HUNS |
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Huns 1766 BC-336 AD Huns 337-439 AD Huns 440-498 AD Huns 500-552 AD Huns 552-599 AD Huns 600-649 AD Huns 650-699 AD |
Huns 700-749 AD Huns 750-849 AD Huns 850-949 AD Huns 950-1099 AD Huns 1100-1249 AD Huns 1250-1349 AD Huns 1350-1499 AD Huns 1500-1922 AD | ||||
Terminology in (Western) Classical Literature | Terminology in Modern Literature | ||||
φρουροί, φρυνοι, φρυροι, Γρυνοι, φαυνοι (Strabo,
born 63 or 64 BC, died ca. 24 AD) Additional terminology Karmichion, Chion,. Chionite, Huna, Akhun, Küsün/Kushan |
Huns, Huna, Hyon, Hsiung-nu, Hiung-nu, Xiong Nu, Xiahou,
Xionites, Khuni, Chuni, Chyon, Suni, Sunni, Sünnu/Sunnu,
Shunnu, Hunny, Gunny, Un, Unni, Khionites, Onogundurs, Onogur, Utigur,
Hunnogurs, Hunnugurs, Hungars, Hungurs, Kuturgur, Kutrigur, Ultzindurs,
Ultzingurs, Baranjar, Balanjar, Chue, Chumi, Chumuhun, Shato, Os, Ovs, Ephtalite,
Hephthalite, White Huns, Red Huns, Karmichion, Karmikhion, Uygurs, [Uange, Bugu/Pugu, Bayegu/Baiyrku,
Tunlo/Tongra, Sygye (Uygur tribes)], Seyanto (Sir + Yanto), Kibi,
Tele/Tiele/Dubo/Tubalar/Dabo, Guligan/Kurykan (Yakuts), Dolange
(Telengits), Husye, Higye, Adye/Eduz, Baysi/Barsil, Hunno-Bulgars, Guifang, and other variations Subdivisions Huns have 24 clans, some of them: Kuyan (Jack rabbit), Lan
(Orchard), Yui/Yuy/Syui/Sui/SuySui/Hui/Suybu (West Tribe) = Uigur, Suylyanti, Tsulin, Taychi, Uyti, Tsetszuy,
Bayan |
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Introduction |
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I attempted to collect dated events, records and facts pertaining to the Türkic history. There is an abundance of timelines. There are topic timelines in most of the history books, timeline encyclopedias and timeline dictionaries. The Türkic history, however, is there only incidentally, as a secondary-tertiary subject shown only at the time of the greatest impact on the central theme of the Chinese, Persian, Greek and Roman world, or the center theme of a particular monograph. This Türkic history timeline lists the development of the Türkic societies, and includes the peoples and countries mutually impacted by the Türkic peoples. It gives the events in the Türkic world with the background of the neighboring societies. Significantly, all ancient Türkic tribes (Türks, Kirkuns, Agach-eri, On-ok, Tabgach, Comans, Yomuts, Tuhses, Kuyan, Sybuk, Lan, Kut, Goklan, Orpan, Ushin and others) carried the name of “Huns” 1 Etymology of the name Sün/Hün see note 3. |
DATELINE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Time | Events | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1766 BC | Legendary period, historiographical dating inconsistent with archeological dating. Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia (Gui, 癸, legendary 1728–1675 BC), 17th member of old Chinese Xia (Hia) dynasty, dethroned "due to evil ways". His son Sunni (Sünni) went with 500 members of his Xia nationality to his Hun relatives. Xia people still have many common words with Altaic languages. But Huns reached China only after 16th c. BC, Altaic borrowing must have a different source | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1766 BC | Legendary period. Oldest Turkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political events. Hun (Hsiung-nu) words tanry, kut, byoryu, ordu, tug, kylych etc are oldest monuments of Turkish language. State rulers’ endoethnonym is Hun, Turkic “kun” = “kin” ~ “man, male, people“ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1390 BC | Legendary period. First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1350 BC | Beginning of historically dicumented Lateral Succession order in Shang, based on kinship with ruler. Lateral Succession order continues for 25 successions, from Da Ding (ca 1400-1350 BC) to Kang Ding (1157-1131 BC), then abruptly changes to Chinese-type primogeniture. Previous dynastic lateral successions are of legendary nature (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Zhou_Dynasty) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1300 BC | Beginning of Yinxu period, mysterious period of Chinese history between 1300 and 1027 BC noted for revolutionary change in bronze production with no previous developmental history; period of sudden appearance of archeological artifacts that would later become “Chinese Bronze Art”. Yinxu period had increased warfare between Shang and “Northern Zone”, by that period “Northern Zone” complex had evolved into a number of discrete cultural centers, which established a network of contacts both between them and with Central Plain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1250 BC | Beginning of historical period in China. Inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze vessels corroborate written accounts. Shang archeological horizon consists of 1,000 pre-hegemon principalities, Shang is probably