DATELINE
|
Time |
Events |
-1800 |
In 18-17 centuries BC there was a displacement of Dinlins from China. Eastern group of Dinlins migrated to territory from Baikal
to Ob. It led to mixture of populations. Anthropologist G.F.Debets noted distinction between Karasuk and Andronov skulls. Heads of Karasuks are
higher above and narrower. Short-headed wide faces also exist. Andronov skulls are short-headed wide faces. Arrival of
dolichocephalics Debets
explains by infiltration of Mongoloid Dinlin elements of N.Chinese type and preservation of old Afanasiev
types. On the other hand, the light-haired and blue-eyed Dinlins or Di would not be a
typical Mongoloid in any sober study. |
-1300 |
At end of bronze age in Southern Siberia almost synchronously existed Andronov Culture and Karasuk culture. (13-8 cc. BC) who
left monuments of mixed populations which came from West and South. Their anthropological type is Europoids with admixture of Mongoloids. People
lived in permanent settlements, in frame type houses. Economy was complex, they bred large horned livestock, horses and sheep. In Karasuk period
developed high level of bronze metallurgy. Characteristic for Karasuk Culture are extensive cemeteries, tombs are fenced with stone slabs laid
on crest. Karasuk Culture is result of migration of eastern part of Dinlins |
-1000 |
1000 BC - 300 AD During an epoch of bronze Kypchaks (Kyu Chaks, i.e White Sakas)
derogatorylived in Minusinsk depression |
-700 |
Scythians in the West, Savromats in Itil region and S Ural, Massageto-Saka world of Central Asia, Dinlins, Tagar and Mayemir
tribes of Sayano-Altai, population of Mongolia, Baikal and Ordos used identical weaponry and horse harness, used the same images and fantasy in
art. Local distinctions did not weaken affinity of their cultures. |
-400 |
Chinese historical annals of 4-3 c. BC recorded "Dinlin state" (Ch. Dinlin Go) in Minusinsk
depression. Dinlin state soon became dependency of Hunnu |
-400 |
Dinlins living in antiquity Minusinsk depression, are considered to be ancestors of Kypchaks. Minusinsk and Altay burials
testify of rich culture achieved during epoch of bronze |
-300 |
Chinese sources know Kipchaks from 3 c. BC under name "Tsüyshe" (Ch. for ?) |
-200 |
Kypchaks were members of Hunnish Kaganate |
-100 |
C.Beckwith/ref. Shi Ji mentions Hui-Mo (or Hui and Mo) or Yemaek in 100
BC on
Liaodong
Peninsula (41°N 123°E) and Chao-hsien in southern Manchuria, and then Hui-Mo or
Yemaek kingdom along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula
(Footnote) |
93 AD |
Üebans (aka Yueban, Yuehban, a Chinese generic collective name for Huns) are thought to
descend from "Weak Huns", who after tragical events of 93 fled to Tarbagatai and Saura mountains |
100 |
Üebans left from Tarbagatai and Saura mountains to Jety-Su and Djungaria |
100 |
Üebans Huns lived in 2nd-8th cc. West of mountain ridges separating Inner Asia from Outer, and created state Üeban |
300 |
C.Beckwith mentions Hui-Mo or Yemaek kingdom along the eastern coast of
the Korean Peninsula (Footnote) |
300 |
Originally, in 4-9 cc. Mongolian tribes were sedentary, lived in cold forests, in hefty dwellings, mainly occupied with hunting
and fishery, horse-breeding and hog-breeding. At the end of 9th - beginning of 10th cc. began a process of gradual Mongol-speaking tribes
migration toward west, with consequent replacement of Türks |
490 |
Üeban independence was destroyed by Teleuts at the end of 80es in 5th century |
495 |
In 495-496 Teleuts (and Üebans) were subjugated by Abdaly
(Ephtalites) |
500 |
In 6-8 cc. Üebans were called "Chuy Tribes" |
500 |
In 6 c. in E Asia Huns are already not known as ethnos, they lived as Türkic tribes known under different ethnonyms |
547 |
In 547 Türkuts subdued Teleuts (and Üebans). This fast change of ruling tribes helped
survive Üeban Huns, later they developed into four Türkic tribes: Chuüe, Chumi, Chumuhun (Chumugun) and
Chuban |
550 |
Tatars' name is mentioned for a first time in connection with events of middle of 6 c. in inscriptions in Kosho-Tsaydam
Kül-Tegin and Bilge-Kagan monuments. Tatar tribes participated not only in creation of Kimak state, but also in ethnogenesis of Kimaks. |
550 |
KYRGYZ KAGANATE
ca 550 - 1293 AD
Founder-
Area - borders: W - Abakan Ridge and Alatau, S - W. Sayan Ridge, E - probably E.Sayan Ridge, N - to taiga and estuary of r. Angara |
 |
552 |
