı:) 'those two falsely accused (ittahama) one another of theft’ Kaš. III 75 (yalašu:r, yalašma:k, MS. y.lıšu.r, y.lıšma:k).

D yılıš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yılı:-. Xak. xı suvla:r kamuğ yılıšdı: (MS. yalıšdı:?) 'the waters (etc.) were (all) heated’ (siixinat) Kaš. III 74 (yılıšu:r, yılıšma:k, corrected from me:k).    „

D yuluš- Recip. f. of yul- (pull out, pluck out); s.i.s.m.I., usually meaning 'to tear out one another’s hail’ and the like. Xak. xı bodu:n bi:r ikindimi: yulušdı: 'the tribes pillaged (ağara) one another’ Kaš. III 75 (yulušu:r, yulušma:k).

D yöleš- Hap. leg.?; Recip. f. of yöle:-; etymologically 'to support one another’, actually 'to resemble’. This anomaly is perhaps due to an over-literal translation, direct or indirect, of Sanskrit in which mi- means 'to erect’ and upami-, which should etymologically mean 'to underpin, support’, actually means ‘to resemble’. See yöleštür-, yölešür-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. bu üčünč yaruk kün kün teŋrike oxšayur yölešür ‘this third bright sun (?) resembles (Hend.) the sun god’ Mill 18, 5-7 (ii.)

Tris. YLŠ

D yöleštürüg Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. yöleštür-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit upamayatu 'let him compare’ yöle:štürsün yöle:štürüg kıisun TT VIII A.8.

D yöleštürgülüksüz Priv. N./A. fr. the Gerundive of yöleštür-; ‘incomparable’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud.yöleštürgülüksüz ürlüg erip ‘being incomparable and everlasting’ Suv. 33, 3; a.o. 45,3 (oxšatğuluksuz).

PUD yılıšığ Hap. leg.; hitherto read yılsığ, for which there is no obvious etymology; the word obviously means ‘comfortable, prosperous’, or the like and might be a Dev. N./A. fr. yılıš-, lit. ‘warm’. Türkü vııı (Heaven placed me on the throne as xağan) neg yılıšığ bodunka: olurmadım ‘I did not mount the throne over a comfortable people’  (I mounted the throne over a people who had no food in their bellies or clothes on theii backs, in a bad way and wretched) I E 26, 11 E 21.

Tris. V. YLŠ-

D yöleštür- Caus. f. of yöleš-; ‘to compare’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tüzünler oğlın yöleštürser 'if one seeks a simile for a well-born youth’ (thcsimile follows) Suv. 71,11-12; a.o. TT VIII A.8 (yöleštürüg).

D yölešür- n.o.a.b.; a possible Caus. f. of yöleš-, but there is no Caus. meaning, and it may be a scribal error for yöleš-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (the twelve rulers, who are bom of the god of the majesty of doctrine) yaruk kün teŋrike yölešürü ‘like the bright sun god’ M III 16, 7-8 (ii); (and the bright day-conquered and weakened the dark night) yeme ögreki Xormuzda teŋri sügüsige yölešürü 'like the former battle of the god Hormuzd’ do. 19, 11-13 (ŋ.

Mon. YM

1 ya:m (dustlet, пылинка) ‘a piece of dust’ or the like, more specifically one that gets into the eye. N.o.a.b.; cf. yamlığ, yamla:-, etc. Xak. xı yam al-qada 'a piece of dust’; hence one says kö:zke: yam tüšti: 'a piece of dust got into the eye’ Kaš. III 5; ya:m ‘a piece of dust in the eye or somewhere else’ III 160: xıv Muh. (?) (between 'mucus in the eye’ and ‘tear’) al-qada yam Rif. 140 (only).

F 2 yam (station, road, province, post-horse; post-rider) ‘a posting station’, with some extended meanings. The phonetics of this word are obscure. Its origin is Chinese chan (Middle Chinese tyam) 'to stop; a stage on a journey’ (Giles 270) which it translates in the Chin.-Uyğ. Dict., where it is first noted. It was an early l.-w. in Mong., prob. direct fr. Chinese as cam (Haenisch 85, Koto. 2290, Haltod 561, in the last two translated ‘road, province’), became a l.-w. in Persian as yam 'posting station; post-horse’ and survives in SW Osm. as yampost-horse; post-rider’ Red. 2192 (now obsolete). It prob. reached Turkish via Mong., but the reason for the sound change c- > y- is obscure. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. i chan 'posting station (Giles 5,496 270) yamka (Dat.) R III 298; Ligeti 279: Čağ. xv ff. yam ulak binecek at ‘post-horse’ Vel. 398 (quotn.); (yamčı ulak ‘post-rider’ do.; a compound Pe.-Turkish word for‘the officer in charge of horses at a posting station for the post-riders’ San. 337V. 7).

1 yem used only in the phr. ot yem; it may be merely a Sec. f. of em, since ot em is also a common phr. and in U I 7, 4 ot yem follows immediately after otčı emči, but Kaš. distinguishes between the two words and in KB the two phr. seem to have different meanings. Survives only (?) in NW Kar. T. otyam ‘balsam, spices’ Koto. 241. Uyğ. vııı ff. (Chr. U I 7, 3-4 (2 ot)): Bud. TT X 326 (damaged; 2 ot): Xak. xı yem al-afatmh ‘fragrant \\ flowers’; hence one says o:t (sic) yem al-buzûr (‘spices’) zva'1-afezvih as a Hend. ('ale tariqi'l-itba), yem is not used by itself Kaš. III 5: KB 975 (2 ap): xııı (?) tef. ot yem ‘vegetation’ 150 (yem): Čağ. xv ff. San. 6zv. 19 (2 ot (grass, vegetation); here taken for 2 ye:m and translated ‘provisions’): Kip. xııı Hou. 23, 10 (2 ot).
934

Mon. YM

D 2 ye:m (? d-) N.S.A. fr. ye:- (eat); properly ‘a single meal’, but actually ‘food’ in general. 5.1.s.m.I., usually specifically ‘animal fodder’. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. TT IV 6, 38 (ičim): Xak. xı ye:m al-ta'dm ‘food’; hence one says ye:m keldür 'bring the food’ Kaš. Til 144; o.o. 7 468, 7; 480 (künlük): KB 4402 (ičim), 4767 (kavık): xııı (?) Tef. yem ‘ (camel’s) fodder’; (ot yem ‘vegetation’) 150: Čağ. xv ff. yem ğade iva xzvurek-i dazvübb iva tuyûr ‘provisions; food for animals and poultry’ San. 252r. 26; a.o. 62V. 19 (2 ot): Xwar. xıv yem ‘food’ Qutb 78: Kip. xııı 'alafa min i'tai’l-faras qadimaha ‘to feed, in the sense of giving a horse its barley’ yem ber-; 'alJqu'l- (‘fodder’) fnras zva qadvmiha yem Hou. 36, 15: xıv yem al-ta’em, also used for ‘animal fodder’ ('alafu'l--dazvebb); one says atğa: yemin aš ‘give the horse its fodder’ Id. 98: xv (tn'ni ‘flavour’ Čatmak) tutn ‘a dish of food’ yem (ta'em aš) Tuh. 23b. 9; from yem, ye- do. 84ar-i«; Osin, xvı Pe. pas-i xzcar ‘food residues’ yem sogu TTS IV 891.

Mon. V. YM-

1 yuin- ‘to shut’, usually ‘the eyes’, but also ‘the mouth’, and ‘to clench’ (the fist). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usually phonetic variations. Except in Xak. the vowel is consistently -U-; in Kaš. the forms are yüm-, yümtür-, yümül-, but yumluš-, and see yumun- ; unless this is a vagary of the scribe’s, this must be a dialect form. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. közüg yumup ‘shutting the eves’ TT III 152: Xak. xı er kö:z yümdi: ‘the man shut (gamada) his eyes’ Kaš. III 64 (yüme:r, yümme:k): KB yümdi közin 624-5 > ("'hen you look smilingly at me) közüm yümdüküm ‘I shut my eyes’ 663 (rhymes w. erdüküm): xııı (?) At. yumup közlerin 424; Tef. köz yumup 163: xıv Rbğ. ağzın yummadı ‘did not shut its mouth’ R III 574 (quotn.): Čağ. xv ff. yum- (-ay) ‘to shut (kapa-) something which is open’ Vel. 420; yum- ‘to shut’ (bar-ham nihedan) the eyes or mouth; this V. is used specifically for ‘to shut’ (püšîdan) the eyes or mouth, and the word, eyes or mouth, must be mentioned Sen. 34er. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yum- ‘to shut’ (the eyes) Qutb 85; Nahc. 158, 4: Kom. xıv yum- ‘to blink’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. wn gamada min ğamudi’l-'ayn yum- (sic?; -gil) Hou. 38, 4: xiv' yum- damma ašebi'ahu zva 'aynahu ‘to shut the fingers or the eyes’ Id. 98.

2 *yum- See yumğa:k, yumur, yumurt-ğa:, yumuš, yumuz.

Dis.YMA

?C yamu: pec. to Kaš., whose etymology is prob. correct. Xak. \i yamu: a Particle (harf) meaning ‘did you understand what I said and remember to do what I told you?’; hence one says sen barğıl yamu: ‘go, will you?’ (a-na'am); its origin is the Particle 2 ya (h) meaning ‘yes’ (na'am) and the Interrogative -mu: Kaš. III 26; a.o. III 236 (tanu:).

VU yeme: (? yeme:) (and, also, too) with takı:, q.v., one of the two copulas in early Turkish, used both at the beginning of the sentence, where it normally means ‘and’, and later, usually in the second place, where it means rather ‘also, too’. In Syriac and Uyğ. script consistently spelt ymc, which suggests that the first vowel was very short, but the evidence, where available, seems to point more to than -e-. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (there were wise and tough xagans) buyrukı: yeme: ‘their ministers too’ (were wise and tough) begleri: yeme: bodum: yeme: tüz ermiš ‘and both their brgs and their people were orderly’ I E 3, II E 4; o.o. I S 10-11, II N 8 (ölsik), etc.; kün yeme: tün yeme: ‘by day and night’ T 27: vııı ff. yeme: occurs several times at the beginning of the sentence for ‘and’, but also later in the sentence, e.g. (of the seven planets) yeme: ‘and’ (five kinds of jewels) in Toy. (ETY II 57 ff.) and in the other 1’oyok texts (do. 178 ff.). In the letter Tun. IV (do. 96) it is the first word even before the date: Man. yeme (spelt yme) is common in Chuas. usually as the first word, but in paragraph numbers usually the second, e.g. ikinti yeme Chuas. 1 : Uyğ. vııı yeme: Šu. F. 10 (not the first word): ıx yeme: III A.6; C.4 (ETY 1137; damaged): vııı ff. Man.-A takı yme ‘and also’ MI 7, 1; 84, etc.: Man. yme is common as the first word of the sentence in Wind.; yana yme ‘and again’ TT IX 58: Bud. yme (yme: even in TT VIID is common in all usages: Civ, ditto; yeme TT VII 42, 1: Xak. xııı occurrences in Kaš., 7 of yeme:, 3 of y.me:, 1 of yeme:; usually as second word of sentence, ‘and, also’, Ar. ayda (n); yalksa: yeme: ya:ğ edgü ‘oil is good, even if it nauseates you’ III 435, 19: KB yana sözlediŋ sen yeme sözledim ‘you spoke again and I spoke' 665; a.o. 1640 (Fergana and Cairo MSS. yöme, Vienna yeme): xıı (?) KB VP yöme bu klteb ol idi ök 'azız ‘and this book is very precious’ 9: xııı (?) KBPP (He did what he wished) yeme ‘and’ (does what he wishes) 4; At. ydme begins a sentence 31, 63, 293; Tef. y.me ‘also’, in second place 150: Xwar. xıv y.me ‘and’ Qutb 78: Kom. xıv (as often as he comes and prays to God) yemese (? crasis of yeme erse) ‘and’ (gives alms) CCG; Gr. 121.

Dis. V. YMA-

yama:- ‘to patch (something Acc.)'; s.i.a.m.l.g. w\ the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol to:n yama:di: ‘he patched (raqa'a) the garment’ (etc.) Kaš. III 91 (no Aor. or Infin.); bu: to:n ol yama:ğu: ‘this garment needs to be patched’ (an yurdam) III 3e: xııı (?) Tef. yama- ‘to patch’ (i.e. repair a ship) 138: xıv Muh. (?) raqa'a'I-taivb yama:-Rif. 131 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yama- (spelt)- \\ pina zadan wa wušle kardan ‘to apply a patch, to patch’ San. 3371-. 5 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to patch’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv and from yamaw, yama- Tuh. 84a. 3.
935

Dis. YMĞ

Tris. YMG

D yeme:čük Hap. leg. ; prob. Den. N. fr. *yeme: Dev. N. fr. ye:- (eat) meaning ‘something eaten’. Xak. xı yeme:čük ‘a small sack (ğirera) in which wheat is transported’ Kaš. III 48.

Dis. YMD

yemet (yes)yes’; as such pec. to Kaš. but apparently the earliest form of other (Western) words meaning ‘yes’. The only modern survivals are SW Osm. evet and perhaps Tkm. xava. Xak. xı b a Particle (harf) meaning ‘yes’ (na'am); also pronounced emet; the b is changed from alif Kaš. III 8; evet a Particle meaning ‘yes’; it has three forms; evet in Yağma:, Tuxsi:, Kıp., Oğuz; emet/ewet/yemet for the rest of the Turks / 51; ewet meaning evet, that is ‘yes’ I 83: Tkm. xıv ewet na'am Id. 25: xv ewet na'am, used only by Tkm.; I never heard it in pure Turkish Kav. 70, 15; na'am (VU arayna) Tkm. ewet Tuh. 36b. 10: Osm. xiv, xv evet/evit (?) ‘but’ in a few texts TTS II 408; III 271; IV 315; discussed at length in C. S. Mundy, ‘evet, evet ki and geyise’, Studia Altaica, Festschrift für N. Poppe, Wiesbaden, '957-

yemdü: (pubes; pubic hair) ‘the pubes; pubic hair’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yemdü: al-'ena ‘the pubes’ Kaš. III 31: XIV Muh. (?) (al-'ana VU čö:gre:, Hap. leg.); ša'ru'l-'ena ‘pubic hair’ yemdi: Rif. 142 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yemdü: (spelt), in Rumi yemdik, müy-i zaher ‘pubic hair’ San. 337V. e: Kip. xıv yemdü: (‘with front vowels’) al-ena... yemdi: al- ena; one says yemdin koparğil (MS. kap-) ‘pluck out your pubic hair’ İd. 98: xv al-'ena yemdi: Kav. 61, e: Osm. xvııı yemdik see Čağ.

Dis. V. YMD-

(D) yomıt- ‘to come together, assemble’; this V. and its Caus. f. yomdar- (an unusual Caus. f., but cf. tögit-) and yomğı: are clearly cognate, but it is hard to find a common basis; if it were *yom it would be necessary to assume the existence of a Den. Verbal Suff. -it- (? for -id-) parallel to -ad-, and a Den. nominal Suff. -ğı: parallel to -ki:, and there is no other evidence for the existence of these Suffs. N.o.a.b.; the -o- is fixed by the Kom. forms. See yumul- Osm. Xak. xı kiši: yomıttı: ‘the people (etc.) assembled’ (ictama'a) Kaš. II 317 (yomıtu:r, iyomitma:k); o.o. I 69, 9; 214, 17 (sukak); II 3x2, 4 (ta'allabii ‘assembled’); III 53, 7: KB yomıttı agar beg ajun üdrümi ‘the begs and elite of the world rallied to him’ 417; o.o. 719 (te:r-), 1642, 1927, e709,'28el(yi:g), etc.: Kom. xıv ‘to come together’ yomut- (MS. yomuc- (?), an easy corruption of yomut-) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı ictama'a bi-fulen wa ğayrihi ‘to rally to \\ someone (etc.)’ yomut- (MS. tomut-) Hou. 36, 8. ; i

D yomdar- Caus. f. of yomıt-, q.v.; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol kiši:ni: yomdardi: ‘he brought together (or collected, cama'a) the people’ (etc.) Kaš. ///98 (yomdarur, yomdarma:k): KB kelir kut kapuğda kalın yomdarur ‘good fortune comes (to him) and brings together a crowd at his gate’ 5315: xııı (?) Tef. xašarnehum ‘we have picked them out’ yomdarğaymız 163 (yumdar-): Kom. xıv ‘to bring together, collect’ yomdar- CCG; Gr.

D yumtur- Caus. f. of 1 yum-, q.v. for the vocalization; s.i.s.m.I. w. the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol anıg kö:zin yümtürdi: ‘he made him shut (iğde) his eyes’ Kaš. III 97 (yümtürür, yümtürme:k; sic).

Tris. YMD

E yama:ta: See tama:ta:.

Dis. YMĞ

D yama:ğ Conc. N. fr. yama:-; ‘a patch’ on a garment, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı yama:ğ al-ruqa ‘a patch’ .Kaš. III 28 (prov.); a.o. II 21 (1 sök- (tear)): xıv Muh. al-ruqa yamak/yamağ Mel. 67, 3; yamağ Rif. 16e: Čağ. xv ff. yamağ/yamak pina wa para wa janda ‘a patch, a piece of material used as a patch’ San. 3371. 28 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘patch’ yamov CCG; Gr: Kip. xıv yama: al-ruq'a Id. 98: xv ditto yamaw Tuh. 16b. 12; a.o. 84a. 3 (yama:-): Osm. xvııı yamağ/yamak (after Čağ.) and in Rumi (1) ‘a drinking vessel (mašraba) sewn together from leather’; (2) ‘the cloak’ (xirqa) which janissaries on garrison duty wear; (3) ‘workmen who work in factories’ San. 337V. 2.

(D) yomğı: (mass, all, bunch) ‘collected together in large quantities; a mass of people or things’, sometimes almost ‘all’; cognate to yomıt-, q.v. N.o.e.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 101 (özirken-): Chr. yomğı alı yarlıkadı ‘he deigned to receive the (whole) collection’ (the three precious gifts) U I 7, 8-9: Bud. olar barča kalıšız yomğı arızun alkınzun ‘may all those (sins) without exception and en masse be wiped out and put an end to’ Suv. 138, ii-12; a.o. do. 553, 7: Civ. TT VII29, 18-19 (tiši:); 34, 3 (İ bu:t): Xak. xı yomğı: ne:g al-šay'u'l-muctami'u'l-katır ‘things collected together in large quantities’, hence one says kiši: yomğı: keldi: ce’a’l-nes bi-qaddihim wa qadidihim muctami'xn ‘people came in crowds’ Kaš. III 35; uyğur tatrn (read tattın) yuvğa: alıp yomğın satar translated yuğtr 'ale Uygür fa-ya'xud minhum cumla wa yabVuhum ‘he barters with the Uyğur and receives from them in bulk and sells them’, but the actual meaning must be ‘he buys from the Uyğur and Persians in small quantities (or cheap ?) and sells wholesale (or dear ?)’ II 294, 25; a.o. III 240, 25: KB sevinč barča yomğı sega keİsüni ‘may all kinds of joy in \\

Q3^ D f S .

abundance cnine to vnıı' 944; telim vomğı-larığ ölüm sačmıš ol ‘death has scattered many concentrations of people’ 4827; a.o. 5315: x n (?) KBVP bu čın yomğısı ‘this collected volume (equivalent to Ar. macmua) of true statements’ 18: xııı (?) Tef. kamuğ yomğı ‘the whole crowd’ 163 (yumğı): Xwar. xıv yomkt ‘all together’ Qutb 86 (yttmht).

D ( ?S) yumğa:k ‘a spherical or globular object’ and the like. Dev. N./A. connoting habitual action, fr. 2 *yum-. Survives, usually meaning ‘a ball of wool, thread, etc.’, in NW Kk. jumak; Kaz. yomğak; Kumyk yummak; (Nog. yumak 'a riddle’): SW Az. yumağ; Osm., Tkm. yumak. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. U I 8, 5 (ol): Civ. karba tiibi yumğakı ‘a lump of karba root’ II I 162; o.o. II II

31, 106-8 (uvša:k): Xak. xı yumğa:k al-mudahracul-mudaii'u'ar ‘globular or round’ of anything, hence in the language of Uč ‘corinndcr seed’ (al-kitzhara) is called yum-ğa:k tana: Kaš. III 44 (see tana:): xıv Muh. kuhba ğazl ‘a ball of thread’ yu:ma:k Mel. 60, 12; Rif. 159: Čağ. xv ff. yumak kalefa-i tiax ditto San'. 346V. 18: Kip. xıv yumak al-xaytu7-nudafjaf ba'duhıt 'ale had mudaw-•tvara (tŋ ‘thread rolled into a hall’ Id. 98: xv hau-aya ‘a coil’ yumak Tuh. 13a. 1 *•.»*.•«< S yamğur See yağmur.

Tris. YMĞ

D yonığığun Hap. leg.; Collective f. of yomğı:. Uyğ. viu ff. Bud. (all the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas) birgerii yığılıp yomğığun kelip ‘being gathered in one place and coming in a mass’ USp. 59, 10.

D yamağlığ P.N./A. fr. yama:ğ; ‘patched’; s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phoncfic changes. Xak. xı yamağlığ tom ‘a patched (tnuraddatn) garment’ Kaš. III 49: Kip. xv muraqqa' ‘patched’ yamawli Tuh. 34b. 2.

D yamağlık A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. yama:ğ; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı yamağlık bö:z ‘a patch (ruq'a) of cotton cloth’ (etc.), designed for use as a gusset (or gore, al-batiiqa) Kaš. III 51: Klp. xv (as an example of Suff. -Ilk) al- - mu’add ii’l-tarqi' ‘something designed for patching’ yamalık Tuh. 50a. 5.

Tris. V. YMĞ-

D yumğakla:- Den. V. fr. yumğa:k; n.o.a.b. Uyğ- vııı ff. Civ. (take various ingredients, grind them and knead them with honey, and) it bur[nı]ča yumğaklap ‘roll them into pills the size of a rose-hip’ TT VII 22, 13-14: Kip. xv kabbaba ‘to wind into a ball’ yumakla- Tuh. 31b. 3.

D yumğaklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yumğakla:-. Xak. xı yumğaklandı: ne:p ‘the thing was round or spherical’ (tadmmcam... revj tadahraca) Kaš. III 116 (yumğaklanu:r, yumğaklanma:k).

yak';

Dis. YML

D yamlığ (ya:mlığ) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 1 ya.m. Xak. xı yamlığ kö.z al-'aynu'l--qadiya ‘an eye with a piece of dust in it’; originally ya:mlığ Kaš. III 42.

yamla:n (jerboa, hamster) ‘the jerboa’ (?); one of several animal names ending in -la:n; as such Hap. leg.., but survives metathesized in (NC Kzx. at jalman ‘hamster’): NW Baškır yalman; Kk. (? Tkm.) yalaman: SW Tkm. yalman, see Shcherbah, p. 151. Xak. xı yamla:n now mina'1-cired ‘a kind of large rat’ Kaš. III 37: xıv Muh. (?) (al-yarbu gelerjü: (kele:gü:)); al-fa'ru'l-barrt ‘field mouse’ yalama:n (sic) Rif. 177: Kip. xııı al-yarbu ‘jerboa’ (also Held mouse) yalma:n llou. 11, 13; also used as a P.N. da. 30, 4: xıv yalman al-yarbu İd. 97; Bul 10, 9: xv cerhu (sic) yalman Tuh. i ıb. 7.

Dis. V. YML-

D yamal- Pass. f. of yama:- ; ‘to be patched' and the like. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı to:n yamaldi: ‘the garment (etc.) was patched’ (ruqi'a) Kaš. III 82 (yamalu:r, yamalma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yamal- pitta tea tuušla šudan ‘to be patched’ San. 337r. 16.

D yumul- Pass. f. of 1 yum-, q.v.; 'to be shut’. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı bu er ol kö:zi: yümülge:n (sic) ‘this man’s eyes are constantly shut and closed in sleep’ (yandanım (MS. yandam) tarfahu iva tağdî (MS. tağšî) tua tasin) Kaš. III 55; n.m.e.: KB 5674 (*ekklle:-): Čağ. xv ff. yumul- (spelt) bar-ham nihada šudan ‘to be shut’, of the eyes or mouth San. 34er. 15 (quotn.): Kip. xıv (yumak közlü: ‘with eyes shut’; and one says allusively of death') közi: yıımuldı: ‘his eyes were closed’ (ğumidat) Id. 98: Osm. xıv to xvı yumul-‘ (of the eyes) to close; to crouch, cower’, and the like; in a few texts TTS I 849; II 1076; III 827; IV 906 (in the meaning ‘to come together, assemble’, if this translation can he confirmed, it should be transcribed as yomul-, presumably cognate to yomıt-, etc.).

D yamla:- Den. V. fr. 1 ya:m; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ol evin yamla:di: hawwaqa baytahu iva kannasahu ‘he swept out (Hend.) his house’ (i.e. removed the dust) Kaš. III 310 (yamla:r, yamla:ma:k); közüm yašın yam-İadı: 'alaca qada ’ayni bi-ru'yatihi ‘he cleared out the piece of dust in my eye with his glance' III 84, 24.

D yamlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yamla:-. Xak. xı ol evin yamlatti: ‘he gave orders for his house to be swept’ (hi-tafnviq) and it was swept Kaš. II 356 (yamlatu:r, yamlatma:k).

D (S) yimlen- (imlen-) Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of İmle:-. Xak. xı KB (when one sees this beautiful face one is honored) körjül ačlur anda bu can yimlenür ‘one’s heart is gladdened then and one’s soul is beckoned’ 2465.

Dis. V. YMR-

D yamlaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yamla:-. Xak. xı ol agar ev yamlašdı: ‘he helped him to sweep out (/f tahwiq) his house’ (etc.) Kaš. III 105 (yamlašu:r, yamlašma:k).

D yumluš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yumul-; note the back vowels. Xak. xı kö:zle:r yumlušdi: 'the eyes shut’ (ağdat) Kaš. III 105 (yumlušuır, yumlušma:k).

Dis. YMN

yama:n ‘bad, evil’, and the like, of persons and things. Not traceable earlier than xr, and, unlike yavla:k, yaviz, w. no other shade of meaning. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (of an omen) yaman ‘it is bad’ TT VII 29, 6-22 (a late text; yaman in USp. 22, 47 is a misreading of yeme): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Did. ‘had’ yaman; ‘a wicked man’ yaman kiši Ligeti 280; R III 301: Xak. xı yama:n al-radV ‘wicked, bad’ of anything; yama:ni:g (‘a bad disease’)al-cudam ‘elephantiasis’ Kaš. III 30: xıv Muh. mudbir ‘in a bad state’ (opposite to ‘good’ yaxšı:) yama:n Mel. 18, 7; 54, 3; Rif. 97, 150; adbar ‘in a worse state’ yama:nrak 18, 7; 97; afsada ‘to do mischief’ yama:n išle- 104 (only); intahasa 'to be unfortunate, distressed’ yama:n bol- 105 (margin, only): Čağ. xv ff. yaman bad iva zahün ‘bad, weak’ San. 337V. \\ 4 (quotn.; and in Mong. ‘goat’, i.e. Sec. f. of 1 ımğa:): Xwar. xııı (?) yaman (1) (of an animal) ‘vicious’ Oğ. 24; (2) (of a battle) ‘violent, bloody’ do. 165, 303: xıv yaman ‘bad’, common in several shades of meaning Qutb 66; MN 100, etc.; Nahc. 8, 14; j6, 2; 286, 16 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘bad, evil’ yaman CCI, CCG; Gr. 112 (quotns.; common): Kip. xııı al-radi' (opposite to ‘good’ eygi:/key) ya-ma:n (/yawuz) Hnu. 25, 10: xıv yaman al-širr ‘bad’ Id. 98; a.o. 74 (kılık): xv if you are surprised at someone’s had behaviour (man qabaha siratuhu) you say ne yaman kiši: dir bu: Kav. 17, 17; al-tvahš ‘wild, savage’, al-radi', and, of a man, al-nahas ‘unfortunate, distressed’ are yaman do. 23, 9; a.o. 60, 5 (opposite to ‘good’ yaxšı:); zvahš yaman Tuh. 38b. 2; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv yaman ‘bad’, often in contrast with eyii/yaxši; c.i.a.p. TTS I 776; II 988; III 761; IV 834.

Dis. V. YMN-

D yamam- Refl. f. of yama:-; s.i.s.m.I., sometimes as Pass. Xak. xı er to:nın yamandı: (j/c) ‘the man commissioned the patching (raq') of his garment’ Kaš. III 85 (yama:nu:r, yama:nma:k; sic).

D yumun- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yum-; the Infin. is either -ma:k altered to -me:k or vice versa, prob. the first. Xak. xı olko:zin (VU) yumundi: ‘he pretended to shut (yuğdt) his eyes’ Kaš. III 86 (yumunu:r, yumunma:k ?).

Dis. YMR

(D) yumur basically ‘something round, globular, coiled’j hei}ČČ ‘the bowels’, esp. of \\ an animal. Intrans. Dev. N. fr. 2 *yum-. Survives in one or both meanings in NE Tuv. čumur: NC Kır. jumur; Kzx. Jumir: NW Kk. jumir; Krim yumur R III 577; another cognate word yumru and the like s.i.s.m.I. in the first meaning. Cf. yumurla:-, etc. Xak. xı yumur (MS. y.muŋ al-mimrağa ft'l--hayatven ‘the bowels, or caecum, of an animal’ Kaš. III 9: Kip. xv infaha ‘an animal’s stomach’, and ‘rennet’ (maya ‘rennet’/)yumur Tuh. 5a. 4.
937

D yumruk See yidruk.

Dis. V. YMR-

yimir- (smash, uproot) ‘to smash, uproot’, and the like; s.i.s.m.I. in all groups except SE with the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Atavakı yeknig küvenčlig tağın yirni-reyin ‘I will shatter the demon Afavaka’s mountain of pride’ TT X 200-1; a.o. Suv. 602, 8-11 (2 to:ğ): Xak. xı er yığa:č ye-mtirdi: ‘the man uprooted (qala'a, MS. qata'a) the tree’ (etc.) Kaš. III 69 (yemtirür, yemürme:k; a second hand added tomurdi:, tomurma:k below the line, but 2 tomur-, q.v., has a different meaning); bu su:v ol yığa:čığ yemürge:n ‘this water is constantly uprooting (qalla... musta'šil) trees’; also used of anything which uproots (musta'fil) III 54: Čağ. xv ff. yünür- xarab kardan ‘to destroy’, etc.; also pronounced ytimür- San. 352r. 1 (quotn.); reverse entry 346V. 7 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yemür- ‘to break down, crush’ Qutb 80: Kip. xıv yümür- 'ade (inter alia) ‘to do violence’ Id. 98: xv marata ‘to flatten’ yümür- Tuh. 35b. 7: Osm. xv, xvı yümür-‘to destroy’; in two texts TTS I 850; II 1076 (yumur-, mistranslated in /); yık- ydmir- ‘to destroy’ IV 886 (yimir-).

D yemril- (smashed, uprooted) Pass. f. of yimir-; ‘to be smashed, uprooted’, etc.; s.i.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu ağız yimrilip ‘this (canal) mouth having been destroyed’ Suv. 602, 14; a.o. U IV 40, 164-8 (basğuk): Čağ. xv ff. yemrül-/yem-rüš- xarab šudan ‘to be destroyed’, etc. San. 352r. 18 (quotns.); yümrül-/yümrüš- ditto, also pronounced yimrül-/yemrüš- 346V. 15 (quotn.): Kip. xv mamrüt ‘flattened’ yümürül-miš Tuh. 34b. 6.

D yamraš- (crowd, amass) Caus. f. of *yamra:- which survives in NC jamıra- ‘to crowd together vigorously’, esp. of lambs when they are released to go to their mothers for a meal; the Caus. f. survives in both languages, but Kzx. jamiras- is noted only in R IV 63. Xak. xı kuzı: yamrašdı: ixtalafa'l-sixal ma'a'1-ni'ec ‘the lambs mingled with the ewes’ Kaš. III 102 (verse; no Aor. or Infin.).

D yemrüš- Co-op. f. of yimir-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol agar yığa:č yemrüšdi: ‘he helped him to uproot (ft qal') the tree’ Kaš. III 103 (yemrüšü:r, yemrüšme:k): Čağ. xv ff. San. 346V. 15 j 352r. 18 (yemrül-).
938

Tris. YMR

(D) yımırtğa:/yumurtğa: Preliminary note. Kač. distinguishes carefully between yımırtğa: 'green vegetable' and yumurtğa: 'egg'. There is no other trace of such a word meaning 'green vegetable’, but ‘egg’ is NE Alt. yimirtka; Khak. nimirxa; Tub. nimirtka.- NW Kar. T. yimirtxa R III 500; lrmrtxa Row. 1).}, and according to R III 500 .SIT Az. yimirta (but modern dicts, have yumurta). NE Tuv. is ču:rğa. Other languages have -u- -u-, but the -ğ- has become -k-in NC, SC, NW; SW Osm. yumurta; Tkm. yumurtğa; not noted in SE. Yumurtğa: is clearly cognate to yumğa:k, yumur, etc. in the sense of ‘something round’ and theoretically Dev. N. in -ğa: fr. *yumurt-double Caus. f. of 2 *yum-.

(D ?S) yımırtğa: (cucumber) Hap. leg. in this sense. Xak. xı yımırtğa: ya:š w. kasras on the ya and mint ‘any soft vegetable’ (baql (MS. naqP.) na'im) like spinach or cauliflower, which does not have (deep) roots; and anything with green leaves (xadŋ and cucumbers are called yımırtğa: Kaš. III 433.

(D) yumurtğa: ‘egg’. Uyğ. Vm ff. ’ Civ. takığu yumurğasın (sic) ‘a hen’s egg’ H I 69; takığu yumurtğasınča ‘the size of a hen’s egg’ do. 182: Xak. xı yumurtğa: ‘the egg’ (bayd) of a hen or other bird; and ‘the testicle' (xusya) of a man or other animal is called yumurtğa: Kaš. III 433: xıv Muh. al-bayd yu:murta: Mel. 66, 1; Rif. 165: Čağ. xv ff. yumurtğa (spelt) hayda San. 346V. 26 (quotn.); Oğuz/Kıp. xı Kaš. II 313 (yut-): Kom. xıv ‘egg’ yumurtka CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-bayd yumurtka:; Tkm. yumurda: Hou. 10, 15: xıv yumurtğa (MS. yam-) al-bayd, in the Kiteb Beylik w. -k- for -ğ-Id. 98 ; al-bayd yumurtğa:/yumurda: (MS. yamurtuğa:! yamar da) Bui. 8, 7: xv ditto yumurta: (MS. yam-) Kav. 62, 18; ditto yumrutka Tuh. 7b. 5: Osm. xıv to xvı normally yumurda TTS I 849; II 1076; III 828; IV 906.

Tris. V. YMR-

D yumurla:- Den. V. fr. yumur; Hap. leg., but kattala ‘to knead (dough) into a ball’ yumurlat- is noted as Kip. xııı in Hou. 43, 11. Xak. xı (flocks and herds of sheep, camcls, and horses) yumurlayu: erkenin sütin sağa:r ‘he rounds them up (yacma'uha) early in the day and milks them’ Kaš. I 389, 17; n.m.e.

D yumurlan- Refl. f. of yumurla:-; pec. to Kaš.; the second quotn. in a grammatical passage is not described as Oğuz. Oğuzxı sü: yumurlandi: ‘the army (etc.) assembled’ (ictama'a) Kaš. III 114 (no Aor. or Infin.); a.o. II 270, 2.

Dis. V. YMS-

D yimsin- (d-) Hap. leg.; Simulative Refl. Den. V. fr. 2 ye:m. Xak, xı er aš yemsindi: ‘the man pretended to eat (ya’kul) the food but did not actually eat it’ Kaš. III 109 (yemsinü:r, yemsinme:k).

Dis. YMŠ

D yemiš (d-) (fruit, food, fodder)fruit’; an unusual Dev. Conc. N. in -miš fr. ye:- (eat). A l.-w. in Hungarian, presumably via Proto-Bulgar, as gyümöles (pronounced dyümölč), which indicates an original d-. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but in NE ‘food, fodder’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yemiš (so spelt) 'fruit’ TT VIII K.4; o.o. PP iz, 8; 79, 4 6 (as-); U II 61, 6-7 (1 tüš): Civ. (in a list of offerings; flowers) yimiš (milk, wine, beeŋ. TT Vll 25, 13; (seven kinds of) tüš yemiš ‘fruit (Hend.)’ do. 28, 42: Xak. xı yemiš (MS. y.miš but after yumuš, so yimiš) al-fawekih ‘fruit’, a generic term but normally used of tree fruit (lıamlu’l-ašceŋ Kaš. III 12; o.o. usually spelt yemiš/ye:miš and translated al-tamar ‘fruit’ I 251 (evdin-), 415 (körpe:); II 12 (bıš-), 95 (tiriš-), 146 (tirin-), etc.: xın (?) Tef. yimiš ‘fruit’ 151: Čağ. xv ff. yömiš 'umum fawakih ‘fruit’ in general San. 352r. 28: Xwar. xıv yemiš ‘fruit’ Qutb 78: Kom. xıv ‘fruit’ yemiš CCI, CCG; Gr. 121 (quotns.): Kıp. xııı al-fekiha wa’l-tamar mutlaqa (n) (‘in general’) yc:miš Hou. 7, 13: xıv yemiš al-fekiha, and in the Kiteb Beylik al-tamar Id. 98: xv mutlaqu'l-fakiha yemiš Kav. 63, 7; Tuh. 28a. 7; 85b. 13.

(D) yumuš Dev. N. fr. 2 *yum-; lit. something like ‘circulating’; originally ‘an errand’, but survives w. the broader meaning of ‘a task, a piece of work’ (practically syn. w. 1 ı:š) in NC Kır. jumuš; Kzx. Jumis: SC Uzb. yumuš: NW Kk. jumis; Kaz. yomıš: SW Tkm. yumuš. Cf. yumuščı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. iške yumuška bardačı bolsar ‘if he is going to a task or on an errand’ TT VII 40, 54: Xak. yumuš al-risela bayna'l-taculayn ‘an errand between two men’ (etc.); and it is permissible to call ‘an angel’ (al-malak) yumuščı: because al-malak is derived fr. al-ahlk that is al-risela; the Turks as a whole (qetibata (n)) do not know the word al-malak Kaš. HI 12; a.o. I 484 (birtem): Kip. xıv yumuš al-heca ‘a necessary task’ Id. 98: Osm, xıv to xvı yumuš ‘errand, task’, sometimes in association w. 1 ı:Š; in several texts; yumuš oğlanı translating Pe. parzcena ‘messenger’; ditto TTS I 850; II 1076; III 828; IV 906. (

D yumša:k (? yımša:k) Dev. N./A. fr. yumša:-; ‘soft’ in a wide range of concrete and abstract applications. Occurs six times (three excluding duplicates) in Türkü, spelt y2tmškly2mšak, both representing yımšak which was prob. the original vocalization. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı (the Chinese people’s words are sweet, i.e. conciliatory) ağı:sı: yımšak ‘and their valuable (gifts) are soft’ (i.e. luxurious) I S 5, II N 4 (2 a:r-); two o.o.: vııı ff. Man. M III 22, 3-5 (ii) (itiglig): Uyğ. vııı ff.

T RIÖ

Man.-

A (certain divine beings can be recognized by five signs; first) yumšakın ‘by their softness’ (i.e. benevolence; secondly their ruthlessness, etc.) MI 24, 9: Bud. yumšak is common, e.g. [yajlğan yumšak savin ‘by deceitful mild words’ U III 8, 14; yağlığ yumšak köz ‘a moist soft eye’ TT X 437 ; bilrtgell yumšak lkJ emigleri ‘her two breasts soft to touch’ do. 445; o.o. TT VIII G.58 (illgHg) ; U II 24, 2 (oğla:ğu:); /// 15, u (ötle:-); 17, ı4 (blirtüg-lüg); 38, 3-4 (bürtül-); 73, 15-16 (ögdün) etc.: Civ. yumšak böz ‘soft cotton cloth’ USp. 72, 1; 91, 8; (take various ingredients and) yumšak sokup ‘crush them to a pulp’ TT VII 22, 12; H I 131, etc.; o.o. do. 55 (ögh-); TT I 178 (yılığ): Xak. xı yumša:k ‘soft’ (al-layyin) of anything Kaš. III 44; four o.o. translated al-layyin or al-raxw ‘soft’: KB sözi yumšak erdi ‘his words were mild’ 464; a.o. 703: xııı (?) At. (a snake is) yoka-makka yumšak ‘soft to pick up’ 214; a.o. 216 (azıl-); Tef. yumšak ‘soft’ (concrete and abstract) 163: xıv Muh. al-na'im ‘soft’ (opposite to ‘hard’ IrJg) yumšak Mel. 56, 7; Rif. 154; al-raxw yušmak (in margin yumšak) 154 (only); a.o. 114 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yumšak narm ‘soft’ San. 346V. 24: Xwar. xııı yumšakrak ‘softer’'Alt ig: xıv yumšak ‘soft’ Qutb 86; Nahc. 105, 12; 210, 10: Kip. xı n al-naim min kull šay' iva huwa'l-raxw (opposite to ‘hard’ iri:) yumšak Hou. 26, 17; al-raxw wa huwa'l-na im (opposite to ‘solid, firm’ katı:) yumšak do. 28, 1: xıv yumšak al-naim, in the Kiteb Beylik al-raxw Id. 98:xv ne'im yumčak (sic) Tuh. 36b. 9; from yumšak, yumša- 84a. 10.

?D yemše:n n.o.a.b.; perhaps an unusual Den. N. fr. yimiš; cf. yavıšğu:. Xak. (?) xı yemše:n ‘the name of a wild fruit (tamar barrŋ which grows in the Kıpčak country’ Kaš. III 37: Čağ. xv ff. yimišen ‘a red-coloured fruit like a wild cherry (5/«6o/«)’ called in Pe. gümt7f (?) and in Ar. za'rür (‘medlar’); a note on its medicinal value follows San. 3521-. 28. .

Dis. V. YMŠ-

D 1 yamaš- Co-op. f. of yama:-; s.i.s.m.I. like yama:-. Xak. xı ol agar to:n yamašdı: ‘he helped him to patch (fl raq') the garment’ (etc.); also used for competing Kaš. III 75 (yamašu:r, yamašma:k).

S (E) 2 yamaš- (yamıš-) See mayıš-.

D yumša:- (? yımša:-, see yumša:k) ‘to be soft’ (lit. or metaph.). Den. V. fr. *yumuš, which can hardly be the word listed above, but survives in Čuv. čemdl (syemel) ‘light (in weight), easy, quick-witted’ Ash. XIII 26. S.i.s.m.I. Yumša-/cumša- ‘to send on an errand’ occurs in Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. and s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı yumša:dı: ne:ŋ ‘the thing was (or became) soft' (lena) Kaš. III 306 (yumša:r, yumša:ma:k): KB (their hearts hardened) yumšadı till ‘but their tongues softened’ 6484; a.o. 4098 (torku:): Čağ. XV ff. yumša-/yumš8j- nčrm î^dan ‘to be soft’ San. 34er. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yumša-/yumšan- 'to be, or become, soft’ Qutb 8e: Kip. xv lena wa na'ama yumša- Tuh. 39a. 6.
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V. YMŠ-

D yumšat- Caus. f. of yumša:-; ‘to soften (something Acc.)', in a concrete or abstract sense. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı ol teri: yumšattı: ‘he tanned (dabağa) the hide’; and one says ol katığ ne:rjni: yumšattı: ‘he softened (layyana) the hard thing’; and ol er sö:züg yumšattı: ‘that man spoke rapidly’ (i.e. indistinctly, hadrama'1-kalem); also used when he memorized (hadda) the Koran and learnt it by heart (hafizahu, i.e. read it to himself in a low voice) Kaš. II 354 (yumšatu:r, yumšatma.'k): xıv Muh. layyana yumša:t-Mel. 30, 13; Rif. 114; na'ama (}na"ama ‘to soften’) yumšat- 30, 13; 116 (adding wa lena): Čağ. xv ff. yumšat- Caus. f.; narm kardan 'to soften’ San. 346V. 5 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb facsimile io9r. 10: Kip. xııı layyana yumšat- (MS. yumšut-) Hou. 43,13- ‘

Tris. YMŠ

D yumuščı: N.A.S. fr. yumuš; originally ‘one who runs errands, messenger’. Survives only (?) in NW Kar. T. yumušču ‘workman’ R III 581, Kow. 205; in a few languages replaced by Turco-Pe. yumuškSr. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the 74 vajrakula) yumuščı tapığčılar ‘messengers and servants’ U II 72, 3-4 (in: Xak. xı Kaš. III 12 (yumuš); n.m.e.: KB ölümdin yumuščı ig ol ašnusı ‘disease is the first messenger from death’ 4618; a.o. 5955: Kip. xıv yumuščı: al-ğulemu’l-mutašarraf fi'1-heca ‘a servant entrusted with a necessary task’ Id. 98; Osm. xıv yumuščı (rhyming w. iščŋ ‘servant’ (? , rather than ‘messenger’) TTS I 850.

S yumušğa: See yavıšğu:.

D yemišlik (d-) A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. yimiš; ‘orchard’ and the like. S.i.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A MI 14, 9 (bark); Man. yıparlığ yimišllkigiz ‘your fragrant orchard’ M III 25, 11-12 (iŋ.

Dyimišsiz (d-) Priv. N./A. fr.yimiš; of a tree ‘bearing no fruit’. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı KB 2455 (ığač) : xnr (?) At. 324 (örte:-).

Tris. V. YMŠ-

D yumšaklan- Refl. Den. V. fr. yum$a:k; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol maga: yumšaklandı: taleyana IVl-racul (sic, implying er for ol) wa tamallaqa wa xada’a ‘the man was kind to me and flattered and soothed me’ Kaš. III 116 (yumšaklanu:r, yumšaklanma:k). .

Dy^mišlen- (d-) Refl. Den. V. fr. yemiš; pec. to Kaš. (l). Xak. xı yığa:č yemišlfendi: ‘the tree bore fruit’ (atmarat) Kaš. III 114 (yemfš-lenü:r, yemišlenme:k); o.o. 7/269, 24; III 196 (ka:tlan-).
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Dis. YMZ

Dis. YMZ

yamiz ‘the groin’; one of several words for parts of the body ending in -z. Survives onlv (?) in NE Toh. yamuz/yambuz ‘groin’ R III 309. Cf. kasığ; there is no widely distributed word for ‘groin’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yamizda meg bolsar ‘if a man has a mole on his groin’ TT 171 37, 2-3; (of a magical sign) yomuz (sic?) üze urğu ol ‘he must put it on the proin’ do. 41, 7: Xak. xı yamiz cenibavi'l-'ena zva ru üsu'1-zvarikayn min batin ‘the two sides of the pubes and the inner (side) of the heads of the hip-bones’ Kaš. III 10.

D yumuz (? yumiz) Hap. lop.; Dev. N./A. fr.

2 *yum - (round, globular, short, stout, fat); lit. ‘round, globular’, or the like. Xak. xı yumuz (MS. yumt (uz) er al-raculu'l--buhturul-samin ‘a short, stout, fat man’ Kaš. III 10.

Tris. YMZ

PUD yumuzuğluğ this word, which forms part of the name of a constellation (astrological rather than astronomical), occurs in all three MSS. of this passage and is so transcribed in TT VI; but it is more likely to be yumušuğluğ P.N./A. fr. a Dev. N. fr. ♦yumuš-, Co-op. f. of 1 yum-, in which case some meaning like ‘having the (poweŋ to shut’ might be inferred. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (after the names of six planets and before four major constellations) yumušuğluğ beš törlüg toprak erkliği ‘the five kinds of... rulers of the earth’ TT VI 93-4 (the Chinese original, which has merely ‘five earth spirits’, gives no guidance).

Mon. YN

ya:n originally an anatomical term ‘the hip’; hence more generally ‘the side, flank’ of the body, or in other contexts. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but now usually used w. Poss. Suff.s meaning ‘beside’ or, more loosely, ‘in the possession of’. As Ar. al-canb means both ‘hip’ and ‘side’ the exact meaning of the word when so translated is uncertain. Cf. yamiz, vančuk. Türkü vııı T 11 (? ; öıjdün); yantaki: do. 26 (2 to:ğ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT X 446 (yılınčğa:): Civ. (in a list of the positions of the soul on various days) takığu künde yanında bolur ‘on the Fowl Day it gets into the hip’ TT VII 19, 11; o.o. do 21, 8 (uvut); 25, 4 (ağrı:-); (in USp. 30, 9 yarı sıčısı is a misreading of yer sıčısı): Xak. xı yam ruilsu'l-zvarikayn ‘the heads of the hip-bones'; and al-zvarik is also called ya:n Kaš. III 160; (the boy spills water and) uluğ ya:ni: smu:r ‘the grown man (slips up on it and) his hip-bone is broken’ II 19, le: xıı (?) Tef. yan ‘side’ (lit. and metaph.) 138:xiv Muh. (?) al-warik ya:n bašı: Rif. 143: Čağ. xv ff. yan taraf ‘side’; bir yan ‘on, or to, one side’ Vel. 400; yan (1) samt zva ednib ‘direction, side’ (quotn.); (2) pahhl zva canb ‘hip’ (quotn.) San. 338V. 24: Xwar. xııı yanlarınča ‘by their side’ 'Ali 22: xıv yan \\ ‘side’ (lit. and metaph.) and w. Poss. Suff.s is common Qutb facsimile 6ev. 19, f>7r. 6, 7šr. 5, etc.; /I7./V439; Nahc. 11, 17; 48, 6 etc.: Kip. xııı (under ‘parts of the body') al-canb ‘hip’ ya:n IÎ011. 21, 2: xıv yan al-ca»h Id. 98: xv (under Advs. of Place) ile ainibik ‘to your side, in your direction’ ya:mnda: Kav. 36, 1; (under ‘parts of the body') al-canb ya:n do. (10, 18; canh yan Tuh. 11 a. 12; and (among Advs. of Place) 73b. 10; o.o. 13b. 12; 37a. 12.