largest and most prominent, but far off from genealogy of Chinese continuum depicted in the Chinese annals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1205 BC | Earliest Chinese reference to Huns in early 12th century BC about campaign of Shang king Wuding (武丁 wu3 ding1, d. 1195 BC) against Gui Fang 鬼方 (gui3 fang1, gui = gost, disappearing, i.e. nomads; fang = enemy, hostile) tribe, one of ancient names for Huns, in bronze inscriptions and oracle turtle-back bones, supported by vague archeological indicators (first chariots, first ring-handled and animal-headed knives, first bronze mirrors, seven-day calendar, Sumerian Dengir coming to China as Tian and later to Mongolia as Tengri, switch from ancestor-god Di to non-anthropical Tian, first chariot burials, horse and cart technology and skills with no traces of development, explosion in bronze production, conscription of population for mass production, Lateral Succession model, three-partite army, maternal uncle as state CEO, autonomous rule of possessions, rule based on familial ties, first elevation of dynastic women) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1200 BC | First Hun state in highlands of Ordos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1117 BC | 30th year of King of Shang Wu Yi 武乙 (1147-1112 BC), Zhou attacked Yiqu 义渠 and captured its king (Bamboo annals). Wang Guowei and Jian Bozhan concluded that Yuzhi was just the inflexion of Yushi, Yueh Chih/Yuezhi = Tokharians; and Yanju is Yanqi and Yiqu near later Qin kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1112 BC | 35th year of King of Shang Wu Yi 武乙 (1147-1112 BC), Jili attacked Guijung/Guirong/Guifang 鬼戎 at Xiluo 西落. According to Sima Qian, he captured 20 kings of that tribe. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1027 BC | End of Yinxu period, mysterious period of Chinese history between 1300 and 1027 BC noted for revolutionary change in bronze production with no previous developmental history; a period of sudden appearance of archeological artifacts that would later become the “Chinese Bronze Art” | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1000 BC | Huns are already mentioned in the time of Zarathustra (1,000BC?) in the form Hunu, their ultimate origin in Zarathustra time is from Western Asia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
957 BC | Zhou king Zhao (Zhou and Zhao are synonyms) lost a campaign against Chu south of Zhou at Han river, is killed, lost western (right wing stationed at Xian) army. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
956 BC | Adventurous Zhou Mu Wang (956-918 BC) fell in remote romance with Yue queen, attacked Quan Jungs/Rongs (944 BC; Jungs/Rongs = "Belligerents", vs. cusomary "barbarians") north and west of Zhou after passing Yanju[�ɾ�] and Yuzhi (Biography of Emperor Mu, Chapter I, gives 989 BC date). Wang Guowei and Jian Bozhan concluded that Yuzhi was just the inflexion of Yushi, Yueh Chih/Yuezhi = Tokharians; and Yanju is Yanqi and Yiqu near later Qin kingdom. Shang Shu credits Mu with first legal code, M.Shaughnessy explains necessity to replace 3-rd-4th generation blood kins with beaurocracy to run colonies established 100 years earlier. Quan in Afro-Asiatic language means "son", possibly a reference to Zhou Türks dominating A-A Vietnamese-type Yi (akin to Rus deti = "children", chelyad = lesser folks). King Yan of Xu forged a confederation of 36 eastern and southern states, Quan Jungs = Yi captured eastern (left wing) capital Chengzhou. In ethnic terms, this is Türko-Viet war. Quan Jungs and Yi states gain independence of Zhou. |
ca 940 BC |
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800 BC | Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
778 | Undated - State of Qin (秦, 778–207 BC) is accused by its enemies of sharing the same customs and moral qualities as Rong (Jung) and Di: it had the heart of a tiger or a wolf, was greedy and cruel, untrustworthy when it came to making a profit, and did not behave according to protocol and virtuous conduct (Sharing the custom = nomadic state?) Qin is a southeastern extension of Ordos and Gansu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
771 BC | Huns (Ch. Jungs) invasion of Zhou China. Zhou capital Hao falls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
713 BC | Huns (Ch. Jungs) major invasion of China repulced by Zheng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
685 BC | 685 - 643 BC Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
679 BC | 679 BC Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers (i.e. kurultai) in Tsi/Qi, taking that right from Chjou/Zhou | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
660 BC | Ethnical Hun (Jung, pin. Rong 戎 = archer) named Yuyui (Üüi) held highest position during Chinese Qin dynasti ruler Mu-gun (660-621 BC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