Üeban Huns Chuüe, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban played huge role during existence of Great Türkic Kaganate, they were part of Shato
Türks and Kimaks |
552 |
Kypchaks lived in Altai and were part of Great Türkic Kaganate (552-743) |
600 |
Originally Kimaks lived along Irtysh between Altai and Tarbagatai |
 |
630 |
In 630 a part of Kypchaks was exterminated by Türküts and Chinese. Grumm-Grjimailo tells that remaining Kypchaks split, one part
mixed with Kangls (i.e. Kangals, Kangly, Kungurs, Kangars, Kangüys, Kanjüys etc.) and formed people known
under name Komans (i.e. Kumans, Cumans, Kubans, Cubans, Comans, Qumans, Comani, Kumandy, Kun-ok, Kun, Kangli, Kengeres,
Qangli, Falven, Falones, Val(e)we(n,) Phalagi, Sakaliba, Khartesh, Ðlàvñi, Ðlàwñó, Ðlàuñi, Ðlàwci, Ðàlóñz(îk), Polovetsy etc.).
Because of great turbulence in Türkic world, Kypchaks forgot most of rich cultural heritage of their ancestors. Though Kypchaks were close
relatives of Kimaks, they were settling separately |
646 |
Tokuz-Oguzes seriously defeated Sirs. Türkologist S.G.Klyashtorny in Russian service expressed an illuminating opinion that at
that particular time Sirs accepted a second, derogatory name "Kybchak", i.e. " unfortunate, doomed". Kypchak people in S.G.Klyashtorny's opinion
are history pioneers in accepting a derogatory title as their ethnonym |
650 |
Kimaks, these Üeban "Weak Huns", named by Chinese historians "Chumuhun"(Chumugun), lived west of
Tarbagatai and Altai |
 |
650 |
By middle of 7 c. Kimaks lived by Irtysh, north of Altai, and were members of Western Türkic Kaganate |
650 |
Kypchak kurgans were piled from rocks or tiled with rocks, diseased was laid head toward east. Hext to diseased also was buried
horse or its effigy complete with legs |
657 |
In 657 Karluks were subjects of empire Tan. In empire it was easier for them, because they preserved their relative
independence, and could fight against Second Eastern Türkic Kaganate |
700 |
In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th - beginning of 9th c. lived in basin of Seyhun and Aral area. Later Kypchaks
drifted toward Urals.. In 7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak culture was identical |
700 |
In 8 c. Tatars lived in northeastern part of Mongolia |
723 |
"Tokuz-Tatars" for first time were recorded in Bilge-Kagan inscription as allies of Tokuz-Oguzes who rose against Bilge-Kagan in
723-724 |
740 |
In 740-840 Tatars were members of Uigur Kaganate |
743 |
740-840 After disintegration of Western Türkic Kaganate a part of Kimaks remained in Uigur Kaganate, and another part was
independent. During that period evolved a nucleus of Kimak tribes. Head of tribe had a title "Shad Tutuk", i.e. "Prince Governing or Holding
(power)". Shad was eastern governor and Yabgu western governor in Göktürk Kaganate |
743 |
Civilization created by Great Türkic Kaganate was carried on by, many peoples: Kypchaks, Kimaks, Uigurs, Bechens, Oguzes,
Karluks, Kyrgyzes, Türgeshes, Khazars, Bulgars and others who inherited it after destruction of Kaganate |
743 |
KIMAK KAGANATE
743-1050 A.D
Founder - title Shad Tutuk ("Ruling Prince")
Area - |
743 |
Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Kimaks
(Imak, Imek, Yemek), Imi, Tatars, Bayandur, Kypchak, Lanikaz and Adjlad |
743 |
After splinter of Western Türkic Kaganate southern neighbors of Kimaks, Karluks, preserved their independence for 200 years |
745 |
Early in life of Kimak Kaganate the arrival of Huns and their other Türkic tribes unknown to us changed ethnic layout of Middle
Itil and Lower Kama areas, leaving behind Imenkov Archeological Culture with ceramics identical to ancient Bulgarian |
747 |
Uigur Kagan Muün-chur (747-759) inscription named Tokuz-Tatars again as allies of Oguz tribes insurgent against Kagan |
750 |
In 2nd half of 8th - beginning of 9th c. Kimak tribes moved in two directions: northwest to Urals and southwest to northern Jety-Su. Their
main body remained in Irtysh area |
 |
750 |
Kimaks, moving from Irtysh, occupied huge territory between rivers Yaik and Emba, and also Aral and Caspian steppes. Before
middle of 8 c. Kimaks southern neighbors were Karluks, eastern were Yenisei Kyrgyzes. Tokuz-Oguzes country was south of Kimaks. Khakan's
residence was in Imakia on Irtysh. Kimaks also gradually took over other areas of federation, many were in Jety-Su |
750 |
