Contents Türkic Roots
| Listing of Türkic Tribes | Ëèñò Òþðêñêèõ ïëåìåí |
L.Gumilev scheme of Türkic Tribes in 400 AD  |
| Türkic Archeological Cultures | Òþðêñêèå Àðõåëîãè÷åñêèå Êóëüòóðû | |
| Ogur and Oguz Languages | ßçûêè Îãóðîâ è Îãóçîâ |
Origin of Türks-Contents · Introduction · First chapter · Second chapter · Third chapter · Fourth chapter · Fifth chapter · ORIGIN OF TATARS
Mirfatyh Zakiev
Origin of Türks and Tatars
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Moscow, Publishing house ”Insan”, 496 pp., 2002, ISBN 5-85840-317-4
© Zakiev M.Z., 2002
Published by decision of Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Humanities Branch Bureau
Work performed per research plan of NIOKR RT
Editor: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Ya.S.Sharapov
Reviewers: Doctor of Philosophy, Professor R.Kh.Bariev
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor D.K.Sabirov
The first part of this book attempts to reveal the most
ancient ethnic roots of Türkic-speaking tribes and peoples: Subars, Sumers,
Kangars, Horasmians, Parthians, Sogdians, Arians, Tocharians-Taurians, Kusans-Kushans,
Sakas-Scythians, Sarmatians, Etruscans, Onogurs, Alans-Ases, Huns-Süns, etc. The ethnic roots
of the Türks in the ethnically Turkic states of late period are mentioned only in general,
because they are relatively well addressed in other works. The first part of
the book can be useful in retracing ethnic history not solely for Bulgaro-Tatars, but also for other Türkic-speaking peoples.
The second part of the book is devoted to ethnogenetical tracing and main questions of ethnopolitical history specifically for Bulgaro-Tatars, who historically composed the Tatars of the Ural-Itil region, Siberian Tatars and Lithuanian Tatars, leaving aside the subject of Tatars in general. It also brings some clarity in several ethnogenetical aspects for the Ancient Tatars, Mongolo-Tatars, Tatars, Kipchak Khanate (Altyn Orda) Tatars, Türko-Tatars, Crimean Tatars and Dobrudja (Budjak) Tatars.
Page numbers refer to the respective book publication.
|
Paragraph |
Page. |
|
| From the author | 3 | |
First Part |
ORIGIN OF TÜRKS |
|
| Introduction | 5 | |
| 1 | Phonetic variety and semantics of the ethnonym Türk | 5 |
| 2 | Location, ethnical composition and enumeration of Türks | 10 |
| 3 | Place of Türks among other nations of the world and their pre-Türkic ethnic roots | 15 |
| First chapter | Traditional historical science about the ancient ethnic history of Türks | 19 |
| 4 | Origin of the traditional historical science and its influence on non-Indo-European research | 19 |
| 5 | Eurocentrism and colonial policy | 22 |
| 6 | Were the Türks ”un-historical”? | 23 |
| 7 | Traditional historical science about the ethnic roots of Türks | 25 |
| 8 | Should the ancient ethnic history of Türks be studied? | 27 |
| 9 | Were the Türks solely nomadic? | 29 |
| 10 | Were Türks inclined to constant migrations? | 31 |
| 11 | Were Türks Mongoloids only, and spreaders of Turkic language to non-Mongoloids? | 34 |
| 12 | Dwellers of the Eastern Europe, Near and Central Asia before the ”arrival” of the Türks | 36 |
| 13 | Where was the ancestral home of Türks and when? | 39 |
| Second chapter | Detection means for the ethnic roots of the Türks | 43 |
| 14 | Primary sources and historical works | 43 |
| 15 | The sources of ethnogenesis and their mutual relationship | 45 |
| 16 | The role of ethnonyms in tracing the ethnical roots | 48 |
| 17 | Ethnonyms and ethnic composition of population | 51 |
| 18 | Primary Türkic ethnonyms and their specifics | 53 |
| 19 | Secondary Turkic ethnonyms and semantics of their roots | 57 |
| 20 | Ethnonym-producing affixes | 61 |
| 21 | Ethymology, semantics and function of the ethnonym Türk | 64 |
| 22 | Ethymology, semantics and function of the ethnonym Tatar | 67 |
| 23 | Ethymology, semantics and function of the ethnonym Madjgar > Magyar | 69 |
