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KARLUKS

Halluh, Karluk, Karluh, Karluq, Khalaj, Kollakh, Ko-lo-lu, On-ok Karluks, Qarluq, Uzbek, Uzbeg, Üç-Karluk/Uch-Karluk,
Chinese 葛邏祿;葛逻禄  Gelolu/Gelu/Harluut/Khololo/Khorlo, and other variations

 Foreword

Karluks were a branch of Uigurs, or a closely related tribe; like the Huns and Uigurs, they spoke Ogur-type language, their language was common with Uigurs. Apparently, during the Hun period, Karluks and Uigurs were not yet separated, and thus Karluks also descended from the maternal dynastic line of the Huns. With the Huns, a part of Karluks also retreated to the west, probably at that time, 1st c. BC - 4th c. AD Karluks established their own ranges in the Middle Asian interfluvial, which later facilitated migration of the remaining Karluks to Jeti-su and Horesm. The fate of the Western Karluks is yet unknown, probably they retreated from the Central and Eastern Europe back to the Middle Asian interfluvial. The Eastern Karluks stayed with Uigurs until Uigurs came into power in the Uigur Kaganate. At that time the Eastern Karluks separated, and established their independence as Karakhanid state. Karluks played a major role in the events in the Middle Asia until the Mongol time. From the Mongol time Karluks came out under ethnonym Uzbek. Ethnically and linguistically, the modern Uzbeks are descendents of the Huns' Uigur dynastic tribe. Probably, the Afgan Uzbeks experinced less admixture and influences, especially the influence of the modern literary language introduced in the Uzbekistan in the 1930's.

 
DATELINE
Time Events
300 BC

Türkic language splits into 2 branches, Ogur (Eastern) and Oguz (Kipchak) (Western). Oguz 'z', 'y, i', (Oguz, yilan, Yaik) Ogur 'r', 'd, dj', (Ogur, djulan, Djaik)

139 Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ‘below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Türk. agach-ers ‘forest people’) live Savari (Türk. Suvars, 'water people'), between Basternae (Türk. Bash-t-er 'head people') and Rhoxolani (Türk. Uraksy Alani, i.e. ‘Alans-farmers’) live Huns
420 WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
420 Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran (13th c. AD), author of “Jakhan-name”, Karluks resettled in region of Zabulistan and Ghazni, were later identified as Khalach V. Minorsky supposes that the Karluks were called Khalach because of the similar writing of their names in Arabic. For the first time Karluks appeared on historical arena in Tokharistan, as Hephthalite part in Badakhshan .Bactrian coin legend was restored as “xalasgano“ or “xalassano“, which could be coins of the Khalachs
420 Al-Khorezmi: “Al-Hayātila (Hephthalite) are a tribal group (ğīl min al-nās) who were formerly powerful and ruled over Tuxaristan; the Xalağ (Khalach) and Kanğīna Turks are remnants of them”. Kanğīna was one of Saka tribes, which later became part of the Hephthalites. Ptolomey also mentioned the Saka tribe Kōmēdoi. Like Huns and Uigurs, Karluks/Khalach speak Ogur family language
434 Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khan Ruga (432-437)
448 Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan
454 End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE
275 - 454 A.D
Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)
463 Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire
463 Saragur, Ugor and Onogur embassy to Byzantine report that Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates. (Destunis G.C.)
465 Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
465

Ağaçeris (Akatsirs, Türk. agach-ers ‘forest people’) crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Ağaçeris are included in Five Ogur (Beshgur?) confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly (Kangar, Ch. 康居 Kangju, Kangüy), Kalach (aka Halach, Alach, Alachin, Alats, Ch. Boma 駁馬 /  驳马 and Boma-Di 駁馬氐, both “Skewbald“) and Kipchak (Ch. 欽察 Kin-cha, with element 欠 qiàn = lack ) nations.
In Eastern Europe, first mentioning of Karluks predates their first mentioning by Chinese (644 AD) by two centuries.

552

GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)

557

557-561 Goktürks and Sasanians ally to destroy Hepthalite state in Central Asia, which had ruled, among other places, Sogdiana

558

Türkic coins with Türkic inscriptions 'Khagan' and 'Yabgu' are minted in Soghd, Chach and Fergana. Terminated by Arab conquest of Mawaranahr and consequent introduction of new kinds of coins, issue of Türkic coins in Semirech’e continues into 9th to 10th centuries

561

Embassy from Kucha to Bai-Chjou

563

Türkic armies, supported by Khosrov, attack on Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed

565

Goktürkic Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history

565

Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Goktürk Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab

568

Goktürk embassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians

569

Turgeshes invade and conquer Sirs

569

Zemarkh embassy to Goktürks, with five further embassies exchanged by 576

569

Goktürk war against Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions

570

Goktürk rulers receive tribute of 100,000 silk pieces a year from China. Goktürks are first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in east

572

Goktürk Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)

572

Peace between Bey-Tsi and Goktürks

574

Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou

575

Goktürk Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara Churin Türk (7) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603)

580

Peace of Bay-djou with Goktürk Kaganate

581

Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).