659 BCC | 659 - 621 Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin/Qin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
650 BC | Around 7th century BC, a nomadic tribe called Sai/Se in Chinese annals, Sakas in Persian, Scythians by the Greeks, pasturing in steppe between Issyk Kul and Balkhash Kul entered Mt. Tianshan area and established their country near Yili/Ili river and Karkashen Kul, Hotan River and Kariya River Valley. Biography of Emperor Mu calls its leader Western Empress. Shen Fuwei suggested that because they were west of China, Xi (west) was rendition in pronunciation and meaning of "Scythia" or "Scyth", Usun east of Mt. Tianshan was their branch, caled Wuji in Warring States Book of Mountains and Seas, near Buluntuo Lake (47N87E). Wuji/Usun, called Issedonians by Greeks, were one of Eight Western Jung/Rong States of Mianzhu, Gunrong, Dirong, Huanrong, Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, and Quyan. Among them, Yiqu (Uigurs) was the strongest. Based on identity of pronunciation of "horse" in Yiqu and Tochar language, Lin Meichun speculated that Yiqu may be a sub-branch of Tocharians | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
600 BC | Taohongbala and Maoqinggou cemeteries in Ordos region are identified as earliest Hun's sites in Northern China, ca 650-550 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
500 BC | Persepolis inscription text is “Darius Hystapes (522-486 BC) rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae [European, Caucasian, Middle Asian ?].“ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
450 BC | Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.) shows Agathirsi (Agach-ir=Türk. forest+people), Scythians and Massagets, Malanchleni, Neuri, Budini and Geloni, Thissagets and Jurcae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
450 BC | Herodotus (IV, 105) reports about wolf cult at Neuri (Nevrs) along Hypanis (Danube) and W. of Borisphen (Buri-Chay = Dnieper) to Tyras (Dniester) together with Budins (Tr. “people, tribe, subjects“). Later wolf was on gold buckle fr Niconia by Dniester | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
327 BC | Confederation of Western Jungs Yìqu 义渠 in Gansu submitted to Qin Zhou | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
320 BC | Date undefined. Aristov 1896, p. 279: In Chinese annals, long before our era south of Altai mountains lived Huns, in the north lived people So. Then So split up into 4 tribes: Kuman or Kuban, Kyrgyz, Chu-kishi and Turks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
318 BC | First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
306 BC | 306-304 BC Under the Qin's King Zhao 秦昭 (r. 306–251 BC), Qin expanded into the territory of the Yiqu Jung 義渠戎 semipastoral tribes, occupied later commanderies Longxi 陇西/隴西, Beidi 北地, and Shang 上, and then build “long walls” as a protection against the Hu Huns. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
302 BC | Under the Zhao's King Wuling (趙武靈, r. 325 BCE – 299 BC), Zhao defeated Lin Hu 林胡 and Loufan 樓煩 to the north and also built a wall from Dai 代, at the foot of the Yinshan Mountains, to Gaoque 高闕, establishing commanderies of Yunzhong 雲中, Yanmen 雁門, and Dai 代 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 BC | State of Yan entertained diplomatic relations with Hu through General Qin Kai 秦开, then treacherously attacked them, defeating Dong Hu and pushing them back “a thousand li”. Yan also built a wall that went from Zaoyang 枣阳/棗陽 to Xiangping 襄平 for protection against Hu, and created commanderies of Shanggu 上谷, Yuyang 魚陽, Youbeiping 右北平, Liaoxi 遼西, and Liaodong 遼東 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 BC | In Chinese sources Alans are one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu, Siu-lin) most favored by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son Ki-ok/Kök) of 3rd century B.C. (ToOD 146). ( Turk. alan ‘field’, akin to 'fieldman', Slav. 'polyane', 'polovets') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 BC | Earliest occurrence of Parthian name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of white Hun (Ku-Hun/Ku-Sün/Ku-shan/Kushan ~ Abdaly/Ephtalite) origin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
295 BC | Zhao conquered Di's state Zhongshan, continued its drive north and built fortifications along northern bank of Huanhe bend encircling Ordos steppe, creating a Chinese enclave deep into nomad territory. State of Qin also expanded into Ordos in Hetao 河套 ("bend") region, its line of fortifications ran from Shang commandery in eastern Hetao to Longxi commandery in southern Gansu, along northeast to southwest line, Longxi was westernmost point of China's northern frontier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