| 24 | Mutual relation between the history of ethnonym and the history of ethnos | 73 |
| Third chapter | Ancient Türkic-speaking areas | 76 |
| 25 | General information | 76 |
| 26 | Role of Türkic language in detecting ancient Türkic areas | 78 |
| 27 | Most ancient Türkic traces in American Indians' languages and possible most ancient Türkic-speaking areas | 80 |
| 28 | Bright traces of Türks in the Sumerian language | 83 |
| 29 | Ancient Türkic-speaking area in Near East | 86 |
| 30 | Ancient Türkic-speaking area in Central Asia | 90 |
| 31 | Ancient Türkic-speaking areas in Caucasus, Black Sea Coast, Ural-Itil region and Western Siberia | 99 |
| 32 | Hunnish ethnic roots of Türks and their areas | 107 |
| 33 | Türkic ethnic roots in Hunnish tribes Syanbi, Usun, Tabgach, Jujan, Ephthalite | 112 |
| 34 | Antique Türks by the rock and cave pictograms and inscriptions, and destinies of the Turkic peripheral areas | 114 |
| 35 | Traces of Türks in Etruscan culture, or one more disappeared Türkic area | 117 |
| 36 | Some arguments of Adilya Aida demonstrating the Türkic-speaking of Etruscan ancestors | 121 |
| Fourth chapter | Scytho-Sarmatian ethnic roots of Türks | 125 |
| 37 | General information | 125 |
| 38 | Reliability of ancient sources reports about Scythians | 128 |
| 39 | Herodotus about Scythians | 131 |
| 40 | Briefly about the history of Scythian studies in the general history | 134 |
| 41 | Briefly about the history of Scythian studies in the Türkology | 137 |
| 42 | Basic flaws in the Scytho-Iranian theory | 139 |
| 43 | Some arguments of the Scytho-Iranian theory | 141 |
| 44 | Ethnic composition of Scythians based on etymology of Scythian ethnonyms Scyth, Ishguza, Skolot, Sarmat, Agathir, Gelon, Saka | 145 |
| 45 | Ethnic composition of Scythians based on etymology of Scythian-related ethnonyms Kaspi, Traspi, Argippei, Iirk, Melanhlen, Katiar, Paralat, Massaget | 148 |
| 46 | Ethnic composition of Scythians based on etymology of Scythian ethnonyms Tauri (Tochar/Togar/Tagarma) and Angarean | 152 |
| 47 | Ethnic composition of Scythians based on Scythian words with etymology given in ancient sources | 155 |
| 48 | Ethnic composition of Scythians and Sarmatians from archeological, ethnological, religious-mythological and artistic facts | 157 |
| 49 | Do ancient sources corroborate Irano-linguality of Scythians? | 160 |
| 50 | Do ancient sources corroborate Türkic-linguality of Scythians? | 163 |
| Fifth chapter | Alano-As ethnic roots of Türks | 166 |
| 51 | General information | 166 |
| 52 | Reasons for initial opinion about Ossetian-linguality of Alans/Ases? | 167 |
| 53 | Is Ossetian-linguality of Alans confirmed by the text of Zelenchuk epitaph and ”Ioan Tsets” phrase? | 168 |
| 54 | Were the Hungarian Alans Ossetian-lingual Ases, as argues Ju. Nemeth? | 170 |
| 55 | How were Alans classified by their contemporaries? | 172 |
| 56 | Türkic-speaking of Alans by specifics of the use of ethnonyms | 174 |
| 57 | Ethno-linguistic characteristics of Alans by facts of the ethnonym Alan | 177 |
| 58 | Ethno-linguistic characteristics of Alans by facts of the ethnonym As/Yas | 178 |
| 59 | Ethnic structure of Alans /Ases by their close mutual relations with Huns | 181 |
| 60 | Ethnic structure of Alans /Ases by their close mutual relations with Khazars and Kypchaks | 183 |
| Conclusion | 186 | |
| 61 | Recap | 186 |
192 |
||
| Introduction | General information about Tatars | 192 |
| 62 | Who were called and are called Tatars | 192 |
| 63 | About ethnonym Bulgars and its meanings | 198 |
| 64 | Names of Tatar and Bulgar as internal and external ethnonyms | 201 |
| 65 | Ethnonym Bulgaro-Tatarians and its semantics | 204 |
| 66 | Composition of Bulgaro-Tatarians and their numbers | 207 |
| First chapter | History of study the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 212 |
| 67 | First attempts to study the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 212 |