After split of Second Eastern Türkic Kaganate, Karluks for 200 years lived in territory of Jety-Su along caravan roads from
Central Asia to China, their only rival was Türgesh Khanlyk |
757 |
In 757-766 Karluks took over entire territory of Türgesh state. Karluk capital from 766 to 940 were. Suyab on r. Chu, then sarai
of Yabgu was relocated to Koinakly on r. Ili. Karluks preserved their independence for 200 years |
756 |
In 756 in Türgesh Khanlyk flashed conflict between clans |
759 |
When in 759 Türgeshes subordinated to Karluks, a part of them migrated east to Uigurs |
759 |
Name "Kypchak" is recorded in Moün-chur (747-759) monument |
770 |
Oguzes came to Transoxania in 770's |
800 |
Ethnonym "Kimak" appeared suddenly in Arabic sources in 9 c. and disappeared suddenly in second half of 11th c., no sources tell
where Kimaks left or why their name disappeared from historical documents |
800 |
Name "Tatars" was used in 9-10 cc. Khotano-Saka documents (in what language?) |
800 |
In 9 c. Tatars were neighbors of Tanguts. In Tangut state Tatars lived in steppes Gansu and in Alashan
(Tian Shan) mountains |
800 |
In 9 c. Oguzes were allied with Kimaks |
800 |
Kimak religion was the same as majority of Türks, they believed in Tengri. Among Kimak was spread tradition of reverence to
ancestors. Kimaks on border with Uigurs adopted Manichean version of Christianity.
Characteristic for steppes from Baikal to Danube before arrival of Mongols were stone balbals (memorial sculptured
icons) revered by Kimaks and Kypchaks |
808 |
Chinese historians called "Chumuhun" descendants of those "Weak Huns" Üebans who remained, pointing that they lived west of
Tarbagatai and Altai and were independent. That is area where coincidently formed Kimaks. Thus, Kimaks, as descendants of Huns, continued their
history the longest |
808 |
Part of Üeban Huns, Shato Türks, in 808 made their way to China and there supported dynasty Tan before its demise |
810 |
In beginning of 9 c. Tatar tribes, whom Chinese authors called Shiwey ("border guards")
during that period, migrated to Inypan mountains and spread west reaching r. Kerulen |
820 |
In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th - beginning of 9th c. lived in basin of Seyhun and Aral area. Later Kypchaks
drifted toward Urals.. In 7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak culture was identical |
821 |
In 821 Arabian Tamim ibn Bahr Al-Mutavai (al-Muttavi) traveled to Tokuz-Oguzes
through Kimak and Kypchak lands. His description of travel, description of Türks were later used by others authors |
830 |
Persian traveler Gardizi made first records about Kimaks, noting them where previously lived Huns' descendants, called by
Chinese authors "Chumuhun" (Chumugun). Tamim ibn Bahr in first half of 9th c. also first mentioned Kimaks |
840 |
Tatars probably joined Kimak federation after 840 |
840 |
After breakup of Uigur Kaganate in 840 portions of Eymür, Bayandur and Tatar Türkic tribes joined to core of Kimak tribes. Kimaks occupied
western part of Kaganate along Irtysh coast. Tatar tribes also participated initially in creation of Kimak Kaganate |
 |
842 |
In Chinese sources Tatars (Da-Da, Da-Dan, Tatan, Shiwey) are first mentioned in connection
with events of 842, as allies of last Uigur Kagan. After demise of Uigur Kaganate, Tatar tribes, together with Uigurs, emigrated to Eastern
Turkestan |
842 |
Each large tribe entering in Kimak Kaganat, had its Khanlyk (Khanate). Kypchaks also had
their Khanlyk, but politically they were dependent from Kimaks. Khans of individual tribes were nominated or confirmed by Kagans
(traditionally, Khan is elective position) |
842 |
After breakup of Uigur Kaganate, Central Asian tribes found themselves unattached. Kimaks, of all the numerous tribes, were
ready to head new political union of tribes, and they created new Kimak Kaganate state, a federation of seven tribes, seven Khanlyks |
842 |
Significant part of Uigurs, led by minister Pan-Tegin moved to Eastern Turkestan and created new Turfan Uigur (Karakhoja) Princedom
(911-1368). Part of Uigurs went to China. So ended history of one more ancient Türkic state. But other Türkic states formed in Central Asia,
most significant among them was Kimak Kaganate |
map of 1872
 |
850 |
Under influence of active trading relations with Muslim Arabs, Kimak Kaganate was drawn into slave-trading business.