290 BC | Hun state consists of 24 Kuyan (Kian/Kiyan/Qiang Lan (A-lan = Tr. alan, yalan = steppe, Ch. phonet. Lan 阿蘭 = A 阿 + Lan 蘭, synonymous with Ch. semantical Yancai 奄蔡 = Vast steppe Suybu (Sui/Hui/Yui = Uigurs, Ch. bu部 = division, branch, Sui/Hui/Yui replaced Kian/Qiang as Hunnic maternal dynastic tribe) Suylyanti (Sui + Luanti = maternal dynastic tribe + paternal dynastic tribe, Uigurs) Tsulin (generic toponymic name, by their location in Qunlun uplands) Taychi Uyti Tsetszuy… |
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290 BC | Hun state leader is titled (Great) Shanuy ~ “Shan-uy” is a rendition of
the Türkic “San-uy“, where “San” is “respect, honor“, and “uy” is “house“; “Shan-uy” =
“San-uy” = “Respected or Honored House“. Full title - Tengri Güdü San Uy - “Tengri-Guided Respected House“, where“Güdü” means “drive, spur, motivate” ~ Chinese “Chenli gydu shanyuy“, nonliteral “Son of endless sky“, Ban Gu's simple “Great
Yui“. Succession is |
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272 BC | King of Qin entrapped and conquered King of Yiqu in Ganquan Palace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-250 | Huns are Yuezhi's dependents, pay tribute | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-250 | Yuezhi raid Usun Huns, decimate tribe. Legendary salvation of Usun Kunmo baby, saved by Usun yabgy from maternal clan (Yu.Zuev) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-250 | Circa 3rd century BC Queen of Yuezhi confederation added to her possessions lands of Tuhsi (Tochar, Pinyin: Daxia “Greater Westerners“?) in the headwaters of the Huanghe. Since then Asii-Yuezhi and Tuhsi-Tochars became inseparable until 19th c. in S.Siberia where Tuhsi lived through millennia as a Tele tribe with their Az-kyshtyms (As-serfs) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
246 BC | Cheng (246-?) of T'sin dynasty, in twenty-sixth year of his reign assumed title of Shi Hwang-ti (first universal emperor), from then on, China sovereign called Wang. Cheng consolidated 4 feudal states into China, and divided empire into thirty-six kiun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
246 BC | Cheng (246-?) of T'sin (Qin) dynasty built great wall of China (Wan-li-ch'ang-ch'eng, or wall ten thousand lis long), which extends from Chi-li to Kan-su, to stop incursions of Huns (Hiung-nu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
240 BC | Hun's revolt against Tochars (Yuezhi), and take over the Tochar state. Part of Tochars flee to Kangar, rulers of remaining Tochars are incorporated into Hun's ruling elite. West of Tochars/Yueh Chih were Usuns and Scythians | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
230 BC | Touman (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), of clan Suy-Lyanti with bull totem establishes Hunnic Empire. SuySui = Huy/Hui = Ui(gurs) = maternal dynastic tribe, Lyanti = Hun tribe = paternal dynastic tribe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
214 BC | Chinese ruler Si Huang Ti (259-210 BC) builds Great Chinese Wall against attacks of Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
209 BC | Touman died (Tumen, 240 - 209 BC), accession to throne of Maotun (Batur, 210 - 174 BC), founder of Hun Empire. Expansion of Hun Empire | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
204 BC | HUN EMPIRE 204 B.C - 216 A.D Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) Founder - Mete (Bagatir, Maotun, Batur) |
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200 BC | Emergence of Huns on western borders of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
200 BC | Mete/Modu Khan (Maotun) letter to Chinese government describes that 26 nations are in Turkish (i.e. Türkic) state and all of them became “nations stretching bow-string“, or Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
198 BC | Maodun concludes heqin 和亲 “peace marriage”, aka “peace and kinship” vassalage treaty, 198 BC - 129 BC. China is obligated to provide a royal princess to Shanyu in wives, and agreed upon quantity of tribute “gifts”: malt from glutinous millet, gold, silk fabrics, silk, wool and other things | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
174 BC | Kokkhan (Laoshan-Giyui-Shanyu (Aga-Yui Shanyu: Ch. “Laoshang” = “old and elevated” =. Türkic “Aga”, “[A]Giyui” = “Aga-Yui”, 174-161 BC) Huns (Hsiung-nu) attack Tocharians (Yüeh-chih, Yuezhi, White Huns), driving them from Gansu. In 160 AD on behalf of Huns the war was run by Usuns, supposedly in retribution for their displacement and genocide by Tochars in 410 BC. Usuns presented Laoshan Shanyu with head of Tochar leader, which was made into drinking cup and used for sacral ceremonies, including oath on heqin treaty with China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
"Tokhars/Yuezhi had army of ten to twenty thousand, were nomadic country, they move with their livestock, and share same customs with Huns" ( Shiji, Biography of Fegana/Davan/Dayuan). In 177BC, they were expelled by Huns. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