| 68 | History of study the ethnogenesis of Tatars in the Mongolian Chingizid states | 215 |
| 69 | History of study the ethnogenesis of Tatars and Bulgars by Russian scientists | 218 |
| 70 | Origin and development of the Magyaro-Misharo-Tatarian concept in the history of study the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 223 |
| 71 | Origin and development of the Bulgaro-Tatarianian concept in the history of study the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 225 |
| 72 | Renewal of the Bulgaro-Tatarianian concept in the study of the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 228 |
| 73 | Emergence of need to define the essence of the Bulgaro-Tatarianian concept | 231 |
| 74 | Further complete confirmation of the correctness of the Bulgaro-Tatarian concept | 234 |
| 75 | Origin and development of the Tataro-Tatar concept in study the ethnogenesis of Tatars | 239 |
| 76 | Origin and development of the Bulgaro-Chuvash concept in study the ethnogenesis of Tatars and Chuvashes | 242 |
| 77 | Campaign for returning of the ethnonym Bulgar and against use of the name Tatars | 244 |
| 78 | New attempts to revive the Tataro-Tatar concept and their side motivations | 248 |
| 79 | Why Tataro-Tatarists fear a complex study of the Tatars' ethnogenesis? | 249 |
| 80 | Methods of protection the Tataro-Tatar concept | 251 |
| 81 | Is so-called ”new concept” in study the history of Tatars new | 258 |
| 82 | Historical science, like any science, must be objective | 256 |
| 83 | What would result from predetermined ethnogenetical fabrications of the Tataro-Tatarists? | 260 |
| Second chapter | Ancestors of Bulgaro-Tatars | 265 |
| 84 | General information | 265 |
| 85 | Whose ancestors were Bulgars: of Chuvashes or Tatars? | 268 |
| 86 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Subars, Kumans and others | 274 |
| 87 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Huarasmians (Suars and Ases), Huns | 274 |
| 88 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Skl's, Barsuls, Bards | 279 |
| 89 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Koshans/Kasans, Usuns, Avars, Alans | 281 |
| 90 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Ases, Burtases, Ostyaks, Suases and Vedas | 283 |
| 91 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were local Baylars/Bilyars/Bigers/Biars, Bashkirs, Mishars/Madjgars | 286 |
| 92 | Ancestors of the Bulgarian people were Kumans, Sarymans, Besermyans, Khazars, Ugors | 289 |
| 93 | Early Bolgars/Bulgars in studies of the Danube Bulgarian scientists | 291 |
| 94 | Early Bulgars per Bulgarian annals ”Dzhagfar Tarihy” and ”Legend About Shan's Daughter” | 294 |
| 95 | Tribes of the archeological cultures in the formative regions of the Bulgaro-Tatars | 298 |
| Third chapter | Linguo-ethnical distinctivenesses of Itil Bulgars | 302 |
| 96 | General information | 302 |
| 97 | From the history of study of Itil Bulgars | 303 |
| 98 | First phase of study of the Bulgar epigraphics and launch of the Bulgaro-Chuvash concept | 308 |
| 99 | Beginning of systematical study of the Bulgar epigraphics | 310 |
| 100 | Analysis of the language of the 2nd style of the Bulgar epigraphics | 316 |
| 101 | How and why A. P. Kovalevsky ”found” Chuvashizms in Ibn-Fadlan's work? | 320 |
| 102 | ”Chuvashizing” of the Bulgarian words in the records of Ibn-Fadlan | 322 |
| 103 | Are any Chuvash words in Slavo-Bulgarian ”Nominalia”? | 326 |
| 104 | Are any Chuvashizms in ancient Balkarian runic inscriptions? | 331 |
| 105 | Are any Chuvashizms in the Hungarian language? | 336 |
| 106 | Finno-Ugrians of the Itil region borrowed words with rhotacism not from Bulgarian, but from Chuvash language | 339 |
| 107 | Are any Bulgaro-Chuvashian loanwords in Russian? | 340 |
| 108 | Itil-Bulgarian language in primary sources | 342 |
| 109 | Bulgars are a part of Sakaliba people, and Sakaliba are Kypchaks | 346 |