582

Goktürkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Goktürks

587

Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (Ün-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.

588

Shetu Khan (19) dies, Ün Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan)(16)(587-599) becomes Khan

588

China open markets for trade with Türks

588

582? Separation of Goktürkic Khaganate into East (Mongolia)and West (Turkestan) parts

594

Heir of Eastern Kaganate throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs)

600

Chinese T'ang-shu (7th century) lists Karluks as of Ko-lo-lu with meaning of Karlik (snow piles), of Türkish origin, constituting one of branches of Goktürk Khaganate. They resided in regions of Black-Irtish and Tarbagatai west of Altai Mountains. On-ok (ten-arrow) Karluks survived in a Üç-Karluk (Three-Karluk) union composed of three tribes. Karluks played an important role in expansion of Türkish domination towards north of Caspian Sea and Transoxania in very early period of Istemi

603

Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Khan of partitioned Western Goktürk Khaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.

604

Kara Churin Türk Boke Khan (7) dies, Goktürk Kaganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (604-610).

608

Wars between Tele and Goktürks of Western Khaganate end.

609

Empire Suy troops attack Tele and Western Goktürk Khaganate

610

Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.

610

Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611)

618

Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (618-630).

619

Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Goktürk Khaganate.

619

Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.

622

The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event

625

Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Goktürkic Khaganate

627

Chinese embassy to Western Goktürk Khagan Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Eastern Goktürk Khagan Kat Il Khan

630

Karluks rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Goktürk Khaganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).

630

Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Goktürk Khaganate (619-630), per Chinese chronicle Tanshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola, and Lake Aral, Iranians, advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands of good bow-shooters

630

W. Goktürks invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Goktürks clear S Caucasus

630

Xuanzang visits court of W. Türkic Khagan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul

630

Chinese occupy Eastern Türkic Khaganate (Mongolia)
630-40 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin

631

Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Goktürk Khaganate reunited

632

Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate

634

Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).

635

Yshbara Tolis-shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Khaganate into 10-arrow Türks, of 5 Nushibi and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince)

635

5 Tele (Dulu) tribes that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Huns (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato

642

Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Türks of Irbis Dulu Khan

642

Chinese defeat Karluks in area north of Turfan (in 650) and subdue them to province of P'ei-ting (region in north of Tien Shan Mountains)

644 First Chinese reference to the Karluks labels them with a Manichaean attribute: Lion Karluks (Shi-Gelolu, shi stands for Sogd. “shir“ = “lion“). The “lion“ (Tr. “arslan“) Karluks persisted up to the time of the Mongols. Karluks are a branch of Uigurs, members of Tele Tokuz-Oguz (Uigur) tribal union
644

Conquests of Caliph Ömer (634-644) of Emevi dynasty, brought Muslims face to face with Türks in Khorasan and Transoxania, and Caucasus

650

Chinese T'ang-shu: Defeated Karluks maintain autonomy, each tribe is governed by its own chief. Karluks are independent of either Western or Eastern Goktürk Khaganates under Chinese influence. Üç-Karluk bey with former title Kül-Erkin was titled “Yangu“ (prince) towards the year of 665 and had a powerful army

656

Advance of Chinese inperians against W Türkic Khaganate. Rebelion of Baiyrku, Sige, Bugu and Tonra against Empire Tan. Sogdiana (Chinese “K'ang-chu“) occupied by Chinese (657-700)

674

Khorasan governor Ubeydullar ben Ziyad under Caliph Mu’aviye crossed Ceyhun river border between Iran and Turan, and besieged Bokhara. Transoxania is governed by independent Türkish beys remaining after disintegration of W Türkic Khaganate in 630.