174 BC | Nomadic Ku Süns (Kushans, Yu-chi/Yueh Chih), a powerful force west of China in Gansu (Tr. Khan-Su = Khan's River) attacked and defeated by Huns and driven west, into Kangar (Sogdia, Kangüy, K'ang-chu) for about 30 years, from where they invade Bactria (Ta-hsia). Strabo 11.8.2 names them Asii or Asiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli. Also Sibirs/Sabaroi/Savari | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 BC | Rise of Hun Empire's puts pressure on territory of Iran (??) dislodging many Scythian nations who were pushed west, including Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
141 BC | 141-128 BC Tochars (Yüeh-chih), fleeing from Huns, overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 BC | Zhang Qian: in 130 BC he was told that Huns killed Tokhar's ruler around Aral interfluvial, and enthroned his son, who fled from Arsl area and conquered Bactria (ca 140) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 BC | Chinese emperor Wu Di (武帝, 140 – 87 BC) abrogated heqin 和亲 “peace marriage”, aka “peace and kinship” vassalage treaty, 198 BC - 129 BC. Start of a series of military campaigns. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 BC | Zhang Qian returns to Chanan, submits report of his travels. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 BC | Usun capital is called Chigu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 BC | Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 BC | Hou Han Shu 96A.10b: Huns defeated Great Yüeh-chih, who went west, became rulers of Baktria, and Sai king (wang) went southwards and became ruler(s) of Chi-pin, forming several kingdoms (Asses dynasties?) NW of Kashgar (Su-le): Hsiu-hsiin and Yilan-tu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 BC | First split of Hun Empire into Western and Eastern branches Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) (56 - 36 BC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 BC | Dionisios Periegetos: Already in 1-st century BC, (European, Caucasian ?) Huns dominate over all Caspian lands | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 BC | WESTERN (Northern) HUN EMPIRE 48 BC - 216 A.D Founder – Panu Area - area over present Central Asia |
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60 | After Jazyges (Ases) left Pontic steppes, Rhoxolans' possessions began to border Lower Danube and Roman Moesia. During Nero time (69 AD.) they invaded Moesia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | June 89 AD "Battle of Ikh Bayan" Southern Huns against Western (Nothern) Huns, who lost and opened negotiations with Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | Southern Huns under Shanyu Tuntuhe surprise attack on Western (Nothern) Huns court, capturing women and regalia, under cover of negotiations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | Western (Nothern) Huns suffer an other major defeat from Chinese (i.e. Southern Hun) forces and disperse ("Battle of Ikh Bayan" June 89 AD) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | Western (Nothern) Huns establish their center in Dzungaria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | Huns essentially divided into four groups with separate political
centers: 1. European Huns went to the West 2. Central Asian Huns - Yueban 3. Huns who submitted to Syanbi (Xianbei 鮮卑), 100,000 families numbering 500,000+ people, with Syanbi a rulung minority. 4. Southern Huns that submitted to China and later took an active part in 16 states and Wu-hu epoch (five "barbarian" tribes Huns (Xiongnu 匈奴), Syanbi (Xianbei 鮮卑), Tele (Di 氐), Kiyan Huns (Qiang 羌), and Kiyan Huns (Jie 羯); at that time Uigurs Hui/Sui/Yui were a part of Tele/Di. From that point on, the histories of European Huns branch and Central Asian Huns branch are independent from the Eastern Huns, but are linked | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | Roxolans (Türk. Uraksy Alans, i.e. ‘Alans-farmers’) pushed Romans on the Lower Danube in 2-nd and in 3-rd c. In the 2-nd c. AD. Rhoxolan nomads expanded their domination over local nomadic and settled tribes to the west, down to Lower Danube and Carpathians | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | Dionysius Periegetes (the guide) Orbis terrae descriptio map showing (European, Caucasian ?) Huns (Unni), Caspii, Massagets (on opposite bank of Itil from Huns), Sacii, Alani, Scyths, Hyrcanii, Sarmats, Taurii | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 |
Dionisus Periegetes (end of 1st - beginning of 2nd c., at time of Adrian, r.117-138) maps and talks that on Northwestern side of Caspian sea live Scythians, Uns, Caspians, Albanians, and Kaduses, of Huns living next to Caspian Sea Saka (Gr. Sacae)=Turkco-Persian saka=water carrier? or more likely the same S'k => Scyth at Greeks and S'k => Sak at Ceantral Asians, and Sa/Se/Sai/So => Sak/Sek/Sək 塞 in pre-Chinese Chinese |
