KARLUKS

Türkic language splits into 2 branches, Oguz (Eastern) and Ogur (Kipchak) (Western). Oguz 'z', 'y, i', (Oguz, yilan, Yaik) Ogur 'r', 'd, dj', (Ogur, djulan, Djaik)

465

GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)

557-561 Goktürks and Sasanians ally to destroy Hepthalite state in Central Asia, which had ruled, among other places, Sogdiana

Türkic coins with Türkic inscriptions 'Khagan' and 'Yabgu' are minted in Soghd, Chach and Fergana. Terminated by Arab conquest of Mawaranahr and consequent introduction of new kinds of coins, issue of Türkic coins in Semirech’e continues into 9th to 10th centuries

Embassy from Kucha to Bay-Chjou

Türkic armies, supported by Khosrov, attack on Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed

Goktürkic Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history

Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Goktürk Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab

Goktürk embassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians

Turgeshes invade and conquer Sirs

Zemarkh embassy to Goktürks, with five further embassies exchanged by 576

Goktürk war against Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions

Goktürk rulers receive tribute of 100,000 silk pieces a year from China. Goktürks are first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in east

Goktürk Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)

Peace between Bey-Tsi and Goktürks

Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou

Goktürk Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara Churin Türk (7) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603)

Peace of Bay-djou with Goktürk Kaganate

Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).

Goktürkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Goktürks

Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (Ün-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.

Shetu Khan (19) dies, Ün Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan)(16)(587-599) becomes Khan

China open markets for trade with Türks

582? Separation of Goktürkic Khaganate into East (Mongolia)and West (Turkestan) parts

Heir of Eastern Kaganate throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs)

Chinese T'ang-shu (7th century) lists Karluks as of Ko-lo-lu with meaning of Karlik (snow piles), of Türkish origin, constituting one of branches of Goktürk Khaganate. They resided in regions of Black-Irtish and Tarbagatai west of Altai Mountains. On-ok (ten-arrow) Karluks survived in a Üç-Karluk (Three-Karluk) union composed of three tribes. Karluks played an important role in expansion of Türkish domination towards north of Caspian Sea and Transoxania in very early period of Istemi

Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Khan of partitioned Western Goktürk Khaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.

Kara Churin Türk Boke Khan (7) dies, Goktürk Kaganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (604-610).

Wars between Tele and Goktürks of Western Khaganate end.

Empire Suy troops attack Tele and Western Goktürk Khaganate

Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.

Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611)

Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (618-630).

Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Goktürk Khaganate.

Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.

The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event

Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Goktürkic Khaganate

Chinese embassy to Western Goktürk Khagan Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Eastern Goktürk Khagan Kat Il Khan

Karluks rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Goktürk Khaganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).

Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Goktürk Khaganate (619-630), per Chinese chronicle Tanshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola, and Lake Aral, Iranians, advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands of good bow-shooters

W. Goktürks invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Goktürks clear S Caucasus

Xuanzang visits court of W. Türkic Khagan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul

Chinese occupy Eastern Türkic Khaganate (Mongolia)
630-40 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin

Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Goktürk Khaganate reunited

Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate

Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).

Yshbara Tolis-shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Khaganate into 10-arrow Türks, of 5 Nushibi and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince)

5 Tele (Dulu) tribes that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Huns (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato

Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Türks of Irbis Dulu Khan

Chinese defeat Karluks in area north of Turfan (in 650) and subdue them to province of P'ei-ting (region in north of Tien Shan Mountains)

Conquests of Caliph Ömer (634-644) of Emevi dynasty, brought Muslims face to face with Türks in Khorasan and Transoxania, and Caucasus

Chinese T'ang-shu: Defeated Karluks maintain autonomy, each tribe is governed by its own chief. Karluks are independent of either Western or Eastern Goktürk Khaganates under Chinese influence. Üç-Karluk bey with former title Kül-Erkin was titled "Yangu" (prince) towards the year of 665 and had a powerful army

Advance of Chinese inperians against W Türkic Khaganate. Rebelion of Baiyrku, Sige, Bugu and Tonra against Empire Tan. Sogdiana (Chinese "K'ang-chu") occupied by Chinese (657-700)

Khorasan governor Ubeydullar ben Ziyad under Caliph Mu’aviye crossed Ceyhun river border between Iran and Turan, and besieged Bokhara. Transoxania is governed by independent Türkish beys remaining after disintegration of W Türkic Khaganate in 630.