F yaŋ l.-w. fr. Chinese yatıš; (Giles 12,854) which means both concretely ‘a pattern, model’ and abstractly ‘kind, sort, manner'. Apparently survives in NF Alt. yaŋ R III 57; Tuv. Čaŋ ‘ (human) character or disposition; custom, habit'. In SW Osm. it became confused w. ya:n and e.g. in Red. 2190 is described as an alternative spelling. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kšantı kılğuluk yaŋığ ‘the way to make confession’ Suv. 100, 6-7; o.o. do. 95, 3; U II 41, 20 (osuğ); Hüen-ts. 126-30 (birik-), 2110-1 (ki:b): Civ. 61 yaŋınča ‘in accordance with the practice of the realm’ USp. 1, 5; 7, 5-6; 10, 7 etc.; a.o. III 171 (usak): Xak. xı yaŋ ‘the prototype (or model, tnarkaz) of a thing from which the measurements (al-aqddŋ for something else are taken, and it is made in the same shape’ Čala ha'yatiln); hence one says börk yaŋi: ‘a model of ;■ hat’; side flaps or a head-piccc are cut out of paper or a spherical object is modelled out of clay, and the brocade of the hat is measured against it and cut out to match it; also used of the prototype of anything else Kaš. III 361: KB yaŋ is common, e.g. yıparlı biligli tegi bir yapı ‘the values of musk and wisdom are of the same kind’ 311; kilki yaŋi ‘its character and habits’ 344; (Aytoldi went about) bu yaŋ ‘in this way’ 498- o.o. 569, 705, 835, 1934, 3581 (yun-): Čağ. xv ff. yaŋia (spelt) mitl zva menand ‘like’ San. 339r. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yaŋ ‘model; manner’ Qutb 67: Kip. xıv yaŋ (MSS. yon) al-haqq (many meanings, here perhaps ‘value’) Id. 98 seems to belong here:xv kama ‘as, like’ yaŋla Tuh. 31a. 8: Osm. xiv, xv yaŋ ‘shape, form, kind’, and the like, often associated w. Pe. rang ‘colour’; in four texts TTS I 819; III 800; İV 87^ (transcribed yeng).

yeŋ ‘the sleeve’ (of a garment); s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı yeŋ (MS. yeŋ, but entered between yuŋ and yiŋ) al-kumm ‘a sleeve’ Kaš. III 362; o.o. of ye:g II 109 (salıš-), 187 (saltur-); yeŋ 233 (sıtğal-): KB yaka yeŋ tutar ‘seizes his collar or sleeve’ 3541; a.o. 5974 (čüğe:): xııı (?) Tef. yeŋ ‘sleeve’ 151: xıv Muh. al-kumm yeŋ Mel. 66, 14; Rif. 16e: Čağ. xv ff. yeŋ yetj... estin ma'nesına ‘sleeve’ Vel. 412 (quotns.); yeŋ (spelt) astın San. 352V. 15: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 80: Kom. xıv ‘sleeve’ yeŋ CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-kumm yeŋ (unvocalized) Hou. 19, 1: xıv yeŋ al-kumm Id. 98: xv kıımm yeŋ Tuh. 31a. 3 : Osm. xıv ff. yeŋ, sometimes spelt yeŋ; c.i.a.p. TTS I 819; II 1038; III 800; IV 874.
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1 yin (dung) ‘(animal’s) dung’. Survives only (?) as yin in some NE languages and SE Tar. R III 514; Tuv. čin. Cf. kı:ğ (dung), 2 komuk (dung), yundak (dung). Xak. xı yin al-fart ‘dung’; hence one says ko:y yini: ‘sheep’s dung’ Kaš. III 5.

S 2 yin/yi:n See i:n. (lair, den, hole, cave, nest, hiding place, нора)(nd

3 yi:n (body, flesh, limbs, body part, skin) a word of rather indefinite connotation; n.o.a.b. In some contexts it seems to mean ‘the (human) body’, in others ‘a constituent part of the body’, and in others ‘the skin’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. eti yini ‘his flesh and skin (or limbs?)’ U III 24, 6 (i) (söglün-); 30, 5; 78, 23; TM IV 254, 101; (the body (etöz) is said to be the body which comes into existence of its own accord) beš törlüg ylni yeme ken-tün bolmıš ol tetir ‘its five kinds of constituent parts (i.e. head, arms, legs, etc.) are said to come into existence of their own accord’ TT VI 448-9; (every haiŋ altun öglüg yinigizde ‘on your golden-coloured body’ Suv. 348, 1-2; a.o. TT IV 8, 68 (ölüt): Xak. xı yi:n badantı l-insün ‘a man’s body’ Kaš. III 145; twelve o.o., in seven translated al-badan or al-casad ‘body’, elsewhere usually al-cild ‘skin’; in III 278, 14 et yin is translated abdenu'1-nes wa luhümuhum ‘people’s bodies and flesh’; see I 179 (alar-), 217 (ürper-), 2el(emrit-), 275 (emri:-), 315 (ürkeklen-), 463, 12 (emriš-); III 109 (yigren-).

yig (? or yeŋ) (nasal mucus) ‘nasal mucus’ or the like; n.o.a.b., but cf. yigc:d-, yigdegü:. Cf. lešp. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (demons) yig ašlığlar ‘who eat mucus’ U II 66, 43: Xak. xı yig al-muxat ‘mucus’ Kaš. III 362; a.o. III 326 (yige:d-): xıv Muh. al-muxat yi:g Mel. 46, 14; Rif. 140 (MS. bi.tj). ’

VU?F 1 yon (medical efficacity) pec. to Uyğ.; the contexts suggest some such meaning as ‘efficacity’ of medical remedies. Prob. a l.-w. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in an exposition of the diseases most prevalent in the various seasons and the appropriate remedies for them; one must give their drugs, without interrupting the series, in these seasons) yarağınča yonınča ‘according to their value and efficacity (?)’ Suv. 590, 8; (when one is fully familiar with these diseases and their causes, one must administer remedies) igke yarašı yonınča ‘according to their efficacity for treating the disease’ do. 592, 12; (let him give a remedy and cure the disease) otlarnıg yonınča ‘according to the efficacity of the (various) remedies’ do. 593, 6.

VU?F 2 yo:n (Ionian, Greek, yavana) (Da-Yuan, Fergana) n.o.a.b.; certainly an Adj. and perhaps a foreign ethnical name, though it would prob. be fanciful to take it as a corruption of Sanskrit yavana ‘Ionian, Greek’. As might be expected there is no native Turkish word for ‘peacock’; modern languages use l.-w.s, usually Ar. taûs (which has even found its way into Mong. as to’os/toğos) or Russian pavlin. Xak. xı yo:n kuš al-te’ıîs; yo:n arık the name of a summer station (muštef) near Bala:sa:ğu:n Kaš. III f44; a.o. I 331 (kuš).\\\

1 yuŋ (n-) (wool, cotton, feathers) (wig) properly ‘wool’, but in a limited area in the early period ‘cotton’, and in some modern languages also ‘feathers’. A First Period l.-w. in Mong. as nurjğasun (-sun Mong. Suff.; Haenisch 120; Studies, p. 234). S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE where tük (tü:) is used instead; SE Türki yuŋ: NC Kır., Kzx. Jün: SC Uzb. yuŋ: NW Kk. jün; Kaz. yon; Kumyk, Nog. yun: SWAz.yun;Osm.,TTan.yün. The forms w. -ü- prob. arose fr. some confusion W. yü:g (feather, wool) (wig) properly ‘feathers’, but used for ‘wool’ in some modern languages. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 2, 3 (! Čiğay); 13, 2-3 (tan:-) (as yuŋ is mentioned in association w. hemp and could be cultivated, the meaning is no doubt ‘cotton’; as the Turks prob. first came into contact with cotton fairly late in their history, the use of this word for it is quite understandable): Xak. xı yuŋ al-šüf wa'l-wabar ma'a (n) both ‘wool’ and ‘(camel or goat’s) hair (fir)’ Kaš. III 361; twelve o.o., all spelt yu:g and translated al-šûf except once al-ša'r ‘hair’: KB tonum koy yuŋi ‘my clothing is sheep’s wool’ 4767; a.o. 4442 (azaŋ: Arğu:, Yağma:, Karluk xı yuŋ al-qufn ‘cotton’ Kaš. III 362: xıı (?) Tef. yuŋ ‘wool’ 167 (ytitj): xıv Rbğ. (Adam and Eve) yuŋ egirdiler ‘span wool’ R III 596; Muh. al-šüf yu:n Mel. 67, 13 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yuŋ (spelt) par-i tuyür wa pašm-i haywenet ‘feathers, wool’ San. 347r. 11 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘hair’ yun; ‘wool, feathers’ yuŋ CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šüf yuŋ Hou. 15, 4: xıv yuŋ al-šüf; in the Kiteb Beylik yuŋ al-riš ‘feathers’ Id. 98; al-riš yuŋ Bul. 12, e: xv riš yuŋ (in margin in second hand tüg) Tuh. 16b. 13; ša'r ‘hair’ (saš/kirpik/) yun (with šûf written below in second hand) 20b. 5: (Osm. see yüg).

2 yuŋ Hap. leg.; perhaps a l.-w. fr. Chinese. Xak. xı yuŋ ‘lumps (?) of meat (lahm ğudadŋ attached to the lungs’, eaten by women but not men Kaš. III 361.

Mon. V. YN-

1 yan- (return) ‘to turn back’ (Intrans.) and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NW w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı (the Kırkız people submitted and) yantimiz ‘we turned back’... kirkizda: yantimiz ‘we turned back from the Kırkız’ T 28-9; a.o. T 37 (and see 3 yan- (threaten)): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (they took a stone and threw it at Zrušč Burxan) ol taš [one word lost] olarğaru yanti ‘that stone (stopped?) and turned back on them’ (and wounded their heads) Man.-uig. Frag. 400, 10-11: Chr. yana yanıp ‘come back (to me) and’ U16, 2: Bud. kutındın yanmaksız evrilmeksiz erür ‘ (that man) is not destined to turn back from his blessed state or revolve (in the cycle of rebirths)’ U II 40, 102-3: Civ. TT VII 28, 6 (esen); do. 55 (asığlığ); USp. 3, 6 (kačtur-); 32, 18; 63, 4: Xak. xı er yorldin yandü: ‘the man turned back (or retumed (?), raca'a) from the journey’ (etc.) Kaš. III 64 (prov. (2 sı:n), verse (uğratğ); followed by 2, 3, 4 yan- (vomit)): KB yašık yandı bolğay ‘the sun will have returned again’ 66; (a thing which has risen) \\ eniške yanar ‘turns hack into a decline’ 1050; (the day which you have spent) yana yanğu ermez ‘will not come hack again’ 1240: xııı (?) Tef. yan- ‘to turn back’ 139: xıv Rbğ. 23er. 21 (uğra:-); Muh. (i) raca a yan- Rif. 109 (Me!. 26, 9 dön-): Čağ. xv ff. yan- (-dı) dön- ‘to turn back’ Vel. 40o (quotn.); yan- ... (2) bar gaštan ‘to turn back, return’ San. 337V. 8 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yan- ‘to turn back, return’ Qutb facsimile 8or. 12, 88v. 8; Nahc. 323, 3: Kom. xıv yan- ‘to turn away from... to...’ CCG; Gr. 112 (quotn.).
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Mon. V. YN-

D 2 yan- (ignited shine, flame) Refl. f. of *ya:- (ignite shine, flame), cf. 3 yak- (ignite, burn), 1 yal- (blazed, burned, shined) (яр, ярый); ‘to burn, blaze up', and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE w. the usual phonetic changes. Kip. xı (after 3 yan-) o:t yandı: ‘the fire burnt brightly’ (adaat); alternative form of yal- (luğafVl-İem) in the Kip. language Kaš. III 65 (4 yan- (vomit) follows): (Xak.) xıv Muh. idremıı'l--ner ‘of a fire, to burn’ ya:nmak Mel. 35, 14; Rif. 121; ittaqada ‘to burn brightly’ ya:n- (? ; MS. yala:n-) 102 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yan- (1) sfixtan ‘to bum’ San. 337V, 8 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı yaŋ- ($;c) ‘to blaze up’ 'Ali 49:xiv yan- ditto Qutb 66; Nahc. 165, 11: Kip. xıv yan- waqada ‘to burn brightly’ Id. 99; išta’ala ‘to blaze up’ yan- BuU 33İ-.: xv waqada yan- Tuh. 38b. 5.

3 yan- (threaten) ‘to threaten (someone Acc.)’. Survives only (?) in NE Bar. yanı- R III 85: NW Kaz. yana-; the normal word for ‘to threaten’ is korkıt-. Türkü vııı (I sent out long-distance patrols, I established a watch-tower at Arku:y (?) and) yanığma: yağı:ğ kelü: billrtlm (stone much damaged, transcription not guaranteed) ‘I came and reported (the approach of) the threatening enemy’ T 53: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 11, 21 (igne:): Bud. yanar enjek ‘index finger’ (an over-literal translation of Sanskrit tarjani ‘index (lit. threatening) finger’, instead of the usual phr. 1 su:k (greed, greedy; envy, envious, covetous) ergek) TT V 8, 57; a.o. do. 12, 119-21 (eg-): Xak. xı beg am: yandı: ‘the beg (etc.) threatened him’ Kaš. III 64 (followed by 2 yan-): KB (keep a guard on your tongue) tilig tegme künde bašıgnı yanur ‘your tongue threatens your head (i.e. life) every day’ 967: xıv Muh. al-tahdid ‘to threaten’ ya:nmak Mel. 36, 1; Rif. 121: Xwar. xıv bašıgm yanur Qutb facsimile S2r. 9: Kom. xıv ‘to threaten’ yan- (or yam- ?) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv haddada yam- (sic) Tuh. 38a. 6; tawa”ada ‘to threaten’ yam- 90b. 12.

4 yan- (vomit) ‘to vomit’; Kaš. shows this as an alternative form of 4 yantur-; it is perhaps merely an extended meaning of 1 yan- (return). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı (after 2 yan-) er yandı: ‘the man vomited’ (qaa) Kaš. III 65 (yana:r, yanma:k): Xwar. xıv Čerig kušlar alıp kušlarğa yandı ‘the army caught (so many) birds that they got sick of (eating) birds’ Qutb 66.

yan- (crush, crack, rout, давить, разминать) ‘to rout’ or the like; as such n.o.a.b., but 1 yay- may be a later f. Türkü vııı (the Oğuz ta: sančdım yaiidım ‘I \\ (the Türkü people let their feet waver) oza: yana: kellgme: süshn ağıt (t)ım ‘I rallied their army which was escaping in disorder (routed)’ II E 31; (the Oğuz attacked us...) sügüšdimiz teŋri: yarlıkadı: yandimiz ögüzke: tüšdi: yanduk yolta: yeme: old: ‘we fought; heaven favoured vis; we routed them; they fell into the river and died on the road of their rout’ T 16; o.o. I E 23, II E 19 («et-);. / E 34; T 41 — the word may occur as yay- in Ongin 1; the y- is not quite certain, but this meaning suits, and yan- is likely to have been yay- earlier than yad:- which hardly suits the context. (Our ancestors...) tört bulugığ etmiš yığmıš yaymıš basmıš ‘organized, assembled, routed, and suppressed the four quarters (of the world)’. (OTD p. 231 давить, разминать, проламывать, пробивать, подавлять, громить (press, crush, crack, suppress, beat (devastate)))

yeŋ- (conquer, defeat, render speechless, strike dumb) (жена, ) ‘to conquer (someone Acc.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Cf. ut-. Oğuz, Kip. xı er am: yeŋdi: ‘the man defeated him’ (ğalabahu) over something (ft šay) Kaš. III 391 (yeŋe:r, yeŋme:k): Čağ. xv ff. yeŋ- mağlûb kardan wa mabhüt kardan ‘to conquer; to strike dumb’ San. 352V. 1 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to conqueryeŋ- CCI, CCG; Gr. 122 (quotns.): Kip. xıv ğalaba wa zafara wa qadara ‘to conquer, get the better of (someone)’ yen- Bui. byr.: zafara wa ğalaba yeŋ- (/uf-) Tuh. 24b. 1; ğalaba ditto 27a. 2.

yon- (yo:n-) (cut, carve, wound) originally perhaps ‘to cut’ rather generally; in Türkü it seems to mean vaguely ‘to wound’; but s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes (SW Tkm. yo:n-, Osm. yon-/yont-) more specifically for ‘to plane (wood); to carve (wood, stone, etc.)’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 88-9 (ur-): Xak. (however sharp a knife is) ö:z sa:pm yonu:ma:s (crasis of yonu: uma:s) ‘it cannot cut (qat') its own handle’ Kaš. I 384, 25; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. yon- ‘to carve’ (an idol) 162: Čağ. xv ff. yon- ‘to carve’ (or plane, tarešidan) wood and the like; but ‘to cut’ (tarešidan) hair, wool, and the like is kirk- San. 346V. 28; reverse entry 294r. 29 (kirk-): Xwar. xıv yon- ‘to carve’ (stone blocks, figures, etc.) Qutb 82: Kom. xıv ‘to carve’ yon- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv yon- nahata wa bard ‘to carve or trim (wood)’ Id. 99: xv nahata yon- Tuh. 37a. 10: Osm. xıv ff. yon-, translated yont-; c.i.a.p. TTS I 841; II 1066; III 820; IV 897.

D 1 yun- (yu:n-) (wash) Refl. f. of yu:- ‘to wash oneself’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; often in extended forms like SC Uzb. yuvln-: SW Az. yuyun-; Tkm. yuvun-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. MI 7, 21 (arıtın-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu yunğuluk törüg kılıp yunzun arıtmzun ‘let him wash and purify himself carrying out the rules for washing oneself’ Suv. 478, 19-20; o.o. U II 42, 31-2 (arıtın-); TT VIII C.8 (burna:č): Civ. ečkü süd birle yunsar ‘if he washes himself with goat’s milk’ TT VII 23, 1: Xak. xı er su:vda: yundi: ‘the man washed himself (iğtasala) in water’ Kaš. III 66 (Oğuz follows) : ’ ıvka^yunmak anıp yaŋi ol ‘it \\ is his habit to wash himself in cold water’ 3581; o.o. 3584 (katığ), 5681, etc.: xıv Muh. tağassala ‘to wash’ (Intrans.) yu:n- Mel. 40, 19; Rif. 130: Oğuz xı (after Xak.) er yundi: ‘the man performed the ritual ablutions’ (tawadda'a) Kaš. III 66 (yuna:r, yunma:k): Xwar. xıv yun- ‘to wash oneself, perform the ritual ablutions’ Qutb 86; Nahc. 10, 12; 44, 2; 243, 6-7; 266, 8: Kom. xıv yu:n- (or yuwun- ?) ‘to wash’ (Intrans.) CCG; Gr. 130: Kip. xııı iğtasala yun- (Imperat., in error, -gil) Hou. 37, 2: xıv ditto Bul. 29V.: xv ditto yu:n- Kav. 76, 4; (šu koyun-; in margin in second hand) yun- Tuh. 6a. 6; yundum 77b. e: Osm. xıv to xvı yun-, less often yuvun- *to wash’ (Intrans.); in several texts TTS I 850; II 1077-80; III 826; IV 907-9.

2 yun- (yu:n-) (OTD p. 280 JUN- II см. jan- IV. испытывать тошноту, вырывать (get worse, (feel) bad, vomit), JUNČI- ухудшаться, плошать (get worse, (feel) bad)
943

Dis. YNA

S yün- See ün- (Türkü).ün- (rise, sprout, stand up, ortho-)

Dis. YNA

D yana: (return) Ger. fr. 1 yan- (return); fr. the earliest period used both (1) as an Adv. meaning‘again’, esp. in such phr. as yana: yan- ‘to turn back again’; (2) as a Conjunction ‘and again’, sometimes hardly more than ‘and’. During the medieval period, and even earlier, perhaps influenced by yeme: which is almost syn., it became yene in some languages. It survives in SE Türki yana/yene/yene: NC Kır., jana; Kzx. Jana/jene: SC Uzb. yana: NW Kk. Jene; Kaz. yane; Kumyk gene; Nog. yana: SW Az. yene; Osm. gene/yine; Tkm. yene. Türkü vııı fF. IrkB 44 (titm-); Man. (anyone who says) tertrü yana igideyü ‘perversely and falsely’ Chuas. 135: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (just as fire which arises from (friction with) wood) yana ığačağ örteyür ‘thereupon burns the wood’ MI 7, 3; similar \\ o.o. do. 8, 7 etc.: Man. similar phr. Ml 18, 6 (in: Chr. U 16,2 (yan-): Bud. yana ‘again; and’ is common; in TT VIII spelt yna: in e.48, yrte: in G.22, and yine: (sic?) in K.io; in U II 88, 79 yine and in U IV 50, 128; TT X 17, 358 yene ök; it usually begins the sentence and means ‘and again’, sometimes in the phr. yeme (VU) yana or (VU) yana yeme, but sometimes follows an Adv., e.g. ken (VU) yana ‘and then later’ TT IV 4, 5: Civ. yne: ‘again’ TT VIII L. 16, 46; (VU) yana ‘and again’ often begins a sentence in H i: Xak. xı yana: (prob. so pronounced) a Particle meaning teniya (n) ‘for a second time, again’; hence one says yana: keldi: caa teniya (n) Kaš. III 26; (misplaced in a section for words with -y- as the second consonant, ?a later addition) yana: a Particle connoting ‘return’ (al-rac'a); hence one says yana: keldim raca'tu wa ci'tu tdniya (n) III 170; eight o.o. translated ‘and, then, again’: KB yana ‘and, and then’ is common 171, 234, 341, etc.; ‘again’ 1240 (1 yan-), 2396 (udit-), etc.: xııı (?) At. yana ‘and then’ 9, etc.; Tef. yana ‘again’ 139: Čağ. xv ff. yana ğayrl wa tekrar ‘other, again’ (quotn. w. yanalar ‘other people’); yanayı ğayrtyi; yana yene ve bir kerre daxt ‘once more’ (quotn.) Vel. 408; yana (spelt yena) (1) niz ‘again’’ in the sense of repetition (takreŋ, in Ar. ayfa (n); (2) digm ‘another’; (3) gayr ‘other’; also spelt yöna (h) and yana (h) (iyene) San. 338V. 29 (quotns.)} yana (spelt yana (h), yena (h)) same as yönd, same translation 339r. 25 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı yene/gene ‘and’ 'Ali 10; xın (?) gene (usually spelt gne, once gJne) ‘and, and then’ is common in Oğ.: xıv (VU) yana ‘and; again’ Qutb 67; MN 50; Nahc. 2, 8; 22, 12 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘again’ yana/yene CCG; Gr. 113, 122 (quotn.): Kip. xııı tumma ‘then, later’ (VU) yana: Hou. 56, 4 (examples follow): xv kame annahu ‘likewise’ (?) (VU) yana/gene (/dağı), also tumma bi-ma’ne ayda (n) Tuh. 31a. 8.

F 1 yaŋa: ‘elephant’; pec. to Uyğ.; an obvious l.-w. of unknown origin, also spelt yaŋa:n, yaŋa:n, qq.v. Uyğ. virr ff. Man. (an invocation) yaŋam ‘my elephant’ M II 8, 13 (ı): Bud. Sanskrit negavat ‘like an elephantya:ŋa teg TT VIII B.8; o.o. do. C.5 (tiši:); U I 37, 2; III 55, 3 (ürk-) etc.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. hsiang ‘elephant’ (Giles 4.287) yaŋ Ligeti 280; R III 58 (yay).

2 yaŋa: syn. w. ya:n and perhaps to be explained as an Oğuz form of the Dat., yaŋa: < yaŋğa: < ya:ŋka:, erroneously used as a Nom. It still survives in SW Osm. (in idiomatic expressions) and Tkm. yaŋa:. Oğuz xı yaŋa: ‘the side (cenib) of a valley, and the bank (šaft) of any river’ Kaš. III 369: XIV Muh. al-cenib yaŋa: Mel. 85, 3; Kx/. 191 (MS. yabga:): Kip. xıv yaŋa: al-ciha ‘side, direction’; one says bu: yaŋa: ‘to this side’, ol yaŋa: ‘to that side’ Id. 99; al-fawb ‘side, direction’ yağa: (to be read yaya:?) Bui. 14, 8: xv ciha yana Tuh. 12a. 1: Osm. xıv ff. yaŋa ‘side, direction’; c.i.a.p. usually in such phr. as bir yaŋadm ‘on the one hand’, senden yaŋa ‘in your direction’ TTS I 776; II 989; III 761; IV 834: xvııı yaŋa (spelt) in Ritmi, cenib tea samt ditto San. 339r. 13.

yaŋı: ‘new’ (young), both concrete and abstract (e.g. of year). S.i.a.m.l.g. in a wide range of forms; NE yaŋı/ya:/ča:/na:: SE Türki yeŋi/yeŋgi/ yeŋi: NC Kır. jagi; Kzx. jaŋa: SC Uzb. yangi: (young) NW Kk. jaŋa; Kaz. yaŋa; Kumyk, Nog. yaŋi: SW Az. yeni; Osm. yeŋi; Tkm. yağı. Uyğ. vııı yaŋi: ‘one of the first ten days of the month’, e.g. [eg iljki: ay altı: yaŋi:ka: ‘on the sixth day of the first month’ Šu. N 9; a.o.o.: vıı 1 ff. Man.-A M I 14, 8-10 (bark): Bud. yaŋi kün 'the first day’ (of a period) TT VI 324-6 (ö:d (time)); U II 21, 7 and 19; a.o. Suv. 609, 16 (enükle:-): Civ. yaŋi in the same meaning as in vııı is common in TT VII, VIII and USp.; o.o. TT I 85, 117: Xak. xı yaŋi: ne:g 'anything new’ (cadtd) Kaš. HI 3^9’ a.o. I 376, 12: KB yaŋi ‘new’ is common 349, 492 (yaŋi kelgüči ‘newcomer’), 686-8, etc.: xııı (?) At. 195 (eskir-); Tef. ditto 151 (yet)ŋ: xıv Muh. al-cadid (opposite to told eski:) yaŋi: Mel. 54, 3; Rif. 151; al-nayriht ‘new year’s day’ yaŋi: kü:n 79, 17; 184! Čağ. xv ff. yaŋi yerji Vel. 403 (quotns.); yaŋi (spelt) naw wa teza ‘new, fresh’, also spelt \\ yaŋ San. 339r. 21 (quotns.); yaŋ same translation 3391". 11 (quotn.; an error; yaŋ baš here seems to be a Sec. f. of yan baš); yeŋi same translation 352V. 18: Xwar. xııı aymg yağası (sic) ‘the new moon’ 'Ali 3e:xiv yaŋi ‘new’ Qutb 68; Nahc. 253, 7: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hihll ‘the new moon' yayı: ay ya'nî qamar cadid Hou. 5, 4: xıv ye[)i: (? misvocalization) al-cadid Id. 98: XV al-cadid (opposite to ‘old’ eski:) yaŋi: Kav. 64, 15; cadid yaŋi; Tkm. yanğı Tuh. 11b. 9; hilel yaŋi ay 37b. 7.
944

Dis. YNA

E yanu: See tanu:.

H yeŋe: See yeŋge:.

Dis. V. YNA-

yanu:- ‘to sharpen’; less specific than bile:- (sharpen)‘to whet’. Survives, same meaning, in NE Bar. yam- R III 85; Tuv. čanı-: NC Kır. jam:-/ jan-; Kzx. jan-: NW Kk. jam-; Kaz. yana-; Nog. yan-. Xak. xı er biče:k yanu:di: ‘the man sharpened (šahada) the knife’ (sword, and the like), that is when he passed it to and fro (amarra) on (the palm of) his hand after he had sharpened it (scumahu) Kay III 91 (yanu:r, yanu:ma:k).

yeni:- n.o.a.b.; apparently Intrans:'"171 the sense of ‘to be, or become, light’, cf. yenik; of Kay’s, two etymologies the first is correct but inverted, the second impossible. Xak. xı urarğut yeni:di: ‘the woman gave birth and laid down her burden’ (waladat... tea uada'at hamlaha); this V. is used specifically (xeššata (? ı)) of women only; in the case of other animals the name of the offspring (al-tnaulud) is taken and the Suff. -la:- is added to it to give the concept of parturition (al-riitac), e.g. of acowonesaysinge:kbuza:ğu:-la:di: ‘the cow gave birth to a calf’, buza:ğu: with Suff. -la:- (other examples follow). There are two possible etymologies (ištiyeq) of yeni:-; one is that it is derived fr. the phr. yenik ne:g ‘a light (al-xafif) thing’, and that when she laid down her burden she became light (xajfat), yenildi: w. a kasra on the nün, but the regular form for this meaning would have a damma (i.e. yenikdi:; there is no good foundation for this statement). The other is that it is derived fr. yi:n ‘a body’ (al-hadan) and that the woman, when she gave birth, ejected (axracat) a body (casad) from herself. Both theories are plausible (hašan) Kaš. III 91 (yeni:r (sic), yeni:me:k); bu: ura:ğut ol yeni:gü: (sic?, the MS. has ye/ene/itığU:) ‘this woman is on the point of giving birth’ (ašrafat ’ale'l-tcileda) III 3e: KB bodun ašğı arttı yenip yükleri ‘the people’s benefits increased, their burdens becoming light’ 1654.

yoga:- ‘to make false accusations (against someone Acc., to someone Dat.)'; survives onlv (?) in NE yogdo-/yogna- R III 415. Uyğ. vııı fF. Bud. TT IV 8, 71 (čašur-): Xak. xı ol anı: begke: yoga:di: ‘he made false accusations against hitn (waše bihŋ to the beg' (etc.) Kaš. III 397 (yoga:r, yoga:ma:k); a.o. 376 (yoga:ğ): KB yogağlı yogasa bu yalguk iti ‘if this dog among men makes a false accusation (against me)’ 5869; meni kim yogasa ayıtğıl maga ‘if someone accuses me falsely, question me’ 5871.

E yöne- See ün- Türkü.

Mon. V. YNC-

yanč- (crush, trample) (junk) ‘to crush, trample on’, and the like; survives in NC Kır. janč-; Kzx. janšı-: SC Uzb. yanč-: NW Kaz., Kumyk yanč-; Nog. yanš-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (just as the hammer and anvil which are made of iron) yana kamağ temireg kentü yančar ‘thereupon themselves crush all (kinds of) iron’ MI 18, 12-13: Bud. in confessions of sins it has no Object and seems to mean ‘to be oppressive’ or the like; (if either in iny previous or present incarnation) yančdım erser tilin sözleyü... yančdım erser U II 76, 13; o.o. do. 85, 30 fT.; Suv. 134, 7-8; Civ. satun yančıp 'crushing garlic’ H I 176; a.o. II 10, 72: Xak. xı ol ka:ğu:nuğ yančdı: ‘he trampled on (xabbata) the melon (etc.) and crushed it (.daqqa) beneath his feet’; also used of anything when he bit (‘adda) something and pressed (damma) its parts together Kaš. III 435 (yanča:r, yančma:k, MS. in error me:k); a.o. III 303, 10: KB yanč- is fairly common, e g. yağı boym yančsa ‘if he crushes the enemy’s neck’ 1926; o.o. 2016 (örkle:-), 2022, 4015, 4845: Čağ. xv ff. yanč- (spelt) narm kardan 'to soften’ San. 338r. 10 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘to crush’ yanč- CCG; Gr. 113’  (quotn.): Kip. xv darasa ‘to wear out, erase’ yanš- Tuh. 16a. 9; 'afasa ‘to wring, squeeze’ yanš- 26a. 9 (both later revocalized yanšt-): Osm. xvı yanc- ‘to crush’; in one text TTS I 778 (yancı-).

*yinč- (slight, delicate, thin, slim, bow, bend), fr. 3 yi:n (body, flesh, limbs, body part, skin) See yinčge: (slight, thin, slim, delicate), yinčür- (slight, bow, bend), etc.

Dis. YNC

?E yeŋeč See yeŋgeč. (crab; the constellation Cancer)

?F yinčü (pearl) ‘pearl’; no doubt a l.-w. from some Chinese phr., but which is uncertain. The second syllable is presumably chit ‘pearl’  (Giles 2,549), but there seem to be insuperable phonetic objections to the theory in R III 339 that the word reproduces the phr. chen chu ‘genuine pearl’, even though it is quite a common one and actually occurs in the Chinese text of III, where chen chu ho ‘genuine pearl river’ occurs in a context which suggests that it is the same river as the yincü: ögüz in I, II, T (see G. Schlegel, Die chinesische Inschrift atıf dem uigurischen Denhmal in Kara Balgassun (MSFO IX), Helsingfors, 1896, p. 104). The identity of the first syllable remains a mystery. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE; SE Türki ünče BŠ; jünce Jarring: NC only Kzx. injü: SC Uzb. inču: NW Kk. xinji; Kaz. ence; Kumyk inči; Nog. inci (jjV): SW Az., Osm. inci; Tkm. i:nci/xünci. The intermediate Turkish source through which it reached Russian as shemchug is unknown. Türkü vııı yinčü: ögüz ‘Pearl River’, the upper reaches of the \945\ Sir Darya (Jaxartes) I S 3, II N 3; / E 39; T 44; Ix. le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. erteni yinčü ‘jewels and pearls’ PP 34, 2; Suv. 446, 16; o.o. PP 6, 7-8 (bončuk); U IV 30, 51 (tiz- (line up, string)); TT X 450 (tizig): Xak. xı yinčü: al-lu'lu’ 'pearl; and slave girls (al-ima) are called yinčü: nfter it Kaš. III 30 (prov.); / 387 (tizlg); II 9 (tiz-) nnd nearly 20 o.o. translated al-lu'lu or al-durr ‘pearl’: KB 211 (tü:b), 212 (čıkar-), 4427 (tiz-): xnı (?) Tef. yincü (sic}) 154: xıv Muh. (}) al-lu'lu’ yinčü: Rif. 181 (only): Čağ. xv ff. |inčü/inči indi, durr ma'nasina (quotn.); inči xatün-i purda-nišîn ‘a court lady’ (quotn.; prob. ‘pearl’ used as a quasi-P.N.) Vel. 82; inčü (spelt) (1) mar-warid ‘pearl’ (quotn.) San. 117V. 15; inči zan ‘woman’ 117V. 21 (same quotn. as in Vel.): Oğuz, Kip. xı (after Xak.; yinčü: in Oğuz, Kip. is) cinčü: Kaš. III 30: Xwar. xıv yinčü/yünčü/yünči ‘pearl’; metaph. ‘teeth’ Qutb 80, 84 (yönčŋ, 88; MN 112, etc.; Nahc. 62, 5: Kom. xıv ‘pearl’ inčü CCI; Gr.: Kip. X.111'al-lu'lu' y.ncü: Hou. 31, 15; yüncü as a P.N. do. 30, 12: xıv incü: aî-lu'lu' Id. 24; ditto yencü: (sic) Bui. 5, 5: xv ditto inci Kav. 64, 12; Tuh. 31b. 11.
945

Dis. V. YNC-

D yančuk (purse, bag, pocket, side-armor of a horse) Dim. f. of ya:n; ‘a purse, or small bag hung from the belt’, hence ‘a pocket’. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes, the same meaning in SE Türki: SC Uzb.: NW Kaz., but in SW Osm. ‘the side-armour of a horse’. Xak. xı yančuk al-kisa ‘a purse’ Kaš. III 45; o.o. translated al-xarita ‘a leather bag (for money)’ II 6 (bür-), 250 (İcarvan-): Čağ. xv ff. yancuk (spelt) ‘a purse or pocket’ (kisa wa cibi) which is sewn inside the side of a robe’ San. 339r. 7: Kom. xıv ‘purse’ yančık CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı (under ‘clothing’) al-xarita yanču:k (MS. yunčır.k) Hou. 19, 4:xiv yančuk ditto; one says yiğit ko:š (for Pe. xwrtš) yančuk boš ‘the youth is good-looking (tayyib); the purse empty’ Id. 99: Osm. xiv, xv yancuk; xv ff. yancık (1) ‘purse’; c.i.a.p.; (2) xv ff., ‘a horse’s side-armour’; (3) ditto, ‘the flank, hip’ TTS 1778; //990; III 763; /F835.

D yunčığ (bad (condition), weak) N./A.S. fr. yunčı:- (weak, emaciated) (junk); ‘in a bad condition, weak’, and the like; used in Hend. w. yaviz. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı yunčığ ı:š al-amru'l-müdiyu'lladîla yunfaric (MS. yunfarih ?) li-da'fihi ‘an unsatisfactory affair that cannot be put right because of its weakness’; yunčığ er al-taculu'1-sayyu'l-heli'l-da'if ‘a man in a bad state and weak’; (in a verse) yunčığ yavuz tovradi: qawiya’l-xamilu'l-da'if ‘the obscure, weak man became strong’ Kaš. III 41; same verse I 103, 3; o.o.1 93, 4; 274, 18: KB (of a man) yavuz yunčığ 413 ; in 704 Ay-toldi says that the man who finds him must be cautious in his behaviour and yavuz yunčığ Ğške yakın turmasa ‘must not be closely connected with obscure, weak comrades’; but the word could be read iške ‘unsatisfactory, dubious business’.

D yinčge: (thin, slim, delicate) Dev. N./A. fr.*yinč- (slight, delicate, thin, slim, bow, bend)-, cf. yinčür- (bow, bend); physically ‘thin, slim, delicate’, and the like, abstractly ‘subtle, fine’; in Türkü opposite to yoğu:n, q.v., and almost syn. w. yuvka: (slender, insubstantial). S.i.a.m.l.g.; NE Alt., Leb., Tel. čičkc R III 2146; Kür. yi:čke do. 528; Tob. yigičke do. 512; Khak. niske: SE Türki inčike BŠ; yüncige/yincige Jarring: NC Kır. ičkC; Kzx. jigiške: SC Uzb. ioička: NW Kk. jİQİške; Kumyk inče; Nog. yij)iske: SW Az., Osm. ince; Tkm. i:nce. Türkü vııı T 13 (üz-): vııı Man. M 111 22, 3-5 (ii) (etiglig): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit sûkšma ‘thin’ yinčge: TT VIII A. 1; anur evarjt ‘and a subtle’ inčke:ke: ök do. F.14 (Dat. or ditto-graphy?); terig yinčge savlar ‘deep, subtle words’ Hüen-ts. 126-7; yinčge tözin ‘their subtle basis’ do. 1823; o.o. U II 24, 1 (ulm-); 41, 20 (osuğ); Suv. 71, 14 (si:-): Civ. yinčge (once)/inčge (three times) in the phr. inčge sok- ‘to grind fine’ HI 77, etc.; a.o. II12, 13 (elge:-): Xak. xı yinčge: ‘anything thin’ (or slender, daqtq); hence one says yinčge: torku: ‘thin silk fabric’, and yinčge: kr.z ‘concubine’ (al-sttrriya); and ‘an ascetic devout man’ (al-nasiku'l-muta'abbid) is called yinčge: kiši: Kaš. III 380; a.o. I 326 (1 ki:z): KB, yinčge ayur ‘he speaks subtly’ 613; yinčge yip ‘a thin cord’ 748; o.o. 2490 (1 toku:), 6082 (kıl): xıv Muh. (?) daqtq (opposite to ‘thick’ yoğun) i:nce: Rtf. 143 (only); yinčge 153; al-mutaqql ‘God-fearing’ yinčge: 147: Čağ. xv ff. inčike (spelt) (1) nazuk ‘thin, slender’ (quotn.); (2) ezer-i mumtadd-i muzmin ‘a chronic disease’ San. 117V. 24: Xwar. xıv yinčge ‘thin, delicate, narrow, meticulous’ Qutb 80; Nahc. 232, 6; 239, 14: Kom. xıv ‘thin, fine’ inčke CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-raqiq (sic) ‘thin’ (opposite to ‘thick’ yoğun) yince: Hou. 27, 13: xv al-rafV ‘thin, fine’ (ditto) inšike: Kav. 64, 16.

Dis. V. YNC-. V. YNC-

yunčı:- (weak, emaciated) (junk) ‘to be, or become, weak or emaciated’; survives only (?) in NE Tob. yünči- (sic) R III 598. Xak. xı er yunčı:dı: saat helu'l--racul min fiqr ‘the man’s state deteriorated owing to poverty’ Kaš. III 303 (verse, see tınčı:-; no Aor. or Infin.); a.o. II 281, 11 (1 tatik-).

D yunčıt- (weak, emaciated) (junk) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yunčı:- (weak, emaciated) (junk). Xak. xı <ol) anı: yunčıttı: asa a ilayhi wa ödehu ‘he did evil to him and harmed him’ Kaš. II 352 (yunčıtu:r, yunčıtma:k, corrected fr. me:k).

D yančıl- (crushed, softened) (junk) Pass. f. of yanč- (crush, trample) (junk); ‘to be crushed’, etc. Survives in the same languages. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A MI 9, 12 (isi:z): Xak. xı ka:ğu:n yančıldı: ‘the melon (or other similer thing) was crushed and trodden under foot’ (indağata... wa'nxabafa) Kaš. III 107. (yenčıİu:r, yančılma:k, corrected fr. me:k); o.o. I 188, 1 (ortu:): xııı (?) Tef. yančıl- ‘to be crushed, trodden under foot’ 140: Čağ. xv ff. yančıl- narm šudan ‘to be softened’ San.' 338r. 17: Xwar. xıv yančıl- ‘to be crushed’ Nahc. 338, 3; 339, 14: Osm. xıv ditto in one text TTS II991. . ...
946

Dis. V. YNC-

D yinčür- (bow, bend) Caus. f. of *yinč- (slight, delicate, thin, slim, bow, bend); cf. yinčge: (thin, slim, delicate), yinčrün-; ‘to bow (the bend)’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. TT II 6, 35 (2 sökit-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yinčürü yükünü ‘bowing (the head) and worshipping’ TT III 165 (?), 175; IX 5: Bud. yinčürü yükünürler TT X 272 -3; yinčürü töpün yükünüp ‘bow ing the head and worshipping’ U III 13, 5 (ii); o.o. U I 33, 10; Suv. 159, 16; 594, 14.

D yunčır- (bad, weak, emaciated) (junk) Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of yunčı:- (weak, emaciated) (junk). Xak. xı er ı:šı: yunčırdı: ošqû (? read ušqe) amru l-racul 'alal-su ‘the man’s affairs were put in a bad way’ Kaš. III 98 (yunčıra:r, yunčırma:k).

D yinčrün- Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of yinčür- (bow, bend); ‘to bow oneself’. Xak. xı KB 5805 (enč-rün-).

Tris. YNC

DF yinčülüg P.N./A. fr. yinčü; ‘having pearls’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. altunluğ yinčülüg ‘with gold and pearls’ TT II 15, 9; a.o. do. 11-12 (bončuk): Civ. TT VIII I.ij (asın-).

Tris. V. YNC-

D yinčge:le:- (refine, thin, meticulous, minutely, scrupulous) Den. V. fr. yinčge: (thin, slim, delicate); ‘to refine’ and the like. S.i.s.m.I., e.g. SW Az. incel- ‘to become thin’; Osm. incele- ‘to scrutinize meticulously’; Tkm. incele- ‘to make thin’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yinčgeleyü arıtıp ‘cleansing meticulously’ Suv. 244, 18: Civ. II II 8, 26 (üntür-): Xak. xı ol nerıjni: yinčge:le:di: ‘he reckoned that the thing was thin’ (daqtq); also used when he examined a thing minutely (or made it thin, adaqqa'l-šay') Kaš. III 411 (yinčge:le:r, yinčge:le:me:k): Xwar. xıv yinčgel- (sic) ‘to make (someone) thin’ Qutb 80: Kom. xıv ‘minutely, scrupulously’ inčkelep CCI; Gr.

D yinčge:len- (humble, submited) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yinčge:le:- (refine, thin, meticulous, minutely, scrupulous); note the semantic connection w. yinčür- (bow, bend), Xak. xı ol maga: yinčgerlendi: t anada'a It wa xada'a ‘he humbled himself to me and obeyed’; and one says ol kı:zığ yinčgetlendi: ‘he made the slave girl a concubine’ (surriya); and kul teŋri:ke: yiııčge:lendi: ‘the slave (i.e. pious Moslem) humbled himself, was abstemious, worshipped, fasted, prayed, and obeyed God’/Co/.///45o (yinčge:lenü:r, ylnčge:lenme:k).

D yinčü:le:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yinčü:; perhaps used only in the Ger. in -ü:, meaning ‘like pearls’, cf. arslanla:-. Xak. xıı (?) KB VP 11 (tiz- (line up, string)).

Mon. YND

yunt (yund) (horse) apparently a generic term for ‘horse’, while 2 at (horse) was more specifically ‘a riding horse’. The -u- is fixed by TT VIII. It was the original word for ‘horse’ in the twelve-animal cycle, at not appearing in this context till the medieval period, see Pritsak, op. cit. s.v. yila:n, p. 79. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. yond/yont ‘a wild unbroken mare’. Türkü vııı ff. beg er yuntı:garu: barmi:š ‘a beg went to (look at) his horses’ IrkB 5; a.o. do. 24 (emig): Uyğ. vııı big yunt tümen kon ‘a thousand horses and ten thousand sheep’ Šu. side line and ?II7 9: vııı ff. Man. Wind. 12 (sürüg): Bud. PP 3, 1 (u:d); Suv. 490, 18: Civ. yunt (so spelt three times in TT VIII P.) as an animal in the twelve-animal cvcle, ‘Horse Year, Horse Day’, etc., is common in TT I’ll, VIII, USp.: O. Kır. ıx ff. altı: bit) yuntim ‘mv 6,000 horses’ Mai. 3, 5; a.o. 45, 8 (bodrak): Xak. xı yund al-xayl ‘horse/horses’, both Sing, and Plur. like Ar. al-ibil (‘camel/camels’); hence one says yund eti: yipa:r ‘horse meat (smells like) musk’, that is when it has been cooked and left until it is cold, a good (hasatta) smell rises from it; yund the name of one of the twelve years in Turkish, it is called yund yılı: Kaš. III 7; I 292 (ögürlen-), 235 (okraš-), and five o.o. translated al-xayl or al-faras ('horse’): KB yazıda kalın yund ‘large herds of horses in the steppe’ 5370: Čağ. xv ff. yunt mediyen ‘a mare’; also the name of one of the Turkish years San. 347r. 9; a.o. 297V. 6 (kisra:k): Kip. xııı ism li-macmui'I-xayl, a collective term for ‘horses’, in the pasture or elsewhere yunt (MS. yunat) IIou. 12, 13: xıv Id. 97 (2 yılkı:): Osm. xıv ff. yont usually specifically ‘mare’, in xiv, xv sometimes ‘horses’; yont kušı ‘wagtail’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 851; 11 1077; 111 829; IV 907. '

Mon. V. YND-

yind- (find, search, seek) (find) ‘to search (something Acc.); to seek (something Acc.)'; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı (ol) anıŋ evin yindi: (sic in MS.) ‘he searched his house’; originally yindti: and then abbreviated (xuffifa) Kaš. III 66 (yinde:r, yindme:k): xııı (?) At. bilig yindseek wisdom’ 103; a.o. 417.

Dis. YND

D yanut Active Dev. N. fr. 1 yan- (return); lit. ‘something which comes back’. Survives only (?) in NE Alt. yanıt ‘a woman’s dowry, which is returned to her in the event of her husband’s death’ R III 87. Yantut in Uyğ. is syn., and perhaps a Dev. N. fr. the Caus. f. *yanıt-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if I have taken or used property belonging to a monastery) yangısın yantutin b^rmedim erser ‘and have given nothing in return (Hend).’ UII 77, 24; yantut bitig... yantut beleg ‘a letter in return ... a present in return’ Hüen-ts. 18571859: Civ. (we received certain goods; as the original (VU öŋ) receipt has been lost) tutup torku yanut bitig b^rdimiz ‘we have (hereby) given a duplicate document regarding the receipt of the silk fabric’ USp. 5, 4: Xak.xi yanut al-'iwad ‘something given in return for, or in place of, something else’ Kaš. III 8; yanu:t al-cawab ‘an answer’; hence one says sö:z yanu:ti: ‘the answer to a statement’; yanu:t al-'izvad wa’I-taman (‘value, price’) ma’a (n) III 28: KB yanut berdi hacib ‘the Chancellor answered’ 538 (etc., a common \947\ phr ); İsiz kılsa İsiz yanutı ökünč ‘if a man does evil, the requital for evil is repentance’ 929; o.o. 5790; 3584 (katığ); (an envoy delivers a letter and) yanuti kolur ‘asks for a reply to it’ 3814: xııı (?) At. cafe' kıldačıgka yanut kıl \vaf3 'make good faith the return to the man who injures you’ 327; a.o. 374 (2 keč-); Tef. yanut (1) ‘answer’; (2) ‘requital’ 140: Xwar. xıv yanut ‘requital’ Qutb 67; Nahc. 286, 17: Kip. xv (?) cawab (karu; in margin in SW (?) hand) yanuf Tuh. 12a. 2: Osm.xrv, xv yanut ‘requital’; in three texts TTS I 779; III 766.
947

D yundi: Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yun-; survives only (?) in SE Tar. yunda same meaning R III 545. Xak. xı yundi: ‘water for washing dishes (ğuselatu'l-qiša) after food has been eaten’ Kaš. III 31: Osm. xvı yuyundu/yuyuntu ditto, in two Dicts. TTS III 831; IV 909.