675 One branch of Khalachs established their rule in Kabul and Zabulistan in later half of 7th c. AD, and continued to rule there until 9th c. AD
700

End of Chinese occupation of Sogdiana (Chinese “K'ang-chu“)

704

Ashina Khayn subjugated Jeti-su for Tang Empire. Shato subdued without fight. Subjugated Western Türks and subdued Karluks, Huvu and Shunishes

706

Chinese break negotiations with Türks

708

Chinese built three fortresses north of Huanhe against Türks

709

After disintegration of W Türkic Khaganate in 630, Türkish bey principalities dominated in Transoxania. Arabs 'Türkish“ army conquer Transoxania during governorship of Kuteybe ben Müslim of Khorasan (705-715)
709 Kuteyba Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand.
711 Kuteyba Arabs capture Khiva. 
712 Kuteyba Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand.
713 Kuteyba Arabs sack Kashgar

710

Karluks are subdued by Kapagan Kagan to domination of 2nd Gok-Türk Khaganate

710

Karluks rebel against Gok-Türk Khaganate with Chinese encouragement and provocation and involved in severe struggles

712

Chinese Emperor appoints Mohedo Tutuk as ruler of Samakand

714

Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Türks at Lake Issuk-kul

715

Chinese beat back Türkic attacks on Beytin, and Arabs and Tibetans on Fergana

716

Mochur (Bak-chor) (57) (691-716) Kapagan Khan died. He was succeeded by Mogilyan (Mokilien) (63) (716-734), elder brother of Kul-tegin, installed by Kul-tegin.

716

Luchen is taken from Kidanes. Turgeshes rebel against Empire and defeat Chinese and Karluks“

741

After death of Tengri Kagan (Bilge Kutlug Khan (66) (734-741)), Karluks, together with Uigurs and Basmils, revolt and dismember W. Goktürk Khaganate

741

UYGUR KAGANATE 740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan 
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia“

742

Basmils established superior domination of Goktürk Khaganate (742), Karluk leader was titled “Sağ Yangu“ (Right Prince). Founder of Uigur Kaganate Kutlug Kül Bilge gave him higher ranking title “Sol Yabgu“ (Left Prince)

742

Another Karluk group living around Beş-balik separately elected Ton-Bilge Yabgu. Both Karluk Yabgus recognized  suzerainty of newly founded in Ötüken Uigur Kaganate over all Karluks

743

End of GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - inacessible valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)“

744

Ozmish Khagan (68) killed by Basmils. Basmils failed to take control of E. Khaganate, and Uigurs, with Karluk help, set Kuli Peilo Khan as Kutlug Bilga Khagan (11)(Tengrida Bolmish El, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan) (742 - 747).
Creation of Uigur Orkhon Empire.

744

Uigurs substituted one Türkic people (?) for another, closely related, for hegemony of Goktürk Khaganate, for next century (744-840)

747

Some of Transoxania Türkic Beys asked China for help against Arabian conquests. China used this invitation to re-establish dominion over Turkestan, and started western expansion with large army. Chinese expansion and murder of Tashkent bey Bagatur Tudun led Türks ally with Abbasid governor of Khorasan Ebu Muslim

751

Defeat of Chinese armies in Talas river near today Alma-Ata byallied forces of Türks, Arabs and Tibetans.
End of Chinese control over Turkestan.
Paper starts spreading to Arabs and on to Europe

751

Karluks first sided with T'ang dynasty.  At last moment they joined allied forces of Türks and Arabs against Chinese policy, causing total defeat of Chinese army. Western region extending from Tarim basin belonged to Karluks while eastern region belonged to Uigurs

751

Talas War is turning point in Türkic-Muslim relations. Centuries of wars followed by period of peace, without severe wars between Türks and Arabians.  Commercial relations developed and Islam started to diffuse among Türks

758

Karluks established domination in western region of Talas of Western Gok-Türk Kaganate within only 7-8 years, with capital city Balasagun. As political name they used “Turkmen“. They continued to recognize superiority of Ötüken. Karluk Khans attributed their lineage to ruling dynasty of GokTürk Kaganate Aşina dynasty

770 Oguzes came to Transoxania in 770's
781

Bishops consecrated for the Turks and for Tibet

840

Kirgizes destroy Uighur Kaganate power

840

Karluks subordinated to country of “Red Ötüken“. With collapse of Uighur Kaganate in 840, Karluk Khan declared himself “legal ruler of the Steppe lands“ as “legitimate successor“ of Türkish rulers, entitled to title Kara Han with capital city of Kara-ordu (or Kuz-ordu) near Balasagun, former Turgiş capital. Karluks laid foundation for establishment of Kara-Hanli State

840

Karahanlilar State is organized in accordance with Altaic system, dividing country and nation into two sections. Great Khan titled Arslan Kara Khan ruled eastern section and all Karahanli people, with seat in Kara-Ordu. Western section was ruled by Bugra Kara Khan with seat in Taraz. There were four sub-khans and six deputies. Khans belonged to the same dynasty

840

Karahanlilar was first Muslim Türkish dynasty with dominion in eastern and western Turkestan, word -kara (black)-“powerful“ was used frequently in titles. In contemporary Islam resources this dynasty was called with the names of “al-Hakaniye, el-Haniye and al-Afrasiyab“. Another title of  this dynasty was “ilek“ (ilig)-khans. The principal authority on history of Karahanlilar State O. Pritsak relates this dynasty to Karluk branch of Ashina dynasty.