End of Chinese occupation of Sogdiana (Chinese "K'ang-chu")

Ashina Khayn subjugated Semirechye for Empire Tan. Shato subdued without fight. Subjugated Western Türks and subdued Karluks, Huvu and Shunishes

Chinese break negotiations with Türks

Chinese built three fortresses north of Huanhe against Türks

After disintegration of W Türkic Khaganate in 630, Türkish bey principalities dominated in Transoxania. Arabs 'Türkish" army conquer Transoxania during governorship of Kuteybe ben Müslim of Khorasan (705-715)
709 Kuteyba Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand.
711 Kuteyba Arabs capture Khiva. 
712 Kuteyba Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand.
713 Kuteyba Arabs sack Kashgar

Karluks are subdued by Kapagan Kagan to domination of 2nd Gok-Türk Khaganate

Karluks rebel against Gok-Türk Khaganate with Chinese encouragement and provocation and involved in severe struggles

Chinese Emperor appoints Mohedo Tutuk as ruler of Samakand

Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Türks at Lake Issuk-kul

Chinese beat back Türkic attacks on Beytin, and Arabs and Tibetans on Fergana

Mochur (Bak-chor) (57) (691-716) Kapagan Khan died. He was succeeded by Mogilyan (Mokilien) (63) (716-734), elder brother of Kul-tegin, installed by Kul-tegin.

Luchen is taken from Kidanes. Turgeshes rebel against Empire and defeat Chinese and Karluks"

After death of Tengri Kagan (Bilge Kutlug Khan (66) (734-741)), Karluks, together with Uigurs and Basmils, revolt and dismember W. Goktürk Khaganate

UYGUR KAGANATE 740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan 
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia"

Basmils established superior domination of Goktürk Khaganate (742), Karluk leader was titled "Sağ Yangu" (Right Prince). Founder of Uigur Kaganate Kutlug Kül Bilge gave him higher ranking title "Sol Yabgu" (Left Prince)

Another Karluk group living around Beş-balik separately elected Ton-Bilge Yabgu. Both Karluk Yabgus recognized  suzerainty of newly founded in Ötüken Uigur Kaganate over all Karluks

End of GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area - inacessible valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)"

Ozmish Khagan (68) killed by Basmils. Basmils failed to take control of E. Khaganate, and Uigurs, with Karluk help, set Kuli Peilo Khan as Kutlug Bilga Khagan (11)(Tengrida Bolmish El, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan) (742 - 747).
Creation of Uigur Orkhon Empire.

Uigurs substituted one Türkic people (?) for another, closely related, for hegemony of Goktürk Khaganate, for next century (744-840)

Some of Transoxania Türkic Beys asked China for help against Arabian conquests. China used this invitation to re-establish dominion over Turkestan, and started western expansion with large army. Chinese expansion and murder of Tashkent bey Bagatur Tudun led Türks ally with Abbasid governor of Khorasan Ebu Muslim

Defeat of Chinese armies in Talas river near today Alma-Ata byallied forces of Türks, Arabs and Tibetans.
End of Chinese control over Turkestan.
Paper starts spreading to Arabs and on to Europe

Karluks first sided with T'ang dynasty.  At last moment they joined allied forces of Türks and Arabs against Chinese policy, causing total defeat of Chinese army. Western region extending from Tarim basin belonged to Karluks while eastern region belonged to Uigurs

Talas War is turning point in Türkic-Muslim relations. Centuries of wars followed by period of peace, without severe wars between Türks and Arabians.  Commercial relations developed and Islam started to diffuse among Türks

Karluks established domination in western region of Talas of Western Gok-Türk Kaganate within only 7-8 years, with capital city Balasagun. As political name they used "Turkmen". They continued to recognize superiority of Ötüken. Karluk Khans attributed their lineage to ruling dynasty of GokTürk Kaganate Aşina dynasty

Bishops consecrated for the Turks and for Tibet

Kirgizes destroy Uighur Kaganate power

Karluks subordinated to country of "Red Ötüken". With collapse of Uighur Kaganate in 840, Karluk Khan declared himself "legal ruler of the Steppe lands" as "legitimate successor" of Türkish rulers, entitled to title Kara Han with capital city of Kara-ordu (or Kuz-ordu) near Balasagun, former Turgiş capital. Karluks laid foundation for establishment of Kara-Hanli State

Karahanlilar State is organized in accordance with Altaic system, dividing country and nation into two sections. Great Khan titled Arslan Kara Khan ruled eastern section and all Karahanli people, with seat in Kara-Ordu. Western section was ruled by Bugra Kara Khan with seat in Taraz. There were four sub-khans and six deputies. Khans belonged to the same dynasty

Karahanlilar was first Muslim Türkish dynasty with dominion in eastern and western Turkestan, word -kara (black)-"powerful" was used frequently in titles. In contemporary Islam resources this dynasty was called with the names of "al-Hakaniye, el-Haniye and al-Afrasiyab". Another title of  this dynasty was "ilek" (ilig)-khans. The principal authority on history of Karahanlilar State O. Pritsak relates this dynasty to Karluk branch of Ashina dynasty.