(S) yantut See yanut.

(D) yandak the basic meaning and therefore etymology are obscure; in Xak. clearly an Adj.; -dak is certainly a Den. and perhaps a Dev. Suff. Survives only (?) in SC Uzb. yantok: SW Osm. yandık; Tkm. ya:ndak ‘camel-thorn’. Xak. xı yandak tike:n šaıvku’ l-qatad ‘camel-thorn’; yandak čeker al-tarancin ‘manna’; yandak (MS. yandık) at ‘an unsound (al-akšam) horse’ Kaš. III 44: Čağ. xv ff. yantak (spelt) xar-i šııtur ‘camel-thorn’ San. 339r. 3: Osm. xıv yanduk (sic) ‘camel-thorn’ TTS I 779; xvı ff. yandık (sic, otŋ used in Ar. and Pe. dicts to translate names of various thorny plants III 763; IV 836.

D yundak (dung) Hap. leg.; perhaps Dim. f. of yunt. Cf. 1 yin (dung), etc. Xak. xı yundakdung’ (rawt), esp. of a horse’ Kaš. HI 44; a.o. III 167 (baftak).

PU?D ylndem apparently ‘constant, constantly, always’; prima facie a Den. N./A. in -dem (connoting resemblance) presumably fr.

3 yi:n, but there is no obvious semantic connection. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap] ylntem tutčı yintslgü (? corrupt or misread) ‘constantly (Hend.) ? ’ TT III 41; (may the mortals on earth) ylntefm] nırbanta tuğzun-lar ‘always be reborn in paradise’ (? ; nirvana is a purely Buddhist concept) do. 166-7; a o-do. 74-5: Bud. (the food of leopards, panthers, wild cats, lions, wolves, and foxes) yalaguz ylndem Islğ et kan erür ‘is exclusively and always warm flesh and blood’ Suv. 610, 15-16.

S yandru: See yanturu:.

Dis. V. YND-

D yanut- Caus. f. of yanur-; survives in some of the same languages. The text in Kaš. was consistently altered to yıtıt-, for yltlt- in a second hand. Xak. xı (after N) ol agar biče:k yanuttı: ‘he ordered him to sharpen (bi-tašhid) the knife’, or ‘to pass it to and fro (bi'1-imreŋ on (the palm of) his hand’ Kaš. II 317 (yanutur, yanutma:k; partly unvocalized and undotted and later altered).

D yenlt- Caus. f. of yeni:-; 'to lighten (someone's Acc.) burden’; pec. to Xak. Xak. xı er ura:ğutnı: y^nltti: ‘the man delivered the woman of a child’ (tvallada'l-mar'a tvalad Kaš. II 317 (yenltü:r, yenitme:k; unvocalized, but follows ylne:d-, so to be transcribed yenlt-): KB özüg yük y^nlttl ‘you have relieved yourself of a burden’ (by quitting this world) 5115; özüm yüklerin yenltmek tiledim ‘I have desired to relieve myself of my burdens’ 6080; yükügnl yenlt 6082 (fairly consistently yenlt-).

*ylne:d- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. 3 yi:n, in the sense of ‘to grow skin’. Xak. xı ba:š yinetti: ‘the wound healed’ (indamala) Kaš. II 317 (ylnetü:r, yinetme:k, in error, for ylnedü:r, ylnedmerk, cf. kuta:d-).

D *ylge:d- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. yig. Xak. xı er yigetti: ‘the man blew his nose’ (imtaxala); the origin is yig attı: rama bi'l-muxaf ‘he threw out the mucus’ Kaš. II 326 (yigetü:r, ylgetme:k; in error for yigedü:r, ylgedme:k).

D yogart- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yoga:-. Xak. xı ol am: begke: yogatti: ‘he made him make false accusations (awše bihŋ to the beg' (etc.) Kaš. II 327 (yoga:tu:r, yoga:tma:k; corrected fr. ~me:k).

D 1 yantur- Caus. f. of 1 yan- (return); ‘to bring back, turn back, give back’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, except NW. See also yanturu:. Türkü vııı (we reached the Iron Gates and) yantu:rtimiz ‘brought (the army) back again’ T 45: Uyğ. vı 11 ff. Man. yanturtuguz ayığ kılınčtıri ‘you have turned back (the children of men) from evil deeds’ TT III 127: Bud. [amarta-patr] sögütnig xwasm yanturup ‘drawing back (or giving back?) the flower of the amrtapattra tree’ TT X 491-2; a.o. do. 495: (Civ. see yanturu:): Xak. xı ol am: evke: yanturdi: (MS. yonturdi:) ‘he sent him back (racca'ahu) to the house’ (etc.) Kaš. III 98 (followed by 3, 4 yantur-): KB 738 (sÖ:ki:): xııı (?) Tef. yandur- ‘to send back, draw back’ 139: Čağ. xv ff. yandur- döndür- ‘to send back’ Vel. 400 (quotn.); yandur- Caus. f.... (2) bar gardanidan ‘to turn back’ (Trans.) San. 338r- 3 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yandur- ‘to send back’, etc. Qutb facsimile nr. 5; 84a. 2: Kom. xıv ‘to give back’ yandur- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv qalabajqallaba ‘to overturn, etc.’ (axfur-/) yandur- Bul. 73V.

D 2 yantur- (ignite) Caus. f. of 2 yan- (ignited shine, flame); ‘to light (a fire Acc.)' and the like. Not noted before xııı (?). S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. (Xak.?) xııı (?) Tef. yandur- ‘to light’ (a fire) 139: xıv Muh. adrama'1-ner ‘to light a fire’ °:d yandur- Mel. 17, 6; Rif. 95; alaqa'l--sirac ‘to light a lamp’ čırarğ (Mel. čara:ğ) yandur- 23, 1; 104: Čağ. xv ff. yandur- Caus. f.; (1) sûzenidan ‘to light, ignite’ San. \\ 3381-. 3 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 67; Nahc. 41, 17; 66, 8: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı auqada ditto yandur- IIou. 34, 7 (-gil in error): xıv ditto Id. 99; Bul. 23V.: Osm. xiv, xv yandur- ; xıv ff. yandır- ditto; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 778; II 991; HI 764; IV 836.
948

Dis. V. YND-

D 3 yantur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 3 yan- (threaten). Xak. xı (after 4 yantur-) ira kadelika fVl--tahdxd also for ‘to threaten’ (or ‘cause to threaten’?) Kaš. III 98.

D 4 yantur- (vomit) Caus. f. of 4 yan- (vomit) but syn. w. it, which suggests that this is merely an idiomatic use of 1 yantur- meaning ‘to send back (one’s food)’. Survives in SE Türki yandur-/yandu- Jarring. Xak. xı er yandurdi: (MS. yondurdi:) ‘the man vomited’ (qaa); alternative word for (luğafŋ yandı: (MS. yondi:) Kaš. III 98 (yandurur, yandurma:k; throughout this para, the first vowel is given as -0-, prob. carried on mechanically fr. the previous entry yomdar-): Kip. xııı taqayya a ‘to vomit’ (kus- (vomit), and also) yandur- (MS. y ondur-) IIou. 38, 20.

D yindür- (searched) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yind- (find, search, seek) (find). Xak. xı (ol) anıg evin yindürdi: ‘he had his house searched’ (abhata derahu), looking for his property which was suspected (of being stolen, mazinnatahu) and his lost property in it Kaš. III 99 (yindürür, yindürme:k).

VU (D) yöntüš- n.o.a.b.; the Suff.-tükin points to front vowels, the first syllable is spelt yon-, but this scriptio defectiva is not unusual in Uyğ. script after y-; as elsewhere in this text the -š- is represented by -s-, but the V. is clearly a Recip. f. The meaning seems to be ‘to quarrel’ or the like, but no basic f. seems to be known. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yöntüsü okisurlar ‘they quarrel and shout at one another’ M19, 10-11; o.o. do. 1 ,s-ı6 (sögüš-); do. 16-18 (kekreš-).

Tris. YND

D yigdegü: Dev. N./A.; can hardly be der. fr. yiged-, prob. fr. a cognate Den. V. fr. yig, *yigde:-. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yigdegü: 'nasal catarrh’ H II 16, 8 and 20: Xak. xı (under Ja'lalü) when a boy is abused (sitbba) one says yigdegü: that is ye man yasil min anfihi'l-muxat ‘you with the runny nose’ Kaš. III 387.

D yanutluğ Hap. leg. (?); P.N./A. fr. yanut. Xak. xı KB (‘the king has done good to you, a thousand returns (for your services, yanut); in return for that prepare something good) yanutluğ kiši ol kiši edgüsi ‘the man who returns favours is the best of men’ 5791.

D yanturu: Ger. of 1 yantur- used as an Adv.; ‘in return, back, again’, and the like; often abbreviated to yantru:/yandru:. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı yanturu: (or yantru:?) sakıntım katığdı: sakıntım ‘I thought again and again, I thought deeply’ IN 11: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yantru ıdtı ‘he sent him \\ back’ PP 35, 6; (how is it possible, having come so far) yanturu yana [one word] kodup barınak ‘to give up (this enterprise or the like) and go back?’ Ilüm-ts. 97 8; edgü ögllke yanturu övkeleser kaktsar ‘if he is angry (Hend.) with a benevolent man in return (for his benevolence)’ .S’//v. 595, 910; a.o. TT VII 40, 53: Civ. yanturu b^rlp ‘giving back’ USp. 115, 6; yanturup börür-men do. 6, 5; 35, 17 and yanturup altımız do. 14, 10 are no doubt errors for yanturu:: o.o. TT I 105 (axtaril-); VII 30, 1: Xak. xı yandru: Kaš. III 406, 4 (yaŋi:Ia:-); n.m.e.: KB yandru čıkıp ‘coming out again’ 521 ; o.o. 738 (sö:ki:), 2656, 5674 (ekki:le:-).

Dis. YNĞ

D yaŋa:k (cheek-bone, cheek, side, face, ) crasis of *ya:nğa:k Den. N. fr. ya:n; properly ‘the cheek-bone’, but sometimes used more generally for ‘cheek’, and metaph. for ‘the side’ of something. S.i.a.m.l.g. often much abbreviated, e.g. NE Tuv. ča:k: NC Kır. ja:k; Kzx. jak: NW Kk. jak; Kaz. yaŋakcheek’; yakside’; Kumyk yayak; Nog. yak: SW7 Az. yanağ; Osm. yanak; Tkm. yaŋak. Cf. 2 eŋ, eŋek. Xak. xı yaŋa:k ‘the bone’ (al-'azm) in which the teeth are set (ğurizat) either side (cenibay) of the mouth’; yaŋa:k ‘the side’ (cenib) of anything; and ‘the side post Čideda) of a door’ is called kapuğ yaŋa:kı: Kaš. III 376 (and see yiŋak): xıv Muh. (in ‘parts of the body’, al-xadd ‘cheek’ eg...) al-'erid ‘cheek’ (? ‘cheek-bone’) yaŋa:k Mel. 46, 11; Rif. 140: Čağ. xv ff. yaŋağ/yaŋak yatjalt Vel. 404 (quotn.); yaŋağ/yaŋak (spelt ‘with -g-’) (1) čihra zva ruxsar ‘face, cheek’ San. 339r. 14 (quotn.; (2) see yaŋak): Xwar. xııı (?) og cagakta ‘on the right side’ Oğ. 116; cog cagakida ‘on the left side’ 124; tün (? dün) yaŋğakka ‘to the north’ 324 (? confusion w. yiga:k): xıv yaŋakcheek’ Qutb 67; MN 106, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘cheek, jaw, jawboneyaŋak/yaak CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-xadd yaŋa:k (sic}; kef for -g-) Hou. 20, 7: xıv yaŋak ditto, in the Kiteb Beylik yaŋa:ğ İd. 98; yaŋak ab-hanak ‘lower jaw’ do. 99: xv al-xadd yanak Kav. 60, 13; Tuh. 14a. 4.

D 1 yanığ (return) Dev. N. fr. 1 yan- (return); syn. w. yanut; n.o.a.b., but Pidentical w. 3 yanığ. Xak. xı KB (the good man gives advantages to others but) ol asığdm bu kolmaz yanığ ‘does not ask for any return for those advantages’ 858; (I sent you a message sweeter than sugar) ağuda ačığ keldi yanğı maga ‘the answer came back to me bitterer than poison’ 3913.

D 2 yanığ (threat) Hap. leg.?; Dev. N. fr. 3 yan- (threaten). Xak. xı yanığ al-tahdul ‘a threat’; hence one says beg yanığda: tüšme: ‘do not expose vourself to the threats of the beg' (etc.) Kaš. İII 14.

D 3 yanığ (vomit) Hap. leg.?, but cf. 1 yanığ; Dev. N. fr. 4 yan- (vomit). Xak. xı yanığ al-qay' ‘vomit’; hence one says ol yanığ yandı: ‘he vomited profusely’ (katira (n)) Kaš. III 14.
949

Tris. V. YNĞ-

yiŋa:k ‘direction; point of the compass’; very common in Uyğ., both by itself and in the phr. bulug yiŋa:k (see buluğ), but hardly traceable later, prob. because it became confused w. yaŋa:k. Cf. siŋar. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ozku kutrulku yol yiŋakığ ‘the way and direction to salvation (Hend.)’ TT III 63: Bud. yigak by itself is commonest when qualified by a word w. the Suff. -tun/-tün, etc., e.g. öptün yigak ‘eastwards’ PP 37, 5; TT VI 84; tağtın yigak ‘northwards’ do. 84; k^din yigak ‘westwards’ do. 85, but here ‘southwards’ is küntün sigar; küntin yigak ‘southwards’ UIV 10, 65; (the exact meanings, often blurred, seem to be yiga:k ‘direction’, bulug ‘corner’, sigar ‘side’); tört yigak tört buluğ sekiz yigak bolur ‘the four directions and the four corners make the eight cardinal points’ TT VS, 62; o.o. TT VIII A. 1, etc. (bulug); TT X 83, 85, 149, 159; U II 4, 2: Civ. tort yigak ‘the four directions’ TT I 121; ögtün, etc. yigak common in TT VIi: Xak. xı yigark seems to be the right reading in (t) tegme: yiga:ktin (MS. unvocalized or yay-?) min kull aivb ‘from all directions’ Kaš. I 241 (aklıš-); (we attacked by night) tegme: yigak (MS. unvocalized) bustimiz ‘we laid ambushes on every side’ (min kull cenib) I 434, 7; n.m.e.: (Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 324, see yaŋark).

D yona:k morphologically Dev. N. fr. yon-, but this would mean something like ‘a carving’, which is hardly apposite; ‘a saddle-pad’. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. yonok R III 417; Tuv. čonak: NC Kzx.: NW Kk. jona. Xak. xı yona:k ‘anything placed (yüda') under the saddle (ikaf) of a donkey, ox, or the like’ Kaš. III 29: Čağ. xv ff. yona (spelt yonah) tagaltü--yi zin ‘a saddle-pad’; also called tokum San. 347V. 14: Kip. xııı al-miršaha ‘saddle-pad’ yona: Hou. 14, 3.

D yoga:ğ Dev. N. fr. yoga:-; ‘false accusation’ and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 76, 6 (čašut): Civ. TT I 74 (čašut): Xak. xı yogatğ al-ıvašy wa'l-si'aya ‘false accusation and slander’ to a beg; hence one says ol yoga:ğ yoga:di: ‘he falsely accused and slandered him to the sultan’ Kaš. III 37e: KB (a good man) yogağ tiglamaz ‘does not listen to false accusations’ 5863; a.o. 4272 (uzunči:): (xiv Muh. (?) al-ğaıvğa ‘tumult, uproar’ yo:ga:k Rif. 146 only).

D yanğı: Hap. leg.; syn. w. yanut, 1 yanığ; Dev. N. fr. 1 yan- (return), but -gi: is unusual, b would be expected. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. UII77, 24 (yanut).

(? D) yaŋku: (echo) ‘an echo’; morphology obscure, but prob. w. an onomatopoeic basis, cf. yaŋra:-, yaŋša:-. Survives in NE Tuv. čaŋği: SW Osm. yaŋkı; Tkm. yaŋki; in most other languages ‘echo’ is a der. f. like yaŋkirik or a l.-w. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when your great bell sounds, your herds of horses in the mountains) barča ešitür yaŋkusm ‘all hear its echo’ Suv. 490, 19-20; Civ. TT I 95 \\\ (oyun); 134 (ığa:č): Xak. xı yaŋku: bintu’l--cabal wahwa'l-šade ‘echo’ Kaš. III 379 (prov.) Čağ. xv ff. yanku (spelt) is what people hear in reply when they say something in a loud voice in the mountains or a domed structure, in Ar. šada, in Pe. pajuıek (‘echo’, MS. paj-nek); and in Rumi ‘the burning of a palace or building’; in both cases der. fr. yan- ‘to return’ (and ‘to bum’) San. 23gr. 8: Xwar. xıv tağ yaŋkusi ‘echo’ Qutb 68: Osm. xıv ff. yanğı/yanğu/yankı/yanku ‘echo’; c.i.a.p. esp. in Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 779; II 993; 77/765; 7^838.

D yunğuk Dev. N.I. fr. yun-; lit. ‘something to wash oneself with’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit snene ‘bath’ yunğuk TT VIII D.12, 38 (MS. yu:nkuk/yunkuk)\ Xak. xı yunğuk al-ušnen ‘alkali’; know that -k is attached to V.s and becomes the name of an instrument (ism li'1-ela) as o:rğa:k the name of ‘a sickle’ was derived fr. o:rdi: ‘he cut the grass’; and this word is of that (class) because yu:di: is a V. meaning ‘he washed’ and this is what was used for ‘washing (ğesila) clothes’; the -k was attached to the V.s as you see Kaš. III 44 (a ruŋged etymology, but nearly right).

Dis. V. YNĞ-

D yaŋkur- Intrans. Den. V. fr. yaŋku: (echo); ‘to echo, resound’, etc. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U77 24, 5-6 (etig): Civ. (in countless places the clear sound of water) yaŋkurar ‘resounds’ TT I 135: Xak. xı er yaŋkurdi: ‘the man constantly turned (iltafata) to the right and left as if . he heard the call of someone unseen or a sound or voice’ (hatif aw šazut aw hiss) Kaš. III 400 (yaŋkura:r, yaŋkurmark; Hap. leg. in this meaning, but cf. yaŋku:la:-).

D yaŋkurt- Caus. f. of yaŋkur-; n.o.a.b.; the survival quoted in TT IX, p. 22, note 84 is of yaŋrat-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap] arku (sic) tağlarığ yaŋikurtur (sic?) ‘makes the valleys and mountains re-echo’ TT IX 84.

Tris. YNĞ

D yoŋa:ğčı: N.Ag. fr. yoŋa:ğ; ‘a false accuser’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 563, 4-5 (ezügči:): Xak. xı KB (however good... a beg may be) yoŋağčı yakm bolsa tegrür yoduğ ‘if a false accuser gets near him, he brings destruction’ 5864.

D yaŋkuluğ P.N./A. fr. yaŋku:; ‘echoing, resonant’, etc. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yaŋkuluğ körkle ünügüz ‘your resonant lovely voice’ Suv. 646, 2-3; o.o. TT VIII G.70 (küvrüg); TT X 191-2, etc. (tigilig).

Tris. V. YNĞ-

D yaŋku:la:- Den. V. fr. yaŋku:; ‘to re-echo’ and the like. Survives only (?) in SW yankıla-, Xak. xı ta:ğ yaŋku:la:di: ‘the mountain echoed’ (šadiya), that is that it answers you (yucibak) in the same way as (kama) you shouted to it; and one says er kula:ki: \950\ yanku:la:di: ‘the man's enr stcmed to hear a sound or voice and constantly turned (taJaf-fata) to the right and left’ Kaš. III 410 (yanku:la:r, yanku:la:ma:k); KB kökiš turna kökte ünün yankular ‘the prey crane echoes with its call in the sky’ 74: xıv Muh.(?) šantul-šade ‘the sound of an ccho’ yaŋku:-İamak Rif. 125 (only): (Osm. xıv ff. yan-kulan-/yankılan-, etc. ‘to echo’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 7S0; 77 994; III 765; IV 838.
950

Dis. YNG

D yenik (easy, light) N./A.S. fr. yeni:-; ‘light’ (not heavy), hence ‘easy’ and the like. Syn. w. yeŋil, q.v., but less common, survives only (?) in NE Khak. ni:k; Tuv. či:k: SE Tar. yenik R III 330; Türki yenik BŠ: SW Osm. yenik/ydni (spelt \■ egnik.yeynik vegni!yeynŋ. Uyğ. vııı tT. Man. TT II 8, 44 (učuz): Bud. TT IV 10, 16 etc. (učuz): Civ. (in an unfavourable omen) er ağır tlši y^nlk bolur ‘men become burdensome and women flighty’ VII 25, 6-7; (the pain) yenik bolur ‘becomes tolerable’ do. 21; a.o. TT I 125-6 (İšlet-): Xak. xı yenik Might’ (xaflf) of anything Kaš. III 18; a.o. III 92 (yen!:-): KB utunluk eveglik yenik kurğuluk ‘wickedness, (undue) haste, and frivolous levity’ 2078.

yenge: ‘the wife of one’s father’s younger brother, or one’s own elder brother; junior aunt-in-law, senior sister-in-law’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. phonetic changes and some extended meanings, e.g. Kk. ‘confidante’; Osm. ‘bridesmaid’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. öz yetjgesi Ragagayini ‘his own elder brother’s wife Ragagayini’ U III 83, 11; (in the list of relatives in the third Pfahl) yengemiz (sic, ?read yeŋgemiz) ‘our elder brother’s wife’ (Arığ Xatun Teijrim) Pfahl. 23, 12: Civ. Oğul Tegin yeŋgemizke ÜSp. 12, 7; a.o. TT I 155 (eke:): Xak. xı yeŋge: ‘the word for an elder brother’s wife’ Kaš. III 380: xıv Muh. ‘a brother's wife’ yenge: Met. 49, 10; Rif. 144: Čağ. xv ff. yenge (spelt) ‘the woman who adorns the bride in the bridal chamber and presents her to the bridegroom’ San. 352V. 16 (P. de C., p. 559 quotes two passages from the Bebur nema in which Babur records addressing a lady as y^nge).

?F yeŋgeč (? lengeč) (crab; the constellation Cancer)crab; the constellation Cancer’. Prob. a l.-w.; the alternative form lengeč, suspiciously like French langouste ‘cray-fish’, may be the original one. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. yengeč; Tkm. leŋgeč. Cf. kučık; there is no general word for ‘crab’ in Turkish; modern languages use forms of kısğač or čadan or l.-w.s. Oğuz xı (among words w. four letters, one -D- ) yeüğeč (MS. yengeč) al-saraten ‘crab’ Kaš. III 384: xıv ]\Iuh. (among aquatic animals) al-sarateıı lengeč Met. 77, 6 (one MS. yengeč); Rif. 180; (among ‘signs of the zodiac’) ditto 79, 4; 183: Čağ. xv ff. lengeč (spelt) xarčang ‘crab’, in Ar. saraten San. 317V. 9: Xwar. xıv yengeč ‘Cancer’ Qutb 77: Kip. xııı (among ‘aquatic animals’) al-saraten yenge:č Hou. 7, 4: xv \\\ ıratan ilengiš (in margin yengeč; Tkm, kısknš, in margin kısaš) Tuh. 19a. 9: Osm.xvi yengeč ‘an iron component in a mill'; in one Ar. dict. TTS IV 875.

E yenge:k See yetge:k.

Tris. YNG

D yeniklik Hap. leg.?; A N. fr. yenik. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (just as the bonds of a wicked man) ağırlık yönikUk bar ‘may have weight or lightness’ M III 12, 19 (ŋ.

Dis. YNL

(D) yeŋil presumably abbreviated Dev. N./A. fr. yeni:-; ‘light’ (not heavy), hence ‘easy’ and the like. Syn. w. yenik. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; SW Az. exceptionally yünkül, lacking in Osm. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 42, 3 (tamaŋ: (Xak.?) xııı (?) Tef. yürjül Might’ 162 (yötjül), 164 (yügül): xıv Muh. (?) a I-xaflf ‘light’ (opposite to ‘heavy’ ağıŋ yügül (or yüngül?) Rif. 151 (only): Čağ. xv ff. y^giljnvn' (yeni?) Vel. 415 (quotn.); yügül (spelt ‘with -fl-’) sabuk ‘light’, also pronounced yeŋil San. 347r. 13; yeŋil (spelt ‘with -g-’) 352V. 20 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘light’ yeŋil/yeŋül/yüŋül CCI; Gr. 122 (quotn ), 131: Kip. xıv yürjül (with -g-) al-xafff Id. 99: xv ditto y^gll (in margin yügül/ yuka (yuvka:) glossed raqiq) Tuh. 14a. 7.

D yanlık Hap. leg.?; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. ya:n; syn. w. yančuk. Xak. xı yanlık qal'u'l-ra't ‘a shepherd’s bag’ Kaš. III 45.

DF yaŋlığ P.N./A. fr. yaŋ; ‘in a... way, manner; of a... kind’, and the like. Survives only (?) in SC Uzb. yağlığ a Postposn. meaning ‘like’, e.g. šer yağlığ ‘like a lion’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit yevacca (properly ‘and as much as’) nö ya:ŋlığ yeme: TT VIII A.2; (you have made yourself loved by all...) bir yağlığ ‘alike, to the same extent’ Hüen-ts. 1781: Civ. balıkdakı vrhar yağlığ Mike the monasteries (Sanskrit vihera) in the town’ USp. 88, 29: Xak. xı KB bu yağlığ tapuğka ‘for servicc of this kind’ 101; ne yağlığ eren ‘what sort of men?’ 234; o.o. 331, 710, etc.:x 11 (?) KB VP bu yağlığ 47: xın (?) Tef. özge yağlığ ‘of a different sort’; bu yağlığ 141: Čağ. xv ff. yağlığ gibi Mike’ Vel. 407 (quotn.); yağlığ (spelt) mitl tea menand Mike’ San. 339r. 20 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yağlığ Mike’, usually follows one N. and qualifies another Qutb 67; MN 52, etc.

D yaŋluk abbreviated Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. yaŋil-; ‘error, mistake, fault’, and the like. N.o.a.b.; in the medieval period replaced hv the cognate Dev. N. yaŋlıš, which s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SE. Türkü vııı blzlge: yaŋluki:n üčü:n 7 E 19; prob. a mason’s error, see revised text in II E 16 (yağıl-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yaŋluk (U II 87, 54 yaŋiluk) occurs several times, usually qualifying sakınč (thought, concern, meditation, reflection, anxiety, uncertainty; hesitation) and sometimes in Hend. w. other words like ters; in this context it means ‘erroneous’ (thought); \\ when preceded by a Dat. it means rather ‘offensive, hostile to’; (if I have taken part in civil disturbances and) ıduk kutluğ tüzün-lerke yaŋluk sakınč sakındım erser ‘had thoughts hostile to good men who are holy and enjoy the favour of heaven’ TT IV 10, 18-19; similar phr. but ters yaŋluk U II 78, 35; ters yarlığ yaŋiluk do. 87, 53-4; yaŋluk sakınč TT VI 023, 216, 402; ters tetrü yaŋluk törüg do. 42; (King Prasenajit) ya:ŋloğ (sic) yeg ermerz ‘is at fault and not good’ VIII H.2: Xak. xı yaŋluk ‘a mistake’ (al-xata) in affairs, spcech, action, etc. Kaš. III 385: KB sözlig bolsa yaŋluk ‘if what you say proves to be erroneous’ 193; (haste is) barča yaŋluk bašı ‘the origin of every mistake’ 633, a.o.o. (the Vienna MS. sometimes spells it yahjuk): (xııı (?) Tef. yaŋluk metathesis of yalguk).

Dis. V. YNL-

(? D) yaŋil- ‘to e:r, make a mistake, commit a fault’, and the like; morphologically a Pass. f., but the only trace of a supposed V. yaŋ- ‘to lead into error’ is in San. 338V. r, which is illustrated by one obscure quotn.; it may be merely a back formation fr. yaŋil-. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SE, SC w. the usual phonetic changes, but in some languages displaced by the Coop. f. yaŋılıš-/yaŋlıš-. Syn., and sometimes used in Hend., w. 2 yaz-. Türkü vııı yaŋil-‘to e:r, misbehave’ is fairly common, e.g. (we gave him the title of xagan and our younger sister as bride) özi: yaŋtlti: ‘he himself misbehaved’ I E 20 (in II E 17 yazinti:); bizige: yaŋiltukirn yazintukim üčüm ‘because they misbehaved against us’ HE 16 (for I E 19 see yaŋluk); o.o. IS 11, II N 8 (ölsik, böd); Ongin 11 (adril-): vııı ff. yaŋi:lmaz bilge: ‘a counsellor who does not make mistakes’ Tun. III a. 9 (ETYII 95); o.o. do. 6-8 (ur-); do. 10 (betke:či:): Man. yazıntımız yaŋıltı-miz erser ‘if we have sinned and erred’ Chuas. I 23, etc.; o.o. do. 139 (yükün-), 137-8 (bača:-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit ava-dhyaptibalo ‘whose strength is forgetfulness’ (?) unıtmak küčlüg e:rür a:zu ya:gilma:k TT VIII A. 12; tört yiŋakığ yağılıp ‘losing his sense of direction’ U IV 40, 170; yol yağılıp kač kün boltı ‘I lost my way several days ago’ do. 50, 116 (here apparently Trans.); o.o. TT VII 25, 18; U II 77, 16-17 (2 yaz-): Xak. xı yaŋılğam er ‘a man who forgets and makes mistakes (yansa wa yuxti') in everything that he does’ Kaš. III 388; yegılma:s bilge: bolma:s ‘there is no wise man who never makes a mistake’ (ille bi'l-hafwa) III 59, 14; yaŋilma:s bilge: yaŋku: ‘the only infallible (al-mušib) wise man is the echo’ III 380, 1; n.m.e.: KB yağılmaz kiši kim ‘who is the man who never makes a mistake?’ 198; o.o. 360 (könilik), 641: xııı (f) At. (if you attain distinction) yağılma özüg ‘do not lose (Trans.?) your (true) self’ 353; Tef. yol yaŋil-‘to lose, the way’ 141: xıv Muh. al-xata’ ‘to make a mistake’ ya:nğılmak Mel. 37, 10; Rif. 123: Čağ. xv ff. yaŋil- xtoud ğaîaf kardan ‘to admit making a mistake’ San. 338V. 11 (quotns ): Xwar. xııı yaŋil- ‘to err’ 'Ali 3e:xiv yaŋil- ‘to make a mistake’; yol yaŋil-, etc. Qutb 68; Nahc. 245, 12: Kom. xıv ‘to err’ yaŋil- CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv yaŋil- (with -g-, MS. yayal-) ğalifa ‘to make a mistake’ Id. 99; ditto yanğıl- Tuh. 6jr.: xv ditto (yaŋlıš-, in margin in second hand yağıl- representing yaŋil-) Tuh. 27a. 3.
951

Tris. YNL

D yanul- Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of yanu:-. Xak. xı biče:k yanuldi: ‘the knife (Kaš. has ‘sword, etc.’) was sharpened (šuhida) by passing it to and fro (bi'1-imreŋ on the (palm of the) hand’ Kaš. III 82 (yanulu:r, yanulma:k).

D yonul- Pass. f. of yon-; ‘to be carved’, etc. S.i.s.m.I. as yon-. Xak. xı yığa:č yonuldi: ‘the wood (etc.) was hewn’ (or carved, nuhita) Kaš. III 82 (yonulu:r, yonulma:k); Čağ. xv ff. yonul- (spelt) tarešida šudan ‘to be carved (or planed)’ Sari. 347r. 7: Osm. xv ff. yonul- ‘to be carved’, etc.; common until recently TTS I 841; II 1066; III 820; IV 897 (translated yontul-).

D 1 yuŋla:- (n-) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yuŋ; cf. kirk-. Xak. xı ol ko:yun yuŋla:di: ‘he sheared (cazza) his sheep’ Kaš. III 404 (yuŋla.-r, yuŋla:ma:k).

DF 2 yuŋla:- Den. V. fr. the Chinese word yung ‘to use’ (Giles 13,449); <to use’, perhaps w. the implication of using up. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu etözimin yuŋlap ‘using this my body’ Suv. 613, 19; o.o. do. 257, 7; 612, 4; TT IV 6, 38-44 (al-); U II 86, 41; Hüen-ts. 2113-14 (küle:-): Civ. üküš ed tavar yuŋlağıl ‘use much property’ TT I 99.

DF 3 yuŋla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. the Chinese word yung ‘harmonious’ (Giles 13,448), see Hüen-ts., Briefe, p. 36, note 2000. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. elin ulušın amırtğurup yuŋlap ‘pacifying the realm and country and making them harmonious’ Hüen-ts. 2000-1.

D yuŋlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 yuŋla:-. Xak. xı ol ko:yuğ yuŋlatti: ‘he had his sheep (Kaš. adds ‘and camels’) sheared’ (acazza) Kaš. II 359 (yuŋlatu:r, yuŋlatma:k).

Tris. YNL

D yanala: Hap. leg.; if genuine an Adv. formed fr. yana: by analogy w. yaŋnla:, see yaŋula:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (you have raised the banner of the law) yanala ‘afresh’ Hüen-ts. 1909.

D yaŋi:la: See yaŋi:la:-.

D yaŋalduruk Hap. leg.; N.I. fr. yaŋa:k w. the -k- dissimilated to -1-, prob. by false analogy w. kömüldürük. Xak. xî yaŋalduruk (MS. yay.ldur.k) ‘a felt hood (libda) sewn on to the shoulders of a felt coat (lubeda); the head is protected (yağšiya) from snow- -storms and rain’ Kaš. III 389.

Tris. YNI

PUD yaŋalığ (elephant) Hap. leg.; I’.N./A. fr. 1 yaŋa:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Hud. yaŋalığ sü ‘an army with elephants’ Hürn-ts. 31 9- 20 (bulıtčulayu:).

DF yaŋlağlığ P.N./A. fr. a Dev. N. fr. 2 yaŋla:-; ‘intended for use’. Pec. to Uyg. Uyg. vııı ff. Civ. common in USp., usually qualifying böz, e.g. mapa Sataka yuplağlığ böz kergck bolup 'as I, Sata, need cotton fabric for my use’ USp. 13, 1-2; but also used with other N.s, e.g. yuplağlığ čaw yastuk ‘a sum of money for my use’ do. 15, 7.

Tris. V. YNL

D yaŋi:la:- Den. Y. fr. yaŋi:; ‘to renew, renovate’. Although it s.i.s.m.I., e.g. SW Az., Osm. yenile- (yeŋile-), as an ordinary V., the commonest form met with is the Ger. in -u:, yaŋi:la:yu:, often abbreviated to forms like yaŋi:la:, used as an Adv., ‘anew, afresh’. Uyg. vııı yaŋı:layu: ‘afresh’ (?) III Ii.8 (ETY II 38, fragmentary): Xak. xı ol to:nin yaŋi:la:<li: ‘he renovated (acaddn) his garment’ (etc.) Kaš. III 406 (yaŋi:la:r (MS. yayı:la:dı:), yaŋi:la:ma:k); bašın yandru: yaŋi:la:di: ‘he reopened (acadda) his wound’ \\ III 406, 4; one says ol ı:šığ yaŋı:la: kıldı: ‘he reopened (istacadda) the matter and started afresh’ (fönt'ya (n)) III 381: xıv Muh.-cadduda ‘to renew’, etc. yaŋila:- Mrl. 24, 15; Rif. 107: Čağ. xv ff. yaŋlap yctjileyiip ‘afresh’ Vel. 403 (quotn.); yeŋle (spelt) ha-tezagi iva riaivi ‘freshly, anew’; also pronounced yeŋle Son. 352V. 17 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yapıladın ‘afresh’ Qutb 68; yağla musulmen bolğan-lar ‘recent converts to Islam’ Nahc. 75, 8 9: Kom. xıv yapla ‘afresh, anew’ CCG; Gr. 113 (quotn ): Kip. xrv yapıla- (with -p-) caddada Id. 00: xv ditto (yapirt-: in margin in second hand) yapıla- Tuh. 12a. 7: Osm. xıv ff. yeŋile, and later yepilece, ‘afresh, recently’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 819; II 1040; III 801 ; 71*875.

Dis. YNN

F yapa:n 'elephant’; an obvious l.-w. of unknown origin, also spelt yağa:n, 1 yapa:, q.v. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yapa:n al-fil ‘elephant’; the Oğıız do not know it Kaš. III 376; o.o.

II 210 (čarlaš-), 295 (čarla:-); (and see tapa:n): (Čağ. xv ff. yenegen (spelt) kargadan ‘rhinoceros’ San. 33Qr. 17 seems to be a muddled rcminisccnce of this word).

Dis. V. YNN

D yonin- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yon-. Xak. xi

ol yığa:č yonındı: ‘he pretended to hew (or carve, yanhat) the wood’ Kaš. III 86 (yoni-nu:r, yoninma:k).

Tris. YNN

D yanınčsız Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. a Dev. N. fr. *yanin- Refl. f. of 1 yan- (return), Uyğ. vııı fF. Man. yanınčsız ajunka tegdiler ‘they have reached a state of existence from which there is no return’ TT III 116.

D yonındı: Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yonin-. Xak. m yonındı: al-nuheta ııa'l--hıırnyn ‘chips, shavings, splinters’ Kaš. III 38.

Dis. YNR

D yanar See 3 van-.

D yaprak (resounding, ringing) Dev. N./A. fr. yapra:-; lit. ‘resounding, ringing’, and the like. Survives in this sense in NK Alt. R III 67; Kaš.'s translations seems to show it used for ‘ (a place where there is) a sound of running water’. Xak. xı yaprak ‘a winding valley ('eqü!) in the mountains and a path through it, below which there is a stream of running water, so that a man can traverse ii (only) by jumping it constantly’ (bi'l-rvatb) Kaš. III 384.

Dis. V. YNR-

(D) yaŋra:- (blurt, rattle, resound) ‘to make a sound of some sort’; morphology obscure, but prob. \\\ an onomatopoeic basis, cf. yapku:, yapša:-, and also čıŋra:-(ding), kepren-. Survives in NT' Alt. ‘to resound, ring out’ R III 67: NW Kaz. (yopğıra-) ditto: SW Tkm. ‘to chatter nonsensically’. Türkü vııı ff. (a woman let her mirror fall into a lake) yarın yapra:yu:r ‘in the morning it clatters (?)’ (and in the evening makes a grumbling sound) IrkB 22: Xak. xı ol bi:r s0:7. yapra:dı: lakallama hi-kalem min haqqihi an yuxfa ‘he blurted out something that he ought to have kept secret’ Kaš. III 404 (yaŋra:r, yaŋra:ma:k).

D yaŋrat- Caus. f. of yaŋra:- (blurt, rattle, resound); survives in NE Alt.: NW Kaz. (yaŋğırat-): SW Tkm. Mis-spelt yayzat- in the MS. of Kaš. Xak. xı ol apar sö:züg yapratti: he urged him to blurt out something that he ought to keep secret’ (min haqqihi'l-isrer bihŋ Kaš. II 359 (yapratu:r, yapratma:k).

Tris. YNR

D yaŋırtı: (? yapirdi:) ‘afresh, anew’; syn. w. yapi:la:yu:; apparently a Dew N./A., used as an Adv., in -ti: (as the word is found only in Uyğ. script, -di:, the usual form, should perhaps be read), fr. yapir-, Intrans. Den. V. fr. yapı:, which survives in NE Alt., Küer., Tel. R III 61 and NW Kaz. yapar- (the Caus. f. yapirt- is noted in Kip. xv 7'uh. 12a. 7). Yaparu in TT I 75 is prob. an error for this word. Türkü vııı ff. Man. TT II 10, 84 (ekkile:-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT V 22, 30 (uğuŋ: Civ. yapırtı el olurgaysen ‘you shall preside anew- over the realm’ TT I 53-4; USp. 88, 18-19 (tutuz-).

Dis. V. YNS-

?E yaŋsa:- Hap. leg.; this is the spelling in two MSS.; the Vienna MS. has tebsegüči, glossed in Pe. hasad kunavda ‘envying’, which gives reasonable sense. Neither reading can be right, but an emendation to *tapsa:-, Desid. Den. V. fr. 2 tap, ‘to desire something marvellous’ seems reasonable. Xak. xı KB \\ you have put on prccious things and covered yourself with silk) senl tagsağučı körüp kamdı köz ‘the envious man (?) seeing you lowered his eyes’ 5799.
953

Dis. YNŠ

D yaŋšak Dev. N./A. fr. yaŋša:-; 'loquacious; a chatterbox’. Survives in SW Az. yanšağ; Osm. yanšak/yanšak, same meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit lost) artok ya:gša:k sözle:me:k ‘to be excessively loquacious’ TT VIII A.le: Xak. xı yaŋšak er ‘a loquacious (al-tarteŋ matı’ Kaš. III 384; yaŋšak maqalatu'l-hadayen ‘nonsensical talk’ I 467, 9: KB (if a man talks a lot) atı yaŋšak bašı ‘he is called a chatterbox’ 1027; (the most useless kind of man is) kiši yaŋšakı 1028: Kip. xv muqarqi' ‘clattering’ (in margin in second hand tartar) yanšak Tuh. 33a. 1: Osm. xv ff. yanšak ‘loquacious’; common esp. in Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 780; II 995; III 766; IV 839.

Dis. V. YNŠ-

D yonuš- Hap. leg.?; Co-op. f. of yon-. Xak. xı ola:r bi:r bi:rke: ok yonušdı: ‘they helped one another to fashion (fi tiaht) arrows’ (etc.); also used of competing Kaš. III 75 (yonušu:r, yonušma:k).

(D) yaŋša:- ‘to chatter, babble’; morphology obscure but prob. w. an onomatopoeic basis, cf. yaŋku:, yaŋra:-. Survives in SW Osm. yanša-, Xak. xı KB üküš sözlese yaŋšadı ter bilig ‘if a man talks a lot, wisdom says that he has chattered’ 174: xııı (?) At. üküš yaŋšağan til ‘a tongue which chatters a lot’ 134; a.o. 151: Čağ. xv ff. yaŋša- (spelt) bisyer harf zadatt ‘to talk a lot’ San. 338V. 16 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yaŋša- ‘to chatter, babble’ Qutb 68: Osm. xvı ditto; in two texts TTS II 995.

D ( ?E) yaŋšat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yaŋša:-; it does not mean ‘to cause to chatter’, although it does take an Object, and is prob. an error for yaŋša:- which Kaš. does not list. Xak. xı ol amg bašın yaŋšattı: ‘he talked so much (katira (n)) that a humming noise and a headache (al-damvi zva’l-šuda) appeared in his head’ (i.e. ‘he talked his own head off’) Kaš. II 359 (yaŋšatu:r, yaŋšatma:k).

VU (D) yoŋšur- it seems certain that in spite of the difference of spelling both texts below contain the same V., which is the Caus. f. of a Recip. f., but there is no trace of yoŋ- or yuŋ-. Türkü vııı (because they caused mutual hostility between brothers (kikšür-, see 1 eči:) and) begli: bodunlı: yoŋšu:r-tukı:n üčü:n ‘because they embroiled (?) the begs and common people’ I E 6, II E e: Xak. xı ol isi:g survuğ tumluğka: yoŋšurdı: ‘he mixed (xalata) the hot water with the cold, so that it became tepid’ (fetiŋ Kaš. III 400 (yoŋšurur, yoŋšurma:k; MS. yeyšürür, y ey šür me:k).

Dis. YNZ

D yaŋza:ğ N./A.S. fr. yaŋza:-; more or less syn. w. megze:g (begze:g); pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB (I put a ball on the ground...) özüm yaŋzağını saga körgitü ‘to show you my likeness’ 661; kamuğ negke yaŋzağ bu ol söz uli ‘this is a simile (suitable) for everything and a basis for statements’ 4983; o.o. 17 (1 bo:d), 4985.

Dis. V. YNZ-

(D) yaŋza:- (resemblance, analogy, echo) Hap. leg.?, but cf. yaŋza:ğ, yaŋzat-. Almost syn. w. beŋze:- (resemble) and presumably a Den. V. fr. *yaŋız. It may originally have meant ‘to echo’, w. the same onomatopoeic basis as yaŋku:, etc. Xak. xı KB (hear what the xan of the capital city of Uč had to say) tüzü elke yaŋzap söz aymıš köni ‘he made a true statement, providing an analogy for all realms’ 3815.

D yaŋzat- (resemblance, analogy, echo) Caus. f. of yaŋza:- (resemblance, analogy, echo); practically syn. w. meŋzett- (beŋzet-) and used in association w. it; in KB 4020 the Vienna MS. has yaŋzatıp for megzetü. Pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB (there is a Turkish proverb giving a resemblance to this (muŋar meŋzetür) am sözledim men munu yaŋzatur ‘I have recited it to illustrate this point (for analogy)’ 273; similar phr. 471; (hear what the man whose wisdom is as broad as the sea has to say) sözin yaŋzatu körse kızğu megiz ‘if a man takes care to echo his words, his face will be ruddy’ 480; similar phr. 613.

Mon. YR

yar Preliminary note. In addition to the Turkish words below, the Pe. l.-w. yar ‘friend’ is common in Turkish. For yar kana:t 'bat' see (PU) yerslgü:.

1 yar (spittle, saliva) ‘spittle, saliva’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. and there more or less obsolete. Of other syn. words tüpürük/tüfürük is not old and silekey/šilegey is a Mong. l.-w. Uyg. vııı ff. sodmıš yarča ‘like spittle which has been ejected’ TT III 112: Bud. (in a list of demons) yar ašlığlar ‘those who feed on saliva’ U II 61, 10: Xak. xı yar al-lueb ‘saliva’; hence one says anıg yarı: aktı: ‘his saliva flowed’ Kaš. III 3; a.o. II 81 (suğur-): Xwar. xıv mis-wakm yarım birle ezeyin mü ‘shall I soften the tooth-stick with my spittle?’ Nahc. 90, 5: Kip. xııı al-riq ‘salivayar (also al-curuf, see 2 ya:r Hou. 21, 13; reverse entry do. 5, 18: Osm. xıv ff. yar almost always in the phr. ağız yarısaliva’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 10, 783; II 12, 997; III 768; IV 9.

2 ya:r (ravine, vale, bluff, bank, cliff, обрыв, овраг) ‘cliff, cleft’, and the like; homophonous w. yar- (ya:r-) (split, cleave); it seems to mean more precisely ‘what remains when something has been split off’, e.g. a vertical bank of a river eroded by water or a gorge cut through a mountain side by water. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; a l.-w. in Russian as yar. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yar tuzi ‘rock salt’ H I (32), 113, 142 (bağır); II12, 9e: Xak. xı ya:r \954\ al-carf (rend al-curuf) ‘the vertically eroded bank of a river’ Kaš. III 142; o.o. I 375 (kıdığ); III 152 (ka:š); 294 (toğla:-); 355, le: Kip. xııı al-curuf yar (also al-riq, see 1 yaŋ Hou. 5, 18; reverse entry 21, 13: xıv ya:r al-šaqiq ‘a precipice’, that is a high place from which one can look downwards Id. 92; (between ‘hill’ šırt and ‘valley’ ayrı:) al-saqf ‘a roof’ (.'read al-šaqiq) ya:r Bui. 3, 10: XV ruruf yar Tuh. 11a. 9: Osm. xv ff. yar occasionally ‘eroded river bank’, usually ‘gorge’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 783; 997; IV 842.