| 110 | Were the Slavs Sakaliba? | 351 |
| 111 | Classification of the Bulgarian language | 356 |
| Fourth chapter | Rise and development of Bulgaro-Tatarian statehood | 358 |
| 112 | General information | 358 |
Ancient Türkic states with contacts with Bulgar's ancestors |
361 | |
| 113 | States in Near East and traces of their links with Bulgar's ancestors | 361 |
| 114 | Ancient Khoresm and traces of its links with Bulgar's ancestors | 365 |
| 115 | Parthian, Aryan, Sogdian, Kangaras, Greko-Baktrian, Kushan, Ephtalite and Kimak states and traces of their links with Bulgar's ancestors | 368 |
Pre-Bulgarian states with control over future Bulgarian regions |
373 | |
| 116 | Scythian, Bosporian states and their contacts with Bulgar's ancestors | 373 |
| 117 | Sarmatian, Alanian, Western Hunnish, Avarian and Khazarian states and their contacts with Bulgar's ancestors | 377 |
Pre-Bulgarian state Biarmiya |
378 | |
| 118 | General information | 378 |
| 119 | Problems of locating Biarmiya | 382 |
| 120 | Concept Biarm-Perm | 384 |
| 121 | Matching facts in the history of Biarmiya and Bulgar | 388 |
| 122 | Identification of Biarmiya with Itil Bulgaria reflected in the material culture | 389 |
| 123 | Identification of Biarmiya with Itil Bulgaria reflected in the spiritual culture | 391 |
| 124 | Traces of Biarmiya's links with Scandinavia in the history of Bulgaria? | 392 |
| 125 | Is Perm related to Biarm? | 393 |
| 126 | Was Biarmiya independent or Bulgaria was called Biarmland? | 395 |
States Madjgar, Bashkurt, Burtas, and Bulgar |
396 | |
| 127 | Does the Madjgar state belong to the Bulgaro-Tatarian state? | 396 |
| 128 | Bashkurt state and its relation to the Bulgaro-Tatarian state | 398 |
| 129 | Was there a Burtas state and what relation it had with the Bulgar state? | 402 |
| 130 | First Bulgar/Bolgar states | 405 |
| 131 | Danube Bulgaria and its links with Itil Bulgaria | 408 |
| 132 | Rise of Pre-Mongolian Itil Bulgaria | 410 |
| 133 | Territory of Itil Bulgaria | 413 |
| 134 | Results of the sovereign development of the Itil Bulgaria | 416 |
Rise and disintegration of the Tatar states |
420 | |
| 135 | Ulus Djuchi in the system of Chingizid empires and problems of its study | 422 |
| 136 | Ethnic processes in Ulus Djuchi | 423 |
| 137 | States formed after dissolution of the Djuchi Ulus |
425 |
Bulgarian and Kazan Khanaates |
427 | |
| 138 | Transformation of the Bulgarian Khanaate into Kazan Khanaate and its fall | 429 |
Drive of Bulgaro-Tatars to revive their state |
432 | |
| 139 | Struggle of Bulgaro-Tatars for survival in the conditions of the tsarist Russia | 432 |
| 140 | October coup and acquisition of statehood by Tatars | 435 |
| 141 | Struggle for the Tatarstan's state sovereignty, revival and development of the Tatar nation | 437 |
| Conclusion | 441 | |
| 142 | Recap | 441 |
| Literature listing | 446 | |
| Ethnonym Index | 474 | |
| Name Index | 480 |
Zakiev Mirfatyh Zakievich
ORIGIN OF TÜRKS AND TATARS
Scientific publication.
Published by the decision of the Bureau of the Humanities Branch of AN RT
Color illustrations in the text::
|
Avars and Bulgars (6-8 centuries), Southwest steppes (10-13 centuries), Türks (6-8 centuries), Kirghizes (8-9 centuries) |
are borrowed from the book: ”Attila and Nomad Hordes ” (Elite Series No 30) |
Artist: Angus McBraid.
On the cover:Front: Griffons tormenting horses. Scythian animal style. 4-th century BC
On the back: ”Black hall”. Bulgar city, 14th century.
|
Editor Technical editor Typesetting Cover and illustrations Proof-reader |
E.Sh. Gibadulina L.I. Dubkova N.T.Abdullina L.Ya.Ovchinnikova S.K.Ahmetshina |
Sent to print 20.08.2002. Signed for print 15.01.2003.
Format 60x90/16. Offset printing. Conditional print pages 31.5.
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Origin of Türks-Contents · Introduction · First chapter · Second chapter · Third chapter · Fourth chapter · Fifth chapter · ORIGIN OF TATARS