"Objectionable" people, and even relatives were sold into slavery. Slave-trade became destiny of multitudes, they were sold by Kidanes, who were
running endless manhunt attacks and roundups. That tragedy lasted for 200 years (ca 850-1050) |
850 |
From second half of 9 c. Kypchaks lived in steppes from Irtysh to borders of Khoresm |
870 |
In second half of 9 c. Kimaks began drifting westwards. They occupied lands of Bechens (Besenyo,
Badjinak, Patsinak), whose. nucleus were tribes of Kangar (i.e. Kangals, Kangly, Kungurs, Kangars, Kangüys,
Kanjüys etc.) political union, in formation of Bechen tribal union participated, in addition to purely Türkic tribes, Sarmatian and
Finno-Ugrian tribes. Bechens lived by cattle breeding in a tribal society |
870 |
In second half of 9 c. Bechens' position worsened, their union was defeated by alliance of Oguzes, Kimaks and Karluks. Kimaks,
together with Oguzes, seized Bechen lands along Seyhun (Jaxartes, Yaxartes, Syr-Darya, Syrdarya etc), and in
Aral area, began pasturing in Southern Urals. Under pressure of Kimaks, Bechens from Aral moved to Lower Itil steppes, and from there to
Don-Dnieper interfluvial, pushing Majars (Magyars, later Hungarians) westward |
880 |
In 880es Abu-l-Kasim Ubaidullah ibn Abdallah ibn Hordadbeh, head of mail and intelligence service in Baghdad
Caliphate, wrote "Kitab Al-malik Al-masalik" ("Book of ways and states") describing caravan road routes and distances between locations, which
contained information about Türks, including Kypchaks and Kimaks |
890 |
Originally Kypchaks lived together with Kimaks, but for some reasons at the end of 9 c. Kypchaks separated from Kimaks and
stayed in western lands of Kaganate. In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th - beginning of 9th c. lived in basin of Seyhun and Aral
area. Later Kypchaks drifted toward Urals.. In 7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak culture was identical |
890 |
At the end of 9 c. in the south of Eastern European steppes formed new nomadic union of Bechens. Byzantines called them
Patsinaks, Arabs - Badjnaks. Began formation of new political union of Bechen ethnos. Their neighbors were stronger and better known people:
Oguzes, Kypchaks, Magyars and Khazar Kaganate. Using weakness of Khazar Kaganate, they moved through its territory to the west |
890 |
Allied with Khazars Oguzes harassed Bechens, who at the end of 9-10 cc hurriedly proceeded to the west. Bechens' migration was
accompanied by plundering and fires. Bechens stopped in Dnepro-Don interfluvial. Second branch of Bechens stopped in foothills of N.Caucasus |
890 |
To pass from N.Aral steppes to Dnepro-Don interfluvial, Bechens had to cross lands in multiple and fairly autonomous
jurisdictions. Ibn Fadlan, who made in 922 a similar trip during that period, gives a good picture of local conditions and tiered allegiances.
Bechens had to cross lands of their linguistic Oguz cousins, Alans speaking mix Bechen (Badjanak in Al-Biruni)
language with Horezmian, Khazars speaking a dialect of Oguzo-Kipchak language, again Alans, and Kara Bulgars in N. Caucasus steppes, and
Majars (Magyars) in N. Azov Lebedia. Leaving behind a branch that joined N.Caucasian Alans, Bechens wedged
into Kara Bulgaria that just split into autonomous Kara Bulgaria and incipient Rus. |
890 |
At the end of 9 c. in Aral and Caspian area formed Oguz state with center in Yangikent. Part of Oguz tribes came there after
defeat by Yenisei Kyrgyzes of Uigur Kaganate Tokuz-Oguzes. In 9-10 cc. Oguzes were in alliance with Kimaks. Apparently, they occupied small part
near Caspian Sea, because Arab sources tell that Kimak state covered from Irtysh to Caspian sea. In Firdousi's "Shah-name" Caspian Sea is called
Kimak Sea |
890 |
In Arabian sources of the end of 9th - beginnings of 10th centuries, specifically in work of Al-Yakub, arrived a first
mentioning of Kimak state. Unlike rulers of Türkic Kaganates, Arabian sources call ruler of Kimak Kaganate "Khakan". Khakan had 11 deputies.