Bokhara that was the capital city of Samani State

Tegin (Central) Khan Kadir Khan Ogulcak, son of Great Khan Bilge Kul Kadir Khan and brother of Great Khan Arslan Khan with seat in Balasagun, governed from Taraz. Samani (Bukhara) Ismail b. Ahmet (892-894) besieged and then invaded Taraz (March 893). Ogulcak moved its seat to Kashgar and started raiding dominion of Samani State

Besenyos, once a part of confederation of W. Khaganate, were driven toward lower Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk Türks. They were grazing their herds between Yaik and Itil rivers

KARAHANID
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes

Entire Karahanli State becomes Muslim with defeat of eastern khan Arslan Han by Satuk's son, Musa (Baytas). Afterwards, the forced diffusion of Islam among Türks turned into a holy war

M Kashgari: To live with Moslem Türks, multitudes of Seljuk tribes adopted Islam. Seljuk adopted Islam for political possibilities, and asked neighboring Bukhara and Khorezm to send Moslem scholars. Prior, they were called Turkmens, Karluks and Oguzes

GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D
Founder - Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)"

Hududü'l-Alem (last quarter of the 10th century): Karluk country is well-kept country surrounded by Tien Shan Mountains, Yagma and Oguz in the east, Tohsil, Çigil and Dokuz-Oguz in the north, and some of Yagma and Transoxania  in the south, and this country is "the most beautiful country among all of Türkish countries". It has 15 cities

998

SELCUK EMPIRE 1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder - Seljuk
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia and sea Omman. (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)"

Western Karahanli Khanate included regions of Transoxania and Hocend (Hodjent) and western Fergana. Capital city of great khan initially was Ozkent  and then Samarkand.
Eastern Karahanli Khanate  included regions of cities Talas, Isficab, Sash, Fergana, Yedi-su and Kasghar. Capital city was Balasagun. The religious and cultural center of Eastern Khanate was Kasghar

Kara-Hitay ruler, Yel-lu Ta-şih (Kür-Han) defeated the Kara-Hanli Khan Mahmud in Samarkand, supposedly with Karluk help. Great Seljuk Sultan Sencer organised military expedition to chase Karluks, and encountered Kür Han

Katavan War between Great Seljuk Sultan Sencer and Kara-Hitay penetrating to Khorasan borders. Karluks cause conflicts between Harezmshah State (in the period of Il Arslan) and Kara-Hitay

SELCUK EMPIRE 1040 - 1157 A.D
Founder - Seljuk
Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia and sea Omman. (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)"

Karluk Yabgu Han killed

Karluk leader, Ayyar Bey, taken prisoner by Kara-Hitay (Kara-Khitai)

Harezmshah Ala-üd-din Tekiş (1172-1200) spreads control to steppe with reinforcement of his troops with Kangli, Kipchak and other Türkish tribes

End of GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D
Founder - Alptekin
Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)"

End of KARAHANID
932 - 1212 A.D
Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han
Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes

Karluk principality with capital city Kayalıg governed by Arslan Han II before start of Mongol invasions.Karluk Arslan Han and Uighur Idi-kut Barçuk are subdued by Chingiz Khan Mongols

OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area -Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Turkish Lakes. Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan,..…
(Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)

End of UYGUR KAGANATE 740 - 1335 A.D
Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan 
Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia

EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia

Kipchak Khan Tokhtamysh invaded Transoxania in 1385 and in 1388, defeating Timur's generals

Timur in second campaign invaded Kipchak Khan Tokhtamysh territory in 1395 and destroyed Sarai

Timur (1336 - 1405) defeats Mamlukes in Syria
Timur defeats Ottomans at Ankara (1402)

End of EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN
1369 - 1501 A.D
Founder - Timur Gurgani
Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia

End of OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1299 - 1922 A.D
Founder - Osman Bey
Area -Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Turkish Lakes. Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan,..…
(Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)

Notes

1. Nemeth, Gyula, Attila ve Hunları "Attila and His Huns," translated by Ş. Baştav, Ankara Univ. Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayın. No. 106, Istanbul, 1962.