3 ya:r (friend) (OTD p. 238-239)

4 ya:r (rock (rock salt)) jar tuzï (OTD p. 238-239)
954

yer (earth, land, soil, ground, terrain, territory, place, landed property, battle-field)) (earth) basically ‘ground’, with a wide range of extended meanings, ‘earth (as opposed to sky), land, soil, place’, etc.; for the phr. yersuvland and water', i.e. ‘territory’, see su:v; it survives in NE Khak. ada čir sufatherland’: SK Türki yersulanded property’: NW Kk. cer suw ditto. C.i.a.p.a.i. w. the usual phonetic changes. A l.-w. in Hungarian as szer (/ser/) (cf. 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)). Türkü vııı yer (spelt both yer and yeŋ is common; (when the blue sky above) asra: yağız yer ‘and the brown earth below’ (were created) IE 1, HE 2; barduk yerde: ‘in the places to which you went’ I E 24, II E 20; yersuv I E 19, etc. (su:v): vııı ff. (the dawn broke) udu: yeryaru:di: ‘then the earth became light’ IrkB 26; teŋri:ke: . . , yerke: da. 20 — sü: yeri:nte: ‘on the battle-field’ do. 55; o.o. do. i6 (semrit-), 17 (3 09), etc.: Man. teŋri yerigerü... bu yerde ‘to the heavenly country ... on this earth’ Chuas. 40-1; a.o.o. meaning ‘earth’: Uyğ. vııı (we fought •. . .) kulım kügim bodunığ teŋri: yerayu: berti: ‘heaven and earth declared the people to be my servants (Iiend.)’ Šu. E 1-2; sančduk yerde:in the place where we fought’ do. IV 7; o.o. S 6, 9: vııı ft". Alan.-A yerig teŋrig ‘earth and heaven’ M I 14, 4; bu yersuv ‘this earth’ (and the tenfold heavens) do. 14, 14 — kop yerdein all places’ do. 9, 5; yübük yerdein moist (?) ground’ do. 17, 15; a.o.o.: Man. teŋri yeri TT III 59, 72: • Bud. Sanskrit dereštı ‘among the gods’ te:ŋri yerende: TT VIIİ A.zg; pfthivyam ‘from the earth’ yertin do. 38: yerteŋri törümište ‘when earth and heaven were created’ PP 5, 8 — bu c^mbüdvip yersuvdaki ‘in' this country Jambudvipa’ do. 44, 1-2 — küruğ yerig suvayu ‘watering the dry ground' do. 1, 3 — ölüm y^rige ‘to the land (or place) of death’ do. 26, 3-4; many o.o.: Civ. yerke teŋrike TT 1 12; yağız yerdo. 4 — yersuv igesi ‘the ruler of a territory’ TT VII 29, 4-5 — ırak yerdeki kiši ‘a man in a distant place’ do. 36, 7-8; ağrığ yerke yaksar ‘if one rubs it on the painful place’ II I 138-9 — yerke sidip ‘urinating on the ground’ do. 74: O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. ri, 4 etc. (su:v); a.o.o.: Xak. xı ye:r al-ard ‘earth, ground’, etc. (w. a similar wide range of connotations); ye:r the word for one of the two components (wachay) of aŋ or head-coverings (al-ma'efirŋ, it is ‘the warp’ (sada) or any colour in it which is predominant (aktaŋ-, and (threads of) a different colour are associated (or interwoven, matbu)-, one says yašıl yerlig barčm \\\ ‘brocade in which the predominant (colour, al-ağ/ab) is green, that is it is the basis (al-asl) and the other colours are superimposed (far') Kaš. III 142; e:r al-ard, dialect form of (luğa fŋ yö:r I 45; over 100 o.o. usually translated al-ard or al-nian'di', occasionally by other words like al-makfm ‘place’: KB yer is common in all the usual meanings, e.g. (God created) yağız yer3; a.o. 64; (all things will die and) töšengü yerig ‘make their bed in the ground’ 237; 1383: xııı (?) At. neče yör bar erdi ‘however much land there was’ 201; yerdin salıp ‘casting to the ground’ 265; kiši tnrğu yer‘the place where a man stands’ 406; a.o.o.; Tef. ytf:r ‘earth; place’ 151: xıv hîı/lı. min mazedi'ihi ye:rindin Mel. 41, 15; yeri:din Rif. 132; al-ard ye:r 74, 11; 177; al-maqam ' (standing) place’ ye:r 76, 1 (179 o:ru:n); al-naft ‘petroleum’ ye:r yağı: 75, 10; 178; Čağ. xv ff. yer‘earth’ (zamîn), and metnph. ‘plnce, bed’ (ni tea bistar) San. 349r. 21 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı yer'earth, ground’, etc. 'Ali 35: xııj (?) yer ditto, common in Oğ.:xiv ditto Qutb 78; MN 9, etc.; Nahc. 9, 7 (yerli kökli ‘earth and heaven’); 10, 10 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘earth, ground, place’ yerCCI, CCG-, Gr. 127 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-ard yer, also al-?nakan, al-buq'a (‘place’) Hou. 5, 15; 51, 5: xıv yeral-ard İd. 92; Bul. 3, 10: xv ditto Kav. 58, 11; Tuh. 4b. 7 (yeŋ: Osm. xiv, xv ye:r; xıv ff. yer c.i.a.p. in phr. TTS I 820-3; 11 1041-4; 111 801-3; IV 876-7, 888.

PIT 1 yır (north) ‘the north’; it may originally have had some concrete meaning like kuz ‘the shady side of a mountain’, hence ‘north’, but iF so it is lost. The spelling is erratic; in Türkü yır, in Uyğ. vııı ir, vııı ff. both ir and (VU) yir. N.o.a.b., but see yırtın, yırya:. Türkü vııı yırğaru:... ilgerü:... bergerü: ‘northwards... eastwards... southwards’ IE 28, II E 23; a.o. I S" 2, II N 2: Uyğ. vııı (I spent the winter) Ötüken irin ‘north of the Ötüken (mountain)’ Šu. E 7; Kögmen iri:nte: E 11: vııı ff. Man.-A in a passage about the effect of the winds on the waves a kün ortuda sigar yel ‘wind from the south’ drives the weaves irtin sigar ‘northwards’, and a yirte sigarki vel Svind from the north’ drives the waves kün ortudun sigar ‘southwards’, M III 10, 7 ff. (i).

S 2 yir See 1 i:r. (awl, drill)

Mon. V. YR-

yar- (ya:r-) (split, cleave, separate) ‘to split, or cleave’ (with a sharp instrument) and the like; homophonous w. 2 ya:r (ravine, vale, bluff, bank, cliff, обрыв, овраг), q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; SW Tkm. ya:r-. Türkü vııı ff. (he walks alone) talim (? error for telim) un: yarınča: yasi:čı:n yalım kayağ yara: uruıpan ‘striking and splitting the bare rock with a broad arrow-head until he cleaves many (P) ravines in it’ IrkB 40; Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kabarmıš etin yara bičip ‘cutting and splitting his swollen flesh’ U III 45, 12: Civ. II T 146-7 (otura); a.o.o. in II I and IT; boš [yer tü]z yarıpdividing the vacant land into \955\  (two) equal parts’ USp. 55, 13 (dubious): Xak. xı er yığa:č yardı: 'the man split (šaqqa) the piece of wood’ (etc.); also used of other things, e.g. land (al-arči) when he has laid down the lines of its boundaries (azvtfa'a'l--tuxumhaddiha) Kaš. III 57 (yara:r, yarma:k; and see 1 yir- (split)); bašı: ya:rip ‘I cleaved (šadaxtu) his head’ 1399, 24; 11 356, 18 (kak-); (his beauty) yardı: meniQ yihrek ‘cleaved (šaqqa) my heart’ III 33, 15: xııı (?) Tef. yar- ‘to cleave’ 142: xıv Muh. šaqqa ya:r- Mel. 27, 11; Rif. 110; faraqa ‘to separate’ (Rif. adds wa qasama ‘to divide’) ya:r- 30, 1; 113; al-šaqq ya:rmak 36, 9; 122: Čağ. xv ff. yaršiheftan ‘to split’, also pronounced yir- San. 327r. 18 (quotns.); reverse entry 348V. 2e: Kom. xıv ‘to decide (judicially)’ yarğu yar- CC1, CCG; Gr.: Kom. xııı šaqqa min šaqqi'l--šay yar- Hou. 41, 6; a.o. 5, 18: xıv (after yırt- (tear)) yar- šaqqa qalîla (n) (‘a little’, Pin antithesis to yırf-) İd. 93: xv yar- nafa'a (‘to benefit’) aw caraha (both ‘to profit’ and ‘to wound’) wa šaqqa Kav. 9, 18 (see yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable) (under Š-) qadda ‘to slice’ (šaqqa, omitted in text, restored in margin; til-/) yar- (Tkm. tegne- Hap. leg.?) Tuh. 21b. 1 (and see yırt- (tear)).
955

VU 1 yer- (split, separate) ‘to split (gently)’; almost syn. w. yar- (split, cleave), but see Kaš.’s remarks. The vocalization is uncertain, but since Kay entered it after yör- he must have considered that it was yir- not yer-, and the forms entered under the Pass. f. yiril- and yirük show that it had front vowels. It is difficult to identify modern forms; those V.s w. -ı- may be survivals w. the vowel changed owing to a supposed connection w. yırt- (tear); these include NE Alt. yir-/yir- ‘to thread (a needle)’ R III 473, 515: SE Tar. yir- (mak) ‘to split, divide’ R III 515; Türki yir- ‘to tear off’ (e.g. a branch from a tree) BŠ, Jarring: NC Kır., Kzx. jir- ‘to dig through, penetrate (e.g. water a river bank), to scratch’: SC Uzb. yir- ‘to separate’: NW Kk. jir-'to dig, dig up (ground)’: SW Osm. yir- ‘to tear, split’ (gently, not violently, which is yar- (split, cleave)/iyirt-). Xak. xı (after yör-) er butik yerdi: (sic) ‘he split (šaqqa) the branch’ or anything moist (rath) when one has split it lengthways without cutting it with a sharp implement (tûla (n) minğayr qat' hi'l-hadid); the first (i.e. yar- (split, cleave)) means šaqqa bi-qat' wa 'unf (‘using force’) and this šaqqa bi-lutf (‘gently’); and in the prov. tapuğ ta:š yere:r ta:š ba:šığ yara:r‘ (good) service splits a stone; but a stone splits the head’ Kaš. III 58 (yere:r, yerme:k): (Čağ. xv ff. San. 327r. 18; 348V. 26 (yar-): Kip. xıv (VU) yir- šaqqa qalila (n) ‘to split a little’ Id. 93 (and see yirük): xv Tuh. 15a. 9 (yırt- (tear))).

2 ye:r- (2 yer-) (loathe, criticize, blame) ‘to loathe (something, esp. food, Acc.); to criticize, or blame (someone Acc.)'. Survives in NE Alt., Leb., Tel. yeri- R 111 339: NC Kin jeri-; Kzx. jer-: NW Kk. jeri-: SW Osm. yer-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (without feeling pleasure at being praised or) yermiške yeme yerinmedin ‘distress at being blamed’ U III 73, 21-2; (the divine Buddha) artukrak \\\ yeryük ol ‘has greatly blamed’ (illicit love) do. 83, 27; a.o. Hüen-ts. 1798 (mline:-): Xalr. xı urunčak alıp yermedi: ‘he did not object (lam yamall) to receiving deposits’ 1149, i; yergü: eme:s (read erme:s) ‘you must not despise’ (yuhqir, an enemy because he is small) Kaš. II 29, 12; for main entry see Oğuz: KB (take me into your service) mini yermedin ‘do not loathe (or despise?) me’ 592; kim edgüg yerer erse isiz bolup ‘whoever, being evil, loathes what is good’ 922: xııı (?) At. yerersen zamenagm xalqin kodup ‘you blame the age in which you live disregarding the people in it’; (do not blame (yerme) the age, blame (yiŋ the people) 407-8: xıv Muh. (?) al-damm (MS. al-damm) ‘to blame’ yermek Rif. 122 (only; damma translated 8Ö:g-): Oğuzxi er ašığ ye:rdi: ‘the man loathed (’efa) the food’; and one says ol erig ye:rdi: ‘he loathed (damma) the man’; luğa Öuzzlya Kaš. III 185 (ye:re:r, ye:rme:k).

S yor- See yör- (and yori:- Xak.).(unwrap, interpret, explain, predict) (lore)

yör- (unwrap, interpret, explain, predict) (lore) physically ‘to unwrap’; metaph. ‘to interpret (a dream), explain (a doctrine, etc.)’, and the like. In the early period unquestionably w. -ö-, but in KB the Fergana and Cairo MSS. (but not the Vienna MS.) sometimes have -o- and it survives only (?) in NC Kır. joru-; Kzx. jor-: NW Nog.: SW Az.,Osm. Tkm. yor- ‘to interpret (dreams); to predict (the future)’. ' As the vowel is short in Tkm. this is prob. the correct f. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yörüğin... yörmedi ‘he has not given an explanation' (of a particular doctrine) TT V 22, 22-3: Civ. do. VII 28, 6 (iru): Xak. xı ura:ğut oğlın bešiktin yördi: ‘the woman released (hallal) her son from the wrappings of the cradle’ (min wataqi'l-mahd) Kaš. III 58 (yöre:r, yörme:k); ura:ğut oğlın bešiktin yö:rdi: same translation, but mina'l-mahd; also used of anything which has been released from its tether (unšifa min 'aqalihi) III 185 (yö:re:r, yö:rme:k); a.o. HI 125 (2 tü:š): KB (millet bran (kavuk sökti) is good enough food for me...) šakarda tatığlığ kavuk yör (unwrapped, i.e. unhusked) maŋa (manna of Exodus) ‘husk millet, which is sweeter than sugar for me 4768; kerek arpa yör ‘or husk barley’ 4769; — tilekim söz erdi saga yördüküm ‘my desire was speech, as I explained to you’ 184; tüšüg edgü yörse bu tüš yörgüči ‘if the interpreter of dreams interprets this dream well’ 4368 (v.l. yorğučı); o.o. 308 (yüksek), 2632, 4366, etc.: xıv Rbg. tüšni yorğan yigit ‘a young man who interprets dreams’ R III 420: Čağ. xv ff. yor- ta'blr kardan xwab ‘to interpret dreams’ San. 341 v. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. (VU) yor- ‘to explain, interpret’ 'Ali 28: xıv ditto Qutb 83: Kip. xıv (VU) yor- 'abbara’l--ruye ‘to interpret dreams’... (VU) yor- jawwala mina'l-fal ‘to interpret omens’ id. 92.

S (? E) yür- See 1 ür- (H I). (blow (gas))

Dis. YRA

D yaru: (side, part, half, segment, cardinal points, direction, fish glue) first appears in Kaš., where its etymological meaning is obscure. In Tef. and Qutb. \956\ can reasonably be taken as a Dev. N. fr. ar- in the sense of ‘something split off’ from something else, hence ‘half, segment’, the meaning ‘direction’ being developed fr. its use one of the four quarters of the world. Xak. yaru: yelim ğire'ul-samak 'fish glue’. Kaš. III 24; a.o. III 20 (yelim): xııı (?) Tef. yarusında ye eksügrek yarım tündin half-way or less than half-way through the night’; (the bezel of the ring was rectangular) yarusında bitig erdi ‘there was an inscription on one side’; (when the sun rose it shone into the cave) oŋ yarudin ‘from the right side’; meniŋ yarudinfor my part’ (you excused) 146-7: Xwar. xıv tört yaru ‘the four quarters of the world, cardinal points (sides)’; adeyın yarı ‘in the direction (side) of Madeyın’ itb 72. J.
956

U yöre: (surroundings, environment) (environment)surroundings, environment’. Survives in this sense only (?) in SW XX Anat. )D 1546 and Rep. Turkish (the pronunciation yura in Sami and Red. is prob. an error), Xak. xı (my eyes gush water like the sea) yögre: yöre: kuš učar ‘and the birds fly all ----md’ (my tears, hawala miyah 'aynŋ Kaš. II 28; korkma: aŋar utru: turup tegre: yöre: ‘do not fear (your enemy), stand up to all round’ (wa kun bi-hiyelihŋ III 422, 19; in entry as Oğuz xı yöre: hauil kull §ay' wa ruhu ‘the surroundings or circumference anything’ III 24: Kip. xıv (VU) yöre: ıele'1-šay’; one says yörendürü yattı: i ‘the army slept round him’ (hawlahu); -e:si hawlahu Id. 92; (and see yörüg): m. xıv yöre ‘surroundings, environment’, ally in such forms as yöresine, yörede; c.i.a.p. TTS I 845; II 1071; III 824; 902.

Dis. V. YRA-

yara:- (successful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable) ’to be successful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, serviceable (to someone Dat.); to suitable for (something Dat.)'. S.i.a.m.1.g. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü viii ff. poor man went trading) yell: yara:mi:g journey was successful (or profitable)' 3 30; 0.0. do. 5 (bo:dlug, adglrlik), 41 kluk): Uyg. viii [gap] yeme: yarat:ın yag~d[u:e r]mi~'a nd were unhelpful hostile' $u. E 10 (damaged): viii ff. Man. 1 yaramaz [gap] 'is useless' TT ZX log: . (if your son goes there) [ylaragaymu it be advantageous?' PP 26, 8; (in reply request) yaragay 'that will be quite satisfactory' do. 48, 6; 0.0. do. 69, 4 (1 iir); TT V 126 (tapig): Civ. yarar a$ 'suitable (or luate) food' USp. 92, 5-6: Xak. xi 01 qar yara:di: 'that thing was suitable convenient to him' (wafaqahu wa s@a I ; also used when a thiig was permissible i mi~'l-cawEz); prov. 'if a father's clothes is son' (ogulka: yara:sa:) he does not his father (to go on living) Kq. 111 87 a:r, yara:ma:k); o.o. 1383, 4 (kurug); ever tattered a garment is) yagmurka: .:r 'it is useful (pfluh) in the rain' III 38, ~~~~~~~~ \956b\ fitting’ (for any one except Thee) 6; yarar ‘is useful’ 484-5; yaruttı sözüg ham yaradı özüg ‘your words have enlightened me and you vourself have been useful’ 751: Xll (?) KB VP yeme bu kiteb kör kamuğka yarar ‘moreover, this book is useful to everyone’ 34: xıv Muh. yašluh ya:rar Mel. 5, 5; yara:r Rif. 75; me yacüz (Mel. corrupt ?) yara:ma:s in Turkistan; yara:ma:z in our country 8, 5; 80: Čağ. xv yara- (-y, etc.) yara- Vel. 410 (quotn.), 407; yara-/yaran- pasand wa muwafiq wa sezker uftedan wa šeyasta šudan ‘to be suitable, appropriate, acceptable, useful’ San. 327V. 2 (quotns.): Oğuz xı (after Xak.) hence the Oğuz say yo:l yara:sun ‘may your journey meet your wishes’ (yuwajiquka muraduka) Kaš. III 87: Xwar. xıv yara- ‘to benefit; to be worthy of (something Dat.)’ Qutb. 69; MN 77, etc.; Nahc. 389, 14: Kom. xıv ‘abominableyaramaz CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv yara- šaluha İd. 92; Bul. 55V.: xv ditto Tuh. 22b. 12; ttafa'a ‘to be useful, beneficialyara- do. 37b. 6; (and Kav. 9, 18, see yar- (split, cleave, separate)): Osm. xıv ff. yara- ‘to be suitable, permissible, possible’ (esp. in the form yaramaz); c.i.a.p. TTS I 785 ; II 1000; III 770; IV 844.

(? D) yaru:- (bright; shine) ‘to be, or become bright; to shine’; cognate to *ya:- (ignite, shine, flame) and perhaps Den. V. fr. the Dev. N. *yar. Survives only (?) in NE Kumd.: NW Kar. L. R III 120; Kar. T. Kow. 200 yarı-. Cf. yaruk. Türkü vııı ff. yıl yaru:mazkan ‘before the (new) year dawned’ IrkB 21; (the sun rose) udu: yeryaru:di: ‘then the earth became bright’ do. 2e: Man. yarın yarudı kün tuğdı ‘the dawn broke, the sun rose’ MI 6, 19: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (their good thoughts increased daily and) kün teŋri teg yaruti (sic) ‘shone like the sun’ (or, reading yarut(t)iilluminated them’) TT III 133: Bud. yaruk yašuk alku sigardın yarumıšın yašumıšın sakınmıš kergek ‘you must imagine that a bright light (Hend.) shines (Hend.) from every direction’ TT V 4, 2-3» 6-7,12-13; o.o. VI378 v.l.,etc. (yaltn:-): Civ. (the rays of the sun) ačıldı yarudı ‘were disclosed and shone’ TT I 4; o.o. do. 23; VII 30, 5-e: Xak. xı kü:n yaru:di: ‘the sun became bright’ (adaat)\ also used of any dark place when it has become light Kaš. III 86 ( (yaru:r, yaru:ma:k); ya:y yaru:pan (MS. baru:pan) inbalaca šubhu'1-rabV ‘the spring dawned’ I 96, 8; a.o. III 89 (yašu:*): KB (the sun of the sacred majesty) anigdin yaruyur ‘shines from him’ 354; o.o. 496, 732, 1049, etc.: xıı (?) Tef. (when he heard the command) kögli yanyu bašladı ‘his heart began to shine’ (i.e. was gladdened) 144 (mistranslated): xıv Muh. (?) adaa ya:n:- Rif. 103 : Čağ. xv ff. yaru-/yaruš- (both spelt) rawšan šudan wa cale yaftan ‘to shine, become bright’ San. 327V. 29 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yaru- ‘to shine; (of the dawn) to break’ Qutb 72; MN 129; Nahc. 321, 17; 414, l6: Kip. xıv yarı- asraqa ‘to shine’; and one says tan yarıdı: ‘the dawn broke’; and they say in Turkish tan attı: ‘the dawn spoke’ (nataqa, ~~~~~~~~
957

S yıra:- See ıra:- (far)

S yirü:- See iri:-. (decay, rot, putrefy)

yorı:- (walk, march, go, conduct) (journey) ‘to walk, march’, more indefinitely ‘to go’; as an Aux. V. w. preceding Ger. in -p ‘to go on (doing something)’. The -o- is established by the spellings in TT VI11 and modem forms of yorık, yorı:ğa: but survives only (?) in NE Tuv. coru-/cor-. In the medieval period the vowels moved forward and downwards, perhaps influenced by yügür- (run, race, rush), and nearly all modem forms, which are often Mon., have -Ü-; NE Alt. yür-: SE yürü-: NC jür-: SC yur-: NW Kk. jür-; Kaz. yör-; Nog., Kumyk yürü-: SW Az. yeri-; Osm. yürü-; Tkm. yöre-. Türkü vııı yorı:dımız ‘we marched’ (against the Türgeš) IE 37; o.o. in this sense IE 12 (tašra:), 35, IIE 27 (tog-); T 10, 11, etc.; ögdün xagan-garu: sü: yori:Iim ‘let us march as an army eastwards against the xağan' T 29 — (those of you who remained in all these countries) kop turu: ölü: yonyu:r ertig ‘were all going on staying and dying there’ IS 9, IIN 7: vııı ff. IrkB 20 (udi:-); a.o.o.: Man. yerdeki bağrın yorığma tınlığ ‘creatures that crawl on their bellies on the ground’ Chuas. 84; adakin yonp ‘walking on our legs’ do. 314 — etöz seviginče yori} ‘leading a life of bodily pleasure’ do. 197; o.o. do. 303, 328; TT II 8, 50; 10, 78 (2 öt): Uyğ. vııı yorı:dım ‘I marched out’ Šu. N 9, a.o.o.; sü: yon:- N 6; E 5; (in E \\ 4 yüre: kelti: is not an early occurrence of yür- but an error for köre: kelti: ‘came to see’): vııı ff. Man.-A kentü išsiz boš yorıyur ‘leads a life of idleness (Hend.)’ MI 17, 2: Man. adakın yorıp TT III 97; arığ yollarta yonp ‘walking (metaph.) in pure ways’ do. 164-5 ; a o- d°- 141 - Bud. Sanskrit ekaceryem ‘walking alone’ ya:lıŋusı yorıma:kığ TT VIII B.3; o.o. do. B.i, 5, 7; E.50, etc.; suvda yonp ‘walking in the water’ PP 36, 5; o.o. do. \\ 32, 5; UII24,2 (akru:); TT VI324 (kavıš-), etc. — köni nomda yorıdačılar ‘those who live in accordance with the true doctrine’ Suv. 136, 8-9: Civ. (the cold water) yanturu yorıdı ‘turned back’ TT 1105 — ötüg šavka yonma ‘do not act against the advice’ (given to you) do. 35 — yarlığıŋ yorıdı ‘your commands have been complied with’ do. 37; in USp. sözleri yonmazunlar ‘let their statements not be valid’ is a stock phr., with minor variations, in clauses declaring contracts irrevocable, 13, 15; 16, 22 etc.: Xak. xı er yon:di: ‘the man (etc.) walked’ (maša), also used when anything travelled (sara) or walked Kaš. III 87 (yori:r, yon:ma:k); kız kiši: sa:vı: yo:rığlı: bol-ma:s ‘the reputation of a miser is not widespread (sayyeŋ and remains obscure’ I 326, 23 Î yordim (sic, metri gratia in a verse) tala'tu ‘I went up’ I 456, 1; o.o. II 51, 19; III 31 (yağru:), 375 (siga:ŋ: KB yon:-, lit. and metaph., is common, e.g. (God) yonmaz ne yatmaz ‘does not walk or lie down’ 17; (Saturn) yonr ‘moves’ (above the other planets) 131; a.o. 137; yon ‘get moving’ (you ipnorant nqflfi j) |7iy^j \957\ a little’ (and then died) 234; o.o. 238, 293 414. etc. — (if a beg’s conduct (yorik) is upright his servant) yorığaywill behave’ (even better) 2114; yorığıl köni 4094; a.o. 348 (ökünčai*). xııı (?) At. (God created night and day) yonr ‘they go’ (one after the other) 14; ao 410 (borčı:); Tef. (VU) yüri- (-mek, -medük) ‘to go, move’, etc. 167): xıv Muh. maša yon:-Mel. 31,7; yo:n:- Rif. 115; al-masd yo:runak (sic, but not conclusive) 38, 1; 124; intafe ‘to be sent away, banished’ yo:n- 104 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yürü- (spelt ‘with -ü-’) rah raftan ‘to go, walk’ San. 341 v. 20 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (VU) yon- ‘to go’ 'Ali 49: xııı (?) yürü- (-gü, -mekte) ‘to walk, move’, etc. is common in Oğ.: xıv (VU) yüri- (-gil Nahc. 351, 7) /yür- (metri gratia) ‘to go, walk’, etc. Qutb 83 (yor-), 88 (yüri-); MN 11, etc.; Nahc. 21, 1; 373, 14; etc.: Kom. xıv yür-/yürü- ‘to go, travel’; also an Aux. V. CCI, CCG; Gr. 131 (quotns.): Kip. xııı maša (VU) yü:ri:- (-gil sic, but not conclusive) Hou. 35, 9: xıv yürü- ditto Id. 92; yirü- (-mek) Bul. 81 v.: xv ditto yürü- Kav. 34, 5; Tuh. 35b. 10.
957

Mon. YRB

yarp (firm, solid) (hearty, hard, smooth)firm, solid’; physically and metaph.; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yarp oluru ‘sitting firmly’ TT X 480; o.o. do. 335 (teprenčsiz); VIII B.3, i5 (berk): Civ. HI72 (ügre:): Xak. xı yarp ne:g ‘a firm (or solid, al-muhkam) thing’; yarp yü:z rawnaqu' l-wach ‘a radiant face’, when someone is pleased; hence one says amŋ yarpı: yazıldı: inšaraha ğudün toachihi lamme surra ‘the wrinkles in his face relaxed when he was pleased’ Kaš. III 6 (in the latter meaning ‘firm’, i.e. smooth): KB yağı boynın egse išin kılsa yarp ‘when the enemy submits he must act firmly’ 5905.

Dis. YRB

D yarpsiz (soft) Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. yarp; ‘lacking firmness’ Uyğ. vııı ff Bud. TT VIII D.33 (yegsiz).

1 yarpuz (goosefoot, Chenopodium vulvaria) a herb, or herbs ?, of the mint family, usually ‘pennyroyal, Menta pelagium. Survives in SE Türki yalpuz (sic) ‘goosefoot, Chenopodium vulvaria’ Shaw, Jarring; ‘mint’ BŠ: NC jalbiz ‘mint’: SC Uzb. yalpiz (sic) ‘mint’: SW Osm. yarpuz ‘pennyroyal’: Tkm. narpiz (sic). Other languages use l.-w.s and this may be one. Xak. xı yarpuz al-habaq, ‘pennyroyal’; a herb Kaš. III 39: Čağ*xv ff. yarpuz (spelt) ‘a herb which they call pûdina ‘mint’, Arabicized as füdinac; in Ar. also called habaq San. 329r. 21: Kip. xv nam-mem, ‘wild thyme’ yarpuz Tuh. 36b. 3: Osm.xvi ff. yarpuz ‘pennyroyal, mint ’, etc.; common esp. in Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 790; II 1070; III 776; IV 850.

2 yarpuz (mongoose) Hap. leg.; prob. a l.-w., the mongoose is not indigenous in the original Turkish country (sic!). In all other languages l.-w.s or phr., like ‘Pharaoh’s rat’ in Osm.. are used. Xak. xı
958

Dis. V. YRB-

D yarpard- (grow, stronger) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. yarp. Xak. xı iglig yarpatti: ‘the invalid became stronger’ (inta’aša) and one says oğla:n yarpatti: ‘the boy grew’ (tarara'a); originally yarpa:dti:, then assimilated Kaš. II 351 (yarpatu:r, yarpatma:k, sic; should be yarpadu:r, yarpadma:k).

yurč (wife’s younger brother, junior brother-in-law) (Yury) ‘one’s wife’s younger brother; junior brother-in-law’. Survives in NE Bar. yurdzu; Tel. yurču R III 551; Khak. čurču; Tuv. čurju ‘junior brother-in-law; or sister-in-law’. Other languages use phr. containing kadın. Türkü vııı IE 32 (elig): O. Kır. ıx ff. (I have been parted from) eči:m yurčım-ka ‘my elder brother(s) and junior brother(s)-in-law’ Mai. 17, 2; (there is no trace of the word in the five other texts listed in the Index): Xak. xı yurč ‘a wife’s younger brother’; a distinction is made between a man’s brothers and a woman’s (i.e. wife’s) brothers; a man’s brother is called ini: if younger than him and eči: if older, and his sister is called sigil if younger and eke: if older, and a woman’s (wife’s) sister is called baldız if younger and eke: if older Kaš. III 7: Čağ. xv ff. yügürči (MS. yürgüči, but listed under yük...) ‘a woman’s (i.e. wife’s zan) younger brother’; just as her elder brother is called kayn (i.e. kadm) San. 345r. 2.

Dis. YRC

D yörči: (guide, traveler) N.Ag. fr. ye:r (earth, land); n.o.a.b. in the meaning ‘guide’; survives only (?) in NE Tel. yerčitraveller’ R III 344. Türkü vııı yerči: tiledim ‘I looked (asked) for a guide’ T 23; a.o. T 2e: vııı ff. Tun. III a. 6-7 (a:z-); a.o.o. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 69 (a:z-): Bud. PP 22, 4-5 (suvčı:); 36, 1 (ekkigü:), etc.; U II 5, 13, etc. (yolčı:): Xak. xı yerči: (MS. yurčı:) al-dalîlu'I-xarit ‘a skilled guide’ Kaš. III 30 (not recognized by Brockelmann or Atalay, who spelt it yorčt:).

PUD yerčü: (grave) Hap. leg.; der. fr. yer, but -čü: is not a recognized Den. Suff. and the form is dubious. Xak. xı yerčü: al-qabr ‘a grave’ Kaš. III 30.

Tris. V. YRC-

D yerčile:- (guide, travel) Dev. V. fr. yerči: (guide, traveler); ‘to guide’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. men yerčilep elitgeymen ‘I will guide and escort you’ PP 60, 2; o.o. Hüen-ts. 1786, 1938 (uduz-).

Mon. YRD

yurt (? yurd) (yurt) very rare in the early period; Kaš.'s translation ‘an abandoned camping-site’ suits the early occurrences; but in the medieval period it came to mean ‘dwelling-place, abode’, without any implication of abandonment, and s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes and a wide range of meannings [lac.] \\\ community, a country, one’s own country’, etc. Türkü vııı (the enemy attacked our camp (ordu:), but Kül Tigin refused to give it up. If he had, all you, my womenfolk, if you had survived would have become slaves, or) ölügi: yurtda: yolta: yatu: kaltačı ertigiz ‘your corpses would have remained lying in the deserted camping-site or on the road’ IN 9; (I led the army into the Shantung plain and to the sea; it pillaged twenty-three towns) Usi:n buntatu: yurtda: kalu:r erti: (prob. a Chinese name and title, something like) ‘Wu--hsin the pbi-ta-tu remained lying in his deserted camping-site’ T 19: vııı ff. (a devout old woman) jeırt (t)a: kalmi:š ‘stayed behind in a deserted camp’ (she found a greasy spoon, and survived by licking it) IrkB 13; (the tentative reading yurta: in Miran B.2 (ETYII65) is very dubious). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. olurtuk sayu orun yurt ögügče ‘every place that you live in is to your satisfaction’ TT 1120 (a very late text): Xak. xı yurt al-falal wa’l-rab' wa'l-diman ‘the ruins of a camp, a dwelling, traces of old buildings’ Kaš. III 7; (passion overcame me; constantly weeping day and night) kördi: közüm tavrakm yurtı: kalıp ağlayu: li-me ra'at 'ayni xale talalahu toa tarkahu rab'ahu bi-da l-sur'a ‘because my eye saw the emptiness of his abandoned residence and his speedy evacuation of his residence’ III 258,16 ; (yurt in 193 (agut) is a scribal error for bart): Čağ. xv ff. yurt maskan wa ma'wa ‘residence, mansion’ San. 342V. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) bedük bir yurt 61gün erdi ‘it was a big country and kingdom’ Oğ. 262; yurtıka öyike düšdi ketti ‘he went back to his country and home’ 309; a.o.o. of yurt ‘country’: xıv (he migrated) ajun yurtindin ‘from his home in this world’; (you should not forcibly settle people) kiši yurtinda ‘in a strange place’ Qutb 86; yerini yurtını koyup ‘abandoning their homes’ Nahc. 27, 2: Kom. xıv ‘dwelling place’ yurt CCI; Gr: Kip. xııı (between ‘road’ and ‘desert’) al-manzila ‘stopping-place, inn’ yurt Hou. 5, 20:xiv yurČ al-watan ‘native country’ Id. 93; (under ‘military terms’) al-manzila wa 'urriba bi'l-witaq ‘camp’, turned into Ar. for ‘tent’ yurf Bui. 6,6 (witeq is a l.-w. in Ar., but comes fr. ota:ğ, q.v.): xv manzila yurt Tuh. 32b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. yurt (yurd- before vowel Suffs.) ‘dwelling place’; c.i.a.p.; yurdu in the phr. igne yurdusu ‘the eye of a needle’ seems to be a corruption of it (cf. Osm. birisi fr. bi:ŋ TTS I 851; II 1078; III 830; IV 907.

Mon. V. YRD-

yirt- (tear) ‘to tear (something Acc.), to pull to pieces’ and the like’ s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Cf. üz-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. MI 7, 16 (üz-): Xak. xı ol to:nm yırttı: ‘he tore (mazzaqa) his clothes’, or anything else Kaš. III 435 (yırta:r, yirtma:k); o.o. I 323 (İčiŋ, 341 (tirt): xıv Muh. xaraqa ‘to tear’ yırt- Mel. 25, 15; Rif. 108; mazzaqa yırt- 31, 5; 115 (MS. yarut-); al-tamziq \959\ prob. a mere scribal error, but yıprat-, a Sec. f. of oprat- could have this meaning): Čağ. xv ff. yırt- (spelt) daridan ‘to tear’ San. 349V. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 91; MN 270; Nahc. 81, 11; yırtağan canwarlar ‘beasts of prey’ do. 333, 17; 344, e: Kom. xıv ‘to tear’ yırt- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı xarraqa ‘to tear apartyırt- (MS. yarat-) Hou. 39,19: xıv yirt-mazzaqa... yir%- xaraqa, thus in the Kiteb Beylik Id. 93; šaqqa ‘to split’ yırt- Bul. 5ir. (the vocalization is erratic and the Infin. -mek; obviously confused w. yar- (split, cleave) and 1 yer- (split)): xv xaraqa (yir-; in margin in second hand) yırt- Tuh. 15a. 9; mazzaqa yırıt- (sic) do. 36a. 1.
959

Dis. V

yort- ‘to trot, amble’; l.-w. in Mong. as yorči-‘to go, set out’ (Haenisch 171, Kow. 2106); s.i.a.m.l.g. except SE w. the usual phonetic changes; apparently cognate to yori:-, cf. yorı:ğa:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king and his retinue) keyik avlap yortup ‘while hunting wild game and trotting along’ U IV 34, 64: Xak. xı atlığ yortti: ‘the horseman ambled’ (xabba) Kaš. III 435 (yorta:r, yortu:r luğaten, ‘both forms’, yortma:k); tag ata: yortalım ‘let us set out (nasiŋ at dawn’ III 356, 1: KB (the junior ranks must not mingle with their seniors) yırak taš yonğlı yakın yortmasa ‘or trot near them when going on lengthy expeditions’ 2587: Čağ. xv ff. yort- (spelt) hartuala kardan wa ba-ta'cil rafian suwara ‘to trot, to ride fast’ San. 342r. 18: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 8e: Osm. xıv ff. yort-‘to get going, keep going’, rather than specifically ‘to trot’; fairly common TTS I 842; II 1067.;/// 821 ;IV 898.

Dis. YRD

D yartu: (split, fraction, board, chip, splinter, half) D,ev. N. in -tu: (unusual) fr. yar- (split, cleave); lit. ‘something split off’. In Kaš.’s second meaning ‘long strips of wood’, of which many inscribed specimens have been found in Sinkiang. Survives as yarti meaning ‘board’ in NE Kač., Koib., Tel. R III 145 and ‘half’ in NE Bar.; NW Kk. (jartŋ, Kaz., Kumyk, Nog.; SW Tkm. (yatru). Xak. xı yartu: al-nuheta ‘a chip, splinter’; and by analogy (qiyesa (n)) ‘a writing tablet’ (al-lawhu'lladi yuktab 'alay hŋ is called yartu: Kaš. III 30.’

D yortuğ (royal escort, trotting) D ev. N. fr. yort-; lit. ‘trotting’, in practice ‘a royal escort’. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı yortuğ mawkibu'I-sultan yawma’l-harb awi’l-~za'n ‘a royal escort in battle or on a long journey’ Kaš. III 42: KB sü baščı tüze tursa yortuğ kuran ‘the army commander must constantly keep the ranks of the royal escort in proper formation’ 2586.

S yartim (help, auda) syn. w., and prob. a Sec. f. of yarım w. an intrusive -t-, cf. the spellings of yerči: in Uyğ. Man. (a:z-) and yarmak: in Uyğ. Bud. and Kaš.’s Uyğ. N.o.a.b.; not connected w. SW Az., Osm. yardım; Tkm. yairdamhelp’ which is der. fr. Pe. yerfriend’, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bursoŋ (bursa, bolsa, purse) kuvrağ (community. haverem) iki yartim kıltımız erser ‘if we have split a religious \\\ community (Hend.) into two factions’ TT IV 6, 28-9; similar phr. U II 78, 36; 87, 54-5: Xak. xı one says bir yartim bodu:n fe'ifa mina'l-nes infaradü min bayna’l-cumla ‘a section of the people which has separated itself from the (rest of) the community’ Kaš. III 46.

S yartmak See yarma:k. (coin, money) (yarmarka, ярмарка)

PUD yırtın (north) Den. N./A. w. the directive Suff. -tin (to be distinguished fr. the Abl. Suff.) fr. \\ 1 yir; (north) ‘in the north’. N.o.a.b. Cf. yirya: Türkü vııı T 11 (ögdün): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (VU) irtin M 111 10, 7 ff. (ı): Man. (an eastern territory ... a western territory) berdinki yirdinki yer suv ‘southern and northern territories’ M III 8, 8 (in: Bud, TT VI291 (ögdün).

D yerdeš (fellow countryman) N. of Assn. fr. ye:r (earth, land); ‘fellow countryman’. N.o.a.b. (Xak. xı see erdeš): Oğuz xı yerdeš kiši: al-baladi mina'l-nes ‘a fellow countryman’, that is there are two men from one and the same country (balda), and each of them is called yerdeš to the other fVl-Ğuzziya Kaš. III 40; (in the examples of the Suff. -deš under tü:deš) and one says yerdeš of two persons when they are from one place (mawdi') I 407, 9: Kip. xııı (in a note on the Suff. -daš/-deš) ‘ground, place’ (al-ard wa’l-makan tva'l-buqa) is yer, and if you say yerde:š it indicates that two people come from one ground or place Hou. 51, 5: xıv yerde: š ‘an acquaintance (al-ma'-rifa) from the same country’ İd. 93; Bid. 9, 6 (‘the same fatherland’): xv yerdeš rafiqu'l--mawdi' Tuh. 86b. 9: Osm. xvı Pe. ham-ceyi from the same place’ yerdeš TTS IV 876.

Dis. V. YRD-

D yarat- (suitable, convenient) Caus. f. of yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); properly ‘to make, or find, suitable, convenient’, and the like, that is ‘to adapt’ or ‘to approve, agree with (something)’, and the like; but fr. the earliest period also, more vaguely, ‘to create’, esp. of God creating the world (cf. törüt-). In some individual passages it is not easy to see what the exact connotation is. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; the only meaning in SC and most SW languages, and a normal one in all the others except NE is ‘to create’; the other meanings occur in the rest. Türkü vııı yarat- occurs several times; (1) governing bodunığ and meaning ‘to organize in a fit state’ IE 13, II E 12 (bošğur-); et- yarat-, same meaning I E 19; I E 20, II E 17; (2) Bilge: Kagan’s full title was Tegri: teg teŋri: yaratmıš Türkü Bilge: Xağan ‘the wise xağan of the Türkü, godlike and installed by God’ II E 1, S 13 ; (3) agar adınčığ bark yaratdım ‘I erected a special (grave) structure for him’ II N 14; a.o. I N 13 (&t-): vııı ff. (if there is pure water I will dnnk it; if there is) etmi:š yara:tmı:s tatiğlığ a:š ‘well prepared (Hend.) appetizing food’ (I will eat it) Toy. III r. 4-7 (ETY II 178); a.o. Tun. III a. 7-8 (a:z-): Man. (if we have said that) edgüg aniğağ kop teŋri yaratmıš ol ‘God \960\ ~~~~~ed everything good and bad’ Chuas. I 28; mow) yerig teŋrig kim yaratmıš ‘who ed earth and heaven’ do. 167-8: Uyğ. ıx I yaratıp [gap] III A 1 (ETY II 37): T. Man.-A MI 14, 4-5 (e:t-); do. 8 -); (just as a man) yaratır ‘constructs’ :w orchard or house) do. 10: Man. (you rated living creatures... from ignorance, bilge biligte yaratdigiz ‘endowed them \\ knowledge’ TT III 32: Bud. kemi it(t)i ‘he fitted out a ship’ PP 31, 5; (if a contemplates) etgeli yaratğalı ‘organiz- and creating’, (a town, a country, or a e) TT VI 80; o.o. do. 100, 290; ertinin itmiš ordular ‘palaces set with jewels’ 243; šlok takšut yaratıpcomposing :s’ Hüen-ts. 1832; (a religious work) ,ač tilinče yaratmıšcomposed in the ese language’ do. 2151-2; in USp. 94, 6 ff. daitrisimit is described as enetkek tilin-:oxrı tilinče yaratmıš ‘composed in the iarian language on the basis of (a text) in Indian (Sanskrit) language’, and translated armıš) from Tokharian (Agnean ?) into Turkish: yaratu ber- ‘to make a due delivery’ (of s, etc.) is a stock phr. in contracts in USp. ; 16, 21; 107, 15; 108, le: Xak. xı teŋri: uk yarattı: ‘God created (xalaqa) man’, 3ther created things; (Oğuz phr. follows); one says ol ö:zindin sö:z yarattı: aqa'l-kadib minal-kalem min nafsihi ‘he cated a statement on his own initiative’ \\ II 315 (yaratu:r, yaratma:k); teŋri: ol Ig yaratğa:n ‘God is the constant creator iq) of the earth’, (etc.) III 52; a.o. 1330,25: \\ (God created (törüttŋ the universe) itti kör evren ‘he created the firmament’ in 127 both törütti and yarattı; (my ne, unceasingly praise) yaratığlını ‘the tor’ 381: xııı (?) KBPP yerli kökli ıtğan ‘creator of earth and heaven’ 3; fok erdim yarattıg ‘I did not exist and 1 didst create me’ 9; a.o.o.; Tef. yarat-:reate’; törütteči yarattačı/yaratğučı tgüci ‘creator’ 143: xıv Muh. al-xaliq rtığlı: Mel. 13, 2; Rif. 88; ditto yara:t-44, 8; 137; al-maxlüq ‘created things’ atmıš (MSS. yarı:mı:š) 45, 2; yara:tmıš Čağ. xv ff. yarat- efridan ‘to create’ San. \\. 29: Oğuz xı (within the Xak. entry) Dguz say ol to:nuğ yarattı: ‘he fitted lara) the garment’, and say bu: etük ıa: yarat ‘fit this boot on me’ Kaš. II 315: ir. xııı yaratkan ‘the Creator’ 'Ali 37: farat- ‘to create’ Qutb 70; MN 4, etc.; :. 5, 5 etc.; yaratğan Qutb, MN, Nahc. \\; yaratğučı Qutb: Kom. xıv ‘to create’ it- CCI, CCG; Gr. 115 (quotns.): Kip. al-xaliq yaratka:n Hou. 3, 14; xalaqa tt -do. 34, 19: xıv yarat- xalaqa; yarat- al-xeliq Id. 93: xv alladı xalaqa yarat-. Kav. 51,1; xaliq yaratkan Tuh. 14a. 2; ja yarat- do. 14b. 9: Osm. xıv yaratğan ro texts TTS II 1003.

yarut- (illuminate, enlighten, inform) Caus. f. of yaru:- (bright; shine); physically ‘to illuminate (something Acc.), make it bright’; metaph. ‘to enlighten, inform’ and the like. \\\ S.i.s.m.I. in both senses. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (the sun and moon) tört buluguğ yaratır ‘illuminate the four comers (of the world)’ Chuas. 12: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kim ol eraeg köglin yarutsar ‘to enlighten that man’s mind’ M I 15, 3-4; belgürtir yarutır yašutır ‘manifests and illuminates (Hend.), do. 2i, 4 (in: Man. M III 24, 9 (ii) (1 kag): Bud. terig yörügin odğurak yaruti yašutı ötgürü usar ‘if he can vividly illuminate (Hend.) and expound its profound interpretation’ TT VI 387; o.o. UII46, 68-9, etc. (yaltrit-); Suv. 348, 7-8 (tegirmile:-): Xak. xı kün ol ajunuğ yarutğa:n ‘the sun constantly illuminates (tunayyiŋ the world and makes it shine’ (tušarriquhu) Kaš. III 52; n.m.e.: KB yaruttug ‘Thou didst illuminate’ (the dark night with the bright day) 22; o.o. 125, 134 (bakıš-) — (the tongue) yaruttačı erni ‘enlightens men’ 162; a.o. 214 — (the gatekeeper) kapuğda yanıtsa karagku tünüg ‘must see (the day) illuminate the dark night at the gate’ 2530: xııı (?) At. (driving away the night, God) bez yarutur tag-a ‘makes the dawn shine again’ 16; Tef. yarut- ‘to cause to shine’ 147: xıv Muh. (?) adaa gayrahu ‘to make something bright’ ya:ru:t- Rif. 103 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yarut- (-kač) raıvšan eyle-‘to make bright’ Vel. 401; yarut-/yaruštur- Caus. f. raıvšan kardan San. 328r. 19 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yarut-/yant- ‘to illuminate, cause to shine’ Qutb 72-3; MN 52; ‘to light’ (a lamp) Nahc. 257, 4; Kom. xıv ‘to illuminate’ yarit- CCG; Gr. 117 (quotn.): Osm. xıv ditto in one text TTS I 788.

VU ?D yerit- Hap. leg.; this V. follows yırat-, so the first vowel must be kasra; the last word of the translation is corrupt and the vocalization is chaotic; perhaps Caus. f. of 2 ye:r- (loathe, criticize, blame) in the sense of ‘to lay oneself open to criticism’. Xak. xı er i:ške: (sic) yeritti: (MS. yejir.tti:) takasala’l-racul fVl-amr wa ictalata (? , MS. iclan.it) ‘the man was negligent in the matter and peculated (?)’ Kaš. II 315 (yeritü:r, yeritmeık, MS. yeretü:r, yer.tme:k).

S yırat- See ırat-.

D yorıt- (walk, march, go) (journey) Caus. f. of yorı:- (walk, march, go) (journey); survives in the same languages with the same developments of meaning and phonetic changes. Türkü vııı bunča: y^rke: tegi: yorıtdım ‘I made (my armies) march to all these places’ IS 4; sü: yorıtdım T 25, 35 — (the Chinese) yontmaz ermiš ‘did not allow freedom of action’ ( ?, to good wise men and good brave men), II S 6, N 4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (an angel) uduzup andın öŋgi yolča yorıtdı ‘led them back from there by a different road’ U I 9, 7-8: Bud. (whoever can thoroughly understand this doctrine and) turkaru üzüksüzün yontsar išletser ‘continuously (Hend.) put it into effect (Hend.)’ TT VI 192-3: Xak. xı ol meni: telim yontdi: ‘he made me walk (amšent) a great deal’; and one says ot anig karnın yontti: ‘the drug loosened his bowels’ (atlaqa batnahu) Kaš. II315 (yontutr, vorıtmarkV vnrıtöaîn kislr ‘a man with \961\ loose bowels’ (raddem) III 52; a.o. I 115 (ögdün): KB (God) yoritti tilig ‘activated (man’s) tongue’ 149; törü tüz yoritti ‘he put the customary law into full effect’ 291; yonrığ yontmaz kör esrig ıtıg ‘your hunting leopards and dogs do not let ground game move away’ (i.e. escape) 5379; o.o. 2300 ašlığ), 5546 (im), 6056 (etčŋ: xııı (?) At. qadelar yontgan ‘who causes destiny to operate’ 454; Tef. yürit- ‘to move’ (mountains) 168: Čağ. xv ff. yürüt- reh hurdan ‘to set in motion’ San. 342r. 12 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv (VU) yorit-/yorut- ditto Qutb 88 (yürit-/yürüt-): Osm. xv ff. yürüt- ‘to set in motion; to make (blood) flow; to make (e.g. a mill) work; to put (currency) into circulation’; fairly common TTS II 1085; IV 916.
961

D yırtıl- Pass. f. of yırt- (tear); s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı to:n yırtıldı: ‘the garment was tom’ (inmazaqa) Kaš. III 106 (yırtılutr, yırtılmak; verse); emdi: yürek yırtılu:r fa’l-en yata šadda' minhu'l-qalb asafa (n) ‘and now the heart is tom asunder by it with grief’ 141, 17: xııı (?) Tef. yırtıl- ‘to be tom’ 158: Čağ. xv ff. yırtıl- darîda šudan ditto San. 349r. 9: Kom. xıv yırtıldı© uyat ‘you have behaved shamelessly’ CCG; Gr. 133 (? corrupt): Kip. >.ıv inšaqqa ‘to be split’ yırtıl- Bul. jzr.