892

Bokhara that was the capital city of Samani State

893

Tegin (Central) Khan Kadir Khan Ogulcak, son of Great Khan Bilge Kul Kadir Khan and brother of Great Khan Arslan Khan with seat in Balasagun, governed from Taraz. Samani (Bukhara) Ismail b. Ahmet (892-894) besieged and then invaded Taraz (March 893). Ogulcak moved its seat to Kashgar and started raiding dominion of Samani State

900 One branch of Khalachs established their rule in Kabul and Zabulistan in later half of 7th c. AD, and continued to rule there until 9th c. AD Thereafter the Khalachs changed ethnically and became one of the Afghan tribes named Ghilzai
910 Samani (Bukhara) officially adopted Islam in beginning of the 10-th century
913

Besenyos, once a part of confederation of W. Khaganate, were driven toward lower Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk Türks. They were grazing their herds between Yaik and Itil rivers

932

KARAHANID
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes

960

Entire Karahanli State becomes Muslim with defeat of eastern khan Arslan Han by Satuk's son, Musa (Baytas). Afterwards, the forced diffusion of Islam among Türks turned into a holy war

961

M Kashgari: To live with Moslem Türks, multitudes of Seljuk tribes adopted Islam. Seljuk adopted Islam for political possibilities, and asked neighboring Bukhara and Khorezm to send Moslem scholars. Prior, they were called Turkmens, Karluks and Oguzes

962

GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D
Founder - Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)“

975

Hududü'l-Alem (last quarter of the 10th century): Karluk country is well-kept country surrounded by Tien Shan Mountains, Yagma and Oguz in the east, Tohsil, Çigil and Dokuz-Oguz in the north, and some of Yagma and Transoxania  in the south, and this country is “the most beautiful country among all of Türkish countries“. It has 15 cities

992 Ebu Musa el-Hasan (Harun) ben Suleyman, western Yabgu of Karahanlilar,   invaded Isfican (Isfakhan) in 990 and in May-June 992 forced Samani Bugra Khan abandon Bokhara to Karahanli, in spite of Oguz support under Arslan ben Seljuk

998

Karahanlilar State's Ahmet (998-?), the successor of Great Khan Ali (?-998) recognized suzerainty of Abbasid caliph
999 After death of Ebu Musa el-Hasan (Harun) ben Suleyman, his brother  Ebu'l-Hasan Nasr ben Ali, western Yabgu of Karahanlilar, captured Bokhara and took members of Samani dynasty to Ozkent. Samani crown prince  Ismail el-Muntasir died (1000-1005). Agreement between Nasr ben Ali and Gazneli Sultan Mahmud (998-1030), River Oxus (Ceyhun) was border between two states (1001)
1008 Gazneli Sultan Mahmut defeated allied Karahanli forces in war in savanna of Belh (5th January 1008)
1017 Capture of Harezm (Khwarezm) by Gazneli Sultan Mahmut (1017)
1017 Great Khan Arslan Khan Ahmet defeated over one hundred thousands of tents of nomadic Türks (?) who approached to Balasagun. He pursued them to Turfan and died  in a short while (1017-18)
1025 Gazneli Sultan Mahmut established dominion over the old Samani lands.Yusuf Kadir Khan and his sons recovered Ozkent (1025-26) and capital Balasagun (1026-27).
1040

SELCUK EMPIRE 1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder - Seljuk
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia and sea Omman. (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)“

1041 Reported division of Karahanlilar State into east and the west sections. After division of Karahanli Khanaate into two, tradition of dual organization continued in both states, ie. each state had Arslan Kara Khan (Great Khan), (Central) Shad, and Tardush (Western) Yabgu. Shads are also appointed to 'Il's, local principalities
1042

Western Karahanli Khanate included regions of Transoxania and Hocend (Hodjent) and western Fergana. Capital city of great khan initially was Ozkent  and then Samarkand.
Eastern Karahanli Khanate  included regions of cities Talas, Isficab, Sash, Fergana, Yedi-su and Kasghar. Capital city was Balasagun. The religious and cultural center of Eastern Khanate was Kasghar