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126 | Hephthalites helped Chinese General Ban Yung in his war against northern Huns, and settled in Jungaria . This appear to be a first mentioning of the Hephthalites | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | Ticitus: Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) pays Roxolans annual tribute and allows their transit by Roman roads through Dacia with Iazyges, who lived along Tissa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | (European) Huns living next to Dnieper in Eastern Europe. Ptolemaus Claudius geographer, B.3 Ch.5 calls them Khuni (Chuni) and Suni. (Khuni is clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their ruler) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ‘below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Türk. agach ers ‘forest people’) live Savari (Türkic Suvars), between Basternae and Rhoxolani live (European) Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | Ptolemy lists Roxolans east from Alans-Scythians, i.e. between Lower Dniepr and Don, in steppes beyond Don, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | Burial rite of Scythians and Huns is strikingly uniform: same barrows, burial frames of logs and thick timbers, burial blocks, sacrificial horses etc. Relics of Hun burials are well known in whole space of former Scythian territory: on coast of Black Sea, along Danube (so called Scythia Minor), in Northern Caucasus and other areas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | Between 155 and 166 Hsien-pi/Hsien-pei/Xienbi/Syanbinians (Tungus-future Mongols) confederates under Tian-Shih-huai (in Ch. rendition) conduct a series of campaigns against Western (Nothern) Eastern (Asian) Hun dominance, leading Huns to major defeat and start westward migration (93-c.380) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | End of Eastern Huns as a major power in Inner Asia. 155-160 - Syanbiys displace Northern Eastern (Asian) Huns beyond Tarbagatai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | First mention of Huns in European literature (Dionysius Periegetus, 175 - 182 = Ptolemy) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | Major defeat of Huns by Hsien-pi/Xienbi/Syanbinians, who shifted to Orkhon-Selenga basin and formed a nucleus replacing Huns as dominant tribe in Western (Nothern) Hun Empire, over old Hun's territory from Wusün in the west, Dinlins (Ch. Ting-ling) in the north, Fu-yü in the east, and Chinese Great Wall in the south, spanning approximately 4,000 li (1,663 km) east-west, and 7,000 li (2,911 km) north to south. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | Hsien-pi/Xienbi/Syanbinian
EMPIRE |
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216 | End
of HUN EMPIRE 204 B.C - 216 A.D Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) Founder - Mete (Bagatir) |
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216 | End
of WESTERN HUN EMPIRE 48 - 216 A.D Founder – Panu Area - area over present Central Asia |
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216 | Western
Hun Empire separates into 5 successor states (215-290) Tele (Gaogyuys) |
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227 | Agafangel "History of Trdat and conversion of Armenians to Christianity": Huns participated in joint military campaign in 227 of Armenians and Caucasians against Persians, the second mention of the Huns in Agafangel is to the reign of Trdat III (287-330). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
260 | In 60's of 3-rd century, Caucasian Huns served in Persian army of Sasanid Shapur I (241-272) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
266 | Unification of China. Hun rebellion is suppressed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
275 | EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 – 454 A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars of Dulo clan (Dulo = Tele) Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N.Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2) |
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290 | In 90's of 3-rd century, Armenian sources write about Hun wars in Trans-Caucasus (N.Caucasus) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
290 | ca 250-800 AD Archeological finds of Hinnish time in Itil and Urals area with inscriptions in Hunno-Kypchak (aka Turanian) alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 | Tele left early Huns Horde, keeping patriarchal relations and nomadic life. They were not Sinadized. They move on steppes on carts with high wheels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 | In Chinese annals Gaogyuys – Tele are listed as branch of Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 | Genealogy:
Gaogüys =>Tele/Chile/Tiele (Türk. ”Coach”) (both