D yırtın- Refl. f. of yırt- (tear); n.o.a.b. ? Xak. xı ol toaun yırtındı: ‘he pretended to tear (yumazziq) his garment’ Kaš. III 108 (yırtınır, yırtmma:k): Kip. xv tamazzaqa ‘to be tom’ yırdın- Tuh. 10b. 5.

D yartur- (split, cleave) Caus. f. of yar- (split, cleave); s.i.s.m.I. Xak. Xi ol agar yığa:č yarturdi: ‘he ordered him to split ('ale faqq) the wood’ Kaš. III 94 (yarturur, yarturma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yardur- Caus. f.; šikefenîdan ‘to order to split’ San. 327V. i.

D yertür- Hap. leg.; Caus. of 1 yer- Xak. xı ol agar butik yertürdi: ‘he urged him to split ('ale šaqq) the branch’, and he split it Kaš. III 95 (yertürür, yertürme:k).

D yırtıš- Co-op./Recip. f. of yırt- (tear); survives in SW Osm., Tkm. ‘to tear one another’s clothes, quarrel violently’. Xak. xı ol agar bd:z yırtıšdı: ‘he helped him to tear (ft mazq) the cotton cloth’ (etc.; Kaš., in error ‘the garment’) Kaš. III 101 (yırtıšu:r, yırtıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yırtıš- (spelt) Recip. f.; ‘to tear (dari-dan) one another’, or ‘to tear (something) together’ San. 349r. 7 (quotn.).

D yortuš- Co-op. f. of yort-; n.o.a.b. Xak. Xi ol meniŋ birle: (MS. bile:) yortušdı: ‘he competed with me in trotting’ (ft taxbibTl--faras) Kaš. III 101 (yortušu:r, yortušma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yortuš- (of horsemen) ‘to ride quickly (jba-ta'etiraftan) together’ San. 342r. 24.

Tris. YRD

D yaratığ (nature; moral character) Dev. N. fr. yarat- (suitable, convenient); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. only in the phr. etig yaratığ TT VIII D. 13, etc. (etig): (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. Ar. \\ xulq ‘nature; moral character’ yaratuğ 144: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 70.
961

D yaratığlığ (nature; moral character) P.N./A. fr. yaratığ (nature; moral character); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M III 22, 3-5 (ii) (etİgUg): Bud. TT VI 79-80 (ditto).

D yartimlik (help, auda) Hap. leg.; A.N. fr. yartim (help, auda). Türkü vııı ff. the letter Tun. IV (ETYII96) begins by reporting the arrival of four men led by a fifth, and then refers to the arrival of thirty men. Between the two, and obviously referring to the first party, are the words yartimlik erür ‘they are a separate party (?)\

PC yertinčü (world) ‘the world’, and more specifically ‘this world’, as opposed to heaven, hell, etc.; in TT VIII spelt yirtinčölyirtinčöl yirtönčö. It is suggested in the Indices to TT VIII and X, perhaps on the basis of the statement in Kow. 2368 that this word as a l.-w. in Mong. is the equivalent of Tibetan hjig-rten, that this is a Tibetan l.-w. This is open to several objections; (1) it assumes an eroded pronunciation of the Tibetan phr. which is improbable at this early date; (2) while hjig-rten, lit. ‘receptacle of the perishable’ is the standard Tibetan phr. for ‘the external world’, there is no trace in the dicts, of an extended phr. containing the equivalent of -čü: (-čö); (3) there are no known Tibetan l.-w.s in early Turkish and no evidence that the Indian Buddhist terminology in Turkish was obtained through any intermediaries other than Sogdian, Tokharian (Agnean ?) and, later, Chinese. The word is much more likely to be a purely Turkish compound w. ye:r as the first component. As regards the second it is perhaps significant that in TT I 91 (damaged) there is an antithesis between yerde and tončadakı, and it is possible that the second element is tanču: ‘a lump of earth’, q.v. Common in Uyğ., but n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (I am not at all pleased to be) yertinčü yer suvda ev bark ičinde ‘in the territory of this world in a house’ TT II 8, 41-2: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yertinčüteki tınbğlar ‘living creatures in this world’ TT III 166; yertiııčke (sic) umuğ ınağ törütügüz ‘you came into existence (to give) hope and confidence to this world’ do. 73; a.o.o.: Bud. Sanskrit loke ‘in the world’ yertinčöte: TT VIII A. 14; ditto bo yer-tenčöte: do. B. 13; jagati ‘in the world’ yertenčöde: do. D. 30; yertünčüdeki (sic) tınlığlar PP 14, 8; o.o. do. 47, 6; 78, 3; üč mig uluğ mig yertinčü yer suv ‘three thousand million worlds’ TT V 6, 25; a.o.o.: Kom. xıv yertinči ‘the world’ CCG; Gr. (prob. reborrowed fr. Mong.).

D yertinčülüg P.N./A. fr. yertlncti:; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (of these ten definitions the first eight rest on the true doctrine, the last two) yertinčülüg yörügke tayağlığ ol ‘rest on worldly interpretations’ TT V 19,128.

Tris. V. YRD.

D yaratit- (erected) Caus. f. of yarat- (suitable, convenient); ‘to have (a memorial stone, etc.) erected’. N.o.a.b. UvE. \962\ m Šu. E 8 (belgü:); E 9 (örgin); E 9-10 î taš).
962

D yaratıl- (created) Pass. f. of yarat- (suitable, convenient); s.i.s.m.I., usually for ‘to be created’. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. ’T VIII A. 11 (büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen)): (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. aratıl- ‘to be created’ 143: xıv Rbğ. R III 368 (tirig): Xwar. xıv yaratıl- ‘to be created’ Qutb 71; Nahc. 225, 11.

D yaratın- (organize) Refl. f. of yarat- (suitable, convenient); ‘to organize oneself’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı IE XXXo, II E 9 (etin-): Uyğ. vııı ff Man. TT III XXX4-5 (tud-): Bud. TT VIII D.8, etc. (etin-); X 7e: Civ. TT 1212-13 (egsüt-).

D yaratu:r- (suit, comfort) Caus. f. of yarat- (suitable, convenient); the cognate yarattır- survives in SW Osm. Türkü vııı yaratu:rtim IS 12 (bark; II N 14 as yaratdım).

Dis. YRĞ

1 yara:ğ (opportunity; suitability, opportuneness) Dev. N./A. fr. yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); ‘opportunity; suitability, opportuneness’, and the like, ss often an Adj. ‘opportune, suitable’, etc. : is doubtful whether this word survives, n extensive range of similar words meaning rms, military equipment’, and the like, SE urki yarağ/yarak: NC Jarak: SC yaroğ: iW yarak/jarak: SW Az., Tkm. yarağ; sm. yarağ/yarak may be survivals of a jgnate Dev. N. in -k, but seem rather to be mnected w. yarık. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. jo,8 (1 yon): Civ. HII8, 25: Xak. xı yarağ ’■-furša wa’l-imkan ‘opportunity; possibility’; rov. ı:š yara:ğında: (sic) sart ašığında: anslated yurtaqab li'1-umür furša, ‘a (suitable) sportunity is awaited for doing business; and merchant when trading, if he sees a profit, oes not hesitate to buy when he likes’ Kaš. U 13; yara:ğ same translation; one says š yara:ğı: translated ‘wait foran opportunity 1 (doing) business and the (right) method’ ihatahu); alternative form of yarağ III 28; o. II90, 9-10 (artukluk), etc.: KB (I wish ’ see the king;) yarağ körse ‘if he sees an pportunity’ (will the Chancellor put in a word >r me?) 529: xııı (?) At. 330 (opra:k); Tef. arağ ‘opportunity, possibility’, and the like \2: Čağ. xv ff. yarağ/yarak (1) asbeb wa ]et wa adawat ‘implements, instruments, k>1s’, (quotn.); (2) layiq wa sazawar ‘con-înient, worthy’; and yarağlığ has the same leaning (quotns.) San. 32gr. 14: Xwar. xıv arağ ‘opportunity; possibility; preparations or something); capability’ Qutb 69; Nahc., 17; 12, 7, etc.: Kom. xıv yarov ‘equip-ient’ CCG; ‘to release, let loose’ yarak et- ■ CI; Gr. 115 (q.v.): Osm. xıv ff. yarağ/ arak ‘preparations, equipment, provisions; ms, weapons’; common both by themselves id in phr. TTS I 783; II 998; III 768; IV

ya:rık (body armor) ‘body armour’; a basic word w. no plausible etymology. N.o.a.b., but see yara:ğ (opportunity; suitability, opportuneness). Türkü vııı IE 33 (ur-): vııı ff. ya:rık is the commonest item of military equipment mentioned in the list of issues in the Miran document \\\ (ETY II 64 ff.); küpe: ya:rık üčü:n bir yarı:k yarliğ bolti: ‘one set of body armour for (?) chain mail was allocated’ 11. 8-9: Bud. Sanskrit varmasanndho ‘wearing as armour’ ya:nk üze: ya:rıklanmıš e:rür TT VIII d.35-6; sü sülep yank kedip ‘fighting campaigns and wearing armour’ U II 78, 30; 86, 48; TT IV 10, 12; a.o. TT X 312; kop ödün nom ertini vajırlığ yarakka (reading doubtful; Uyğ.-A form or misreading of yankka?) megiz etgülük ‘at all times one must compare the jewel of doctrine to a vajra breastplate’ U III 29, 32-3 : Xak. xı yank a generic term for ‘chain mail’ and ‘plate armour’ (al-duru wa'l-cawešin); then a distinction is made between them, and ‘chain mail’ is called küpe: yank and ‘plate armour’ sa:y yarık Kaš. III 15 ; o.o. 158 (2 sa:y), 217 (küpe:): xııı (?) Tef. ya:nk ‘body armour’ 144:xiv Muh. al-cawšan ya:nk Mel. 71, 10; Rif. 173 (ya:rak); (and al-zarred ‘armourer’ ya:rağčı: 57, 13; ya:rakčı: 156): Xwar. xıv yarık. (ya:rtk) ‘breastplate’ Nahc. 71, 12; 144, 13; yank yıšık ‘breastplate and helmet’ do. 33, 2-4; yank yašık (ya:ši:k do. 45, 8: Kip. xııı al-cawšan ya:nk Hou. 13, 15; 24, 9 (and al-cawšani ya:rıkčı:).

D 1 yaruk (split, crack, breach; cracked) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yar- (split, cleave); ‘a split, crack, breach; cracked, split’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SE Türki yaruğ/yaruk, elsewhere yank/ jank, etc. Xak. xı yaruk ‘a crack’ (or cleft, al-sad') in the ground, a wall, the mountains, glass, and the like; hence one says bu ayaknig yaruki: ba:r ‘this cup is cracked’; (yank and yonk follow here); yank (MS. y.nk) ‘the heads of the thigh-bones in the sockets of the hips’ taken fr. the phr. yarıldı: ne:g ‘the thing was split and divided’ (inšaqqa wa'nfaraed), because the legs are split, one to the right and one to the left of al-'awf (corrupt ?; perhaps al~ -*awq ‘an obstacle’) Kaš. III 15 (the second, misplaced entry must have got into the text from the margin and is misvocalized): xııı (?) Tef. yarak (sic, Pmisvocalized) ‘a cleft’ (in the mountains?) 143; yaruk ‘a crack’ 147: Čağ. xv ff. yaruk šikef ‘a crack’, etc. San. 329V. 11 (quotn.): Kip. xıv yaruk al-šaqq ‘a crack’, etc. Id. 92: xv šaqq yarak (sic, /yarım) Tuh. 20b. 2; mašqüq ‘cracked’ yank do. 48b. 8.

D 2 yaruk (aurora, lightning, sunbeam, bright, shining, light, luminous, brilliance, clean, conspicuous) Dev. N./A. fr. yaru:- (bright; shine); ‘light, gleam; bright, shining’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. in the same forms as 1 yaruk. Türkü vııı ff. (the sun rose) kamağ üze: yaruk bolti: ‘it became light everywhere’ IrkB 26; (a hymn) yaru:k ay teŋri:ke: ‘to the shining moon’ Toy. I r. 2 (ETY II 176): Man. yarukli karalı ‘light and darkness’ Chuas. 16; yaruk teŋri:ler ‘the gods of light’ do. I 16; o.o. do. 9-10 (adır-); M III 19, 9 (i) (1 öčeš-); 23, 2-3 (ii) (isig), etc.: Uyğ. vııı (we fought) keče: yaruk batur erikli: ‘in the evening as the light was failing (dusk, twilight)’ Šu. E 1: vııı ff. Man.-A (your gracious, lovely, faultless) yaruk kör-kügÜz ‘bright shape’ M I 10, 7; yaruk ög ‘the bright intellect’ do. 22, 4 (ii); yaruk teŋri do. 23, 1: Man. TT III 133 (yaltn:-): Bud. yaruk is very common both as N. and as \963\ Adj., e.g. yaruk yula 'a bright lamp’ TT V \\ 6, 49; 8, 79; a:y teŋri: ya:rokm ‘the light of the moon’ TT VIII 7.8; yaruk yašuk ‘bright light, gleam (Hend.)’ TT V 4, 6, etc.; VI383 v.l.; UII37, 55; USp. 23, 7; Suv. 137, 10 etc.; a.o.o.: Civ. yaruk is common, e.g. kün ay yarukın tıda katığlanur ‘they strive to obstruct the light of the sun and moon’ TT I 27; köz yaruk bolur ‘the eye becomes bright’ H I 8e: Xak. xı yaruk yer ‘a bright (muj/ŋ place’; and one says yap yaruk ne:g ‘a very bright thing’ Kaš. III 15; kö:züxn yaruki: qurra *ayni ‘the apple of my eye’ 7 46, 19; yaruk yuldurzi: ‘the shining (al-fdqib) star’ 7 96, 10; III 194,15: KB kün ay teg yaruk ‘as bright as the sun and moon’ 12; (You illuminated the dark night) yaruk kündüzün ‘with the bright daylight’ 22; a.o. 5222 (alın): xııı (?) Tef. munir ‘luminous, bright’ yaruk 147: xıv Muh. yawm šef ‘a bright day’ ya:ruk kü:n Mel. 80, 5; Rif. 185; al-tfaw’ ‘light, brightness’ ya:ruk 55, 3 (152 aydug); al-zehir ‘clean, conspicuousya:ruk 55, 5 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yaruğ/yaruk raw-šan ‘brilliance; shining’ Vel. 400-1 (quotn.); yaruk (1) raıvšan wa nüreni (‘light’) San. 329V. 11 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) bir kök yaruk ‘a blue light’ Oğ. 52; kün teg bir caruk (sic) ‘a light like the sun’ do. 139: xıv yarukbright, shining light’ Qutb 72; Nahc. 88, s; 241, 6-9; 262, 2: Kom. xıv ‘bright, clear; light, gleamyarik/yarix/yarux CCI, CCG; Gr. 116 (quotns.): Kip. xıv yaruk 4aw’u’l-qamar ‘moonlight’ Id. 93; Bul. 2, 12 (yarık); yarık (MS. yarak) al-barq ‘lightning’ Bul. 3, 2 (yarkın Id. 92): xv šue ‘sunbeamyarık (/kuyaš) Tuh. 20b. 1; <faw yarak (corrected to yarık) do. 23a. 5; nûr ‘light’ (inter alia) yarık 36a. 3.
963

S yırak See ırak.

D yorık (walk, march, conduct, behaviour) (journey) Dev. N./A. fr. yorı:- (walk, march, go) (journey); like that word fr. the earliest period used both for physical ‘movement’ and the like, and metaph. ‘conduct, behaviour’, etc. Survives in NE as yoruk/čoruk: NC Kır. joruk; Kzx. Jonk; forms w. front vowels do not seem to occur. SE Türki yoruk is a Sec. f. of 2 yaruk (aurora, lightning, sunbeam, bright, shining, light, luminous, brilliance, clean, conspicuous), and in some modem languages similar forms are Sec. f.s of yörüg. Türkü vııı ff. Toy. 18-20 (1 ı:š): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if one enters) bodisatvlar yorıkiga ‘the course (i.e. way of progressing) of the Bodhisattvas’ TT V 22, 34; similar phr. TT VI 34, 139; X 3, etc.: Civ. öz konuk yorıki ‘movements of the location of the soul’ (in various days of the month) TT VII21, 15-16; o.o. do. 1, 5 and 76 (sakıš); TT 7 no (egri:): Xak. xı yorık til al-lahcatu'l-fašiha ‘an eloquent tongue’; yorık al-xuluq wa’l-stra ‘character, behaviour’; hence one says anig yorıkı: neteg kiši: bile: ‘how does he behave with other people?’; yorık al-cirya wa’l-sayr ‘movement, gait’; hence one says at yorıki: neteg ‘what is the horse’s gait like?'; also used of the movement (al-cirya) of water, etc. Kaš. III 15; (a side note in an earlier MS. now inserted in the text after barak) yorık al-tira wa’l-'ijra ma'a’l-nes ‘behaviour, \\\ social intercourse’ one says beg yorıki: neteg ‘how does the beg behave ?’ 7 378; o.o. 7 27, 9; 77 40, 18-20: KB yorık til 162; (if a man talks a lot they say he chatters, if he is silent they say he is dumb, so) yorık utru ur ‘behave naturally (?) to them’ 175; (one takes the sword and disciplines the people; one takes the pen and) yorık yol süzer ‘clarifies the way in which they should go’ 268; karağu yorik yazsa ‘if a blind man loses his way’ 493; o.o. 547, 1504, 2077 (köndür-), 4300, 4446 (k&gür-), 5549 (aya:-): xııı (?) Tef. (Abu Jahl was a beg in Mecca) anıg sözi yorık erdi ‘his speeches were influential’ (? , or eloquent) 162.

D yarğu: (splitter, tribunal, lawsuit, legal decision) Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. yar- (split, cleave); lit. ‘an instrument for splitting’, but normally ‘a legal tribunal’ (i.e. an instrument for splitting facts and discovering the truth), hence sometimes ‘a lawsuit’ or ‘a legal decision’. Not firmly identified earlier than the Mong. period but no doubt older, cf. yarğa:n. A Second Period 1.-w. in Mong. as carğulegal tribunal, lawsuit’ (Haenisch 86, Kow. 2305); s.i.s.m.I. in such senses in NE, NW, SW, see Ca/.’s discussion of the word in TM IV, p. 30; SC Uzb. yorği (1) (dialect) ‘saw, file’; (2) (‘folklore’) ‘punishment’; NW Kk. jarğı ‘file’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. törü yarğu yosunı birle ‘in accordance w. the practice (Mong. l.-w.) of the customary law and judicial tribunal’ USp. 28, 29: Čağ. xv ff. yarğu ğulü ve ğatvğe-i dedxweh ‘a dispute, a plea by a litigant’ Vel. 406 (quotn.); yarğu (1) muhekama ‘a tribunal, court of justice’ (quotns.); (2) da’iva wa niza ‘lawsuit, litigation’ (quotns.) San. 329r. 25: Xwar. xıv yarğu ‘decision, judgement’ Qutb 71: Kom. xıv yarğu ‘legal decision, judgment; jurisdiction’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 115 (quotns.; also yarğučı ‘judge’; yarğula- ‘to judge’, and see yar-): Osm. xıv to xvı yarğu ‘tribunal; judgment; litigation’; in four texts TTS 1787; II1003; III 778; / V 848.

D yarğa:n (splitting) Dev. N./A. (connoting repeated action) fr. yar- (split, cleave); lit. ‘constantly splitting’; cf. yarğu: (splitter, tribunal, lawsuit, legal decision). N.o.a.b. once as a N., twice as a title; ‘judge’ would suit the context. Türkü vııı Inanču: Apa: Yarğan Tarxan I W 2: Uyğ. ıx (I am the son of a Kırkız, I am) Boyla: Kutluğ Yarğan Suci 2: vııı ff. Chr. (then Herod commanded his jailers, executioners and) yarğanlarkajudges’ (?) U19, 18.

D yarğu:n (destroyer, ruiner) apparently some kind of wild quadruped; etymologically it could be a Dev. N. fr. yar- (split, cleave), but there is no obvious semantic connection. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı am yanıp (VU) Türgi: Yarğun költe: buzdımız (destroyed) ‘we routed them and destroyed them at the Türgi: (?) Yargun lake’ 7 E 34: vııı ff. yarğu:n keyi:k men ‘I am a wild yarğun’ (I climb the mountains where I spend the summer...) IrkB 62.

Tris. YRĞ

(S)D yıra:ğu: Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (N.Ag.) fr. a Den. V. fr. 2 yır (1 i:r (awl, drill)) Xak. xı yira:gu: \964\ XXX ı:ğa: Dev. N./A. fr. yori:- (walk, march, go) (journey); ‘(a horse) ----bles or goes at a jog trot’. S.i.a.m.l.g. yıra:ğa/jorğa, etc. As in the case of yorık (walk, march, conduct, behaviour) (journey) no trace of forms w. front vowels. Xak. yıra:ğa: at al-farasu’l-himldc ‘a horse that trots’ Kaš. III 174 a.o. I 458 (munduz): XXX h. (under ‘horses’) tnmlec yorğa: Mel. Rif. 171 (yotvğar, and harıvel ‘trotter’ ed akta: (‘gelding’) w. yo:rka: in the ): Čağ. xv ff. yorğa (spelt) rahtver ■’ San. 342V. 12: Kip. xııı al-farasu’l-t ‘an ambler’ yorğa: Hou. 13, 11: x;iv : al-meši xababa (n) ‘moving at an (one says yorgaladı: ‘he ambled’) Id. rahwan (MS. rahıvel) yorğa Tuh. 17a. n. xıv ff. yorğa (occasionally yorka) r’; common, esp. in Ar. and Pe. dicts. 841; II 1067; III 820; IV 897.
964

yorı:ğu: (promenade) Hap. leg. (?); Dev. N./A. fr. yorı:- (walk, march, go, conduct) (journey) Xak. xı yorı::ğu: yer mawdi'ul-oa'l-sayr ‘a place where one walks and ; it is the name of a place (ism maken); :d of time (li-zamen) Kaš. III 36.

yarağčı: (opportunist, operator, driver) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. yara:ğ (opportunity; suitability, opportuneness); ‘one who does what is opportune or useful and efficient’. Xak. xı KB 2372 (yağıčı:).

yorığčı: (journeyman) N.Ag. fr. *yorığ, fr. yorı:- (walk, march, go, conduct) (journey), Dev. N. fr. lit. ‘one who makes journeys’ or the [lac.].o.a.b. Oğuz xı yorığčı: (MS. y.ü.ğči:) ulladi yanıš i bayna' l-ahme wa' l-ašher yil ‘the go-between who travels with [lac.]es between the families of a prospective bride and bridegroom’ Kaš. III 55; in II 51, said that yonğčı:, translated as above, [lac.]ood Oğuz form, although the Oğuz [lac.]ent of the general Turkish Participial yorığu:čı: is -da:čı:, since the word is an Instr. N. and not a Participle.

[lac.]u:čı: See yörgü:či:.

yarağlığ (equipped, armed) P.N./A. fr. yara:ğ (opportunity; suitability, opportuneness); ‘suitable, me, useful’, and the like. As in the case i:ğ, modem forms like yarakli mean ‘equipped, armed’, and the like seem to be :ed more w. yarıklığ. Uyğ. vııı ff. sgüke ašağuka yarağlığ ‘suitable for (Hend.)’ Suv. 529, 12-13: Civ. kop rağlığ ‘all your affairs are satisfactory’ [5e: Xak. xı yarağlığ ı:š ‘a possible ible, al-mumkin) business’ Kaš. III 49: ırağlığ yarağsız ‘useful or useless’ 1. 2236 (adir-), 2544 (boluğluğ): xıı (?) yarağlığ erenke buyurdı ıšı ‘he ---- suitable men to do his business’ 40: At. yarağlığ ašıgnı kišike yetür ieserving) people your suitable food’ "ef. yarağlığ/yarağlık ‘suitable, con’ (and al-haqq ‘the truth’ yarağlık/ ık) 143: Čağ. xv ff. yarağlığ/yarak-fehib-i asbeb vııı mutacahhiz ‘equip- (2) ' šeyista ‘Suitable’ San. 329r. 18 a.o. do. 14 (yara:ğ): Xwar. xrv ığ/yarağlı ‘suitable, convenient’ Qutb \\\ XXX 70: (uküi. — xıv — iu Avı jaıaııu aııııeu, equipped’; in several texts TTS II 1000; III 770).

D yarıklığ (armored) P.N./A. fr. yarık (body armor); ‘armoured, wearing armour’; n.o.a.b., but see yarağlığ. Türkü vııı I E 23, II E 19 («et-); IE 32 (elig); T 54 (yeltür-): Xak. xı yarıklığ (MS. yanğliğ but between yamağlığ and yazuk-luğ, implying -k-) er ‘an armoured (al-dari') man’ Kaš. III 49.

D yarukluğ (aurora, dawn) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 2 yaruk (aurora, lightning, sunbeam, bright, shining, light, luminous, brilliance, clean, conspicuous). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yıdlığ yıparlığ yarukluğ yašukluğ tag teŋri ‘oh fragrant (Hend.) shining (Hend.) god of the dawn’ M II 9, 7-8; 10, 9-10.

D yarukluk (light, brightness, brilliance) A.N. fr. 2 yaruk (aurora, lightning, sunbeam, bright, shining, light, luminous, brilliance, clean, conspicuous); ‘light, brightness’. S.i.s.m.I. as yarıklık and the like. Xak. xı yarukluk al-nür toa'1-diye' ‘light, brightness’ Kaš. III 51; (entertain a guest well) bulsın atı: yarukluk ‘let his horse find the brightness of rest’ (diye’al-reha) II 316, 11: KB ajun xalqi andın yarukluk bulur ‘the people of this world get light from it’ (the moon) 732; a.o. 35 (ya:d-): xııı (?) Tef. yarukluklight’ 147: Čağ. xv ff. yaruğluğ/yarukluk ratušani ‘brilliance’, etc. San. 329V. 15: Xwar. xıv yarukluklight, brightness’ Qutb 72; Nahc. 293, 2: Kom. xıv ditto yarıklık/yarıxlık CCG; Gr.

S yıraklık See ıraklık. (distance, remoteness)

D yarıklığdı: (armored) Hap. leg.; apparently Adv. in -di: fr. yarıklığ (armored); ‘being in armour’. Türkü vııı I E 32 (anču:la:-).

D yarağsız (inconvenient; inappropriate, useless) Priv. N./A. fr. yara:ğ (opportunity; suitability, opportuneness); ‘inconvenient; inappropriate, useless’, and the like. N.o.a.b. ? Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 81, 70-1 (yalčıt-). Xak. xı yarağsızda: ft ğayr mahallihi ‘in the wrong place’ Kaš. III 355,11; n.m.e.: KB (if you want to be safe, do not let fall) yarağsız sözüg ‘inappropriate remarks’ 169; (I will tell you about) yarağsızlanğ ‘the bad characters’ 847; o.o. 314 (kišenlig), 328 (yarağlığ), 437 (boğ-), 2074, 2236 (adır-): Xwar. xrv yarağsız ‘unsuitable’ Qutb 70:

D yaruksuz (blind) Priv. N./A. fr. 2 yaruk (aurora, lightning, sunbeam, bright, shining, light, luminous, brilliance, clean, conspicuous); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. köz yaruksuz bolup ‘if an eye loses its sparkle’ (and waters profusely) H Its, 85.

Tris. V. YRĞ-

D yarıklan- (body armor) Refl. Den. V. fr. yarık (body armor), q.v.; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VIII A35-6 (yarık): Xak. xı er yanklandi: ‘the man put on a coat of mail’ (tadarra’a) also used when he ‘put on a breastplate’ (tacenošana) Kaš. III 114 (yarıklanuır, yanklanma:k; sic in MS.): KB (come to terms; if you cannot) yarıklan bel alšıp küreš ‘put on your armour, tighten your belt, and fight’ 23.60: (Kip. xııı ta’ahhaba ‘to prepare oneself’ yara:kla:n- Hou. 38, 18: xıv yarakla- (sic) cahhaza ‘to equip’ Id. 92: Osm. xıv ff. \965\ yarakla- ‘to prepare, equip, etc.;’ yaraklan- ‘to prepare or equip oneself’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 784-5: 11 999; M 77o; IV 844).
965

S yıraklan- See ıraklan-. (distant, far away)

D yarıklaš- (body armor) Recip. Den. V. fr. yarık (body armor); mentioned only in a grammatical example. Xak. xı ‘and V.s are formed fr. trilateral N.s referring to a stake in gambling as in the phr. <ol> amŋ birle: oyna:dı: yarıklašu: ‘he gambled with him making a breastplate (ca,wšan) the stake’, the winner taking it Kaš. II 258, 16.

E yarığsa:- See yazığsa:-. (freeing, release)

Dis. YRG

VUD yerük Pass. N./A.S. fr. 1 yer- (split); ‘split, cracked’, and the like. Survives in NC jırık (sic): SC Uzb. yirik (with -q): NW yırık/ jink ‘tom, perforated, split; a hole’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in a miscellaneons inventory) bir bedük bir yerük iki ešič ‘two cooking pots, one large, one cracked’ USp. 55, 25: Xak. xı yerük išle:r ‘a woman injured in coitus’ (al-mufdet); yerük ne:g ‘something split (inšaqqa) lengthways so that its appearance is spoilt’; yerük al-tulma, ‘a split, cleft’ Kaš. III 18 (-e- everywhere): (Čağ. xv ff. yırık (spelt) lab-i šikefta ‘a hare-lip’ San. 349V. 10): Kip. xrv (after yer-) and ‘hare-lipped’ (al-a'lam) is called yerük tufaklu: that is ‘with a split (mašqûqa) lip’; and, in the Kiteb Beylik, al-a'lam is yırık Id. 92.

yürek (heart, courage) basically ‘the heart’ as a physical object; used metaph. only in a limited range of phr. like ‘stout-hearted’; contrast kögül. A Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as cirüge (n)l cürüge (n) (Haenisch 91, 95); cûrüke (n) (Studies 228); ciruke (n) (Koto. 2363); s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (touching the forehead, the throat and) yürekke ‘the heart’ (with the ring finger) TT V, p. 16, note A 54, 6-7; (many women died) yürekleri yarılıp ‘of broken hearts’ TT X 38; (her beauty) kögülimin yüreklinin ertigü tepretdi titretdi ‘greatly stirred my mind and made my heart beat (faster)’ do. 451; o.o. do. 465, 502: Civ. (on the 27th day) öz konuk yürekde bolur ‘the position of the soul gets to the heart’ TT VII 21, 6; o.o. do. 13; 25, 3; yürek sıkılmak tın buzmak ‘heart disease and respiratory trouble’ H I 1, 3, 5; Xak. xı yürek al qalb ‘the heart’; yüreklig al-batal dü qalb ‘brave, stout-hearted’ Kaš. III 18; (his beauty) yardı: meniŋ yü:re:k ‘cleaved my heart’ III 33, 15; o.o. I 41, 17 (yırtıl-); 325, 10; II 144, 7 (kağrul-): KB bodun basğuka ög kerek ham yürek ‘to suppress a people intelligence and courage are needed’ 217; o.o. 58 (te:tik), 2043 (titim): xu (?) KB VP (a warrior) alp yürek ‘with a stout heart’ 51: xııı (?) Tef. yürekheart’ 167: xrv al-qalb yü:re:k Rif. 141 (followed by ‘lung’ öpke:; . , . ‘bile’ ö:t; the text in Mel. 47, 15 is confused; al-qalb is translated kogül, ‘lung’ is omitted and yü:re:k moved to al-marara \\ ‘bile’): Čağ. xv ff. yürek dil ‘heart’ San. 342V 5 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv yürekheart’ Qutb 88; MN 64; Nahc. 361, 5: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-qalbu'l-mahsüs ‘the tangible heartyü:rek Hou. 21, 14 (cf. kögül): xıv yürek al-qalb Id. 93: xv ditto Tuh. 28b. 11: Osm. xıv fî. yürekheart; courage’- c.a.p. TTS I 856; II 1084-5; HI 834; IV 913-15. ((Chuv.) chäre (chere), Yak. süreq, Tuv. chürek, Khak. chüräk, > OSw. herta, OFris. herte, ONorse hjarta, Du. hart, OHG herza, Gmn. Herz, Goth. hairto; OIr. cride, Welsh craidd; Lat. cor; Gk. kardia καρδιά; Balt. (Lith.) širdis, Rus. serdce; Hittite kir; Mong. kirüge, kürüge, kürüke, kiruke “heart”)

D yörüg Dev. N. fr. yör-; ‘explanation, interpretation’ (esp. of dreams). Survives in NW Kk. Joriw; Nog. yoruv ‘prophecy; omen’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. ög sakınıg ol ozakısav yörüglerin ‘first ponder on the explanations of those previous remarks’ M III 15, 9-n (ı); üküš yörügün ‘many explanations’ do. 15, 12 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud.... yörüg ol; bu yörügüg belgülüg kılğalı ‘the explanation is...; to make this explanation clear’ TT V 20, 4-5; o.o. yörögle:ri (sic) TT VIII A.43; yörögi do. 45; yörüg do. H.6 (tin-); TT VI 148 (ötgür-); Hüen-ts. 2116 (tübger-): Xak. xı yörüg al-ta'bir ‘interpretation’; hence one says tü:š yörügı: ‘the interpretation of the dream’; yörüg fahtval-halem wa tafstruhu ‘the meaning of a word and its explanation’; hence one says sö:z yörtigi: ‘the explanation of a statement’ Kaš. III 18: KB yörügin ayayın ‘I will tell you the explanation’ 353; (there are many kinds of) tüške yörüg ‘interpretations of a dream’ 5994; a.o. 51999 xııı (?)7e/. yoruğ (sic) ‘explanation’; ia’wil ditto yörüg (sic) 162-3: Xwar. xrv yora/ yorağ ‘interpretation (of dreams)’ Qutb 83; yoruk ditto Nahc. 7, 5; 318, 12: Kip. xıv (VU) yöre: al-ta'bir Id. 92; al-tancim wa'l-fa'l ‘astrology; omen’ yöre: Bul. 5, 14.

E yergüč See bürgüč.

E yörgek See bürkek.

D yörgenč (wrapped) Dev. N. fr. yörgen-; lit. ‘wrapped round’ and the like; n.o.a.b. but see yör gey, yörgenčü: and cf. sarmačuk, yörgemeč. Xak. xı yörgenč ‘like tezginč (tegzinc), for curves and bends in the road’ (fi'l-iltiwa wa'l-dtaf fVl-tariq; etc.); yörgenč the name of a plant which wraps itself (yaltawŋ round a tree and causes it to wither (yürituha’l-yubs); it is al-'ašaqa, ‘bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis’ Kaš. III 387.

?E yörgey Hap. leg.; an improbable form, prob. a misreading of yörgenč. Uyğ. Viii ff. Civil (in a prescription for increasing the milk of nursing mothers) yorgey (?) xwasi beš bakır ‘five pennyweights of bindweed (?) flowers’ HI 105.

Dis. V. YRG-

yörge:- (wrap, swaddle) ‘to wrap (something Acc.) up; to swaddle (an infant)’, and the like. Survives in NE Tuv. čörge-; SE Tar., Türki yörge-. The Dev. N. yörgek ‘wrappings; swaddling clothes’ (not an ancient word) survives in some NE, NC, NW languages. Uyğ. .vııı ff. Bud. (the demons eat men’s flesh... and) ba-ğarsukların etözlerige yörgeyürler erdi \966\ tipped their entrails round their (own) lies' U IV 8, 7 (I 39, 7): Civ. HI 150 ıvšur-); II 16, 19: Xak. xı ol ada:kin rge di: ‘he wrapped up (laffa) his leg’ (etc.); 0 used of anything when it has been apped up (luffa) Kaš. III 307 (yörge:r, rge:me:k): xıv Rbğ. (Šayt washed him 1) kafan yörgedi ‘wrapped him in a oud’ R III 449.
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yörget- Caus. f. of yörge:- (wrap, swaddle); survives in Tar. Xak. xı ol yip yörgetti: ‘he had the d wrapped round (alaffa... 'ale) some-ng’; also used when he had a bandage efa) wrapped round a leg, etc. Kaš. II 354 >rgetü:r, yörgetme:k).

yörgen- Refl. f. of yörge:- (wrap, swaddle); pec. to Kaš. ik. xı uruk yığa:čka: yörgendi: ‘the »e wound itself round (iltawa... 'ala) the e’ (etc.); and one says er yoğurka:nka: rgendi: ‘the man wrapped himself (iltahafa) a blanket’ (etc.) Kaš. III no (yörgenü:r, rgenme:k); tün kün ü:ze: yörgenü:r ght and day alternate (yukawwar) with one other’ I 331, 2; II 303, 10.

yargür- Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of 2 yer- (loathe, criticize, blame). ik. xı KB (a frowning face, rough language, d a haughty attitude) kišig yergürür volt people’ (sic}, rather than ‘make a man ted’) 2077.

yörgeš- Co-op. f. of yörge:- (wrap, swaddle); pec. to iš. Xak. xı yığa:čka: yip yörgešdi: ‘the rd wrapped itself (iltaffa) on the tree’; also ed of anything when it wound itself und (iltawa... ’ala) something Kaš. III 4 (yörgešü:r, yorgešme:k); o.o. I 395, 5 iizkeš-); / 437, 7; II 285, 18.

Tris. YRG

yerü:ki: See berü:ki:.

yörgüči: N.Ag. fr. yör-; ‘an interpreter’ of dreams’. N.o.a.b. It occurs several times KB, all MSS. varying between yörgüči d yorğučı. Xak. xı KB tüšüg edgü yörse 1 tüš yörgüči ‘if the interpreter of dreams terprets the dream well’ 4368; (a man earns when he lies asleep) am yörgüčiler irer uz etip ‘the interpreters (of dreams) terpret it skilfully’ 5992: xıv Muh. rnu'ab-nı'1-manem ‘an interpreter of dreams’ tü:š >rgü:či: Mel. 58, 11: Rif. 157.

yüreklig P.N./A. fr. yürek; ‘stout-hearted, brave’. Sj.m.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Cf. 1 kür (courageous). Uyğ. vııı ff. iv. (if a boy hangs a dog’s tooth round his neck) yüreklig bolur ‘he becomes brave’ TT II 23, 2-3: Xak. xı yüreklig er ‘a stout-hearted (Hend.; al-rebiful-ca’ši'l-čaıuıviyu’l-alb) man’ Kaš. III 51; a.o. III 18 (yürek): B 57 (1 küŋ, 2043-5, 616e: xııı (?) Tef. ireklig/yüreklü ‘brave’ 167: Xwar. xıv [ireklig ‘brave’ Qutb 88: Kip. xıv (after llrek) hence yüreklü: šuca ‘brave’ İd. 93: am. xıv ff. yürekli ‘brave’; fairly common TS I 856; HI 834; IV 9i4«_

D yörüglüg P.N./A. fr. yörüg; ‘providing, or having, explanations’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A MI 26, 16 (adırtlığ): Bud. kert-günč on törlüg yörüglüg bolur ‘faith admits of ten kinds of definition’ TT V 20, 1-2; a.o. Suv. 87, 20 etc. (tütrüm).

D yergültig Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. *yergü:, Dev. N. fr. 2 yer- (loathe, criticize, blame). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in the end these women’s appearance) y^rgülüg yarsığuluğ bolup turur ‘becomes revolting and disgusting’ U III 79, 9-10 (ŋ.

D yörgemeč Dev. N. in -meč (usually for some kind of food) fr. yörge:-. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. yörgömöš, etc. (1) ‘hops’; (2) ‘spider’: SE Türki yörgümeč ‘capers; bindweed’. Cf. yörgenč. Xak. xı yorgemeč ‘the paunch and intestines wrapped and folded (yulaff wa yudrac) in the smaller intestines and then cooked by roasting’ (tušwe wa tufbax) Kaš. III 55.

D yörge:nčü: Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. yörgen-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı yörge:nčü: al-Ufefa ‘bandage’ Kaš. II 246 (šarlan-); III 296 (šarla:-); n.m.e.

D yüreksiz Priv. N./A.fr. yürek;‘cowardly; coward’. S.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı KB (the army commander must be brave) yüreksiz er at alsa andın yürek ‘so that cowardly troops may take courage from him’ 2044; o.o. 2045, 2284 (artat-): xıv Muh. (}) al-cabban (MS. al-cayan) ‘coward’ yüreksü:z Rif. 151 (only): Kip. xıv (after yürek) and yüreksiz al-cabben İd. 93: Osm. xıv ff. yüreksiz ‘coward’; fairly common TTS I 856; II1084; IV 914.

D?E yörgeye:k Hap. leg.; the form is implausible, prob. an error for yörgene:k Dev. N./A. fr. yörgen- ‘something wrapped round’ Xak. xı Kaš. I135 (ögik); n.m.e.

Tris. V. YRG-

D yüreklen- (stout-hearted, good heart) Refl. Den. V. fr. yürek; ‘to be stout-hearted, to be in good heart’, and the like. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı er yüreklendi: ‘the man (etc.) was brave’ (tašacca'a) Kaš. III 115 (yüreklenü:r, yüreklenme:k): Xwar. xıv yüreklen- ‘to be stout-hearted’ Qutb 88; Nahc. 369, 2: Osm. xv ff. ditto, fairly common TTS II 1084; IV 914.

Dis. YRL

1 yarlığ (command (from superior to inferior, edict) (yarlyk, ярлык) ‘a command from a superior to an inferior’, sometimes with some connotation of a grant of favour from a superior to an inferior. Although morphologically a P.N./A. in -lığ it cannot be so explained etymologically, and this fact, taken with the fact that in Manichaean and Uyğ. script it is habitually spelt yrlğ, less often yrlığ, strongly suggests that it is a very old l.-w. Became a Second Period l.-w. in Mong. as carliğ (Haenisch 86)/carlik (Kow. 2306) as a technical administrative term for ‘a government edict’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, w. some extended meanings and \967\ sometimes, e.g. in SW Tkm. the suggestion that it is reborrowed fr. Mong. Türkü vııı ff. yarlığ bolti: ‘was issued, or allocated (ordered)’ is a stock phr. in the Miran document (ETY II 64 ff.), e.g. 8-9 (yank); a.o. Toy 18-19 (1 ı:š): Man. biz teŋri yarlığın adruk kılmaz biz ‘we do nothing contrary to God’s commands’ TT II 6, 5; (the king...) begke kara bodunka edgü yarlığ yarlıkadı ınča ‘gave the following gracious commands to the begs and people’ do. 8, 69; a.o. 8, 80: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yarlığıgznı ešitıp ‘hearing your commands’ TT III 163; sizig yariıkamıš yarlığığ do. 131: Bud. Sanskrit suhüšito ‘obedientya:rlığın ešetep TT VIII D.iq; (the Prince, bu yarlığ išitip, said) yarlığ bolzun ‘grant your gracious permission’ PP 18, 8 ff.; o.o. do. 33, 2; TTX 595, etc. — in TT VI 201 a Chinese phr. meaning ‘the sütra in twelve sections’ is translated iki yegirmi bölük yarlığ: Civ. yarlığığ yonmaz ‘your orders are ineffective’ TT 137; erklig xanmg yarlığı ‘the orders of the King of the Underworld’ do. 25 — in USp. xıv documents, yarlığ bolzun ‘let there be an edict’ 22, 59, and bu tuta turğu bitig yarlığ bertürü yarlıka-dımız ‘we have deigned to order the grant of this strict written edict’ 88,48, the word is prob. the Mong. technical term: Čigil (and Xak.) XI yarlığ kitöbu’l-sulten wa amruhu ‘a written, or spoken (?) command of the Sultan’ in the Čigil language, the Oğuz do not know it Kaš. III 42: KB bayat yarlığın ‘God’s commands’ 1507; (let the gate-keeper) čıkıp edgü yarlığ tegürse ‘go out and deliver the (king’s) gracious commands’ 2546; a.o. 5580: xııı (?) Tef. yarlığ ‘(divine) command, or revelation’ 145: xıv Muh. forman ‘royal decreeyarlı:ğ Mel. 51,2; Rtf. 14e: Čağ. xv ff. yarlığ (1) raqam wa farmen-i padišahen-i turk, ‘an edict or decree of the Turkish emperors’; also used in the sense of puğre-i raqam ‘the royal sign manual on an edict’ (quotns.); ( (2) yerihelp’ Turco-Pe. fr. Pe. yerfriend’, etc.) San. \\\ 329V. 3: Xwar. xıv yarlığ ‘ (divine, or royal) command’ Qutb 71; Nahc. 40, 13: Osm. xv ff. yarlığ ‘royal command’; in a few texts TTS I 789; II 1006 (yarlık xvı ‘a child’s bib’ is a Conc. N. fr. 1 yar (spittle, saliva)).
967

?D 2 yarlığ (poor, destitute)poor, destitute’, and the like; prima facie a P.N./A. in -lığ, but not obviously connected w. 1 or 2 ya:r (ravine, vale, bluff, bank, cliff, обрыв, овраг). Survives in NC Kır. jardi; Kzx. jarli: NW yarli/jarli. Türkü vııı kalmıš ölü:gi: yarlığ ermiš (if correctly read, perhaps) ‘his corpse was abandoned and was wretched’ Ix. A b. 1 (ETY II 122): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. irinč yarlığ tmlığ-lanğ ‘miserable, destitute mortals’ TT IV 10, 13-14; similar phr. UII4,6-7 (ınağsız); 78, 32; 87, 49; PP 48, 1 (the footnote here is erroneous); Kuan. 185, etc.: Xak. xı yarlığ al-marhümu l-faqir ‘pitiable, poor; hence one says yarlığ er ‘a pitiable man’ Kaš. III 42; yarlığ bolup (a guest) ‘who is shabby’ (or tattered, rattu'l-hel) 193,4: xıv Muh. maskın ‘poor’ ya:rlug Mel. 52, 3; Rif. 148: Čağ. xv ff. yarli (sic) faqir wa muftis (‘destitute’) San. \\\ 329V. 3: Xwar. xıv yarlığ/yarli 'poor, miserable’ Qutb 71: Kom. xıv ‘poor’ yarli CCI, CCG', Gr.: Kip. xıv yarlu: maskın Id. 93.

D yerlig (native, indigenous, landed (adj.), country) P.N./A. fr. yer; s.i.m.m.l. w. the usual phonetic changes, usually for ‘land owning; native, indigenous’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bu adın yerlig er ‘this man from another country’ M I 34, 18-19: Civ. (in an inventory) al yerlig töšek ‘a mattress (covered (tossed) with fabric) with a crimson (earthen color) ground’ USp. 79, 2; a.o.o.: Xak. xı Kaš. III 142 (yer).

Dis. V. YRL-

D yara:l- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); irregular, since yara:- is Intrans.; perhaps a scribal error for yaratıl- Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit dhurisamyukta ‘fitted to the load’ yükke: yara:lmıš TT VIII A.34.

D yarıl- (split, cleave) Pass. f. of yar- (split, cleave); ‘to be split; to split (Intrans.)’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 6 (karın): Man. ölüg yarıltı ‘the corpse was lacerated’ M I 5, 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yer yanlzun ‘let the ground be split’ UI 37, 17; (that wicked demon’s head) yeti ögi yarılğay ‘will be split into seven different (pieces)’ TT VI 375; a.o. X 38 (yürek): Civ. H I 188-9 (1 ü:r-): Xak. xı ka:b yarıldı: ‘the wineskin (etc.) split’ (inšaqqa) Kaš. ///77 (yanlu:r, yanlma:k, corrected fr. me:k); törlüg čeček yarıldı: ‘all sorts of flowers burst into bloom’ (tafatfarat) I 119, 4; a.o. III 15 (1 yaruk): xııı (?)Tef. yanl- ‘to be split’ 144: xıv Muh. inšaqqa ya:nl- Mel. 23, 9; Rif. 104: Xwar. xıv yanl- ‘to be split, to split’ Qutb 72; Nahc. 12, 16; 36, 15, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 117 (quotns.).

D yeril- (part, depart) Pass. f. of 1 yer- (split); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (it is rather a long time) adnlğalı yerilgeli ‘since we parted (Hend.)’ Hüen-ts. 2039: Xak. xı butik yerildi ‘the branch split (inšaqqa) off the tree’; also used of anything moist (ratb) when it cracked (infašama) Kaš. III 78 (yerlü:r (sic), yerilme:k; corrected from ma:k); bu butik ol tutčı: y^rilgetn (sic) ‘this branch is constantly splitting’ (yanšaqq) III 55: ( xııı (?) At. y^ril- in 128, 247 (1 sögül-), 268 (kılık) is the Pass. f. of 2 yer- (loathe, criticize, blame)).

D yörül- (unwrapped) Pass. f. of yör-, q.v.; ‘to be unwrapped’, etc. S.i.s.m.I. w. back vowels yorul-/jorıl-, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 165, 21-2 (sešil-): Xak. xı oğul bešiktin yörüldi: ‘the boy was unwrapped (kulla) from the cradle’ Kaš. III 78 (yörlür (sic), yörülme:k; MS. -ma:k, the scribe substituting his own pronunciation for the original one).