1043 Türkish tribe of ten thousands yurts living between cities Bulgar and Balasagun in Eastern Karahanli Khanate adopted Islam
1052 After division of Karahanli Khanaate into two, Ibn Mohammed ben Nasr, first great khan of Western Karahanli Khanaate settled in Ozkent and probably died in the years of 1052-53. His successor brother, Ebu Ishak Ibn Ibrahim did not go to Ozkent and stayed in Samarkand, which became capital city of Western Karahanli Khanaate
1064 1064-1072 Raids of Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan on Karahanli Khanaate
1070 Türks in Karahanli State engage in cultural and scientific activities. Türkish written with Uighur and Arabic alphabets becomes literary language and literature spread for the first time. Karahanli people exchange with Gazneli and other state Sultans in Türkish written in Uigur letters
1072 Mahmut el-Kasgari (Mahmut Kasgarli) edit dictionary written in Bagdad in Arabic in  1073-1077 “Divanü-Lügati't-Türk“, to assist Arabs to learn Türkish.  He probably was grandson of Mohammed ben Yusuf Kadir Han,  Ülü Khan of Eastern Karahanli Khanaate. Dictionary includes Karluk dialect
1137

Kara-Hitay ruler, Yel-lu Ta-şih (Kür-Han) defeated the Kara-Hanli Khan Mahmud in Samarkand, supposedly with Karluk help. Great Seljuk Sultan Sencer organised military expedition to chase Karluks, and encountered Kür Han

1141 Iindependent Karahanli Khanaate established in Fergana region with capital Ozkent after Kara-Hitay invasion. Rulers of Fergana Khanaate had title Tugruk Kara Khan, with term Türk in their titles. This branch of Karahanlis must have ended in 1211
1141

Katavan War between Great Seljuk Sultan Sencer and Kara-Hitay penetrating to Khorasan borders. Karluks cause conflicts between Harezmshah State (in the period of Il Arslan) and Kara-Hitay

1040

SELCUK EMPIRE 1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder - Seljuk
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia and sea Omman. (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)“

1157

Karluk Yabgu Han killed

1172

Karluk leader, Ayyar Bey, taken prisoner by Kara-Hitay (Kara-Khitai)

1172

Army in service of Harezmshah had Karluks from Karluk bey principality dependent of Kara-Hanli (Kara-Kangly, Kara-Kangars) with capital Kayalıg east of Ili River in Turkestan

1172

Harezmshah Ala-üd-din Tekiş (1172-1200) spreads control to steppe with reinforcement of his troops with Kangli, Kipchak and other Türkish (i.e. Türkic, there was no Turkey in 1172) tribes

1183

End of GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D
Founder - Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)“

1212

End of KARAHANID
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes

1215

Karluk principality with capital city Kayalıg governed by Arslan Han II before start of Mongol invasions.Karluk Arslan Han and Uighur Idi-kut Barçuk are subdued by Chingiz Khan Mongols

1221 Karluk Khan Arslan II, the first Muslim ruler submissive to Chingiz Khan, died. Karluks serve in Mongolian government during Chingiz Khan period
1290 Khalji Sultanate of Delhi
1290-1320
Founder - Karluk (Halluh/Khalaj) Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
Area - Bihar, Bengal, Deccan, Ellichpur, Ranthambhor, Chitor, Mandu, Devagiri, Warangal, Madura
1299

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area -Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Turkish Lakes. Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan,..…
(Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)

1320 End of Khalji Sultanate of Delhi
1290-1320
Founder - Karluk (Halluh/Khalaj) Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290-1296)
Area - Bihar, Bengal, Deccan, Ellichpur, Ranthambhor, Chitor, Mandu, Devagiri, Warangal, Madura
1335

End of UYGUR KAGANATE 740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan 
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia

1369

EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia

1385

Kipchak Khan Tokhtamysh invaded Transoxania in 1385 and in 1388, defeating Timur's generals

1395

Timur in second campaign invaded Kipchak Khan Tokhtamysh territory in 1395 and destroyed Sarai

1400

Timur (1336 - 1405) defeats Mamlukes in Syria
Timur defeats Ottomans at Ankara (1402)

1436 Khilji Sultanate of Malwa (1436-1531)
1501

End of EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia

1531 End of Khilji Sultanate of Malwa (1436-1531)
1922

End of OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area -Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Turkish Lakes. Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan,..…
(Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)

Bes-balik
Balasagun
Ötüken Otuken
Kara-Ordu.
Taraz

Notes

  1. Nemeth, Gyula, Attila ve Hunları "Attila and His Huns," translated by Ş. Baştav, Ankara Univ. Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayın. No. 106, Istanbul, 1962.

 

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