Power of Khakan and tribal Khans was hereditary (maybe Arabs meant "hereditary within a clan"?) |
890 |
Kimaks were organized as military democracy. Military commanders doubled as provincial rulers. Provincial rulers had to furnish
military contingents for armies Khakan. 11 Khakan deputies indicate number of provinces in the state. The excess of provincial rulers over the
number of Khanlyks (there were seven Khanlyks) shows that some Khanlyks had more than one provincial ruler |
890 |
Organization of Kimak Kaganate shows direct connection between state system of previous Türkic states and Kimak
Kaganate, indicating continuity between them |
890 |
In Kimak state were 16 cities, 11 of them located on r. Irtysh, Khakan's residence was in Imakia on Irtysh. Its exact location
is not known. Provincial governors with their courts and army lived in other cities, fortified and surrounded with walls. Sources report about
part of taxes going to Khakan. Khakan had a state apparatus. Biggest constituent of Kimak Kaganate was Kypchak Khanlyk |
890 |
By the end of 10 c. Kimak central authority weakened, and Kypchaks gained independence. They pushed aside all their neighbors
and became owners of ancient Kangüy. In Middle East Kypchak country began to be called Desht-i-Kypchak (Deshtikypchak) |
900 |
Arabian and Persian geographers, travelers and historians provide plenty information about Kimaks, but mostly starting only from
10 c. Despite of remoteness of Caliphate and Persia, these authors preserved historical data about tribes, languages, economy of Kimak Kaganate
tribes. Most information is about Kypchaks, who were most numerous after Kimaks. Muslim authors write much about Kypchaks |
900 |
Kimak federation occupied huge territory from Tobol and Irtysh to Caspian Sea and Seyhun, from taiga to Kazakhstan semi-deserts. Borders of
Kimak state were naturally protected from enemies. Muslim authors draw northern border of Kimak Kaganate near mythical country of Gog and Magog
(Yadjuj-Madjuj). Northern border of Kimak federation was Siberian taiga, eastern was Altai mountains,
southern was lifeless steppe Bet Pak. Therefore Kimaks lived peacefully |
 |
900 |
Expanding geography of their settlement, Kimaks touched Karluks, Oguzes and Kyrgyzes |
900 |
In 10 cc. Oguzes were allied with Kimaks |
900 |
Written and archeological sources show that in 10 c. Kimak economy was semi-sedentary. Permanent settlements also existed.
Kimaks left remains of irrigation systems and ruins of castles |
900 |
Kimak farmers cultivated millet, barley, wheat, legumes, and even such labor extensive culture as rice. Kimaks also raised
grapes, were beekeepers. Favorite animal of Kimak Kaganate population was horse. They were used for riding and draught, in agriculture, horse
meat was considered best |
900 |
Kimak cities were mostly located along trading ways. Trade was mostly exchange, farmers exchanged grain and flour for lambs and
leather. Monetary trade was also active |
900 |
Among crafts first was leather processing, felt manufacturing, clothing and footwear, horse harnesses of leather and felt.
Kimaks and other tribes of Kaganate themselves produced weapons, implements, agricultural tools. In forest-steppe areas was widely spread
woodwork. Utensils, yurt details, etc. were made of wood. Was mined and processed iron. Were mined gold and silver |
900 |
In the end of 9th - beginning of 10th cc. began process of gradual migration of Mongol-speaking tribes toward west,
accompanied by replacement of Türks. In 200 years Mongols from walkers, mainly forest hunters and horse-breeders became nomads and cattlemen.