S yürül- See ürül- Uyğ. Civ. ürül- (inflated, swell, expanded) Pass. f. of 1 ür- (blow (gas))

D yarla:- (spit) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 yar (spittle, saliva). Cf. so:d- (spit). Xak. xı ol amg yüızige: yarla:di: ‘he spat (bazaqa) in his face’ Kaš. III 308 (yarla:r, yarla:ma:k).
968

D yerle/yerle (settle, traverse, cross) ‘to travel through, or settle in, a country’

yırla:- See ırla:-.ırla:- (sing, recite) (Heb. yirla(him)) [lacuna]

Tris. YRL

yarlıkančučı: (compassionate, gracious) N.Ag. fr. a Dev. N. fr. yarlıkan-; ‘compassionate, gracious’ and the XXXX. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 10, 3 g); a.o.o. (sometimes spelt yarlakančučı): n. uluğ yarlıkančučı : XXXkögülüg üze ‘with XXXXr great compassionate mind’ TT III 99; do. 133-4 (ükli:-), etc.: Bud. yarlıkančučı köŋüllerin TT IV 12, 35 and 56; o.o. TT X 5-6 (köŋüllüg), etc.; Kuan. 160, etc.

yarlıkančsız Priv. N./A. fr. a Dev. N. fr. yarlıkan-. Pec. to Uyğ. Bud. Uyğ. vııı ff. 1. yarlıkančsız köŋülin ‘with a merciless XXXid’ TT IV 8, 63; TM IV 252, 6.

yarılınčığ Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. the XXX f. of yarıl- Uyğ . vııı ff. Bud. yürek yarılınčığ emgek emgenürler ‘they endure heartbreaking sufferings’ TM IV 255, 134-5.

Tris. V. YRL-

yarlika:- (gracious, compassionate, commiserate, forgive (sins)) crasis of *yarlığka:- (command (from superior to inferior, edict) (yarlyk, ярлык), Den. V. in ka:- fr. 1 yarlığ (command (from superior to inferior, edict) (yarlyk, ярлык); basically ‘to issue orders’ to inferior, esp. in the phr. yarlığ yarlıka:-; thence, owing to some connotation of graciousness in 1 yarlığ ‘to be gracious, compassionate, to commiserate’; thence used as an Aux., honorific V. w. Ger. in -u:/-ü: ‘to be pleased deign to (do something)’. Became a Moslem technical term for (of God) ‘to forgive (sins)’; 1 s.i.s.m.I., e.g. SW Osm. yarlığa-, in this se. Türkü vııı yarlika:- is used almost lusively w. teŋri: and it is not clear whether -. like teŋri: yarlıkadukı:n üčü:n IS 9, N 7 means ‘because heaven so commanded’ ‘because heaven was gracious’ — üze: teŋri: ra: yer yarlıkaduk üč[ü:n] ‘because iven above and earth below were gracious’ (?) N ii\ (saying ‘you have done good service’) rlıkamıš šad atığ anta: bermiš ‘he was cious and thereupon gave (me) the title of ’ Origin e: vııı ff. Toy. 18-20 (1 ı:š): Man. rlığ yar lika dı ‘he commanded’ TT II 69; 10, 80; siz dindarlar yarlikasar ‘if I, the Elect, command’ (I will carry out ir orders) do. 8, 49; a.o.o. — siz mini rlıkağay nomka tutğay dindar kılğay u will be gracious to me, take me to the te) doctrine and make me one of the Elect’ 8, 39 ff.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yarlıkamıš rlığığ TT III 131 — yaruk teŋriler rlikazunin (Instr. f. of Imperative!) ‘by the \\\ XXXXX 15-16 (ii) — üleyü yarlıkadıgü 'you have deigned to distribute’ TT 111 109: Chr. (Herod) ınča tep yarlıkadı olarka ‘gave them the following orders’ U I 5, 3, etc. — sakınčın bılü yarlıkap ‘deigning to know their thoughts’ do. 7, 7: Bud. ınča tep yarlika- followed by oratio recta is common; when this is a statement, not a command, ?‘to say graciously’ PP 4, 4; 5, 7; 8, 3, etc. — bu su:darığ yarlıkadı ‘he preached this sutra’ TT VIII H.6; teŋri burxan yarlıkamıš köni kertü nom ‘the true (Hend.) doctrine preached by the divine Buddha’ X 556; a.o. U III 68, 25 (adırtlığ) — yazukumuzni bošuyu yarlikazunlar ‘may they deign to release us from out sins’ TT IV 12, 36; a.o.o.  (the commonest usage): Civ. USp. 88, 11 (uk-); do. 48 (1 yarlığ): O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 32, 5 (üze:): Xak. xı KB kamuğ mu’mınığ sen tİizü yarlıka ‘pardon (the sins of) all believers’ 397; yatığ yarlıkağıl ‘treat a stranger kindly’ 495; elig yarlıkadı bu sözler köni ‘the king has graciously spoken these true words’ 896; o.o. 959, 5835: xııı (?) KBPP berü yarlıkamıš turur ‘deigned to give’ 27; Tef. yarlıka- ‘to command; to pardon (sins)’ 145: xıv Muh. rahima ‘to pardon, have mercy on’ yarlığa:- Mei: 26, 9; Rif. 109: Čağ. xv ff. yarlığa- emurzidan ditto San. 338V. 10 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı yarlıka- ‘to be gracious’ 'Ali 53: xıv yarlika-‘to be gracious; to pardon’ Qutb 71; Nahc. 3, 1: Kom. xıv ‘to pardon, to have mercy on’ yarlığa-/yanlğa- CCI, CCG; Gr. 116 (quotas.): Kip. xııı rahima yarla:ğa:- (sic) Hou. 34, 19: xıv yarlığa- ğafara (‘to pardon’) vııı rahima Id. 93: xv rahima (esirge-/) yarılğa- (in margin in SW (?) hand, yarlıka-) Tuh. 17b. 3: Osm. xıv ff. yarlığa- (of God) ‘to pardon’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 789; II 1005; III 775; IV 849.

Dis. YRM

D yarım (yerim, yerim) (half) (Arimaspi “half-eyed” ~ “squinted-eyed” > “one-eyed”) N.S.A. fr. yar- (split, cleave); lit. ‘a single act of splitting’, hence ‘a half’. S.i.a.m.r.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit metrakeri ‘making measures (or sizes?)’ (PU) ülüg (or ülüšüg?) kıltaıčı ya:rımda: kıltačı TT VIII A.45; a.o. do. A.7 (ülüš); (a disease affecting) yarım etözi ‘half the body’ U II 68, 5 (iii); yarımlı tolulı nomlarığ ‘the half and complete doctrines’ Hüen-ts. 1923, 2088 (see note): Civ. yarım ‘half’ is common in USp., e.g. yarım kab bor ‘half a skin of wine’ 7,3; yanm bakır ‘half a pennyweight’ H I 10, 167: Xak. xı yanm ‘half’ (nišf) anything; hence one says almıla: yarımı: ‘half an apple’ Kaš. III 19: xııı (?) Tef. yanm kün ‘half a day’ 144: Čağ. xv ff. yarım nišf San. 329V. 23; a.o. do. 21 (as alternative form of yan, ‘half’, not an old word): Xwar. xıv yanm ‘half’ Qutb facsimile 29V. 6; 9er. 20; MN 12; Nahc. 97, 12; 324, 14: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv yanm al-fiqq min kull šay’ tea huwa'l-niff ‘a part of anything that is a half’ İd. 93; al-§iqq yanm; al-nišf (PU) yo:sim (? error for \969\ al-nišf (bušuk and some say) ya:rum, but this word is used only in pairs (mutfafa (n)) while bušuk may be used either by itself or in pairs; there is no word for ‘quarter’, they can only say ‘half a half’ (nišfu'1-nišf) bušuk wa ya:rum (sic? read bušuk ya:-rumu) or yarısı: Kav. 64, 19; šiqq (yarak/) yarım Tuh. 20b. 2; nišf (bučuk/) yarım do. 36b. 6; 62b. 5.
969

D yerim (yerim) (yarım) (half) (Arimaspi “half-eyed” ~ “squinted-eyed” > “one-eyed”) Hap. leg.; follows yarım, and no doubt to be distinguished from it; N.S.A. fr. 1 yer- (split). Xak. xı yerim šatba wahida (sic, MS. tvahadila) min kull šay’ ‘a single fresh strip of anything'; hence one says butik yerimi: nišful-ğušn ‘half a branch’ (sic ?); its origin is al-inšiqeq ‘to split off’ (Intrans.) Kaš. III 19.

D yarma: (split, яр) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yar- (split, cleave); ‘split; something split’, and the like. S.i.s.m.I. as yarma/jarma, etc. ‘split; easily split; groats (i.e. split grain); the act of splitting’, etc. Cf. yarmıš (split, cleave, milled, ground). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. H I 71-2 (ügre:; ‘groats’), 149 (evin; ‘split’): Xak. xı (VU) yarma: yu:ğa: (or yuwğa: ?) ‘a kind of puff pastry’ (al-muğaddan); also anything split lengthways (fuliqa tüla (n)) Kaš. III 34 (the translation suggests that this should be read yerme:, Dev. N. fr. 1 yer- (split), cf. yerim): Čağ. xv ff. yarma (spelt) ‘grain (dana) of which part has been broken by the millstone, while there are also small grains left’, in Ar. cariš (‘roughly milled groats’) San. 329V. 10: Kom. xıv yarma ‘a split piece of wood’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv cariš (burgun/) yarma Tuh. 1 ıb. 11; qamhiya ‘parched grain’ yarma (/köče) do. 29a. 5.

yarma:k (coin, money) properly ‘a coin’, also, more generally, ‘money’; not easily explained semantically either as a Dev. N. in -ma:k fr. yar- (split, cleave) or a Dev. N.- in -k fr. yarma:-; possibly a Tokharian l.-w., cf. Tokh. B (Kuchean) yarm; Tokharian A (Agnean ) yärm ‘a measure’. Survives only (?) in SE Türki ‘a small copper coin worth 2 pul' BŠ; ‘a false copper coin’ Jarring. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. altun yartmak (sic) ‘a gold coin’ U III 67, 11; 68, 12 etc.: Civ. yarmak kümüš occurs several times in USp. and seems to mean ‘in coin’ (as opposed to čaw, ‘paper currency’), e.g. beš otuz sıtır yarmak kümüš ‘twenty-five stttr in coin’ 51, 4-5; o.o. 57, 3-4; 61, 4-5; 114, 3: \\XI yartma:k an Uyğ. form (luğa Uygüŋ of yarma:k al-dirham (Greek drakhma, the standard Moslem silver coin) Kaš. III 432: Xak. xı yarmak (sic) al-dirham ‘a dirham; money’ Kaš. III 43; over 60 o.o. of yarma:k (stc) translated al-dirham, either ‘a dirham coin’, e.g. bi:r yarma:k ‘one dirham’ III 121, 21, or ‘money’, e.g. yarma:k yığıldı: ‘money was collected’ III 80, 5: KB (how many intimacies are) yarmak üčün ‘for the sake of money’ 6470; (everyone has become) yarmak kulı ‘a slave to money’ (and bows to anyone that has cash (kümüš)) 647e: xıı (?) Tef. yarmak ‘money’ 14e: Čağ. xv ff. yarmak ‘silver coin' (akča) Vel. 400 (quotns.); yar- (split, cleave) \\\ XXXXXX San. 329V. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yarmak ‘coin; money’ 'Ali 53: xıv ditto Qutb 71; MN 265; Nahc. 23, 10; 252, le: Kip. xııı dirham yarmak Hou, 55, 10: xıv ditto Id. 92; Bui. 4, 8; al-sawda ‘black (i.e. copper) coin’ kara: yarmak do. 4, 9: xv al-direhimu'l--madrüba ‘minted coins’ (axša:/) yarmak Kav. 58, 13; dirham yarmak (/akča; see ağrığ) Tuh. 15b. 9.

VUD yarmıš (split, cleave, milled, ground) Hap. leg.; vocalized yarmaš, prob. by analogy w. yerdeš which it follows, but no doubt Dev. N./A. fr. yar- (split, cleave). Xak. xı yarmıš al-carîš ‘roughly milled groats’; yarmıš u:n al-daqlqu'l-hawari ‘finely ground flour’; this is one of the words with two opposite meanings (al-added); but by origin they are in fact identical Kaš. III 40.

Dis. V. YRM-

yarma:- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling) Hap. leg., but see yarman- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling), A Coop. f. yarmaš- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling) is noted in Kip. xv tasallaqa ‘to scale (a wall)’ Tuh. 10a. 9 and šebafa ‘to hold on by the finger nails’ (?) do. 20b. 3, and survives in SE Türki BŠ 626. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if the sinners who have fallen into the river of ashes in hell, in an effort to get out) ögüz kıdığın yarmasarlar ‘pull themselves up the bank of the river’ TM IV 253, 62.

D yarman- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling) Refl. f. of yarma:- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling) survives w. the same meaning in NE Alt., Tel. R III 152. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tuta yarmanğalı sakı-nurlar ‘they contemplate holding on and climbing up (to them)’ Maitrisimit frag, in TT I, p. 19, note 4e: Civ. TT 146 (yaskağ): Xak. xı er ta:mka: yarmandi: ‘the man scaled (tasallaqa... 'ala) the wall’ (etc.) Kaš. III in (yarmanu:r, yarmanma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yarman- (-ıp) bir yüksek yere firman- ‘to claw one’s way up to a high place’ Vel. 406 (quotns.); yarman-/yarmaš- (surmount, overcome, clamber, cling) ‘to cling (čas-pidan) onto a tree, rope, wall, and the like, and climb up’ (bele raftan) San. 328V. 19 (quotns.)

Tris. YRM

S yarmağa:n See armağa:n. (gift, souvenir)

D yermeksiz (nonchalantly) Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. the Infin. of 2 ye:r- (loathe, criticize, blame) Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (receive the flower sent to you) yermeksiz kögülin ‘without feelings of revulsion’ TT X 488.

Tris. V. YRM-

D yarmaklan- (moneyed) Refl. Den. V. fr. yarma:k (coin, money); pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı er yarmaktandı: ‘the man became possessed of money’ (da dirham) Kaš. III 116 (yarmaklanu:r, yarmaklanma:k); a.o. II279, 9.

D yarımla:- (half) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. yarım (half) (Arimaspi “half-eyed” ~ “squinted-eyed” > “one-eyed”). Xak. xı ol yo:luğ yarımla:dı: ‘he completed half (intašafa) the journey’ (etc.) Kaš. III 343 (yanmla:r, yanmla:ma:k).XXXX

D yarımlan- (half) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of yarımla:- (half). Xak. xı yanmlandi: ne:g ‘the thing fell into \970\ [lacuna] (yarımlanu:r, yarımlanma:k).
970

yaramsin- (favor, respect) Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. N.S.A. of yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); mentioned only in a grammatical passage. Cf. yaran-. Xak. xı there is only one V. with five consonants w. this Suff. msin-); it is er maŋa: yaramsindı: ‘he carried favour with me’ (tamallaqa lŋ Kaš. II 63 (yaramsinu:r, yaramstnma:k).

Dis. YRN

1 yarın (shoulder-blade) ‘shoulder-blade’; in this form \\ o.a.b. A syn. word yağrın appeared in the medieval period; it can hardly be the original form of yarın, a much older word, and may be a mispronunciation due to a supposed etymological connection w.yağır (d-) (saddle-gall, shoulder), q.v. Survives in NE Alt., Kumd., Leb., Tel. yarın R U 122; Khak., Tuv. carın; Bar. yawrun II 18: NC Kzx. jawrin: SC Uzb. yağrin: W Tkm. ya:ğrın. See yarınla:- (shoulder-blade). Uyğ. 11 ff. Man.-A (of a demon being suppressed; ıe west country presses down his internal rgans; the north and south countries press own) yaranın bašının (sic) ‘his shoulder lades and head’ (Mount Sumeru presses down is trunk (?), özin) M III 8, 3-10 (in: Xak. i yarın 'azmu'l-katif ‘the shoulder-blade’; ıe Turks say about it (fihŋ yarın bulansa: e:l bulğanu:r ide tašazvıvaša <'azmu'l-katif tašawwašayi-wileya ‘if the shoulder blade irregular, the realm is in disorder’ Kaš. III 1 (presumably a refce, to scapulomancy of the Chinese kind): xıv Muh. muštu'1-zahr ‘shoul-er blade’ yağrın Mel. 47, 14; Rif. 141 (MS. ağrık): Čağ. xv ff. yağrın (spelt) šana wa atif ‘shoulder-blade, shoulder’; also called ağır and kebze San. 333r. 27; o.o. 300r. 10; 33V. 4 (yağıŋ: Xwar. xııı yağrın ‘shoulder-lade’ 'Ali 48: xıv ditto Nahc. 33, n: Kip. in lazvhu'l-katif ‘shoulder-blade’ yağra:n ic) Hou. 20, 10: xıv yağrın 'azmu'l-katif d. 95: xv lawhu'l-katif yawrun Kav. 60, 7; latoh yağrın Tuh. 31b. 5: Osm. xıv ff. ağrın ditto; c.i.a.p. TTS I 766; II 976; III 54\IV 825.

D 2 yarın (aurora, sunrise, dawn, tomorrow, next year) (aurora) Dev. N. fr. yaru:- (bright; shine); lit. ‘becoming bright’ or the like; originally it meant ‘in the early morning’, thence ‘tomorrow morning’ and thence, more generally ‘tomorrow’ and even ‘next year’. Survives in NC Kzx.; NW Ck. jarinnext year’: SW Osm. yarıntomorrow’. Cf. erte:. Türkü vııı ff. yarın... ;eče: ‘early in the morning... late at night’ rkB 22; o.o. do. 1 (3 keče: (evening, night, murk, yesterday)), 2 (1 eš- (run, hurry, amble)): Man. they had a great entertainment...) yarınka egi ‘until the morning’ TT II 8, 59 (damaged); a.o. MI 6, 19 (yaru:-): Uyg. vııı ff. /Ian. yarın keče M I 31,4 (1); III 36, 5 (iii): eak. xı kalsun čavıg yannka: ‘may your ame endure until tomorrow’ (li-ğad) Kaš. II 150, 5; n.m.e.: KB (if a man lives for the Measures of the day, he sins and) yarın yer ıakınč ‘will suffer anxiety to-morrow’ 913; ko. 232, 587 (ökünč), 915-6, 5309: xııı (?) 4t. (let praise go from me today) yarın elig tomorrow’ 29-30; a.o.o.; Tef. yerînıto^ morrow’ 145: xıv Muh. (?) ğada (n) yarın Rif. 94, 184 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yarın farda ‘tomorrow’ San. 329V. 24 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-ğade ya:nn Hou. 28, 12: xıv ğada (n) (erte:/tanda:/) yarın Tuh. 26b. 6.

S yiriŋ See iriŋ. (pus)

yurun (patch, scrap) ‘patch, scrap’, and the like. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. R III 546; (Khak. curux). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yurugaru pıša kelmiš etin ‘meat cooked to rags’ U III 45, 14: Xak. xı yurun qut'atul-dibac, ‘a scrap of brocade’; hence one says yurun yuka: Kaš. III 22: Čağ. xv ff. yurun qaftan yamast ‘a patch on a robe’ Vel. 417; yurun (spelt) pera wa latta ‘scrap, patch’, which they sew on a garment San. 342V. 15 (quotn.): Kip. xıv yurun ‘clippings (al-qašeša) of anything’ Id. 92.

S yürüŋ See ürüŋ. (white, shining, bright, clear, milk)

Dis. V. YRN-

D yaran- (favor, respect, ingratiate, suitable, slim) Refl. f. of yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); s.i.m.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes and sometimes the same meanings as yara:- but Kaš.'s first meaning below seems to survive in some NE languages, and both in SW Osm. Cf. yaramsin- (favor, respect). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man sings... or has letters written) kunčuylarka yaran-ğalı ‘in order to curry favour with women’ U III 75, 10 (in: Xak. xı at yarandı: ‘the horse was slimmed on the exercise ground’ (dummira... fi'1-midmeŋ to make it hard and fit to race; and one says ol maga: yarandı: ‘he ingratiated himself with me’ (tamallaqa It) Kaš. III 83 (yaranu:r, yaranma:k); o.o. I 394, 19; HI 20, 17: Ča&’ xv ff- yaran- (spelt) syn. w. yara-, pasand šudan ‘to be suitable’ San. 327V. 16; a.o. do. 2 (yara:-): Kip. xıv yaran- tadammara ‘to be, or become, slim’ Id. 93.

VUD 1 yerin- (yerin-) in spite of the Infin., the translation suggests that this is the Refl. f. of 1 yer- (split), not yar-. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol butik yerindi: ‘he set to work to split (hešara šaqq) the branch for himself’ Kaš. III 83 (yerinü:r, yerinme:k; MS. ma:k): Kip. xv ff. inxaraqa ‘to come apart, tear (Intrans.)’ yerin- Tuh. 6a. 8.

VUD 2 yerin- (loathe, criticize, blame, distressful, miserable, regretful) Refl. f. of 2 ye:r- (loathe, criticize, blame); this seems to be best explanation of the words listed below, but in one case the y- is absent, and this might be a Sec. f. of irin- (miserable, unhappy). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kimke neg yeringü ermez ‘one must not be disgusted (несчастлив)  with anyone’ TT VI452 (see note thereon); neg kimke yeme aringülük (sic?) övkelegülük ermez ‘one must not be disgusted or angry with anyone’ Suv. 228, 1415; o.o. TT VI 18 (öpkele:-); U III 73, 22 (2 yer-); and see PP 68, 5 (irin-): Osm. xıv ff. yerin- ‘to be distressed, miserable; to feel regret’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 822; II 1042; III 802; IV 877.
971

yorınčğa: (clover, lucerne) ‘clover’ (or ‘lucerne’?); one of several animal and plant names ending in -nčğa:. Survives in NC Kır. jogğučka; Kzx. jogırıška/jogıška: SC Uzb. yûgğička: NW Kk. jogıška: SW Osm. yonca; Tkm. yorunca. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yorunčğa ‘clover’ H II 16, 8; 24, 69: Xak. xı yorınčğa: al-qatt ‘clover’ Kaš. III 433; a.o. / 431 (bıčma:): xııı (?)T<>/. yorınčğa ‘clover’ 162: xıv Muh. (?) al-rafba ‘green clover’ yo:nıčka: Rif. 182 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yorunčğa (spelt) ‘a fresh green plant (nabet) which the oftener one cuts it the oftener it grows again’ (quotn.); also called yonca; in Ar. fišfiša (‘fresh green clover’), in Pe. aspist (ditto) San. 342V. 17; yonca ‘a fresh green herb which they give to horses’; also called yorunčğa do. 347r. 10: Oğuz xı yorınča: al-qatt Kaš. III 375: Kip. xııı al-fušša wa huwa'l-qadba ‘lucerne, clover’ yonca: Hou. 9. 4.

D yerinčig (displeasing) Hap. leg.?; Dev. N./A. fr. 2 yerin- (loathe, criticize, blame, distressful, miserable, regretful); ‘displeasing’ and the like. Xak. xı KB 687 (erinčig).

D yerindi: (disgusting, hateful) Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. 2 yerin- (loathe, criticize, blame, distressful, miserable, regretful); ‘disgusting, hateful’. Xak. xı KB 5327 (süründi:).

D yarındak (shoulder strap) Den. N. (Conc. N.) fr. 1 yarın (shoulder-blade), lit. ‘something which passes over the shoulder-blades' ?) (cf. bağırdak); ‘a strap’; cf. kadıš, sıdrım. Xak. xı yarindak ‘a Turkish strap’ (al-qidd); it is cut (yuqadd) out of goatskin Kaš. III 51; o.o. II 23 (til-); 108 (tiliš-); 175 (tilttir-).

PU (D) yöründek pec. to Uyğ.; obviously ‘a remedy’; often used in the Hend. em yöründek; prima facie a Den. (?) N. in -dek, but w. no obvious etymology. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 29 (ol): Bud. em yöründek TT IV, p. 14, note A. 11, 8 (1 a:l); Suv. 15 11, etc.; yöründek by itself U III 44,1 (iii) etc. Civ. TT I 109 (anut-).

D yarınki (tomorrow) N./A.S. fr. 2 yarın (aurora, sunrise, dawn, tomorrow, next year) (aurora); survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı KB yarınki künün ‘tomorrow’ 918; o.o. 397, 5307: Čağ. xv ff. yarınki farde'i ‘tomorrow’s ’ San. 329V. 2e: Xwar. xıv yarınğı/yarınkı ditto Qutb 73.

D yarinlik (tomorrow, завтрашнее) AN. fr. 2 yarın (aurora, sunrise, dawn, tomorrow, next year) (aurora); ‘that which belongs to tomorrow’; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB yarinlik iš et ‘do tomorrow’s work’ 1208, 1278; yanut berge teŋri yarinlik saga ‘God will give you your reward tomorrow’ 5131: xııı (?) At. 187 (1 azuk).

D yurunluğ P.N./A. fr. yurun; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı yurunluğ ura:ğut ‘a woman who owns scraps (qitaat) of brocade’ Kaš. III 50: Čağ. xv ff. yurunluk (sic) panbader ‘made of cotton’ (here perhaps ‘patched with cotton fabric’?) San. 342V. 19 (quotn.).

Tris. V. YRN-

D yarınla:- (shoulder-blade) Hap. leg. ; Den. V. fr. 1 yarın (shoulder-blade); so spelt originally, but altered by a second la:di: ‘he struck him on the shoulder blade’ ('ale 'a?m katifihŋ Kaš. III 343 (yarinla:r, yarmla:ma:k).

S yürüŋer- See ürüŋer-.

Dis. YRS

(D) yarsğa:ğ (slippery place) Hap. leg.?; see yaskağ; in the same section as yartma:k, so certainly a Diss., but distinguished fr. it as al-mude'af ‘with a repeated consonant’. There does not seem any possible etymology, -ğa:ğ is not a known Suff. Xak. xı yarsğa:ğ ‘a slippery place’ (al-mazlaqa)Tin the mountains or elsewhere Kaš. III 433- ‘

Dis. V. YRS-

D yarsı:- (revolted, disgusted) ‘to be revolted, disgusted by (something Acc.)’; prob. a Simulative Den. V. in -sı:- fr. 1 yar (spittle, saliva), lit. ‘to have a flow of saliva’. Survives in the same sense in NE Tel. R III 148 and perhaps NW Kaz. yars (ŋ- ‘to fly into a rage’. Cf. yalk-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. MI 7, 13 (anča:) and see ?E ersi-: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (when a man sees a louse sucking his blood) yarsıyur M18,17: Bud. (when a man has a revolting disease) alku kiši yarsıyur yakmaz bolur ‘everyone is disgusted and begins not to go near him’ TT VI445; a.o. U III 79, 9-10 (i) (yergülüg): Civ. TT VIII 7.8 (kus- (vomit)): Xak. xı ol yarsi:di: ne:gni: istaqdara'l-šay' wa 'efahu ‘he was revolted by the thing and loathed it’ Kaš. III 305 (yarsı:r, yarsı:ma:k):xiv Muh. (?) ankara wa abe ‘to disapprove, feel aversion’ ya:rsi:- Rif. 104: (Kip. xv (?) Tuh. 24a. 7, see bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed)).

“e> yarsit- Caus. f. of yarsı:-; Kaš.’s etymology is impossible, but the connection w. 1 yar (spittle, saliva) seems valid. Perhaps survives in NW Kaz. yarsit- ‘to infuriate’. Xak. xı ol am: yarsitti: ‘he disgusted him (qaddarahu, MS. qaddara.hu) about something, so that he loathed Čefa) to accept food from him’; originally the phr. ya:r so:dti: ‘he spat out saliva’, because he revolted him, and then assimilated Kaš. II 353 (yarsıtu:r, yarsıtma:k): Kip. xıv yarsit- ‘to provoke, stir to anger’ CCG; Gr.

D yarsik- Hap. leg.; Emphatic Pass. f. of yar- Xak. xı er oğlundın yarsıkdı: ‘the man parted (infarada) from his son’; that is when one of them lost his way (dalla) in the desert, and one of them reached one place and the other another,’or fell into the hands of the enemy Kaš. III 105 (yarsika:r, yarsikma:k).

D yersin- Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. ye:r. Cf. yerle:-. Xak. xı er ye:rig yersindi: ‘the man made the place his home and became accustomed to it’ (tawattana... wa"tedahu) Kaš. III 109 (yersinü:r, yersinme:k).

Tris. YRS

S yarasa/yerise: See yersigü:.
972

[lacuna] which ıs Hap. leg., ıs uncertain; ır altered^to uya: yersigü: it could be interpreted as a Turkish phr. w. a Dev. N. fr. *yersi:- (cf. yersin-), ‘making its home in a nest’, but the wide range of forms suggests that they are all different representations of a l.-w., the form yar kanat, presumably ‘with split (2 ya:ŋ wings’ being an attempt to give it a Turkish etymology. Yarasa survives in SW Az., Osm. and yar kanat in NE Alt yarğanat; Khak. čarkanat: NC Kır., Kzx. jarkanat/jarğa-nat: NW Kk. jarğanat; Kaz. yarkanat; Kumyk varkanat; Nog. yarğanat; SW Tkm. yarğa:nat. Čigil xı ‘the bat’ (al-xuffeš) is called (PU) aya: yer.sgü and some of them call it (VU) yerise: Kaš. III 433: Čağ. xv ff. yarasa/yarasik (both spelt) šaprak ‘bat’, in Ar. xuffeš San. 32t}r. 10; yarkanat ‘bat’; it is an abbreviation of yarğağ kanat, that is bel-i püst ‘with a wing made of skin’ do. 329V. 2: Tkm. xııı al-ivatwat ‘a large bat’ (VU) yarasa: Hou. 10,11:xiv yaraša ditto Id. 93: xv ditto yaraša, also the compound (words, murakkab) yarkana%f teri kanaf Tuh. 38a. 12.

D yarsınčığ Dev. N./A. fr. the Refl. f. of yarsı:-; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. ol yarsınčığ etözteki kan irir> ‘that blood and pus in her revolting body’ M I 5, 8 — 9: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (his corpse...) yarsınčığ bolur ‘becomes revolting’ TT VI 444: Xak. xı yarsınčığ ne:g ‘a thing by which one is revolted’ (yustaqdar) Kaš. III 56.

Dis. YRŠ

D yarıš Dev. N. (connoting reciprocity) fr. yar-; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes for ‘race, competition’, and the like. Xak. xı yarıš sibaqu' l-xayl ‘a horse race’; hence one says ol at yarıštı: ‘he horse-raced’ (sabaqa’I--xayl); yarıš ‘a division’ (muqasama) of property between two men Kaš. III 10; (in II 191 (kaltur-) the translation suggests that yarıšda: is an error for barıšda:): Čağ. xv ff. yarıš asb taxtan ‘a horse race’ San. 329V. 22.

D yaršı: Dev. N./A. fr. yarıš-; pec. to Xak. Xak. xı yaršı: the word for ‘someone who divides something in half’ (munešif fi'1-šay') and the word for ‘the division of something’ (n.fifu’l-šay’); hence one says anıŋ yaršı:sı: bu: ‘this is the man who divides it’; and ol menü) birle: ta:m yaršı: ‘he is my neighbour (cerŋ who shares a house with me’ (mušetara' l-bayt), that is ‘that which divides us (aİ-heyil) is a wall’ Kaš. III 32: KB yaršı ‘divergent’ 5311 (ekkigü:).

D yaršım Hap. leg.; abbreviated N.S.A. fr. yanš- xı one says bi:r yaršım ye:r ard qadr ribaqi’l-xayl fVl-halba ‘sufficient land for a set of starters to race in’ Kaš. III 47.

Dis. V. YRŠ-

D yaraš- Recip. f. of yara:- (sucessful, advantageous, beneficial, useful, of service; suitable); s.i.m.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, usually for ‘to be \\\ vııı ff. Man. m 111 19, 0-9 (ii) (yaau-j: uyg> vııı fî. Man.-A dindar kišike sevük kögül yarašur ‘loving thoughts become an Elect’ M I 23, 17-19: Bud. (the two breasts on her broad chest) artukrak yarašıp turur erdi ‘were exceptionally symmetrical’ U IV 30, 54; yarašurın yarašmazın... otlı suvlı yarašmazı ‘points of agreement and difference... the difference between fire and water’ TT VI 341-2: Civ. in medical texts yarašur means that (a particular remedy), ‘is appropriate, or beneficial’ (sometimes, for something Dat.) H I 95, 145 (w. Dat.), 167 (transcribed yarušuŋ; TT VIII M.23, 27 (ya:ra:šu:r, w. Dat.) -, in TT VII 39 yarašmaz (occasionally yaramaz) ‘it is inappropriate’ (to do certain things on certain days) is common; a.o. do. 12, 7-8 (1 karšı:): Xak. xı ola:r ikki: yarašdı: ‘those two agreed with one another (wafaqa) about something’ Kaš. III 71 (yarašu:r, yarašma:k; verse); (the cat that cannot reach the fat says) kiši: negi: yarašma:s ‘men’s things do not agree with me’ (le yuwafiqunt) II i°5. 25; a.o. III 11,3: KB (enemies who did not actually fight) yaraštı ičin ‘have come to terms with one another’ 145; yarašğu yarağı bar erse yaraš ‘if there is an opportunity to come to terms, do so’ 2360; o.o. 411, 681, 2270, 4299 (1 öčeš-): xııı (?) Tef. ixtalafa ‘they disagreed’ yarašumadilar (for yarašu: umadilar) 144: xıv Muh. wafaqa ya:raš- Mel. 32, 1; (wa šaluha ‘to fit, suit’, sa:kla:š- Pread agla:š- Rif. 112); šelaha ‘to make peace, be reconciled’ ya:ra:š- (? ; ya:r-la:š- 42, 6; ba:rla:š- 133): Čağ. xv ff. yaraša layiq ‘suitable’ Vel. 404 (quotn.); yaraš-Recip. f.; šulh kardan ‘to make peace’, sezker šudan ‘to agree’, and metaph. harazanda šudan ‘to be becoming’ San. 327V. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yaraš- ‘to be suitable, to fit, to agree’, etc. Qutb 70; MN 62, etc.; Nahc. 175, 9: Kom. xıv yaraš- ‘to agree; to be suitable’ CCI; Gr.: Osm. xıv ditto, cömmon TTS II 1002; III 772; IV 847.

D yarıš- Recip. f. of yar-; s.i.m.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, normally ‘to race, compete’, but in SC Uzb. ‘to chop (e.g. wood) together’. Xak. xı ol anig birle: at yarıšdı: he had a horse race (sabaqa'l-faras) with him’; and one says ol anıg birle: tava:r yarıšdı: ‘he divided (nešafa) the property with him’; this word is also used of dividing property under a will (qismatu'l-mawarit) Kaš. III 72 (yarıšu:r, yarıšma:k); o.o.1367, 24; 474, 6; II 226, 15; III 10 (yarıš): xıv Muh. (}) sabaqa ya:rıš- (? ; MS. ya:rša:-) Rif. 110 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yarıš- (consistently spelt yeriš-) asb taxtan ‘to race a horse’ San. 32čr. 2 (quotn.): Kip. xııı sabaqa mina'l-musabaqa bi'l-xayl wa ğayrihi yarıš- (MS. yaraš-) Hou. 40, 16.

D yeriš- Recip. f. of 1 yer-; pec. to Xak. Xak. xı yerišdi: ne:g taqaasa'l-šay' wa delika nahwa'l-infirac ‘the thing fell short of requirements^), that is, for example, by coming \973\ apart’; and one says er yerisdi: ‘the man (etc.) smiled’ (tabassama, i.e. parted his lips); similarly one says it tıšı: yerišdi: ‘the dog’s teeth lost their strength’ (aftara) Kaš. III 72 (yerišü:r, yerišme:k): KB (he woke, and looked up raising his head) kalık kız küler i teg yerišti tišin ‘the sky parted its teeth like ........ i a girl when she smiles’ 5827.
973

D yorıš- Co-op. f. of yori:- s.i.s.m.I., usually as yürüš- and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. birök akru akru magin yorıšdılar ‘if (the ' Buddhas) walked at a gentle pace’ UIII 72, 17: ......... Î Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: yorıšdı: ‘he com-......... ■ peted with me in walking’ [fVl-mašy); and one......... 1 says torku: yorıšdı: ‘streaks appeared (bada-......... j ti'l- tarayiq) in the silk fabric’ (etc.), that is......... j when it is on the point of disintegration......... (qaruba mina'l-bila) Kaš. III 72 (yorıšu:r, yorıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yürüš- ‘to walk (rah raftan) with one another’ San. 342r. 14.

Tris. YRŠ

D yarašı: Dev. N./A. fr. yaraš-; ‘suitable, beneficial, attractive’, etc.; cf. yarašık. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (showing to mankind) yarašı körk ‘an attractive shape’ TT HI 127; yarašı tüzgerlnčsiz ‘attractive and I insurpassable’ do. 153; o.o. Wind. 29-30 (kıl-); 42-3 (ičiglig): Bud. körki yarašı TT X 441; ertigü yarašı közünüp ‘appearing very attractive’ do. 447; (various drugs) iglerige yarašı ‘beneficial for their diseases’ Suv. 597, 23; o.o. U III 39, 1; TT VII 16, 24; VIII A.36 (enčgülüg); Kuan. 144: Civ. TT VIII I 7.20 (İčle:gü:).

D yarašık (beneficial, attractive, beautiful, peace, agreement, comeliness, suitable, becoming, attractive) Dev. N./A. fr. yaraš-; syn. w. yarašı:. S.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes. Xak. xı KB (there was no remedy that they did not try) yarašık ne erse anı birdiler ‘they gave him whatever was beneficial’ 1061; a.o. 1053 (ičin): xıv Muh. (l) baliğu'1-husn ‘most attractive, beautiful yara:sık Rif. 147 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yaraš/yarašık  (1) šulh wa sezkeri ‘peace, agreement’ (quotns.); (2) metaph. barezandagi ‘comeliness’ San. 329r. 11: Osm. xıv ff. yarašıksuitable, becoming, attractive’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 786; II 1002; III 771; IV 846.

D yarašıklık (suitability) Hap. leg.?; A.N. fr. yarašık (beneficial, attractive, beautiful, peace, agreement, comeliness, suitable, becoming, attractive). Xak. xı KB kayuda yarašıklık erse yakın ‘whoever has suitability ready to hand’ (he is useful for work) 3210.

Tris. V. YRŠ-

D yaraštur- Caus. f. of yaraš-; s.i.s.m.I. r Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kezigče sanın tutup yüz ulatı ödke yaraš tu rup ötüngü ol ‘he must pray on a hundred, etc. occasions, keeping the number (of prayers) in the right order’ USp. 44, 3 — 5: Xak. xı KB (my God, who set all I things in order, himself set (the stars) in order) ete berdi tüzdi yarašturdı tüz ‘he set them in order, organized them and made (their movements) harmonious’ 14e: Xwar. xıv yaraštur- ‘to set in order, make ready’ \\\ Qutb 70; Nahc. 48, 5: Kom. xıv ‘to set in order, harmonize’ CCI, CCG; Gr.: Osm. xıv ff. ditto; fairly common TTS II 1003; III 772; 7^847. '

Dis. YRY

VUD yirya: (northern) Den. Adv./Adj. fr. 1 yir (north); cf. berye: ; ‘in the North’. Pec. to Türkü. Türkü vııı / 5 1 (šadapı:t); I E 14, 77 E 12, etc. (berye:).

Tris. YRY

VUD yiryaki: Hap. leg.; N./A.S. fr. yirya:; ‘situated in the North’. Türkü vııı T. 17 (beryeki:).

Mon. YS

1 ya:s (damage, harm, destruction, loss)damage, harm, destruction, loss’, etc. Prob. no longer surviving, in modem times indistinguishable fr. the Ar. l.-w. ya'sdespair, grief’, in some languages, ya:š and ya:z. Cf. 1 ko:r. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Kuan 35 (1 ko:r); TT VI 63 (egsü:-): Xak. xı ya:s al-wadi'a wa'l-xusran ‘ (trading) loss; loss (in general)’; hence one says amŋ telim ya:si: tegdi: ‘he has suffered many losses’ Kaš. III 159: KB biri ašğı yası telim ‘they have one profit and many losses’ 309; maga yas kilur ‘they inflict loss on me’ 684; o.o. 915, 983 (kork-), 2161, 4226 (yağılık), 6368: (Čağ. xv ff. yas ‘aza wa matam ‘mourning, lamentation’ (Ar. l.-w.) San. 331 v. 5): Oğuz xı ya:s al-mawt wa’l-halak ‘death, destruction’; hence one says amŋ oğlı: ya:s boldi: (or buldi:?) ‘his son perished, or died (was lost)’ Kaš. III 159: (Xwar. xıv yasmourning’ Qutb 78: Kip. xıv ya:s al-'aze' (allophone) Id. 94).

2 ya:s (despair, grief, mourning, lamentation)

Mon. V. YS-

yas- (loosen) basically ‘to loosen’, with some connotation of allowing something under tension to become flat; in its extended meanings more or less syn. w. 1 yaz- and, to some extent ya:d-, and therefore difficult to identify in some modern languages; but certainly survives in SE Türki yasi-: SW Osm. yas- and perhaps, NC Kır. jas-. Xak. xı beg sü:sin yasdi: ‘the beg disbanded (farraqa) his troops (and sent them) to their homes’; the origin is the phr. er ya:sin yasdi: ‘the man unstrung (naza'a... al-watar 'an) his bow’; and one says xa:n čowa:č yasdi: ‘the xa:n loosened the fastening (halla... 'uqda) of the royal parasol which was raised over his head’ Kaš. III 59 (yasa:r, yasma:k): Kip. xııı fakka min ‘akki’l-qaws min watarihi ‘to unstring (a bow)’ yas- Hou. 43, 1: xıv yaš- ditto Id. 94: Osm. xıv ff. yas- ‘to unstring (a bow)’, and (xvi ff.) ‘to flatten’; common TTS I 792; 77 1009; HI 777; IV 852: xvııı (*RümV) San. 33 iv. 14.

Dis. YSA

D yası: (flat, flattened, broad) Dev. N./A. fr. yas- (loosen); ‘flat, flattened’. The translation ‘broad’ prob. implies ‘flattened out so as to be broad’, see yasi:la:-, and contrast ke:g. Survives in SC Uzb. yassi: NW Kaz. yassı (R III 223 yastı): SW Az. \974\ yastı; Osm., Tkm. yası, all ‘flat, flattened’. Uyğ. vııı Šu. Eg (2 ta:š): Xak. xı yası: ne:g ‘something broad’ (al-arid) Kaš. III 24: KB (I saw a ladder with fifty steps) jüz utru uruğluğ ediz ham yası ‘erected facing me, high and broad’ 6033: xııı (?) Tef. yüzi yası ‘with a flat (or broad ?) face’ 147: xıv Muh. Mel. 46, 11; Rif. 140 (alınlığ): Kip. xııı 'ari4 yası: Hou. 25, le: xıv yaššı: (sic) ‘flat’ (al-šafih) of iron, stones, etc. Id. 94: xv 'arid yaš (later altered to yassı) Tuh. 25a. 4; in 82b. 1 yassı is described as one of the very few Turkish words w. a double consonant.
974

Dis. V. YSA-

F yasa- (construct, arrange, set in order) ‘to construct, arrange, set in order’, and the like is a Mong. V. which did not appear in Turkish until late xııı or xiv. It is first noted in xııı (?) Tef. 147, and is also listed in Čağ. xv ff. San. 33ir. 2 and Kip. xv Tuh. 25b. 7. It has been incorrectly read in Ttirkti vııı IN 10 where the right reading is öd teŋri: aysar (not yasar) kiši: oğlı: ölgelı: törü:miš ‘ (all) sons of men have been bom to die when heaven prescribes the time’. The Dev. N. yasak is a Mong. l.-w., which is first noted in the Uyğ. xıv Civ. petition, USp. 22, 43; the supposed occurrence in vııı ff. Bud. Pfahl. 6, 5 is a misreading of yağak, q.v.

D ye:se:- (eat) Desid. f. of ye:- (eat): pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ol etme:k ye:se:di: ‘he wished to eat bread’ (etc.) Kaš. III 304 (ye:se:r, ye:se:me:k); a.o. I 20, 10. •

Dis. YSC

D yasıč (flat, flattened, broad Dim. f. fr. yası: (flat, flattened, broad); lit. ‘rather flat and broad’; ‘a broad arrow-head’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 40 (yar-): Xak. xı yasıč al- -mi'bala mina'1-nišal ‘a broad long arrow-head’ Kaš. IIIS: Kip. xıv yašıč nasi ma'riif ‘a well-known (kind of) arrow-head’ Id. 94.

Dis. YSD

D yastuk (prop, pillow) Pass. Dev. N. fr. yasta:-; lit. ‘something propped up’; ‘pillow’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, and the same and some extended meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yastuk, no doubt originally ‘a pillow-shaped ingot of silver’, perhaps the Chinese tael, was the largest currency unit mentioned in the documents in USp. and Fam. Arch (see sıtıŋ and phr. like yanm yastuk kümüš 51, 3 no doubt mean not ‘half an ingot of silver’, but ‘half a yastuk (tael) in cash’; in such phr. as altı yüz yastuk čaw 12, 5 it clearly means ‘600 yastuks in paper currency’; for further refces. see USp., p. 274 and Caf. 224 (s.v. yastuk): Xak. xı yastuk al-tviseda ‘pillow’ Kaš. III 43; o.o. do. 107 (yastal-), 302 (yasta:-): xııı (?) Tef. ditto 147:xiv Muh. al-mixadda ‘pillow’ ya:sfuk Mel. 67, 13; yastuk Rif. 168: Čağ. xv ff. yastuk (spelt) muttake toa beliš ‘cushion; pillow’ San. 332r. 7 (quotn. in Rumi): Xwar. xııı yastığ/ yastık/yastu ‘bed-time’ 'Ali 12 (cf. Osm. yatsı, of which the earlier form is prob. a metathesis): xıv yastuk ‘pillow’ Nahc. 159 11; 394, 11: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip xııı al-wisada wa'l-mixadda ya:stuk Hou. 17 2; xıv yašfuk al-mixadda Id. 94: xv dittc yastık Kav. 64, 6; Tuh. 35b. 2.

Dis. V. YSD-

yasta:- (prop, pillow) survives in Kaš.'s first meaning ir SW Osm., but yasta- in NE is a Sec. f. ol yašla:- or yazla:-. Xak. xı ol agar yastuk ya8ta:di: ‘he propped him up on a pillow (wassadahu bi-tciseda); and one says ol maga: sö:z yasta:di: ‘he hinted to me ('arrada It orally, but did not speak clearly’ (šariha (n)\ Kaš. III 302 (yasta:r, yasta:ma:k); a.o. III 320, 8-9 (contrast yasi:la:-): KB tobik yastadıg emdi oldurğuka ‘you have now put a ball in place to sit on’ 647: Čağ. xv ff. yasta- takya dadan ‘to prop (someone) on s pillow’ San. 33ir. 28 (quotns.): Osm. xiv, x\ yasta- ‘to give (something) as a pillow; tc prop (something Acc., on something Dat.)'] in three texts TTS II1009; 111 778.

D yastal- (propped) Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of yasta:- (prop, pillow), Xak. xı yaistuk yastaldi: ‘the pillow was propped’ (umsidat); and one says ok amačka: yastaldi: ‘the arrow hit the side (Šaraba... bi-cenib) of the target’ Kaš. III 107 (yastalu:r, yastalma:k).

D yastan- (prop) Refl. f. of yasta:- (prop, pillow); ‘to prop oneself up on (something Acc.)'. Survives in some NE languages (R III 222) and SW Osm. Xak. xı KB (Aytoldi produced a ball and put it down) anı yastanıp ötrii oldurdı kör ‘and then sat down, propping himself on it’ 622; a.o. 5974 (čüge:): Čağ. xv ff. yastan- takya kardan ‘to make (something) a pillow or support’ San. 331 v. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yastan- ‘to prop oneself against (something Acc.)’ Qutb 73: Kip. xv yaštın- (so vocalized in a later hand) inwasada ‘to prop oneself’ Tuh. 58b. 11: Osm. xıv ff. yastan-/yasdan-/ (once, xvŋ yassan- ‘to prop, or rest (something Acc., on something Dat.); to put (something Acc.) as a pillow or support for (one’s head Dat.)'; common TTS I 792; II 1009; III 778; IV 851.

Tris. YSD

D yastukluğ (propped) Hap. leg. ?; P.N./A. fr. yastuk (prop, pillow); ‘to the value of (so many) yastuks’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 62, 7 (e:d).

Dis. YSĞ

F yasak See yasa:-.

D yasik (bow-case) Hap. leg., but see yasıkliğ; ‘a bow-case’; perhaps Dev. N. fr. yas- (loosen), ‘unstrung’, in the extended sense of ‘a case for an unstrung bow’. Cf. 2 kuruğluk (bow-case), kurma:n (bow-case). Xak. xı yasik al-miqwas ‘a bow-case’, in the language of the Turks; the Oğuz and Kip. do not know it, and use kurma:n Kaš. III 16 (prov., see to:zluğ).

E yosuk See yošuk.
975

D yasğa:č (rolling-board (kitchen) N.I. fr. yas- (loosen); ‘a rolling-board’; Kaš.'s etymology is erroneous; -ğa:č is a normal Dev. Suff. for N.I.s. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. yastığač. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT 1 ıı (bašğar-): Xak. xı yasğa:č xiwanul--'acîn ‘a rolling-board for dough’; its origin is yası: yığa:č ‘a broad piece of wood’ Kaš. III ; 38: Osm. xvı ff. yastığač (and the like) ‘rolling-board’; common in Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 793; II 1010; III 778; IV 852.

PU?E yaskağ Hap. leg.; almost certainly an error for yarsğa:ğ, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in , an unfavourable omen; the mountains have become precipitous and the ground high) yarmanayin tesersen yaskağ (pyarsğağ) turur ‘if you say “I will climb up it”, it is slippery (?)’ TT 746.