tele and coach derive from Turkic stems) =>15 tribes => 1 Uange (Uygurs) 2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto) 3 Kibi (Kibir) 4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele) 5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut) 6 Dolange (Telengits) 7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs) 8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs) 9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs) 10 Hun 11 Sygye (Uygurs) 12 Husye 13 Higye 14 Adye(Eduz) 15 Baysi (Barsil) |
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300 | Sirs and Türks live at Ordos | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
304 | Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China Han Empire northern part and established a sequence of kingdoms. Predominantly Chinese population was led by Hun’s Toba tribe. Demographic estimates are: Southern Huns 340,000 (without Jie), Jie Huns, Wuhuans, Syanbi, Di (Tele), and Qiang (Tibetans) combined 1,000,000, Chinese 1,450,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
304 |
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307 | Rise of Former Yan headed by Syanbi tribe Mujun 337 - 370 (307?-370) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
309 | Hun's raid eased by rebellion of (Chinese) people against officials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
309 | Intrigues of Emperor Huai-di against Sym Yuy. Chinese aliance with Tabgach Khan Ilu against Huns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
227 | Second mention of (Caucasian or Caspian) Huns in Agafangel "History of Trdat and conversion of Armenians to Christianity" during reign of Trdat III (287-330) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
310 | Hun-Maskuts (Gr. Massagets), together with Sakas, led by king of Massagetae Sanesan invade Armenia in beg. of 4th century (336?) (Tr. Sen-esen=you+storming (man)) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
311 | Southern Huns defeat Syma Yuy, capture Luoyang, Huns take Chanan, collapse Jin dynasty. Northern China, comprising 80% of Chinese territory, is controlled by nomadic suzerains headed by Southern Huns. Shi Le main Hunnic personality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
312 | Chinese displace Huns from Chanan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
312 | Small Syanbinian tribe with Khans from Muyun family moved from southern Manjuria to west and settled in proximity of lake Kukunor. They fought Tibetans successfully and Tobases unsuccessfully | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
312 | Syanbinian tribe with Muyun (Mujun) Khans were organized into kingdom Togon and became vassals of Toba state (Ch. Empire Wei) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
313 | 313-376 Rise of Former Liang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
319 | Rise of Southern Hun state Later Zhao 319-352 Founder Territory Moniker Later Zhao was given by Chinese historiographers to state of Southern Huns, ruled and apparently populated by Kian tribe of Huns (Ch. Jie). Liberation of Southern Huns coincided with a major upheaval among Eastern Hun tribes that resulted in their flow westward, fractionation, and takeover of principalities in Middle Asia, India, Afganistan, and former Bactria, called at that time Tokharistan/Tukharistan |
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320 | Muyun Khoy becomes Great Shanuy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
321 | Tsu Ti dies, and Chinese advance against Huns stopped | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
323 | First Uigur Kaganate was established in Khangai in 323, it lasted for 200 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
325 | China loses lands north of river Huai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
328 | Fall of Southern Huns Former Zhao state 304-328 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
334 | First mention of Bulgars, they live in basin of Tanais and Cuban | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
336 | Türkic names of European
Hun rulers Karaton (kadadon= dress) Mundjuk, Attila's father (bondjus = bead, tirquose) Attila (Itil= birthplace, or Ata-il = father of country) Illek, Attila's son (Il-Ek = country fortress) Dengizik, Attila's son (Den(g)iz = Sea) Irnek, Attila's son (=young soldier) Aibars, Attila's uncle (= bars, lion) Oktar, Attila's uncle (= ) Ary Kan (aryg-kan = beautiful Quinn) Basyk Kursyk Atakam Eshkam |
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336 | Türkic names of Hun rulers (cont'd) Nation Agacheri (Forrest people) Shar (sary - ak, = yellow - white) Ogur (Ok-gur = ten federates) Potential link of ruling family with Asian Tankhu (king) |
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Notes |
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Huns Dateline 337-439 AD - Continued => | |||||