They borrowed from Türks all types of steppe cattle, skills and experience of nomads, and also mobile houses and other forms of material culture
steppe-dwellers, and retaining much of their previous settled life |
900 |
In Kimak Kaganate formed and lead active economic life many Türkic tribes: Kimaks, Kypchaks, Bechens, Oguzes, a
bigger portion of whose population migrated to the west, beyond Yaik, beyond Itil, Don and Dnepr, changing the ethnic map of Eastern Europe |
924 |
First intrusion of Kidans into Central Asian steppes began in 924, it turned into a real catastrophe for Türks, and
led to change of ethnic map of Central Asia. Kidan's pressure of 10-11 cc. caused flight of many Türkic-speaking tribal associations and ethnic
groups from borders of China to the west, and signal advancement of ancient Mongol-speaking tribes from basin of r. Amur and Manchuria to steppe
spaces of Central Asia |
940 |
ca 940 Kimak Kaganate writing is indirectly described by Abu Dulaf: "They have reeds with which they write". Were
found bronze mirrors with inscriptions, dated 10th-11th c. |
950 |
By the middle of 10th c. Bechens occupied large territory from Itil to Danube. Bechens played significant
role in life of neighboring peoples. Bechens helped in demise of Khazar Kaganate. Byzantium maneuvered to collide Bechens with Rus. Bechens
attacked Rus in 915, 920 and 968 |
950 |
Speculations (S.V.Kiselev) of possible penetration of Islam to Kyrgyzes is improbable, since western neighbors of
Kyrgyzes, i.e. Kimaks, Kypchaks, Oguzes, Bechens, Karluks, etc., who were located closer to Muslim countries, during that period still professed
Tengrianism |
960 |
Karluks preserved their independence for 200 years, for long time resisted Islam, but in 960 voluntary accepted
Islamic religion, after which Karluks did not have any relations with China |
966 |
Tatar tribes allied with empire Sun to fight against Kidans |
982 |
Written about 982 in Persian language, anonymous geographical treatise "Hudud Al-alam min mashrik ila-l-magrib"
("Borders of world from east to west ") is a crucial source about ancient Türks, containing many descriptions of Türks, and a whole chapter
dedicated to Kimak Kaganate and social system of Kimaks. V.V.Bartold was first who studied in detail that work |
982 |
In Kimak Kaganate Kimaks, Kypchaks, Oguzes, Bechens, Ugrs and other peoples and ethnic groups lived peacefully.
Kimak Kaganate was prospering |
982 |
"Hudud it Al-ala" related Tatars directly with Tokuz-Oguzes |
984 |
Chinese had a habit to change monikers for peoples and tribes. Chinese began to call Tatars "Tszübu". Tatars'
exoetnonim "Tatars" was also their endoetnonim |
984 |
Tatar tribes alliance with empire Sun to fight against Kidans did not help Tatars, and in 984-985 they sufferred
defeat from Kidans |
985 |
In 985 Oguzes concluded alliance with Vladimir (Budimir) Svyatoslavich,
pra-pra-grandson of Lachyn (Rürik) |
990 |
At the end of 10 c. Karluks joined Karakhanid state.China lost its positions in western lands, retaining only four
fortresses: Kucha, Karashar, Hotan and Kashgar. Almost nothing is in sources about relations between Karluks and Kimaks, because their lands
were separated by lifeless desert Bet-Pak |
990 |
By end of 10 c. in Kimak Kaganate separate Khanlyks grew stronger, grew centrifugal forces, weakened central
authority |
990 |
When started intensive migration of Kypchaks to the west, Kypchaks crushed Oguz state. Northern branch of Oguzes
left to Don-Dniepr steppes, occupying lands where lived Bechens. Oguzes entered into relations with Rus princedoms, where Oguz Türks were called
"Torks" |
995 |
In 990es Oguzes set off with Kiev Rus Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich to campaign against Itil Bulgaria, which at
that time was still a strong state and Vladimir alone, without help of Türks, did not dare to attack her |
1000 |
Kimaks and Kypchaks pushed Oguzes to the south, Bechens to the west, Karluks to the southeast, Ugrs to the north
into Siberian taiga, and by that they weakened also themselves |
1000 |
In 11th c. central authority in Kimak Kaganate degraded. Khakan became only military leader of militia. There was