Tris. YSĞ

D yasıklığ (bow with bow-case) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yasik; MS. yasığlığ, but between two words w. -k- as '    the third consonant. Xak. xı yasıklığ ya: ‘a bow with a bow-case’ (al-miqwas) Kaš. 777 50.

Dis. YSL

D yasul (sloping) Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. yas- (loosen); , lit. ‘loosened, relaxed’, etc. Xak. xı yasul ta:ğ al-hadba mina'l-cabal ‘a flat-topped mountain’; also any ‘sloping ground’ (šabab mina'l-ard) is called yasul Kaš. III 18.

Dis. V. YSL-

D yasıl- (flattened, leveled) Pass. f. of yas- (loosen); survives in SW Osm. for ‘to be flattened, levelled’. Xak. xı ı:š yasıldı: turika'l-amr wa furriqa asbabuhu j ‘the business was abandoned and its assets divided up’; and one says ya: yasıldı: ‘the bow was unstrung’ (nuzi'a'l-wataŋ; and sü: yasıldı: ‘the army (etc.) demobilized’ (tafar-raqa); also used when anything scattered (tafarraqa) Kaš. III 78 (yasilu:r, yasilma:k): \\ » Osm. xıv yasıl- (of a bow) ‘to be unstrung’; in several texts TTS I 792; 77 1009; IV 852.

Tris. V. YSL-

D yası:la:- Dev. N. fr. yası: (flat, flattened, broad); survives in / SW Az. yastila-; Osm., Tkm. yasila- ‘to flatten’. Xak. xı ol yasi:la:di: ne:gni: ‘he made the thing broad’ ('arid), e.g. dough which is rolled out (yubšat) on the rolling-board or r the like; and one says ol sö:züg yası:la:dı: ‘he \\ made a plain statement’ (šarraha bi'1-kalem), ; and did not use hints or implications (lam \\ yuarrid (MS. yurid) bi'l-kineya) Kaš. III 328 ! (yasi:la:r, yasi:la:ma:k; contrast yasta:-).

Dis. or Tris. YSM

PU?D yasimuk (or yasmuk?) ‘lentil, Erva lens'; -muk (but not -imuk) is a Dev. Suff.; perhaps Dev. N. fr. yas- (loosen) in the sense of ‘a flat (seed)’. Survives in SE Tar., Türki yesimuk: NC Kır. jasmik: SC Uzb. yosmuk: NW Kk. jasmik; Kaz. yasmık; Nog. yasmok: SW Osm. yasmık (in Tkm. yasmık is ‘an insect which preys on crops’). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yasimuk meni ‘lentil flour’ HI 119: Čağ. xv yasmuk 'adas ‘lentil’ San. 232V. 7: Xwar. xıv (two stones) yasmukdın uluğrak ‘bigger than lentils’ (and smaller than chick peas) Nahc. 43, 1: Kip. xıv (in a list of seeds and pulses; al-'adas marcamark (Pe. 1.-W.)) al-qirfim safflower seed, Carthamus tinctorius' yasmık Bul. 7, 1.

D yası:ma:n (flat, bottle, flask) Den. N. fr. yası: (flat, flattened, broad); lit. ‘flattish object (P)’; prob. ‘a flattish portable bottle, pilgrim bottle’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yasirmarn al-muqarqir mina'l-kizan ‘bottle which gurgles when it is poured out’ Kaš. III 38: Xwar. xıv yasmanbottle, flask’ Qutb 73: Kip. xıv ditto CCI, Gr.

Dis. YSN

F yosun ‘manner, custom’, and the like; a Mong. l.-w. first noted in late Uyğ. Civ. documents (USp. 12, 15 etc.) and also noted in Čağ. xv ff. San. 243r. 16.

Dis. YSZ

D yassız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. ya:s; ‘harmless; without loss’. Xak. xı KB 106 (asığ).

Mon. YŠ

ya:š (? ñ-) (fresh, small, young, child, young child, son, childhood, moist, green vegetables, oozing, tears, year, life) (ya:ñ > young) basically ‘fresh, moist’; from this extended meanings developed: (1) ‘fresh’ to ‘green vegetables’; (2) ‘moist’ to ‘running with moisture; tears’; and perhaps also (3) ‘fresh every year’ to ‘a year of one’s life’, but this might be a different word. There is no reasonable doubt that in the last sense it became an early l.-w. in Mong. as nasu ‘a year of one’s life’; the phr. harban niken nasutu ‘eleven years old’ (Haenisch 114) is exactly parallel to bir yegirmi: yašlığ, same meaning (years ); but the theory that Mong. nilbusu (n) ‘tears’ (actually a Dev. N. fr. nübu- (Haenisch 117) ‘to spit’, etc.) is also connected is untenable. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes in one or more of these meanings, in SW Tkm. ya:š (all meanings). Türkü vııı yaš ‘tears’ 7 N 11 — yašyear of one’s life’ is common, usually in such phr. as yeti: yegirmi: yašıma: ‘in my 17th year’ 77 E 24; altı: yegirmi: yašıga: ‘in his 16th year’ 7 E 31: vııı ff. yašfresh’ IrkB 17, 53 (2 ot): Yen. yašyear of one’s life’ Mai. 32, 16 (adir-): Uyğ. vııı altı: otuz yašıma: ‘in my 26th year’ Šu. N 4: vııı ff. Chr. iki yašda altın oğul kızlar ‘boys and girls below the age of two’ U I 10, 1-2: Bud. yaš sügükleri ‘moist bones’ Suv. 625, 10; o.o. TT V 28, 124 (2 ot); VI 14 (ekin) — yaš ‘tears’ USp. 106, 46-7 (ığla:-) — yertinčüdeki özüg yašığlife in this world’ TM IV 252, 4; a.o. U II 49, 20-1 (1 o:z): Civ. yaš tanam ‘fresh sesame seed’ H I 126; o.o. do. 168 (yuldurğa:); TT I 56 (kun:-) — yaštears’ HI 65 (ak-) — yaš ‘mild’ TT VII 17, 22 (kılık) — kırk yašta ‘at the age of forty’ do. 17, 24; o.o. do. 28, 31-2 (ulğa:d-); 33, 6 (kısıl-): O. Kır. ıx ff. yaš, usually in the form yašımda:, is common, e.g. altmıš yašımda: ‘in my sixtieth year’ Mai. 1, \976\ pppMHippiiRnRnr green vegetables’; yaš ot *alaf farî ‘fresh forage’; and one says yaš yoš as a jingle ('ale tariqi'l--itbe') Kaš. III 4; ya:š al-'abra ‘tears’; hence one says kö:züm ya:šı: akdi: ‘my tears streamed’; ya:š al-baql; hence one says ya:š yedim ‘I ate green vegetables’; ya:š al-fari of anything; hence one says ya:š et ‘fresh meat’ III 159; one says ya:š yo:š as a jingle for al-baql iva l-xudar (‘greens’) III 143 — ya:šlife’ 7 316 (ortü:la:-); a.o.o. in the first three meanings: KB közi yaš sačar ‘his eyes stream with tears’ 80; a.o. 1500 — uzatıldı yaš ‘your life has been lengthened’ 176; o.o. 261, 293, 348: xııı (?) Tef. yašfresh’ (vegetables, etc.) — yašyear of life’ 148: Muh. al-ratb ‘fresh’ (opposite to ‘dry’ kuru:) ya:š wa öl Muh. 54, 13 (Rif. 151 corrupt); (under ‘plants’) al-ratb ya:š 78, 7; 182 (al-hašišu' l-rafb ‘fresh herbage’) — al-dam ‘tear’ ya:š 46, 15; 140 — (under ‘ages of man’) al-šağır wa’l-farx ‘small, youngya:š oğla:n 143 (only): Čağ. xv ff. yaš tifl ‘a child’ Vel. 397 (quotn.); yaš (1) ‘a young child’; (2) ašk-i čašm ‘tear’ (quotns.); (3) ’umur wa sinn wa zindageni ‘life, years, age’ (quotns.); (4) metaph. farzand wa azvled ‘son’ (quotn.); (5) tar ‘fresh’, opposite to xušk ‘dry’ San. 332V. 13: Xwar. xıv yaš (1) ‘young, fresh’; (2) ‘tears’; (3) ‘year of age’ Qutb 74; MN 46, etc. ( (2) and (3)); Nahc. 21, 8, etc. (2); 4. 15 (3) — takı teri ičiŋe yıš (sic?) katğıl ‘stuff grass into the skin’ Nahc. 421, 11 (error, or Sec. f. ?; cf. yašuk); a.o. do. 17: Kom. xıv yašfresh, young’ (CCI only) — yaš yašından ‘from childhood’ (CCG only) — ‘tear’ — ‘life, age’ CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-dam' ya:š wa huwa'l-umur wa huwa kull šay' ratb Hou. 21, 12; reverse entry 26, 21: xıv ya:š al- umur... ya:š al-axdar ‘green’... yaš al-dam' ayda (n) Id. 94 (and see ya:šıl); al-cubnu'l-tari ‘fresh cheese’ ya:š peynir Bul. 8, 1; al-'umur ya:š do. 12, 13: xv al-dam' ya:š Kav. 61, 16; Tuh. 15a. 12 (ıva'l-'umur); ratb yaš do. 16b. 11; 'umur yaš do. 25a. 3; layyin ‘soft, tenderyaš (/boš) do. 31b. 7.
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yi:š (mountain forest, mountain taiga, чернь) ‘mountain forest’, the upper parts of a mountain covered with forest, but also containing treeless grassy valleys (see K. Czegledy, ‘Coyay-quzi, Qara-qum, Kök-öng’, Acta Orient. Hung. XV 1-3, p. 55). Survives in the same sense in NE Alt., Leb., Tub. R III 497; Khak. čıs. Türkü vııı mainly occurs in geographical names, Altu:n yıš T 20, etc.; ötüken yıš I S 3, etc., and others; (eastwards to the sunrise, westwards to the sunset, southwards to China) yirya: yıš[ka: tegi:] ‘northwards to the mountain forests’ Ongin 2: vııı ff. IrkB 17 (kör-): Xak. xı al-ša'üd ‘high ground’ is called yıš; one says art yıš ša'-ûd wa habût ‘high ground and descending ground’; e:n (sic) al-habüt; art al-'aqaba ‘a steep mountain road, a pass’ Kaš. III 4 (clearly corrupt); yı:š al-habut; hence one says a**t yı:š ša'üd wa habta (sic) III 143 (both entries are confused; Kaš., who had prob. \\\ meaning barren areas’ and yı:š ‘the more iernie valleys' between rocky ridges): Kom. xıv yıš ‘open uncultivated ground’ CCG; Gr.

VU 1 yoš Hap. leg in Kaš.’s meaning; yoš is noted in SW xx Anat. as meaning (1) ‘twilight’; (2) ‘wild, rough’ (perhaps a Sec. f. of yoz, not an old word, but very common in this dialect) SDD 1541; there is no obvious semantic connection. In Kaš. the word is entered between yaš and yıš and vocalized both yoš and yıš. Oğuz xı yoš al-zahma ‘pressure, discomfort’; one says bodu:n yoš boldi: ‘the people were crowded together’ (izdahama) Kaš. III 4: Osm. xıv to xvı yoš (of the eyes) ‘dazzled’ (by the sun); ‘dimmed’ (by weeping) in several texts; in Pe. dicts, translates xira, same meaning (and several others) TTS I 842; 77 1068; 111 821; IV 898: xvııı yoš in Rumi, xira wa lacüc (‘stubborn, obstinate’) San. 343r. 22.

2 yo:š See ya:š (Xak.). (fresh, small, young, child, young child, son, childhood, moist, green vegetables, oozing, tears, year, life) (ya:ñ > young)

Mon. V. YŠ-

yaš- (hide) ‘to hide (oneself, Intrans.)’; n.o.a.b., in modern languages displaced by the Refl. f. of yašur-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A ol ıda yašdı: ‘hid in that bush’ Man.-uig. Frag. 400, e: Bud. (the evil spirits) alku yašarlar yokadur-lar ‘all hide and disappear’ TT VI 97-8: Xak. xı ol meni: körüp yašdi: ‘he hid (inkame) when he saw me’ Kaš. III 60 (yaša:r, yašma:k; in prov. yašma:s ‘cannot hide himself’ (yaktum nafsahu)); o.o. 7 425, 19; III 208, 25: KB (after a life of pleasure) kara yer katında yašıp yatğu tüz ‘he will lie down flat, hiding in the black earth’ 1427 :xiv Muh. ixtabaa ‘to hide’ ya:š- (Rif. 102, in margin ya:šu:n-; Mel. 22, 3 ya:šur- in error): Kip. xıv yaš- taxabbaa wa xafiya ‘to hide’ Id. 94: Osm. xıv nečesi... gözüm yašam ‘why should I hide my eyes?’ (sic) TTS II 1012.

*yıš- (or ıš- ?) See yıšığ, ıšıl- (skilled), yıšım.

VU (? D) yuš- (wash away, юшка) Hap. leg., but see yušul-; perhaps Co-op. f. of yu:-; if so, survives in NE Alt., Tel. yus- (sic) ‘to wash away’ R III 566; but the semantic connection is not close. Xak. xı ol begni: yušdı: ‘he poured out (ašela) the beer from a tap in the cask’ (min sanbüri’l-dann); it (beeŋ is a drink made of wheat, barley, and millet Kaš. III 60 (yuša:T, yušma:k; corrected from me:k).

Dis. V. YŠA-

D yaša:- (live (long)) Den. V. fr. ya:š; ‘to live (for so many years, or an unstated period, usually long)’; contrast tiril-. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı (Küli Čoŋ sekiz on yašap yok bol[tı:] 'died at the age of eighty’ Ix. 3; a.o. I N 2 (otuz): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. uzun yašayur tmlığlar az ‘people who live long are scarce’ TT VI 021; o.o. PP 24, 4 (1 kan:); TTVII40,129 (aĞasız); Hüen-ts. \977\ 5i, 1956; USp. 97, le: Civ. üč yašar kara ud ‘a three-year-old black ox’ HI 4e: Xak. xı er uzu:n yaša:dı: 'the man had a long life’ (*ummira... tawila (n)) Kaš. III 89 (yaša:r, yaša:ma:k); one says bu: er uzu:n yašatğu: ‘this man is destined (mimme haqquhu) to have a long life’; and (yaša:ğu:) is also a N./A. of time and space (ismu' l-zamen tva’l-maken) III 3e: KB yašasum Luqmftn yılı 'may he live as long as Luqman’ 123; a.o. 2302: Čağ. xv ff. yaša- (spelt) zistan wa zindageni dar ez kardan ‘to live, have a long life’ San. 332T. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 29: xıv ditto MN 96, etc.; Nahc. 101, 8: Kip. xıv yaša-ta'ammara ‘to live long’ Id. 94: xv hayet ‘to live’ yašamak (/tirilmek) Tuh. 12b! 7; ‘and from yašal (p), yaša-’ do. 84b. 5-6.
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(? D) yašu:- (flash, shine) ‘to flash, shine’, and the like; cognate to *ya:- (ignite shine, flame) and perhaps Den. V. in -u:- fr. a Dev. N. *yaš, cf. yaru:- (bright; shine). Although sometimes used in Hend. w. yaru:-, it can also, contrary to Kaš.'s statement, be used in other contexts. N.o.a.b.; the medieval sound-change -a- > -ı- is puzzling, but cf. ya:š, 1 yašuk, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 37, 56 (yaltrı:-); TT V 4, 3 etc. (yaru:-): Xak. xı (under Š) er yaru:dı: yašu:dı: ‘the man was delighted and joyful’ (irteha wa surra min farah); yašu:dı: is not used by itself (yu/rad) but (only) in the Hend. (yuzdawac) yaru:di: yašu:dı: Kaš. III 89 (yaru:r yašu:r, yaru:ma:k yašu:ma:k): xıv Muh. (?) leha wa lama'a ‘to gleam, glisten’ y.šı:- Rif. 114 (only): Xwar. xıv yüzleri yaruk yılduz teg yıšığay (sic) ‘their faces will shine like bright stars’ Nahc. 241, e: Kip. xıv yıšı- lama'a Id. 94.

Dis. YŠD

D yašut (hide) Dev. N./A. fr. yaš-; lit. ‘hiding oneself’; pec. to Xak.? Xak. xı yašut ne:g ‘a hidden (maxbü*) thing’; and one says as a Hend. (fi'1-itbe') yašut beküt Kaš. III 8; a.o. II 228 (bilsik-): KB ana oğrılık suv alınsa yašut ‘if a (man’s) mother secretly takes in the water (i.e. semen) of thievery’ (and a child is bom, it is disastrous for the realm) 5768.

Dis. V. YŠD-

D yašut- (flash, shine) Caus. f. of yašu:- (flash, shine) ; n.o.a.b. in Hend. w. yarut-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 21, 4 (ii) (yarut-): Bud. TT VI 387 (ditto).

Tris. YŠD

D yašutluğ (hidden) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. yašut (hide). Xak. xı KB (do not judge people by their exteriors) kišiniŋ ičin kör yašutluğ ıšığ ‘look at a man’s inner (thoughts) and his secret (hidden) affairs’ 5109.

Dis. YŠĞ

D 1 yašuk (bright, gleaming; brightness, gleam) Dev. N./A. fr. yašu:- (flash, shine); ‘bright, gleaming; brightness, gleam’, and the like. There was a medieval sound-change -a- > -1-similar to that in yašu:-. Survives only (?) in SW Az. ıšığ; Osm., Tkm. ıšık ‘bright, light; a light, lamp’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. fairly common, but only in the Hend. yaruk yašuk TT V 4, 6 etc. (2 yaruk): Xak. xı KB yašık is a commoner word for ‘sun’ than 1 kün, e.g. yašık boldı törtinč ‘the sun became the fourth (planet)’ 134; o.o. 66, 4893, 6211: (xiv Rbğ. yašık ‘sun’ occurs only (?) in the passage taken fr. KP): Čağ. xv ff. yašık (leğar wa da'if ‘lean, weak’, and) Fireği translated it efteb ‘sun’ San. 332V. 26 (yašık ‘lean’ also occurs in Kom. xıv CCG; Gr. and survives in some NC, SC, and NW languages; it may be a l.-w.); ıšiğ/ıšık rawšan wa munaw-war ‘shining, bright’ ioev. 20: Kip. xıv ıšık al-daw wa'l-šue' ‘light, brightness; rays of light’ Id. 14; al-durri wal-mawdiU'l-durri ‘bright; a bright place’ ıšık (MS. štk) Bul. 3, 2.

S 2 yašuk See yošuk.

PUD yıšığ (? ıšığ) (cord, rope) apparently Dev. N. fr. *yıš- (? ıš-); ‘cord, rope’, or the like, perhaps some particular kind of rope; n.o.a.b.; it is not certain whether the y- is prosthetic or original. Cf. 1 uruk, örgen, yıp. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ıšığ bag ‘tie a cord’ (to each bell hung on the fruit-trees in the orchard) PP 80, 1 (Pelliot transcribed ıšığ); (on the seventh day he loosened the iron chain (so:) which held the ship to the shore) temir ıšığ yorıdı ‘the iron cable moved’ (and the ship went off) do. 33, 4; a.o. USp. 88, 46-7 (tirgük): Xak. xı yıšığ al-nis' ‘a strap, thong’, and more specifically ‘the thong of a camel’s girth, or one fastening its load’ Kaš. III 13; o.o. I 126 (esri:), 165 (2 es-), etc., all translated al-btabl ‘rope’.

 yıšığ (JÏŠÏƔ II p. 269, щит, колпак, шлем) shield, bonnet hat, helmet, but see yošuk

VU yošuk (helmet) ‘a helmet’; the vocalization is quite uncertain ; the only modem trace is in Red. 125 ašık ‘an iron helmet’, a word not mentioned in other Osm. authorities; otherwise l.-w.s are used, sometimes Mong. duğulğa (see tuğlığ); it is unlikely that this is a Sec. f. of yašuk w. the connotation of ‘a shining object’. Türkü vııı ff. in the Miran document (ETY II 64) relating to the issue of equipment to individuals, usually yarık ‘body armour’ or kilıč ‘sword’, yošu:k is mentioned twice in contexts in which ‘helmet’ seems appropriate (and the suggestion that it is a Sec. f. of yasik ‘bow-case’ unconvincing); Beče: Apa: ičre-ki:ke: bir yarık yošu:k birle: [yarlığ bolti:] ‘one breastplate, with a helmet, was issued to Beče: Apa: the Chamberlain’ A 21-2; Kü:lü:g Sagu:nka: yošu:k yarlığ bolti: B r. 7-8: Xak. xı (VU) ošuk baydatul--hadtd ‘an iron helmet’; the alif is changed fr. ye', as one says alma'i and yalma'i (‘quickwitted’) Kaš. I 67 (the alif is unvocalized, but it follows ušak so could not be ašuk): xıv Muh. al-xûda ‘helmetyašı:k Mel. 71, 10; yıšı:k Rif. 173: Xwar. xıv yank yašık üze ‘in breastplate and helmet’ Nahc. 45. 8: Kip. xııı al-xüda (VU) ıšık Hqu. 13, 16 (alif unvocalized) : xıv yıšık al-xüda Id. 94 (followed by VU yošuk al-mecin ‘impudent’, Hap. leg.):xv xüda yašık (in margin ašık) Tuh. 14b. 5: Osm. xvııı ıšığ/ıšık in Rumi, kuleh-i xüd ‘helmet’ San. ıoev. 20.
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U yučik- (dazzled) Hap. leg.; Emphatic t. ot yašu:- (flash, shine). Xak. xı kö:z yašıktı: ‘the eye was dazzled (herat) by the sun and its rays’ Kaš. III 76 (yašıka:r, yašıkma:k).

Tris. YŠĞ

D yaša:ğu: See yaša:- (Xak ). (live (long))

D yašukluğ (bright, gleaming; brightness, gleam) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. 1 yašuk (bright, gleaming; brightness, gleam). Uyğ. vnı ff. Man. M II 9, 7-8 (yarukluğ).

D yıšığlığ (rope) Hap. leg. ; P.N./A. fr. yıšığ. Xak. xı yıšığlığ er ‘a man who owns a rope’ (habl) Kaš. III 49.

VUD yošuklığ (helmeted) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. yošuk; vocalized yıšıklığ, clearly by a later hand; originally there was a sign, prob. a damma, above the ye’ and no sign on the }tn. Xak. xı yošuklığ er ‘a man protected (lit. veiled, al-muqartna') by an iron helmet’ Kaš. III 50.

Dis. YŠL

D yašıl (? ya:šıl) (greenish, bluish, turquoise) der. fr. ya:š; prob. crasis of *yašsıl w. the Den. Suff. -sil; properly ‘of the colour of fresh vegetation’, i.e. ‘green’, but like 4 kö:k (sky, sky-coloured, blue, blue-grey) not very precise and sometimes used for ‘light blue’; this lack of precision still survives, in SE Türki yešil is ‘green’, but ‘green grass’ is kök ot. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, generally w. back vowels, but SE Türki yešil/yešil/yišil; SW Az. yašıl; Osm. yešil; Tkm. ya:šıl. Türkü vııı ff. (if the precious stone’s colour is) yašılgreen’ (or light blue?; prob. turquoise) Toy. 26-7 (ETY II 59); a.o. IrkB 51 (yayla:ğ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yašıl burčakgreen beans’ TT VII 14, 69; a.o.o.: Xak. xı yašılgreen’ (.al-axdar) of anything, and ‘bright green’ (al-axgaru l-nddiŋ is called yap yašıl and, in a jingle (fVl-itba) yašıl yošıü Kaš. III 19; III 162 (čüwit), and five o.o., twice as ya:šıl; for III 20 see yipgü: KB (the brown earth and) yašıl kök ‘the blue sky’ 3, 22,127,1002; (the dry trees) tonandi yašıl ‘have clothed themselves in green’ 67; o.o. 68, iao, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. yašıl ‘green’ 148: xıv Muh. al-axdar ya:šı:l; šadîdu l-xudra yam ya:šıl Mel. 68, 2-6; Rif. 168; (under ‘places’, etc.) xadir nadir ‘grassland’ ya:šı:l 76, 9; 180: Čağ. xv ff. yašıl rang-i sabza ‘green’; yašıl baš ‘the name of a kind of duck’ San. 332V. 27: Xwar. xıv yašıl ‘green’ Qutb 74; Nahc. 37, le: Kom. xıv ditto CC7; Gr. : Kip. xııı al-axtfar ya:šıl; intensified form ya:m ya:šıl Hou. 31, 3-8: xıv ya:šıl al-axdar mina’l-ahven and ya:š is used of ‘green plants’ Id. 94: xv ‘bright green’ yam yašıl, more correctly yap yašıl Kav. 5, 8; al-axdar yašıl do. 64, 15; Tuh. 4a. 2; 83b. 7: Osm. xıv to xvı yašıl (in spellings indicating back vowels) ‘green’; in several texts TTS I 793; II 1011; III 779; IV&S3.

D ya:šlığ (moist, tearful) P.N./A. fr. ya:š in all its meanings; s.i.s.m.I., often for ‘filled with tears’; in SE Türki yašlık means both ‘age, aged’ and UUU1. juyu Ulll) U1U .-^ J v 111 11. Bud. uzun özlüg yašlığ ‘long-lived’ Suv. 474, 21; kısğa özlüg yašlığ ‘short-lived’ UII 42, 27-8 — yašlığ közin ‘with eyes filled with tears’ U III 23, 2 (ı); 35, 34; TT X 297 (ığla:-), etc.: Civ. (a slave girl) iki yegirmi yašlığ ‘aged twelve’ USp. 110, 2-3: Xak. xı yašlığ kö:z ‘a tearful (al-abrŋ eye’; yašlığ er ‘an aged (al-musinn) man’; also ‘aged’ of any animal; originally ya:šlığ Kaš. III 42; a.o. III 157 (ma:n): KB kısğa yašlığ 964; a.o. 348 (ökünčsüz): Čağ. xv ff. yašlığ fufûliyat ‘childhood, youth’ (quotns., for A.N. yašlık); and they say kičik yašlığ xurd sel ‘young’, and biyik (so read) yašlığ kuhan sel ‘aged’ San. 332V. 21: Xwar. xıv uluğ yašlığ ‘elderly’ Qutb 74; Nahc. 56, 7; other phr. do. 65, 12; 340/ 8: Kom. xıv ‘a tearful eye’ yašlı köz CCG; Gr.

Dis. V. YŠL-

S yıšıl- See ıšıl-. (skilled)

VUD yušul- (poured) Pass. f. of yuš-; pec. to Kaš. but the entry in xıv Muh. (?) insakaba’l-me' ‘of water, to be poured out’ yu:sla:- (sic), Rif. 105 (only) may be a muddled reminiscence of it. The text of Kaš. is in some confusion and this has led to multiple entries in Atalay’s Index. Xak. xı ka:n yušuldı: ‘the blood gushed (na'ara) from the wound’ (etc.) (yušulu:r, yušulma:k; yıšıl- follows here); and also when vinegar and beer (al-mizr, MS. al-murŋ have been poured (suyyila) out of the tap of a large jar one says yušuldı: Kaš. III 79; bu: ba:š ol ka:m: yušulğa:n ‘blood is constantly streaming (yasil) from this wound’ III 53; o.o. II 128, 4; III 102, 20.

D ya:šla:- (moist) Den. V. fr. ya:š; s.i.s.m.I., but meaning ‘to be moist, to pour with tears’, etc. Xak. xı at yašla:dı: ‘the horse (etc.) grazed on fresh vegetation (ibtaqala) in the spring’; originally ya:šla:dı: but with a shortened vowel like other V.s of similar form (axawatihŋ Kaš. III 308 (yašla:r, yašla:ma:k).

Dis. YŠM

D yıšım (trousers, breeches, stockings, gaiters) prob. N.S.A. fr. *yıš- (? *ıš-), cf. yıšığ, which seems to have a cognate meaning; lit. perhaps ‘a single act of twisting or winding’; the semantic connection w. yıšıl- (ıšıl-) (skilled) is less obvious. Survives only (?) in NE Bar. yišimstockings’ R III 529, but a l.-w. in Pe. as išim ‘the leather breeches worn by wrestlers’ and in other languages, see Doerfer II 647. Xak. xı yıšım ‘the gaiters (al-renet) worn on the lower part of the legs in cold weather’ Kaš. III 19: xıv Muh. al-rönay yıšım Mel. 67, 9 (MSS. yaštm); Rif. 167: Kip. xııı al- -rönet ı:šı:m ya'ni rafiqu’l- (MS. raqiqu'l-) -siraioil that is ‘a sort of trousers’ Hou. 18, 13: xıv ıšun al-renet Id. 14; yıšım ditto 94. .

Tris. V. YŠM-

D yıšımlan- (troused (dress)) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. yıšım. Xak, xı er yıšımlandı: ‘the man wore \979\ gaue^^S^ttlmSrt^tney are ai-jarühıcün (t'e. ........ l.-w. der. fr. farehixtan ‘to suspend') Kaš. III 115 (yıšımlanu:r, yıšımlanma:k, corrected fr. me:k).
979

Dis. YŠN

D yašın (lightning) Dev. N. fr. yašu:- (flash, shine); ‘lightning’. S.i.s.m.I. in NE, SC, NW. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yašın teŋriče ‘like the god of lightning’ M I 25, 34: Man. yašın teŋri MII10, 3: Bud. (Sanskrit lost) ne:g yašın yašna:-ma:z ‘the lightning does not flash’ TT VIII A.8 (mistranslated): Xak. xı yašm dl-barq ‘lightning’ Kaš. III 22 (prov., see 1 ka:š); o.o. I 236, 1 (at-); II 356 (yašnat-); III 310 (yašna:-): KB 86 (tu:ğ): Čağ. xv ff. ıšın barq San. ioev. 24 (quotns.); yašın barq 332V. 27 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto MN 227: Kip. xııı al-barq ya:šın (; Tkm. yuldinm) Hou. 5, 10: xıv yašın al-še'iqa ‘thunderbolt’ İd. 94; Bui. 3, 2.

S yüšeŋ See üšeŋ (smooth).

Dis. V. YŠN-

D yašna:- (flash (light)) Den. V. fr. yašın; (of lightning) ‘to flash’; s.i.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VIII A.8 (yašın): Xak. xı yašın yašna.’dı: ‘the lightning flashed’ (bariqa); also used of a polished brass basin, mirror, and the like when they shone (lama a) Kaš. III 310 (yašna:r, yašna:ma:k); o.o.1 236, 1 (at-); III 319, 14: KB 86 (tu:ğ): xııı (?) Tef. yašna- ‘to shine’ 149: Čağ. xv ff. išne- (sic) duruxšîdan ‘to shine’ San. 105V. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv (VU) išne- ‘to shine’ MN 141.

D yašnat- (flash (light)) Caus. f. of yašna:-; s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı teŋri: yašın yašnattı: ‘God made the lightning flash’ (alma'a’l-barq); also used of a man when he polished (alma'a) a sword or anything that has a bright surface or high polish (bariq wa tala’lu') Kaš. II 356 (verse; no Aor. or Infin.): Čağ. xv ff. išnet- (sic) duruxšen kardan ‘to polish’ San. 105V. 28.

Tris. YŠN

D yašınlığ (thunder-cloud) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. yašın. Xak. xı yašınlığ bulıt saheba dat barq ‘a thunder-cloud’ Kaš. III 50.

Tris. V. YŠN-

D yaša:gur- (moisten) Hap. leg.; presumably crasis of *yaša:nğur-, an Inchoative f., but it cannot, as Kaš.'s translation suggests, be connected both w. ya:š (green) and w. yašu:- (flash, shine). Xak. xı amg kö:zi: yaša:gurdı: ‘his eyes were dazzled by the brightness of the sun (ismadarra... min $u a i'1-šams) and tears (al-'abra) streamed from them’ Kaš. III 407 (yaša:gurur, yaša:gurma:k).

Dis. YŠR

D yašru: (yašuru:) (secret(ly), furtive(ly)) Ger. of yašur- used as an Adj./Adv.; ‘secret(ly), furtive(ly)’. As such n.o.a.b., but cognate forms w. the same meaning survive in NC Kır. jašırın; Kzx. jasirui: bC Uzb. yaširin: NW Kk. jašırm; Kaz. yašeren; Kumyk yašırtğın: SW Tkm. yašırr.n. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yašuru ‘secretly’ U II 23, 13; III 85, 18 (tanču:la:-): Xak. xı one says ol yašru: keldi: ‘he came secretly’ (muxtafiya (n)); and yašru: ı:š ‘a secret (alladı yusarr fthŋ matter’ Kaš. III 31: KB Ğligke baka kördi yašru közin ‘he looked furtively at the king’ 770: xııı (?) At. kamuğ yašru išig bolup eškere ‘when all your private affairs become public’ 171: Tef. yašru ‘secretly; a secret’ 149: (Čağ. xv ff. yašurun maxfi ‘hidden, secret’ Vel. 403 (quotn.); yašurun (spelt) maxfi wa pinhen (‘secret’) San. 332V. 25 (quotn.)): Xwar. xıv yašru/yašrun ‘secretly, privately’ Qutb 74: Kom. xıv ditto yašın CCI; Gr.

Dis. V. YŠR-

D yašar- (yaša:r-) (green) Intrans. Den. V. fr. ya:š (green); s.i.s.m.I. w. the usual phonetic changes, and several meanings of which ‘to be, or become, green’ and ‘to be, or become, moist’ are the commonest. Türkü vııı ff. Man. evin (so read) yašarur yadilur ‘the crops become green and spread’ M III 20, 10-n (ı): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yağız ydr yüzi yašardı ‘the surface of the brown earth became green’ TT 14; bu sögüt yašarıp amtı kurımıš ‘this tree was once green but has now become dry’ VII 28, 8: Xak. xı ot yašardı: ‘the vegetation was, or became, green’ (ixdarra) Kaš. III 68 (yašardı:, yaša:rur, yašarma:k, sic); a.o. II 79, 18: KB (wherever Mars looks) yašarmıš kunr 133: xııı (?) Tef. yašar- ‘to become green’ 148: Čağ. xv ff. yašar- of the eye, ‘to shed tears’ (ašk rixtan) and ‘to be tear-stained’ (ašk-elüd šudan); in this meaning the word ‘eye’ must be mentioned; also namnek šudan ‘to be moist’ San. 332r. 19 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yašar- ‘to become green’ Qutb 74: Kip. xıv ya:šar- ixfarra... közi: yašardı: ‘his eyes shed tears’ (dami'at) Id. 94: xv damVa yašar- Tuh. 16a. 2 ; from yašıl, yašar- 83b. 7; from yaš, yašar- 84a. 4.

D yašur- (conceal, hide) Caus. f. of yaš-; ‘to hide (something Acc.)' and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes; in SW only Tkm. yašır-. See yašru: (secret(ly), furtive(ly)) and cf. kizle:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 138,1-2 (ört-): Xak. xı olne:g yašurdı: ‘he hid (katamd) the thing’ Kaš. III 68 (yašurur, yašurma:k); ol er ol negin yašurğa:n ‘that man is in the habit of hiding (kitmen) his property’ III 53; a.o. II 79, 19 (ğamara ‘to cover over’): xıv Muh. xaba'a ‘to conceal’ ya:šur- Mel. 25, 11; Rif. 108; (al-ixtifa ‘to hide’ (Intrans.) ya:šurmak 37, 8; yašunmak (correctly) 123): Čağ. xv ff. yašur- (-ay, etc.) gizle- ‘to hide’ Vel. 404; yašur- (spelt) pinhen kardan ‘to hide’ San. 332V. i (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 74: Kom. xıv ‘to hide’ yašır- CCI, CCG; Gr. 118 (quotns.): Kip. xıv yašur- kata ma, originally yašdur- İd. 94: xv Kav. 74,12 (sakla:-); Tuh. 14b. 9 (kizle:-): Osm. xıv to xvı (only) yašur- ‘to conceal’; fairly common TTS I 794; II1012; IV 854.
980

yašarttı: (moisten) ‘the rain made the vegetation green’ (xaddara) Kaš. III 436 (yašartur, yašartma:k): (xın (?) Tef. yašartdır- same meaning 148): Čağ. xv ff. yašart- (spelt) Caus. f.; ašk-elüd kardan čašm wa namnek saxtan ‘to make the eyes tear-stained; to moisten’ San. 332I-. 29.

D yašruš- (conceal, hide) Hap. leg.?; Co-op. f. of yašur-. Xak. xı ola:r <ikki:> sö:züg yašrušdı: 'those two agreed to conceal (taıvefa'e katman) the statement’ Kaš. III 101 (yašrušu:r, yašrušma:k).

Tris. YŠR

D yašuru: See yašru:. (secret(ly), furtive(ly))

D yašurukı: (secret, private) Hap. leg. ?; N./A.S. fr. yašuru:; ‘secret, private’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT I 217218 (ügür-).

Dis. V. YŠS-

D yašsa:- (conceal, hide) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of yaš-. Xak. xı ol mendin yašsa:dı: ‘he wished to hide (yaxtafŋ from me’ Kaš. III 305 (yašsa:r, yašsa:ma:k; later misvocalized yaštsa:-).

Mon. YY

ya:y there is utter confusion in the Turkish languages about the words for ‘spring’ and ‘summer’. Since ya:z, q.v., must originally have meant ‘summer’, ya:y must originally have meant ‘spring’, which is Kaš.’s translation in the main entry and is confirmed by its use in antithesis to kü:z ‘autumn’ in one passage. But yayla:-, q.v., always meant ‘to spend the summer (somewhere)’, and already in Kaš. ya:y is used for ‘summer’, in antithesis to kıš ‘winter,’ in some verses. In modem languages the position is even more confusing; ya:z s.i.a.m.1., but ya:y has disappeared fr. some, and in others the meanings of the two words have become inverted. The following is a representative selection of the words for ‘spring’ and ‘summer’, in that order, in modem languages: — NE Khak. casxi, čayxi; Tuv. čas, čay: SE Türki erte yaz, yaz: NC Kır. jaz, jay; Kzx. jazğıturı, jaz: SC Uzb.bahor (Pe.)/ küklam, yoz: NW Kk. bahar/köklem, jaz; Kaz. yaz, cey; Kumyk yazbaš, yaz; Nog. yazlık, yaz: SW Az. bahar/yaz, yay; Osm. ilk bahar (yay being a See. f. of ya: ‘a bow’), yaz; Tkm. bahar/ya:z, tomus. See yaykı:. Türkü vııı yayın süledim ‘I made an expedition (against him) in the spring’ IIE 39; yay bolsar ‘when spring comes’ II W 3: Uyğ. vııı yay anta: yayladım ‘I spent the spring (or summer?) there’ Šu. W 8 (the next sentence refers to autumn): vııı ff. Bud. ötrti yaylı kıšlı tört öd bolur ‘thereupon the four seasons come into existence, (beginning with) spring and (ending with) winter’ (or ‘summer and winter’?) TT VI 324-5; (in a list of the four seasons of three months each) yazkı öd... yay öd .. . küz öd... kıšla öd Suv. 589, 9 ff.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘summer’ yay \\\ ya:y al-rabi' I 96, 8; but in 7 13, 3; 82, 13; etc., most of which are quotns. fr. the münazara between summer and winter, it is translated al-sayf ‘summer’ and stands in antithesis to kıš: KB 367 (kıš), 1052: xııı (?) Tef. yay kıš 135: xıv Muh. al-rabi' ya:z; al-šayf ya:y Mel. 79, 17; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. yay ( (1) ‘bow’ (ya:)); (2) fašl-i tebisten ‘summer’; (3) 'ilm-i yada ‘the science of using rain-stones’ (see 2 ya:t) because the principal need for this science is in the summer San. 340V, 2e: Xwar. xıv kıš yay... küz yaz Qutb 64: Kom. xıv ‘summer’ yay CCI, CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xıv ya:y fašlu'1-šayf Id. 94; al-qay? ‘the hot season’ (summer) ya:y Bui. 13, le: xv al-rabi' ya:y Kav. 36, 15; šayf yay/yaz Tuh. 22b. 3: Osm. xıv ff. yay is.the standard word for ‘summer’ till xvı and survived till xvııı TTS I 893; II 1021; 77/787; IV 861.

Mon. V. YY-

?S 1 yay- (shake) ‘to ’ and the like; it is very possible that this is merely a Sec. f. of yan-, q.v.; in Türkü it certainly is. N.o.a.b.?; all modern forms of yay- seem to be Sec. f.s of ya:d-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yaruk kelip tünerigig yayduk üčün ‘because the light has come and routed the darkness’ M III 6, 2-4 (v): Xak. xı ol su:vda: to:nuğ yaydı: ‘he rinsed (harraka) the garment in the water’; and one says ol meniŋ kögül yaydı: mayyala qalbi ‘he moved my heart (etc.) to sympathy’; and yel yığa:čığ yaydı: ‘the wind shook (harrakat) the tree’ Kaš. III 246 (yaya:r, yayma:k); a.o. 777 245, 17: Čağ. xv ff. yay- (spelt) ( (1) see ya:d-)-, (2) mast barham zadan ‘to beat up curdled milk’ San. 34OV. 1 (cf. yayığ): Kip. xıv yay- hartada 'ale'l-šay’ ‘to incite (someone) to do something’ Id. 100: Osm. xıv ff. yay- (1) ‘to stir’ (the heart and mind) in one xıv text; (2) translating ‘to chum’ in three Pe. dicts. TTS II 1023; III 79i\ IV 863.

S 2 yay- See ya:g-.

S yoy- See yo:d- (destroy, obliterate, wipe out, wipe off, remove).

Dis. YYA

VU yaya: pec. to Kaš.; perhaps a quasi-onomatopoeic. Osm., etc. yaya is a Sec. f. of yada:ğ. Xak. xı yaya: alyatu'l-insen xešša-ta (n) ‘the buttocks’, especially of a man Kaš. III 26; 170 (both main entries).

Dis. V. YYD-

?E yayit- See yayıl- Uyğ.

D yaytur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 yay-. Xak. xı ol to:nm suvda: yayturdi: ‘he ordered that his garment should be rinsed (bi-xad-xada) in the water’; also used for anything that is rinsed or shaken (yuharrak) Kaš. III 100 (yayturur, yayturma:k).
981

D yayığ (shaking, unstable, fickle, churn, spread out; flood water) Dev. N./A. fr. 1 yay-; lit. ‘shaking’ or the like, used metaph. for ‘unstable, fickle’. In the MS. of Kaš. the second syllable of both the words quoted was originally unvocalized; the second was later vocalized yayık, but there is no reasonable doubt that it was actually yayuk, Pass. Dev. N./A. lit. ‘shaken’; this is no doubt the word quoted, w. the usual vocalic change, in Čağ. The vocalization of the parallel quoted was no doubt the same. The latter word survives in SW Osm., Tkm. yayık ‘a churn’; yayıkspread out; flood water’ in NE Alt. R III 75 is a Sec. f. of *yaduk; Yayık, a name for the Ural River, is a local, pre-Turkish name, see Studies, p. 124. Xak. xı yayığ (MS. ya/iy.g) kiši: al-raculu'l--mudtaribu'l-xuluq terata (n) yamil ile hede wa tawra (n) ile delika ‘a man of unstable character who inclines sometimes in this direction and sometimes in that’; yayuk (MS. yayık) kiši: alternative form for yayığ; this is like the phr. bıšığ et ‘cooked (al-matbüx) meat’, bıšuk (MS. bıšık) alternative form Kaš. III 23: KB yayığfickle’ (often corrupted to yatığ, tayığ, etc. in the Vienna MS.) is the stock epithet of kut (heavenly favor, good fortune, happiness, fate, soul, life force, supernatural spirit, supernatural being) and dawlat ‘luck, fortune’ 91, 690, 695, 716, etc., and dunya and ajun ‘this world’ 398 (uktur-), 399 (ersel), 1073, etc.; (do not believe in the luck of this world...) kılınčı yayığ ‘its behavior is fickle’ 5175 ; similar phr. of a man 3542: Čağ. xv ff. yayık (spelt) ‘a vessel (? arf) (lit. beater) into which they pour milk, which they then beat up and fresh butter emerges’; Pe. nahra, Ar. mimxada ‘chum’ San. 34m ir. (Funny, instead of attested Türkic word, attested by Herodotus and other antique writers, and native to the local population, is offered “a local” unetymilogyzed word of unknown provenance, non-Indo-European and non-Fennic. Science with prejudice is anything but science)

D yayık (yayuk) See yayığ. (shaking, unstable, fickle, churn, spread out; flood water)

D yaykı: (summer) N./A.S. fr. ya:y. Survives in NE Tuv. cayğı ‘summer’ (season, etc.). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in an enumeration of the four seasons, each of three months; yazki ‘spring’) yayki ‘summer’ (küzki, kıškı) TT VII 38, 1 ff.: Xak. xı KB (of the signs of the zodiac, three are spring (yazkŋ constellations) üči yaykı ‘three summer ones’ (three küzki and three kıškı) 142: xııı (?) (At. (luck is) yayrnki built teğ ye tüš teg xelı ‘as unsubstantial as a summer cloud or a dream’ 223); Tef. yaykı yemiš ‘summer fruit’ (does not come in the cold of winter) 136.

S yayğuk See yadğuk.

Dis. V. YYĞ-

D yayık- Intrans. Den. V. fr. ya:y; s.i.s.m. NE 1. yayık- ‘to become hot, turn to summer’ R III 76. Xak. xı ö:d (time) yayıktı: šöra'l-zamen rabV ‘the season of spring arrived’ Kaš. III 191 (yayika:r, yayikma:k).

D yayka:- Den. V. fr. yayuk; not noted before the medieval period, but see yaykal-, yaykan-. Survives, usually meaning ‘to shake’, esp. ‘to shake the head’ in NE yayka-/ yaykka- R III 6-8: NC Kır., Kzx. (here ‘to butt’) jayka-: SW Tkm. yayka-; in Osm. yıka- (sic) originally ‘to rinse’ (cf. 1 yay-) now means, more generally, ‘to wash’. Kip. \\\ to snake, set in motion yayica- Tuh. 14b. 13: Osm. xvı ff. yayka- ‘to wash’, in several texts, mainly dicts. TTS 1804; II1022; 77/789.

D yaykal- Pass. f. of yayka;-; s.i.s.m.I., usually for ‘to be shaken, to sway’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap] ögüz bolup yaykalu[gap] Pmeaning TTIX 68: Xak. xı su:v yaykaldi: ‘the water was disturbed’ (idfaraba); also used of any liquid when it was disturbed; and one says metaph.! (bihi yušabbah) of a man who is inclined towards (al-mayyel) anything er kögli: yayıldı:; yaykaldi:, luğa da'ifa fihi ‘a weaker expression for this’ Kaš. III 108 (yay-kalu:r, yaykalma:k): Čağ. xv ff. yaykal-pahtı pahn raftan wa ba-nez xiremidan ‘to walk haughtily, strut proudly’ Saw. 34OV. 17 (quotn.): (Kip. see yaykan-).

D yaykan- Refl. f. of yayka:-; s.i.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 10, 5-6 (i) (bulğa:-): Bud. (the bright light of the Buddha...) yaykanu yaltırıyu kararığ alku keterdi ‘shimmering (?) and shining, has driven away all the darkness’ TT VI 422 (v.l.): Kip. xıv yaykan- (one MS. yaykal-) idparaba' l-maken bi'l-me'i'l-muğarriq ‘of a place, to be flooded’ İd. 100: Osm. xiv, xv yaykan- (of the sea) ‘to be rough’; (of a ship) ‘to be tossed about’; (of a man) ‘to be disturbed’; in three texts TTS I 804; xvııı yaykan- (spelt) in Rumi, tan šustan wa iğtisel ‘to wash oneself’ San. 340V. 23.

Tris. YYĞ

D yayığlık Hap. leg.?; A.N. fr. yayığ. (shaking, unstable, fickle, churn, spread out; flood water)Xak. xı KB yayığlık yok erse bu îrsellikig ‘if this lethargy of yours is not (mere) instability’ (i.e. a passing phase; what was the point of your coming?) 715.

Dis. YYL

D yayla:ğ (village) Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. yayla:-; ‘a place where one spends the summer’, in antithesis to kıšla:ğ (village). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. A cognate word yaylık, A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. ya:y w. much the same meaning, is n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. (I am an eagle) yašıl kaya: yaylağım ‘my summer station is a green rock’ IrkB 51; o.o. do. 56 (yağa:k); 62 (1 a:ğ-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when building a house, you must build) ikidin teg yaylık ‘an identical summer rooms on both sides’ (north and south) TT VI 84; a.o. Hüen-ts. 1967 (ağtur-): Xak. xı yayla:ğ al-mušfef ‘a summer residence’ Kaš. III 47; o.o. / 13, 3; II355 (yazlat-); III265 (küze:-): xıv Muh. al-ma šif ‘summer residence’ ya:yla:k Mel. 76, 1; ye:yla:ğ Rif. 179: Čağ. xv ff. yaylak ditto San. i^r. 23: Kip. xıv yaylak al-mašif İd. 100.

D yaylık See yayla:ğ Uyğ.