no central army. Each Khan also had small number of militia soldiers |
1000 |
From 11 c. Kypchaks and their descendants, Kypchaks and Kumans, occupied huge open spaces of southern part of
Eastern Europe. Arabian and Persian authors call these territories " Desht-i-Kypchak" |
1010 |
From beginning of 11 c. Kypchak Khanlyk moved as a Horde to the west, whole Khanlyk, occupying lands belonging
earlier to Oguzes. After seizing Oguz lands Kypchaks grew considerably stronger, Kimaks became dependents of Kypchaks |
1010 |
Migration was not an ordinary pastoral coaching, but resolute invasion: capture of richer pastures. Part of Kimaks
remained in ancient land, in Irtysh, another part left with Kypchaks to the west |
1010 |
Significant mass of Kypchaks remained in Irtysh. Together with Kimaks they joined ancient population of Western
Siberia. Subsequently, they participated in forming of Siberian Tatars and other Türkic peoples |
1010 |
Exist a myth that name Kypchak comes from color of their hair, as though their hair was blond. Perhaps, some of
their groups were blond-haired, but mostly they were dark-haired (On one hand we have exoethnonyms coming from blond:
Kipchaks, Kukiji, Cumans, Falven, Falones, Val(e)we(n,) Phalagi, Sakaliba, Khartesh, Ðlàvñi, Ðlàwñó, Ðlàuñi, Ðlàwci, Ðàlóñz(îk), Polovetsy,
Polovtsy, see Zakiev M. Z. Sakaliba,
on the other hand we have black-haired physical anthropology) |
1010 |
Kumans subdivision of Western Kypchak had endoethnonym "Sorochin" (i.e. Sary Hun =
Yellow Hun). (A fascinating fact should be noted that presence of Yellow Hun
Sorochins/Saracens/Sarochinetses in E.Europe is evidenced in Late Antique times, i.e. before the time of Antique authors Scriptores Historiae
Augustaen (ca 337), Eusebius "Evangelical Preparation" (ca. 340), Sidonius Apollinaris (ca. 482), and continued later in Middle Ages by authors
Berengaudus "An Expositio Apocalypsis" (ca 9th c.), Theophanes Confessor "Chronicle" (ca 815), Friar C. de Bridia1 "Historia Tartarorum" (
finished on July 30th, 1247), Friar John of Pian di Carpine (Johannes de Plqno Carpini, ca. 1190-1252) "Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros
appellamus" (History of Mongols whom we call Tartars), Friar William of Rubruck (Wilhelm van Ruysbroeck) "Itinerarium ad panes orientales" (ca
1255), John III of Soltamye "Libellus de Notitia Orbis" (ca 1404). Also are known toponymic names traceable to Sary Huns: Saragan, Sarakhan,
Saraqan, Sarkan etc.) |
1010 |
In 11th-12th cc. archeology are some clear differences between Kuman's and Kypchak's funeral traditions |
1010 |
In 1010 Kidan army invaded Northwest Jety-Su, but was defeated |
1010 |
Kipchaks are pressed by Kumosi- Kimaks and then by Kidanes and move west |
1017 |
In 1017 Kidan army invaded Northwest Jety-Su, but was defeated |
1020 |
Kypchak Hordes followed path taken by Bechens under pressure of Oguzes, and later under pressure of Kimaks and
Kypchaks taken by Oguzes. Kypchak crossed Itil, crossed Don, Dnestr, Dniepr, reached Danube. On the way Kypchaks were joined by remains of
Bechens and Oguzes |
1020 |
Kidan nomads occupied lands west of Irtysh. These tribes in mass came to Kimak and Kypchak lands and played leading
role in demise of their state |
1030 |
Approximately in 30es of 11 c. Persian author Baihani found Kypchaks on border of Khoresm, in the middle of 11 c.
eastern authors call Aral steppes not Oguzian, as wrote their predecessors, but Kypchak's |
1030 |
In 30es of 11 c., because of coming of Kidans, Türkic-speaking Kais, who lived near Great Chinese wall, seized
lands of Türkic-speaking Kuns. Kuns moved over to the lands of Shars (Sary Kypchaks, i.e. Yellow Kipchaks),
and Shars moved over to the lands of Turkmens. Turkmens occupied the eastern lands of Oguzes, and Oguzes displaced Bechens, who during that
period already lived near Black Sea, and settled on Bechens' lands |
1050 |
In middle of 11 c. of Kipchaks collided with Rus princes and inflicted on them a few heavy defeats |
1050 |
Kypchak kurgans were built from stone or dirt tiled with rocks, diseased was laid head to the east. Near the
diseased was also buried a horse or its effigy complete with legs. Burials of Kumans acquired many funeral features of Bechens and Oguzes.
Became widespread ancient Kypchak tradition of building sanctuaries dedicated to male and female ancestors |
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari (1072 - 1074) notes linguistic affinity of Kimaks, Oguzes and other Türkic tribes |
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari noted that Kimaks and Kypchaks spoke same language. Kypchaks did not identify themselves with
Kimaks, but held Kimaks as separate branch. Kypchak tribal structure was complex, it had 9 tribes |
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari (1072 - 1074) lists Tatars among tribes speaking in Türkic |
1050 |
Kimak Kaganate lasted to the middle of 11 c. Formation in 916 in Northern China of Mongol-speaking Kidan state Lyao
pushed Central Asian Mongol-speaking nomadic tribes to migrate. Kimak Kaganate fall was caused by external factor: migration of Central Asian
Mongol-speaking nomads |
1050 |
End of KIMAK KAGANATE
743 - 1050 A.D
Founder -
Area - |
1050 |
Following Kidans the Mongol-speaking Naimans in 11-12 cc. displaced from Altai and Upper Irtysh remains of
Türkic-speaking Kimaks and Kypchaks. Part of Kimaks and Kypchaks migrated to Western Siberia. Naimans destroyed Yenisei Kyrgyz State |
1050 |
In 11th-12th cc. Mongol-speaking Naiman tribe in its move to the west displaced Kimaks-Kypchaks from
Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh, from middle of 12th c. almost in all territory of modern Mongolia predominated Mongolian tribes |
1054 |
Russian chronicles record appearance of Guz people, pushed by Kipchaks - a branch of Kimaks of middle Irtysh and of
Ob |
1060 |
One of signs of common past in culture of Kyrgyzes, Orhon Türks and Kimaks is Türkic (aka
Türkic runic) alphabet that differ a little in different regions |
1060 |
Ancient religion of Türks, Tengrianism, was common religion, and it was closer to monotheistic religions |
1065 |
Grousset: "Steppes N. of Lake Balkhash inhabited by three Turkic peoples: Oguz (Oghuz,
Ghuz, Torks, Ouzoi, Uzes, Turkmen), Kimaks/Kipchak of middle Enisey of Ob, and Kirgiz group distinguished from other Turkic people
that they had Y mutated to J (DJ)." |
1070 |
From 2nd half of 11th c. from historical sources ethnonym Kimak disappears. It appeared suddenly in 9th c. and
suddenly disappeared, sources are silent about where Kimaks left to, and why their name was dropped off historical documents |
1100 |
In 12th c. Tatars for some time seized hegemony in steppes, and all population from Great Chinese wall to taiga
began to be called by term "Tatars" |
1100 |
Chinese historians brought big mess in ethnonym "Tatars". Unil 12th c. Chinese historians viewed Mongols as part of
Tatars, contrariwise, in 13 c. Chinese historiography viewed Tatars as part of Mongols. In 13 c. names Tatars and Mongols became
synonyms |
1100 |
Miriad of sculptures stood in 12th - beginning of 13th cc. in Lower Dniepr, on right bank of Northern Donets and
Don. Besides, they are found in N. Caucasus, between Don and Itil. They were set facing east, passersby revered them, made offerings |
1100 |
Tribes that come from Kimak Kaganate lands constituted significant part of Türkic state Kipchak Khanate population
created by Mongols |
1100 |
After demise of their states and some regress of traditional culture, elements of shamanism began penetrating Türks |
1115 |
In 1115 defenseless Kuman settlements S. of Kuman-Rus border between Dnieper and Don were ravaged by Vladimir
Monomakh, and Kumans ceased to be big threat for Rus princedoms, though the clashes did not stop |
1200 |
Chinese historians divided Tatars into three groups: white Tatars, black Tatars and wild Tatars. White Tatars
included Tatars proper, and Onguts (descendants of Shato), who lived south of Gobi desert. They were
civilized, wore silk clothes, ate from porcelain with silver utensils, their leaders were literate and Confucius teaching
Black Tatars, including Keraits, were nomadic cattlemen, they lived far from cultural centers. They most valued independence. At nights they
fenced off from attacks by other tribes with a ring of coaches, with posted guards around their stan. They despised and felt bad for white
Tatars, because those sold their freedom for silk cloth and alien fruits of civilization.
Chinese held as wild Tatars hunters and fishers of Southern Siberia, who did not recognize any authority, except for authority of their
elders to whom they submitted voluntary. Famine and need constantly waited for them, but wild Tatars despised work. They sympathized with black
Tatars, who had to watch after their cattle |
1220 |
Multitude of Kypchak hordes joined Mongolian army in 20es-30es of 13th c.. In Itil, Dniepr steppes they met their
relatives, Kipchaks and Kumans |
1293 |
End of KYRGYZ KAGANATE
ca 550 - 1293 A.D
Founder -
Area - borders: W - Abakan Ridge and Alatau, S - W. Sayan Ridge, E - probably E.Sayan Ridge, N - to taiga and estuary of r. Angara |
1312 |
From 1312 trade in Türkic slaves stopped, since Kipchak Khanate Khan Uzbek made Islam state religion, slavery was
forbidden, and it was forbidden to sell Moslems from Kipchak Khanate in markets of Muslim countries |
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