Dis. V. YYL-

D 1 yayıl- Pass. f. of 1 yay-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vıii ff. Bud. (may the task which I ought to \982\ formance) TT VIII E.42; (in the following line, where the same Sanskrit words are used in the sentence ‘may the task which I ought not to perform not miscarry (iic) at the time of performance’ the MS. has yayıtmağay; this is prob. a scribal error, but a Caus. instead of a Pass. form at this point is not impossible); (the brown earth shakes like this) Ögüzler köller yayılıp ‘the (waters of the) rivers and lakes are disturbed’ Suv. 621, 5: Civ. (your illnesses have become more severe) ediŋ tavarıg yayıldı ‘your property (Hend.) has been upset’ TT I 50 (this might be a Sec. f. of yadildi ‘has been dissipated’): Xak. xı yığa:č yayıldı: ‘the tree swayed’ (’efat) in the wind, etc.; also used of anything which rocked or shook on itself with a swaying motion (iihtazza zoa taharraka 'ale nafsihi bi-tameyul; followed by an example of 2 yayıl-) Kaš. III 191 (yayılu:r, yayılma:k); yayılğa:n kiši: ‘an irresolute man who does not persist in a consistent line of conduct’ (mudfaribu'l-'azm le yatbut *ale amr wehid) III 55; o.o. I 412, 22; HI 108 (yaykal-): Kip. xıv yayıl- tahar-rada hutva wa'nbaata ‘to be incited or roused’ Id. 100.
982

S 2 yayıl- See yadil-.

D yayla:- Den. V. fr. ya:y; ‘to settle (somewhere) for the summer; to spend the summer (somewhere)’. S.i.m.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. yaylayu:r turu:rmen ‘I stay there for the summer’ IrkB 62; a.o. do. 64 (yağaklığ): Uyğ. vııı yayladım ‘I spent the summer (there)’ Šu. Eg; S 2; W 3 (?); a.o. W 8 (ya:y): Xak. xı er ta:ğda: yayla:di: ‘the man spent the summer (tašayyafa) in the mountains’ Kaš. III 311 (yayla:r, yayla:ma:k): xıv Muh. (?) qadda'l--sayf ‘to spend the whole summer’ ya:yla:-Rif. 114: Čağ. xv ff. yayla- ‘to go to a yaylak (l.-w. in Pe.)’, that is ‘to spend the summer in cool places’ San. 340V. 25: Kom. xıv ‘to spend the summer’ yay yayla- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv šayyafa ya:yla- Bul. 53V.: Osm. xıv ff. yayla- ‘to spend the summer’, also metaph. ‘to live in an agreeable place’; common TTS 1805; II 1023; III 789; IV 862.

D yaylat- Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of yayla:-. Xak. xı ol anı: ta:gda: yaylattı: ‘he settled him for the summer (aqemahu tva šayyafahu) in the mountains’ Kaš. II 357 (yaylatu:r, yaylatma:k).

Dis. YYM

VUD yayım Hap. leg.; the second consonant is undotted, but must be -y- as it is in the same section as yayığ and yayuk; completely unvocalized. Presumably N.S.A. fr. 1 yay-, although the semantic connection is obscure. Xak. xı yayım ‘cotton seed’ (bazru'1-katten); it is a seed like sesame-seed except that it is red; its oil is burnt in lamps (yusrac bi--duhnihŋ Kaš. III 24.

[lacuna] xı ol ol suvda: to:n yayındı: ‘he made it his business to rinse (hadhada) his garment in water’ Kaš. III 86 (yayinu:r, yayinma:k).

Mon. YZ

ya:z (n-) (summer, spring, весна) originally ‘summer’, later sometimes ‘spring’; see ya:y for its history and modem forms and meanings. A very early l.-w. in Hungarian as nydr. Türkü vııı (after spending the winter (kıšlap) at Amğa: korığ»:) yazı:ı>a: ‘in the summer’ (we attacked the Oğuz) IN 8 (and IIE 31); kıšın... yazın ‘in the winter ... in the summer’ II S 2: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (I will pay the outstanding debt) yaz küz ‘in the summer or autumn’ USp. 12, 7: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘spring’ yaz Ligeti 282: Xak. xı ya:z al-šayf ‘summer’ Kaš. III 159 (prov.); o.o. II172,4 (kelig); III i6 (l yazuk): KB yaruk yaz ‘the bright spring’ (sic, has strung its bow) 65: xııı (?) At. kelür küz kečer yaz ‘autumn comes and summer passes’ 471: xıv Muh. al-rabi ‘spring’ ya:z Mel. 79, 15; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. yaz ‘the first six months of the year’ (i.e. one starting at the vernal equinox); also ‘the three months of spring’ (bahar) San. 330V. 19 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yaz Qutb 76; MN 83, etc. (the contexts suggest ‘spring’, not ‘summer’): Kom. xıv ‘spring’ yaz CCG; Gr. 119 (quotns.): Kip. xıv ya:z fashCl-rabt Id. 93; Bui. 13, 15: xv al-šayf ya:z Kav. 36, 15; šayf (yay/) yaz Tuh. 22b. 3: Osm. xıv ff. yaz, normally ‘summer’, is noted in several texts, mainly dicts., down to xvıı as meaning ‘spring’ TTS II 1023; 111 790; IV 863.

1 ye:z (plant type, southernwood, Artemisia abrotonon) a kind of plant; the contexts suggest that this word rather than 2 yez (Arat’s choice) should be read in the Uyğ. texts below. N.o.a.b. in Turkish but perhaps a l.-w. in the Pe. word yaz ‘a thorny plant set round tents as a fence; the plant tumem’ Steingass 1530 (Red. translates tumem ‘the grass Parti -cum dichotomum’). Üyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yez occurs in two almost identical lists of things to be offered to demons, several of them unidentified Chinese l.-w.s, bracketed words being peculiar to one list only, ‘seven kisurj, seven handfuls of barley flour, seven pieces of raw and cooked meat, (three fowls), green beans, (one reed, two flowers, one vessel of (?) water, one handful (?) of) minširj (? flour), one yez, a torch (or lamp, yula), paper, copper (bakır, or ‘liver’ bağıŋ, luldan, wheatmeal, flowers, fruit, milk, wine, beer’ TT VII 24, 9 ff.; 25,9 ff.; Kaš’ s translation would suit well here: Xak. xı ye:z al-qayšüm ‘southernwood, Artemisia abrotonon', a plant thinner (adaqq) and more delicate than a reed (al-qasab); curtains and screens (al-qirem wa’l-sutra) are made from it by the nomads Kaš. III 143.

?F 2 yez (pinchbeck alloy, copper and zinc) some kind of copper alloy, perhaps ‘brass’; as this is not recorded before xıv it is prima facie a l.-w., but it occurs in Mong. as ces the standard word for ‘copper’, which is \983\ and, according to Dr. Kûna-las, in (Finno-Ugrian) Mordvin as sera, which would show that it existed at a very early period. It survives in NE Alt., Koib., Küer., Leb.,Tel. yes/yes; Khak. čis; Tuv. čes ‘copper’. Cf. bakır, tu:č. Kom. xıv yezpinchbeck’ CCI; ‘brass’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv al-nuhesu'1-ašfar ‘brass’ yez Bui. 4, 9; (yüz ‘a hundred’; yüz ‘a face’) yüz al-nuhešu l-ašfar ayda (n) Id. 93; the ayda (n) should follow the second entry and the third be corrected to yez.
983

1 yü:z (hundred, many) ‘a hundred’, sometimes used less precisely for ‘a great many’. C.i.a.p.a.i. w. the usual phonetic changes; in Čuv. čir (i.e. syöŋ, .İis/ı. XIII 105. Türkü vııı yüz artuk oku:n ‘with more than a hundred arrows’ IE 33; yüzče eren ‘about a hundred men’ II E 37 : vııı ff. (one spiraea) yüz bolti: ‘became a hundred’ IrkB 32; yüz altir.n ‘a hundred gold coins’ Toy. IV r. 3-4 (ETY II 180): Man. yüz artukı kırk tümen ‘1,400,000’ Chuas. I 12: Uyğ. vııı yüz yıl ‘a hundred years’ Šu. N 3: vııı ff. Man.-A beš yüz artukı eki otuzunč lağzın yılka ‘in the 522nd, a Swine, year’ MI 12, 15-le: Bud. beš yüz ‘five hundred’ PP 22, 8; a.o.o.: Civ. yüz törlügin ‘in a hundred (i.e. very many) ways’ TT I 165; a.o.o.: O. Kır. ıx ff. yüz ‘a hundred' Mai. 9, 3 (?); 10, 2: Xak. xı Kaš. I 80 (1 [a:ğ); n.m.e.: KB ašğı yüz ol ‘it has very many advantages’ 270: xıv Muh. mi'a ‘100’ yü:z Mel. 81, 15; Rif. 187: Čağ. xv ff. yüz ... (2) 'adad šad ‘100’ San. 343r. 5 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb facsimile 59V. 9; MN 78, etc.: Kip. xııı mi'a yüz Hou. 22, 17: xıv Id. 93; Bui. 12, 14: xv Kav. 38, 19; 65, 10; Tuh. 60b. 11.

2 yü:z (ñ-) (face) ‘the face’, synonymous w. bet (face) (wlita, litso, лицо). C.i.a.p.a.l. w. the usual phonetic changes; in Čuv. ner, ‘appearance, beauty’, Ash. IX 59; a First Period l.-w. in Mong. as ni'ur (Haenisch 117)/niğur (Kow. 649, Haltod 139); in some modem languages w. extended meanings like ‘surface’ and in Osm. ‘effrontery; cause’, etc. Exceptionally in NE Tuv. čüs is ‘a joint’, and ‘facešıray (Mong. l.-w.). Cf. bet, yüzegü:. Türkü vııı (of the arrows) yüzige: (so read) bašıga: bir te[gmedi:] ‘not one reached his face or head’ I E 33: vııı ff. (it is better to know one man by his name) miŋ kiši: yüzi:n biligi:nče: ‘than a thousand men (faces) by sight’ Tun. I IIa. 4-5 (ETY II 94): Man. (sufferings) yüzümüz utruluğ ‘which confront (faces) us’ TT II 6, e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (I wish to see your lovely, shining, warm) yüzügüzenface’ MI 10, 9: Man. kög (sic) kalığ yüzintefacing the firmament’ TT III 129: Bud. munug yüzin ‘this man’s face’ PP 63, 1; o.o. U III 14, 12 (külčir-), etc.: Civ. yağız yer yüzi ‘the surface of the brown earth’ TT I 4; o.o. VII 23, 1 etc.: Xak. xı yü:z al-tvach ‘the face’ Kaš. III 143 (prov.); over 50 o.o., same translation: KB evige yüz urdi ‘he faced homewards’ 951; evrer yüzin ‘he turns away his face’ 403; a.o.o.: xııı (?) At. rasüllar ürüŋ yüz ‘the prophets (have) white (i.e. pure) faces’ 25; o.o. 159 (at-), etc.; Tef. yüzface’ 165: xıv Muh. \\\ Čag. xv (1). yiu faceSan. 343r. 5  (quotn.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 14, etc.: xıv ditto Qutb 89; MN 41, etc.; Nahc. 9, 8 etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı macmuul-tvach ‘the face as a whole’ yüz Hou. 20,8: xıv yüz al-tvach Id. 93: xv Kav. 60, 13; Tuh. 38a. 10 a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. yüz common in phr. and idioms TTS I 856 ff.; II 1085 ff.; III 835 ff.; IV 9*7 ff.

Mon. V. YZ-

1 yaz- (simplify, untie; to unfold; to dissolve, open, begin, fart) the general connotation is ‘to reduce (something Acc.) to a simpler form’, with such particular applications as ‘to untie; to unfold; to dissolve’, and the like. Its extended meanings tend to converge w. those of ya:d- and yas- (loosen); in the SC Uzb. diet, yoz- (1 yaz-) and yoy- (ya:d-) have several common meanings; but this V. prob. s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. isig suvka yazıpdissolving it in hot water’ HI 113; suvta yazıp do. 118: Xak. xı ol tügü:n yazdı: ‘he untied (halla) the knot’ Kaš. III 59 (3, 2 yaz- follow); tılın tügmiš tı:šın yazma:8 ‘what has been tied by the tongue you cannot untie with the teeth’ II 20, 19; a.o. III 111 (yazlın-): KB čeček yazdı yüz ‘the flowers unfolded their faces’ 80; yazuntie’ (with a single word a knot of countless words) 172; o.o. 283 (berk), 561, 791, 1809, etc.: xııı (?) At. 222 (kuč- (embrace)); Tef. yaz- ‘to untie, loosen’ 133: Čağ. xv ff. yaz... (3) kušüdan ‘to open’; (4) šurü' kardan ‘to begin’ San. 329V. 26 (quotns.): Kom. xıv yaz- ‘to disentangle’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv yaz- habaqa ‘to break wind (fart)’ Id. 93; arxa ‘to loosenyaz- Bul. 27V.: Osm. xıv to xvı yaz- ‘to loosen; to dissipate’, etc.; in a few texts TTS I 808; II 1026.

2 yaz- (ya:z-) (error, omit, get lost, offend, sin) basically Intrans., ‘to make an error or omission’, hence more precisely ‘to lose one’s way; to offend; to sin’, etc.; in a limited range of phr. e.g. yo:l yaz- ‘to lose one’s way’ a quasi-Trans. V.; in this meaning only, syn. w. a:z-. As an Aux. V. w. preceding Ger., usually in -u:, it originally meant ‘just to fail to (do something)’ but later it sometimes came to mean rather ‘to be on the point of (doing something)’. In the sense ‘to sin’, etc. more or less syn., and often used in Hend., w. yaŋil-, q.v.; the Hend. jaz- jagil- survives in NC Kzx. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SE (?) w. the usual phonetic changes as a main V., but as an Aux. V. only in a few languages including NW Nog., SW Osm.; in Tkm., unlike 1, 3 yaz-, it is ya:z-. Uyğ. vııı sözige: yazmayım tedi: y[agıl]m[ayı:n ?] tedi: ‘he said “I will not offend against or transgress (?) your commands” ’ Šu. W 5: vııı ff. Bud. (if you meditate thus every night) öd yazmatin (P) ‘without missing the (right) time’ TT V 10, 108; ögke kagka baxšılarka yazdım yagil tun... erser ‘if I have sinned (Hend.) against my mother, father, and teachers’ U li 77» I6-I7> a.o. (evinlig): Civ. yazmıš yazukka ‘the sin which he has committed’ USp. 98, 30; (my \984\ Ai (uııyr j ui nuuiuue. yazdı: ‘he made a mistake (axta'a) in his statement’; and one says ol am: uru: yazdı: keda an ya^rubahu ‘he just failed to hit him’; and \\ ol keyikni: yazdı: ‘he missed his shot (axfa'a ... ft ramyihŋ at the wild animal’; prov. yazma:s atım bolma:s yagilma:s bilge: bolma:s ‘there is no such thing as a marksman who never misses or a sage who never makes a mistake’ Kaš. III 59 (yaza:r, yazma:k); a.o. / 92, 8: KB sözüg sözlegüči azar ham yazar ‘a speaker goes astray and makes mistakes’ 205; (may God) k&dezsii sagar öz tapuğ yazğuka ‘keep you from failing in your duty’ 600; bilig yazmadıŋ ‘you did not lack wisdom’ 2175; o.o. 2514-15 (uvšat-): xııı (?) At. ne yazdı ajunka bu šehib hunar ‘how did this master of skill offend against the world?’ 445; Tef. yaz- ‘to offend, sin against; just to fail to’, etc. 134: xıv Muh. axta'a ya:z-Mel. 22, 3; Rif. 102: Čağ. xv ff. yaz- ... (2) xafa kardan ‘to make a mistake’ San. 329V. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv yaz- ‘to offend, be wanting; just to fail to’ Qutb 7e: Kom. xıv yaz- ‘to miss (a target)’ CCG ; Gr. 119 (quotn.): Kip. xııı axta'a mina'l-xata' ya:z-Hou. 38, 5: xıv axta'a yaz- Bul. 27V.: xv al-muqariba ‘almost to do (something)’ is expressed by yaz- following a Ger. in -a:/-e:, e.g. ‘he almost fell’ yıkıla: yazdı:; ‘he was on the point of death’ öle: yazdı:, etc.; an alternative idiom is az kaldı: w. the Dat. of the Infin.; yaz- is also used for axfa'a ‘to miss’ esp. of a shooter, but not for axta'a in other senses, and in this sense only in a limited number of phr. Kav. 29, 11 ff.; toa IVl--muqariba yaz- ay keda Tuh. 67b. 8; qaraba wa keda yaz-, e.g. tüše yazdı ‘he almost fell’ 69a. 4; a.o. 89a. 3: Osm. xıv yaz- ‘to sin; to miss’; in one text TTS II 102e: xvı yaz-yagil- I 807.

3 yaz- (write) ‘to write’; basically Oğuz, but a very old word; a Second Period l.-w. in Mong. ciru-‘to draw, paint’ (‘to write’ is biči-) and an early Turkish l.-w. in Hungarian (? through Proto-Bulgar) as ir- ‘to write’; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, Čuv. čtr- (syır-) ‘to write’ Ash. XII111. Cf. biti:- (write). Oğuz xı (after 1 yaz-) ol bitig yazdı: ‘he wrote a document’ (or letter; kataba'l-kiteb) Kaš. III 59 (2 yaz- follows):xııı (?) Tef. yaz- ‘to write’; yazduk (‘we wrote’) ya'ni bitilmiš turur 133: Čağ. xv ff. yaz- (1) rtiwištan ‘to write’ San. 329V. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 34: xıv Qutb 7e: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Tkm. xııı kataba ya:z- (Kıp. čiz-) Hou. 33, 12; xatta mina'l-xatt ‘to write’ ditto 39, 20: xıv yaz- kataba Id. 93 (after yazu: < *yazığ al-kiteba); ditto Bul. 27V.; 7er.: xv Kav. to, 4; Tuh. 31a. 11; xatta yaz- 13b. 10: Osm. xıv ff. yaz- ‘to write’, hence ‘to ornament, decorate’ (e.g. a wall); common TTS I 808; II1026; III ygt;IV 864.

1 yüz- (swim) ‘to swim’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes, but SE Türki: SW Az. \\\ vııı ff. Man.-A M I 17, 14 (’ balık): Xak. xı er suvda: yiizdi: ‘the man swam ('dma) in the water’; and one says iriŋ yüzdi: ‘the matter and pus swelled up (nafašat) in the body or wound’ Kaš. III 59 (2 yüz- follows); ka:ni: yüzüp turuktı: ‘the blood in his wound congealed and hardened’ (aqrana... wa taqula) 1192,4: xıv Muh. al-sabaha ‘to swim’ yüzmek (MSS. mak) Mel. 34, 14; Rif. 120: Xwar. xıv yüz- ‘to swim’ Qutb 89; MN 287: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı sabaha yü:z-Hou. 35, 18; 'ema mina’l-'awm yüz- 42, 10:xiv yüz- 'ema wa sabaha Id. 93: xv 'ema mina'l-'awm fVl-me' yüz- Kav. 78, 9; Tuh. 25b. 12.

2 yüz- (flay) ‘to flay (a beast Acc.)’; survives only (?) in SW Az. üz-; Osm., Tkm. yüz-. Cf. soy- (peel, strip, flay, skin, denude, undress, rob, slaughter). Xak. xı er tokum (MS. toğum) yüzdi: ‘the man slaughtered the beast and flayed it’ (cazara... wa kašatahu — MS. kašafahu) Kaš. III 59 (yüze:r, yüzme:k); tokum yüzüp kudrukta: biček sı:ma: ‘when you flay (kašatta) a beast, do not break your knife on its tail’ / 472, 3e: ( xııı (?) Tef. yüz- ‘to disobey (one’s father’s directions)’ is prob. an error for 2 yaz- 165).

Dis. YZA

D yazı: (yası:) (broad open plain) (allophones yası:, yazı:) Dev. N. fr. 1 yaz-; ‘a broad open plain’, S.i.m.m.l.g. w. the usual phonetic changes. Semantically close to yası: (flat, flattened, broad). Türkü vııı usually in geographical names; Šantuŋ yazı: ‘the Shantung plain’ I S 3; IE 17, II E 15; T 19: (VU) Yarıš yazı: T 33, 36; a.o. IS y; II N s: Uyğ. vııı (I routed them) yazı: kıltım ‘and scattered them’ (?) Šu. E 4: vııı ff. Bud. (you mustjmagine that the place where you are sitting ıs) körkle yazı ‘a beautiful plain’ TT V 12, 123: Civ. (PU) Sikap ögenteki yazılar ‘the open ground on the banks of the Sikap (?) brook’ USp, 55, 18; a.o. TT VII 42, 8 (be:l): Xak. xı yazı: al-fada ‘a large plain’ Kaš. III 24; o.o. / 94, 3 (kerük); I 135 (alag); al-fada’ is yazı: and when you wish to say ‘a very extensive plain’ (fade' af yah) you say yap yazı: / 329, 8; yazın fi'l-barr ‘in the open country’ III 11, 4; yazi:da: fVl--falet ‘in the waterless plain’ 255, 23: KB 21 (opn:), 69, 96, 5370 (yunt): xııı (?) Tef. yazı ‘open plain’ 134: xıv Muh. ard wafi'a ‘level ground’ ya:zi: Mel. 74, 11; Rif. 177: Čağ. xv ff. yazı dašt-i xale az sabz ‘a plain devoid of vegetation’ San. 33ir. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) tarlağusuz bir yazı yer erdi ‘it was an uncultivated plain’ Og. 2el(or read yası?):xiv yazı ‘a plain’ Qutb 7e: Kom. xıv ‘meadow’ yaz (jtc) CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šahre’ ‘a broad plain’ ya:zi: Hou. 5, 19; xıv ditto Id. 93; al-falet yazı: Bul. 3, 8; xv ditto yazı yer Tuh. 27a. 3; šahre' (kaya, which should translate šaxr () yazı yer do. 22a. 1: Osm. xıv ff. yazı ‘large plain, desert’, etc.; common TTS I 806; II 1024; III 790; IV 863.
885

D yaza:- Den. V. fr. ya:z; survives only (?) in NE Tuv. caza-, same meaning. Xak. xı er kıšla:ğda: yaza:dı: ‘the man spent the spring (aqdma'l-rabt) in his winter quarters’ (or somewhere else) Kaš. III 88 (yaza:r, yaza:ma:k).

yeze:- Hap. leg., but see yeze:k; follows yoza:’, which suggests that the text always had yeze:-. Xak. xı yeze:k kamuğ yerig yeze:di: ‘the advance guard (al-falVa) patrolled (tdfat) the whole area to see whether there were any enemy in it’ Kaš. III 88 (yeze:r, yeze:me:k; MS. here yeze:-).

VU?D yoza:- (barren) Hap. leg.; perhaps Den. V. fr. *yo:z Dev. N. fr. *yo:-, q.v. Xak. xı ko:y yoza:di: ‘the ewe was barren’ (hdlat) and did not lamb; also used of any animal when it is covered by the male and does not conceive, except the mare, of which one says b& kısır boldi: when it was barren Kaš. III 88 (yoza:r, yoza:ma:k).

Dis. YZC

E yüzči: See borčı:.

Dis. V. YZD-

D 1 yaztur- Caus. f. of 1 yaz-; survives in SE Türki yazdur-: SC Uzb. yozdur-: NW Kk. jazdir- but in most modem languages M:ch forms are Caus. f.s of 3 yaz-. Xak. xı ol apar tügü:n yazturdi: ‘he ordered him to untie (ahallahu) the knot’ Kaš. III 95 (followed by 2 yaztur-).

D 2 yaztur- Caus. f. of 2 yaz-; survives in NW^ Kk. jazdir-; in Čağ. the Caus. f. was yazğur- (San. 330V. 7) and this survives as jazğır- in NC Kır., Kzx. Xak. xı ol am: okta: yazturdi: ‘he made him miss (aivqa'ahu fi’l-xafd') his arrow shot’; kadelika fi l-kalem, also ‘to make (someone) make an erroneous statement’ Kaš. III 95, (yazturur, yazturma:k).

S 1 yüztür- Caus. f. of 1 yüz-; s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı ol anı: suvda: yüztürdi: ‘he made him swim (a’dmahu) in the water’ Kaš. III 95 (yüztürür, yüztürme:k).

D 2 yüztür- Caus. f. of 2 yüz-; survives in SW Osm., Tkm. yüzdür-. Xak. xı ol agar ko:y yüztürdi: ‘he made him flay (aslaxuhu) the sheep’ (etc.) Kaš. III 95 (1 yüztür-follows).

Dis. YZĞ

D yazak Hap. leg.;.Conc. N. fr. 1 yaz-; presumably w. the same general connotation as yazı:. Yağma:, Tuxšı: xı yazak al~marta' ‘grazing land, pasture’ Kaš. III 16.

1 yazığ (dark brown) describes the colour of a horse’s coat, perhaps ‘dark brown’; no obvious etymology unless it is a metathesis of yağız, which is practically syn. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. in IrkB 11 there is an antithesis between sariğ \\\ and yuxig uuıg yuıuvuč an envoy on a dark brown (?) horse’ and in do. 50 between tığ at ‘a bay horse’ and yazığ <at>, in both cases w. marked alliteration: xiv Muh. (?) (under ‘horses’ coats’) al-kamit ‘dark brownyo:zağ (sic) Rif. 171 (only).

D 2 *yazığ See yazığlığ (freeing, release), yazığsa:- (freeing, release).

D 1 yazuk Pass. N./A.S. fr. 1 yaz-; lit. ‘reduced to a simpler form, loosened’, etc.; in its second meaning the connotation seems to be one of a lump of meat reduced to a simpler form by slicing it; Kaš. ’s etymology is nonsense. Modem forms yazik/jazik, etc. in some NE, NC, SC, NW languages generally mean ‘flat, level,’ and the like which would be more appropriate for *yasuk but may have been influenced by yazı:. Xak. xı yazuk at ‘a horse freed from its halter’ (mahlül min watdqihŋ; also used of anything freed from its fastenings (qaydihŋ or halter; yazuk et ‘meat cut into slices (muqaddad) in the autumn (and preserved) with herbs’ (bi-afawih), which is left and eaten in the spring; derived fr. the phr. ya:z ok ye ■teat it only in the spring’; because the cattle are lean in this season, but he eats fat meat Kaš. III 16.

D 2 yazuk (sin, failing, defect, pity; deplorable) Intrans. Dev. N. fr. 2 yaz-; a standard word for ‘sin’ in the early period, but with some wider meanings ‘failing, defect’,' etc. (Cf. sın- “break, trespass”, p. 833, a reflexive derivative of the verb sı:- “break, destroy”) S.i.a.m.l.g. w. these meanings, but in SW Osm. yazık means ‘a pity; deplorable’, i.e. more ‘sinned against’ than sinning. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yazuk kilsar ‘if he commits a sin’ TT II 10, 94; a.o. Chuas. I 35 (bošunčsuz): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A suy yazuk bolmazun ‘may there be no sin (Hend.)’ M I 30, 26; yazukda bošunmak «liberation from sin’ do. 28, 23: Bud. yazukka tüše ‘being exposed to censure’ PP 8, 1: touy yazuk-lannda ozti ‘they were freed from (the consequences oQ their sins (Hend.)’ TT IV 4, 14; a.o.o.: Civ. yazukka tegip ‘committingan offence’ USp. 55, 33: Xak. xı yazuk al-danb ‘Sin, offence’ Kaš. III 16 (prov.); o.o., same translation, I 203 (Ökün-); 220<ertür-); 521 (kečür-), etc.: KB kečürgil yazukrn kamuğ ‘pardon all his sins’ 28; a.o. 638: xııı (?) At. 337 (kečür-); Tef. yazuk ‘sin’ 135: Čağ. xv ff. yazuk güneh via ma'fiya ‘sin, offence’, etc. San. 330V. 27 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 76; Nahc. 83, 17; 86, 11 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘sin’ yazık/ yazuk, etc.; common CCI, CCG; Gr. 119 (quotns,): Kip. xııı (after 2 ya:z- (error, omit, get lost, offend, sin)) hence al-danb tva’l-xafi'a (‘mistake’) yazuk Hou. 38, 5: xıv yazuk al-danb tva'l-carima (‘crime’) İd. 93; ditto Bui. 5, 12: xv xatVa yazık Tuh. 14a. 8: Osm. xıv ff. yazuk meaning ‘sin’ common to xvıı , sporadic to xix TTS I 807; II 1027;///791; /F864.

D yazki: N./A.S. fr. ya:z; survives in NC Kır., Kzx. jazğı ‘spring’ (Adj.): SC Uzb. yozğı ‘summer’ (Adj.): NW yazğı/jazğı ditto. Uyğ. Yin ff. Bud. Suv. 589, č ff. (ya:y): Civ. TT VII 38, 1 ff. (yaykı:): Xak. \986\ sipn '■! the zodiac’ 139; o.o. 6^ (cıinčig), 142, -5639 (orut).
986

S yazğuk See yadğuk

Dis. V. YZĞ-

D yazık- Intrans. Den. V. fr. ya:z; survives in NE Alt. ‘to spend the spring’ (somewhere) R III 230; cf. yaza:-, yazla:-. Xak. xı yi:l yazıktı: šera') zamen rabi' ‘the year (i.e. season) turned to spring’ Kaš. III 76 (yazıka:r, yazıkma:k).

Tris. YZĞ

E yazığčı: See yorığčı:.

D yazığlığ (freeing, release) P.N./A. fr. 2 *yazığ, Dev. N. fr. 1 yaz- which would mean ‘freeing, release’, and the like, a rather different connotation fr. 1 yazuk, which is Pass. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı yazığlığ at ‘a horse (or something else) released from its tether’ (al-munšaf min ’iqalihŋ Kaš. 77/49; a.o. 5°» *9.

D yazukluğ P.N./A. fr. 2 yazuk; ‘sinful, sinner’, etc. S.i.s.m.I. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 308 (egsüklüg): Uyğ. vııı yazuklığ atlığ[ığ] ‘the men of distinction who were to blame’ (in antithesis to ‘the common people’) Šu. E 2: vııı ff. Man.-A M III 12, 19 (i) (buka:ğu:): Bud. yazukluğ boimalim ‘may we not be held guilty’ (for our sins) TT IV 14, 65; (if anyone) beglerde ağır yazukluğ bolup ‘is convicted of serious offences before the begs' Kuan. 26; yazukluğun yazuk-suzun ‘whether guilty or innocent’ do. 3e: Xak. xı yazukluğ al-mudnib ‘a sinner’ Kaš. III 50: KB yazukluğ bolur ište bušsa kiši ‘if a man is irritable at his work he is blameworthy’ 324: xııı (?) At. 337 Tef. yazukluk (sic) al-mucrim ‘a criminal’; also ‘blameworthy’ 135: xıv Muh. al-mudnib ya:zuk-İuğ Mel. 52, 9; Rif. 149: Xwar. xıv yazukluğ ‘sinful; sinner’ Qutb 76; Nahc. 38, 15 etc.; yazukli ditto Qutb 7e: Kom. xıv ditto yazuklu/yazukli CCI, CCG; Gr. 120 (quotas.): Osm. xrv, xv yazuklu ditto; common TTS I 808; 77 1027; 777 791; IV 865.

D yazuksuz Priv. N./A. fr. 2 yazuk; ‘innocent, guiltless’. S.i.s.m.I. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 103 (kovla:-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yazuksuz kišiler ‘innocent people’ U II 78, 32; o.o. do. 87, 49; TT IV 10, 14; Kuan. 36 (yazukluğ): Xak. xı yigit ya:zuksuz (sic) bolma:s ‘there is no such thing as a young man who is free from sin’ (tlle bi-danb) Kaš. III 16, 18; a.o. 7 400, 20; n.m.e.: Xwar. xıv ditto Nahc. 86, 11: Kom. xıv ‘innocent’ yazuksuz/yaziksiz CCG; Gr.

Tris. V. YZĞ-

D yazukla:- Den. V. fr. 2 yazuk; n.o.a.b. (Türkü vııı [gap] yazuklatfgap] 77 E 36, if correctly read, must be the Caus. f. otherwise not noted): Xak. xı beg am: yazukla:di: ‘the \\\ bi-ctnaya) Kas. JU 542 (yazuklatr, yazukla:-;nn;k): Xwar. xıv yazukîa- ‘to accuse (someone) of an offence’ Qutb 7e: Kom. xıv ‘to be guilty’ yazukla- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv yazukla- a^naba ‘to commit an offence’ Id. 93.

D yazığsa:- (freeing, release) Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. 2 *yazığ (freeing, release) Xak. xı (the enemy wished to sell his home and household goods) yuluğ b&rip yazığsa:dı: (MS. yartğsa:dt:) li-yufediya bihe nafsa.hu ‘in order to (lit. and wished to) pay a ransom and free himself’ Kaš. III 333, 10; n.m.e.

Dis. YZG

D yeze:k Conc. N. fr. yeze:-; ‘advance guard’. Pec. to Xak.; cf. yelme:. Xak. xı yeze:k tali'atu’l-cund ‘the advance guard of an army’ Kaš. III 18; a.o. III 88 (yeze:-): KB (of these stars, some are ornaments, some guides) bir anča yezek ‘and some advance guards’ 128; (when he gets near the enemy) yezekin alu tüšürse toyuğ ‘he should pick his advance guard and pitch camp’ 2349; a.o. 2342 (tutğak).

yüzük (? d-) ‘finger-ring’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. some unusual forms, e.g. NE yüstük, cüstük: SE Türki; SW Az. üzük; Cuv. č&re (syferfe); an early l.-w. in Hungarian gyurü (pronounced dyü.rü:), which perhaps points to an original güzük; and a later l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 596. Xak. XL yüzük al-xetim ‘a signet ring’ Kaš. III 18: xııı (?) Tef. yü:zük/yü:zu:k ditto 16e: xıv Muh. aletim yü:zü:k Mel. 53,8: Rif. 150: Čağ. xv ff. üzük ... toa xatim Vel. 106; üzük (1) anguštar ‘finger-ring’ San. 74T. 8: Xwar. xrv yüzük ditto Qutb 89; Nahc. 77, 16; Kom. xrv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xııı al-xetim yü:zü:k Hou. 17, 20: xıv yüzük ditto Id. 93: xv ditto Tuh. 14b. 5; Kav. 64, 11 (a.o. 2 ka:š do.)

Dis. V. YZG-

PUD yüzkeš- (? or yüzgeš-) Hap. leg.; the MS. has yürükeš- but this is clearly an error (damma for cazm); there is an obvious antithesis between ‘to turn their backs on one another’ in the first line and ‘to turn their faces to one another’ in the second, so this can be taken as the Recip. f. of a Den. V. fr. 2 yü:z (ñ-) (face); but it might be a scribal error for yüzleš-, see yüzlen-. The translation, which says that the verse describes spring and relates to flowers, is defective, the translation of this word having fallen out. Xak. xı kızıl sarığ arkašıp yipgin yašıl yüzkeš ip bir birige: yörgešip yalguk am: taglašun’ ‘the red and yellow (flowers) turn their backs on one another; the purple and green face one another; they intertwine with one another, and a man is amazed by them’ Kaš. I 395, 3 ff; n.m.e.

Tris. YZG

D yüze:gü: Den. N. fr. 2 yü:z (ñ-) (face) w. the Collective Suff. -e:gü:, used only in the phr. yüz yüzegü, which (as pointed out by L. Ligeti in Sur utt passage du Rejevavedaka Sütra Ouigour, Nemeth Armağanı, Ankara, 1962, pp. 319 ff.) means ‘the face and other external organs’ in antithesis to ič iče:gü: ‘the inside and internal organs’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yükünürbiz sizige yüz yüzegütin berü kĞrtgünčin ‘we worship you with a faith (which extends) from our external organs (inwards)’ TT III 5: Bud. (in a description of a dying man) yüz yüzegüsinte marım-larınta barča ölüm yadılıp an ta ok ög ıčğınur ‘as death spreads all through his face, external organs, and limbs he thereupon loses consciousness’ TT III, p. 26, note 5, 11; o.o. U III 64, 21; Radloff, Kuan-H-im Pusar, St.-P&ersbourg, 1911, 70, 7-11 (quoted by Ligetŋ.

Dis. YZL

D yazlığ P.N./A. fr. ya:z; ‘belonging to the summer’ (or spring). S.i.s.m.I. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yazlığ küzlügi [gap] ‘belonging to the spring and autumn’ USp. 66, 4 (fragmentary).

D yüzlüg (face) P.N./A. fr. 2 yü:z (ñ-) (face); lit. ‘having a face’; in the early period usually ‘a person of distinction’ (prob. based on the Chinese concept of ‘face’), later usually, w. a preceding Attributive, e.g. ‘two-faced’. S.i.s.m.I. Türkü vııı ff. yüzlü:g ‘a person of distinction’ Tun. IV 8 (ETY II 96, 1 a:tlığ): Man. M III 10, 3 (i) (1 a:tlığ) — yaruk [yašuk?] yüzlüg nomka ‘to the bright (Hend.)-faced doctrine’ do. 7, 15 (ı): Man. [gap] yüzlügüm ‘my (beautiful?) faced one’ M II 8, 2: Bud. PP 12, 5 etc. (1 artlığ); TT VII 40, 75-6 (eren) — U III 17, 17 etc. (tumlığ): Xak. xı iki: yüzlüg er al-raculu’l-mudehin ‘a dis-sembler, hypocrite’; iki yüzlüg közgü: al-manewiya ‘a two-sided mirror’ (?) Kaš. III 45; »o. I 426 (kamğı:): xııı (?) Tef. körklüg yüzlüg ‘beautiful’ 16e: Xwar. xıv par! yüzlüg ‘fairy-faced’; yığlağ yüzli ‘with a tearful face’ Qutb 89; körklüg yüzlüg Nahc. 22, 15; 439, 10.

Dis. V. YZL-

D yazıl- Pass. f. of 1 yaz-; ‘to be untied, loosened’, etc. S.i.m.m.l. Xak. xı tügü:n yazıldı: ‘the knot (etc.) became loose’ (inhal-lat) Kaš. III 78 (no Aor. or Infin.); o.o. I 195, 27 (alkın-); III 6 (yarp); 112, e: KB tümen tü čĞčekler yazıldı küle ‘countless flowers have opened and smile’ 70; o.o. 118, 150 (tügün), 813 (sevinčlig): xııı (?) Tef. yazil- (of flood waters) ‘to break loose’; (of a man after eating) ‘to relax’ 135 (also ‘to be written’): Čağ. xv ff. yazıl- ( (1) ‘to be written’; (2) ‘to be missed’); (3) kušüda šudan ‘to be opened’; (4) šuru šudan ‘to be begun’ San. 33or. 22 (quotns.): Kom. xıv yazıl- ‘to be disentangled’ CCG; Gr.: Osm. xıv to xvı yazıl- ‘to be relaxed, spread out’; in three texts TTS II1024; IV 864.

D yazla:- Den. V. fr. ya:z; not noted before xiv, but see yazlat-. Survives in SW Osm. ‘to \\\ spend the summer (somewhere)’. Cf. yaza:-, yazık-. (Xak.) xıv Muh. irtuba'a mina'1-rabı ‘to spend the spring’ ya:zla:- Mel. 22, 7; Rif. 103: Osm. xv ki yaz bir čeček ile yazlamaz hič ‘for spring does not come with one flower’ TTS II 1025; a.o. xvı IV 862.

D yazlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of yazla:-. Xak. xı ol ko:yın yayla:ğda: yazlattı: ‘he put his sheep for the spring (arba'a ğanamahu) on the summer pasture’ Kaš. II 355 (yazlattım, yazlatma:k).

D yazlın- Refl. f. of yazıl-; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı tügü:n yazlındı: ‘the knot (etc.) became loose’ (inhallat) Kaš. III no (yazlımın, yazlinma:k); (after a note on the formation of the Intrans. (lazim) from the Trans, (muta'addŋ in Ar.) thus in this language (Turkish) you say er tügü:n yazdı: ‘the man loosened (hallo) the knot’, then -inis attached and one says tügü:n yazındı: (sic, later altered in the MS. to yazlındı:) ‘the knot became loose’ (inhallat) and the V. becomes Intrans. (lezim) by the attachment of -in-; and one says, with -il-, tügü:n yazıldı: ‘the knot was loosened’ (hullat) and also when it has become loose one adds -in- to - (ŋl- and says tügü:n yazlındı: ‘the knot became loose of its own accord’ (bi-fab'ihŋ; (another example using 1 yuv- (roll, rotate) follows) III 112, 2 ff.; a.o. 228, 15 (yalğıl).

D yüzlen- Refl. Den. V. fr. 2 yü:z (ñ-) (face); the basic V. yüzle:- occurs in several modem languages, SE Türki ‘to bring about a meeting’; SW Osm. ‘to accuse (someone) to his face’; this Refl. f. meaning ‘to face one another’ survives in SC Uzb. and one or two other languages; the Recip. f. yüzleš- ‘to face one another’ also s.i.s.m.I.; see yüzkeš-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. küngerüyüzlenip ‘facingsouth’ TT VS, 71; a.o. do. 10, 89 (ortu:), etc.: Xak. xı ol maga: yüzlendi: (MS. yezlindi:) ‘he came towards me’ (or ‘faced me’ ?; tatvaccaha ilayya); and one says er yüzlendi: ‘the man enjoyed respect (wacuha, altered (?) to tvuciha) among the people’; also used when he demanded their respect (talaba mtnhumu’l-cöh) Kaš. III no (yüzlenü:r, yüzlenme:k, corrected fr. ma:k): xııı (?) Tef. yüzlen- ‘to face towards (something Dat.)' 165: (xiv Muh. (?) rffe wa nafaqa ‘to be a hypocrite’ yü:zle:- Rif. 109): Čağ. xv ff. yüzlen- (-dŋ yüz tut-... tatcaccuk ma'nastna ‘to turn towards’ Vel. 419; yiizien-rü kardan wa mutawaccih šudan ‘to turn, or go, towards’ San. 342V. 20 (quotns.): (Kip. xıv yüzle- ‘t% blame or criticize’ ('ataba wa lema) as if this was conveyed (manqiU) by a sl«p in the face Id. 93).

D yazlıš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of yazıl-. Xak. xı tügü:nle:r yazlıšdı: ‘the knots (all) came loose (inhallat) together’ Kaš. III 105 (yazlıšu:r, yazlıšma:k).

Dis. YZM

S yüzüm See üzüm.
988

yezne: ‘the husband of one’s elder sister, or of one’s father’s younger sister’. Surv:ves in NE Khak. čiste; Tuv. česte: NCjezde: NW K!;. jezde; Kaz. cizni; Nog. yezde: SW Az. ygzne. Cf. K-de:gü. Xak. xı yezne: the wont for ‘fî'c husband of an elder sister’ Kaš. III 35: Čağ. xv ff. yezne (spelt) ‘one’s sister’s or daughter's husband’ San. 349V. 10: Kom. xıv ‘brother-in-law’ yezne/yizne CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šihr wa>l-arts ‘son-in-law; bridegroom’ (kü:ye:gü:/)yezne: Hou. 32, 3.

D yazmč Dev. N. fr. yazın-; ‘sin’; only one (?) occurrence and that uncertain, but cf. yazınčsız. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. üküš yazınč (-inč uncertain) ert(t)iler ‘they have persisted in committing many sins’ TT IV 4, 11 — 12.

Dis. V. YZN-

D 1 yazın- Refl. f. of 1 yaz-; s.i.s.m.I. Xak. xı er ku:nn yazındı: ‘the man set himself to loosen (hall) his belt’ (etc.) Kaš. III 84 (yazmu:r, yazinma:k); a.o. ‘to become loose’ 111 112, 2 ff. (yazlın-).

D 2 yazın- (misbehave, sin) Refl. f. of 2 yaz-; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı pec. to II; yaglukm (? for yagiltuki:n) üčü:n in I E jg replaced by yagıltukı:n yazıntukırn üčüm ‘because he misbehaved (Hend.)’; and özî: yagıltı: in I E 20 by özi: yazıntı: IIE 17: vııı ff. Man. Chuas. I 23, etc. (yagil-); I 35 (bošunčsız) and several occurrences of yazın- w. Dat. ‘to sin against’: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ev yutuzıga yazıntımız erser ‘if we have sinned against (i.e. violated) a housewife’ UII76, 5; 85’ 22; TT IV 8, 70; (then because King Brahimadatta) tiši bars birle yazınmıšda ‘had sexual intercourse with the tigress’ U III 63, 12-13.

Tris. YZN

D yanınčsız Priv. N./A. fr. yazınč; ‘innocent, fıtč from sin’; n.o.a.b. Cf. yazuksi:z. Uyğ. vııı K. Man. TT 111 134 (čaxša:pat): Bui3. Suv. 20s, 15-16 (ditto).

Dis. YZR

D yüzer Distributive f. of 1 yu:z; ‘a hundred each’. N.o.a.b.. but pt-haps still in use. Uyğ. ıx marima: yüzer ton;e bertim ‘I gave my \\\ ..........vııı ff. Bud. raıe 01a pııoıj ıvay kirip bešer yüzerin banp ‘had oh er. been to sea, going some five hundred,times’ (and had come back safe) PiJ 23, o ff.: Č *ğ’ xv ff. yüzer 'adad-i šad ‘the number 100’ San. 343r. 8 (quotn., xalqdin yüzer yüzer kiši ayırıp ‘dividing the people into groups of a hundred each’): Xwar. xrv yü?er yüzer teveler berdi ‘he gave (the notables of IviKCca) a hundred camels each’ Naki. 75, 12.

Tris. YZR

D yü:ze:rlik ‘the plant rue, Pečonotı barmaid’; Den. N. (Conc. N.) fr. vü:ze:r, but there is no obvious semantic connection w. yüzer or 1 or

2 yüz-. Survives only (ŋ in SW Az. üzerlik; Osm. yüzerlik/üzerlik. Cf. ildrük. Oğuz xı Kaš. III 12 (yıdığ): Kip. xıv al-harmal ‘rue’ yüzerlük Bul. 7, 3: Osm. xıv to xvı yüzerlik occurs in several texts, mostly dicts, translating Ar. fwrmal or Pe. sipand (and the like) ‘wild rue’ TTS I 851; II 1086; ///83ı; /F017.

Dis. V. YZS-

D yazsa:- Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of 1 yaz-. Xak. xı ol ku:rın yazsa:di: ‘he wished to loosen (yahulŋ his belt’ (etc.) Kaš. III 305 (yazsa:r, yazsa:ma:k).

Tris. YZS

D yüzsüzlük (look (face), shamelessness) A.N. fr. a Priv. N./A. fr. 2 yü:z (ñ-) (face); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (this frown and ugly look of mine) küčemči kelirke bu yüzsüzlüküm ‘and my unfriendly mien are for the man who comes as an oppressor’ 8le: Čağ. xv ff. yüzsizlik bi-rüyi ‘shamelessness’ San. 343r. 11 (quotn.)

Dis. V. YZŠ-

D yazıš- (untie, loosen) Hap!leg. ?; Co-op. f. of 1 yaz-; all modern forms of yazıš- seem to be Co-op. f.s of 3 yaz-. Xak. xı ol agar tügü:n yazıšdı: ‘he helped him to loosen (or untie, fi hall) the knot’; also used for competing (yazıšu:r, yazıšma:k); and one says <ol> maga: ya: yazıšdı: ‘he helped nw> to unstring (ft naz’i’l--xaatar) the bow’ (etc.) Kaš. III 73 (yazıšu:r, yazıšma:k).
989

Z

Preliminary note. No genuine Turkish words, except one or two onomatopoeics, begin wiih z-. A fete Sogdian or Middle Iranian words, none of which survived long in Turkish, occur in Uyğ., e.g. zahag ‘emanation’ U II 95, 2; zmuxtug ‘the 28th day of the month’ TT VII 9, 29; zmuran 'myrrh' U I 5, 14. Later a few Ar. and Pe. l.-w.s found their way into late Uyğ., Pe. zlra *aniseed’ in H II 22,123 and Ar. zaket ‘alms' in some texts in USp., as well as all the similar rwrd’ which were adopted by Moslem Turks. Kaš. lists the words set out below as current in Xak.

Mon. ZB

VU zep zep an onomatopoeic of a common kind; the closest analogy is SW Osm. zip zip ‘suddenly, unexpectedly’. Cf. šep. Xak. xı zep zep onomatopoeic (harf hikeya) connoting speed in walking or running; hence on*: says zep zep barğıl ‘hurry up!’ (asri') Kaš. I319.

Mon. ZĞ

zak zak onomatopoeic. Xak. xı zak zak an inciting Interjection (harf iğre'), used to incite rar;ie to copulate Kaš. I 333.

Dis. ZNB

VUF za:nbi: (or ze:nbi:?) Hap. leg.; ?a Chinese l.-w.; the first syllable might be ching \\\ (Giles 2,136; Middle Chinese, Pulleyblank tsyey) in certain combinations ‘cricket’. Xak. xı za:nbi: šarreru’l-layl ‘the field cricket. Gryllus campestris'; Za:nbi: art the name of a pass between Kočna:r Ba:«i: and Baia:sa:ğ:un Kaš. III 441. *

Dis. ZND

zindan “deep cellar” (in tower)

Dis. ZNG

PUF züngüm (MS. züng.m) Hap. leg.; no doubt a Chinese l.-w. Cf. barčın. Xak. xı züngüm ‘a kind of Chinese brocade’ (ulbac) Kaš. I 485.

Tris. ZRG

CF zarğunčmu:d pec. to Kaš.; a Sogdian l.-w. zryumi ‘vegetable’, and prob. rmard ‘myrtle’, see J. Benveniste iu Journal asiatique, CCXXXVI 2, p. 184. Xak. xı zarğunčmu:d al-sincilet, called in Pe. along mušk ‘the wild tamarisk’ (Steingass) or ‘a kind of basil, Basilicum glabratum (?)’ (Red.) Kaš. I530; a.o. I 17, 8 (mentioned as one of very few words containing seven consonants).

Tris. ZRN

PUF zaranza: (MS. zar.nza:) Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w., PSogdian. Xak. xı zaranza: al-uffur ‘safflower Carthamus tincuniusand al-qirtim ‘safflower seed’, is called zaranza: uruğı: Kaš. I 449.

 
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