DATELINE |
Time |
Events |
-1800 |
In 18-17 centuries BC there was a displacement of Dinlins from
China. Eastern group of Dinlins migrated to territory from Baikal to Ob. It
led to mixture of populations. Anthropologist G.F.Debets noted distinction between
Karasuk and Andronov skulls. Heads of Karasuks are higher above and narrower.
Short-headed wide
faces also exist. Andronov skulls are short-headed wide
faces. Arrival of dolichocephalics Debets explains by infiltration of Mongoloid
Dinlin elements of N.Chinese type and preservation of old Afanasiev types.. |
-1300 |
At end of bronze age in Southern Siberia almost synchronously
existed Andronov Culture and Karasuk culture. (13-8 cc. BC) who left monuments
of mixed populations which came from
West and South. Their anthropological type is Europoids with admixture of
Mongoloids. People lived in permanent settlements, in frame type houses. Economy was complex,
they bred large
horned livestock, horses and sheep. In Karasuk period developed high level
of bronze metallurgy. Characteristic for Karasuk Culture are extensive cemeteries, tombs are
fenced with stone
slabs laid on crest. Karasuk Culture is result of migration of eastern part of Dinlins |
-1000 |
1000 BC - 300 AD During an epoch of bronze Kypchaks (Kyu Chaks,
i.e White Sakas) derogatorylived in Minusinsk depression |
-700 |
Scythians in the West, Savromats in Itil region and S Ural,
Massageto-Saka world of Central Asia, Dinlins, Tagar and Mayemir
tribes of Sayano-Altai, population of Mongolia, Baikal and Ordos used
identical weaponry and horse harness, used the same images and fantasy in
art. Local distinctions did not weaken affinity of their cultures. |
-400 |
Chinese historical annals of 4-3 c. BC recorded "Dinlin state" (Ch. Dinlin
Go) in Minusinsk depression. Dinlin state soon became dependency of Hunnu |
-400 |
Dinlins living in antiquity Minusinsk depression, are considered
to be ancestors of Kypchaks. Minusinsk and Altay burials testify of rich culture
achieved during epoch of bronze |
-300 |
Chinese sources know Kipchaks from 3 c. BC under name "Tsüyshe"
(Ch. for ?) |
-200 |
Kypchaks were members of Hunnish Kaganate |
93 |
Üebans (aka Yueban, Yuehban, a Chinese generic collective
name for Huns) are thought to descend from "Weak Huns", who
after tragical events of 93 fled to Tarbagatai and Saura mountains |
100 |
Üebans left from Tarbagatai and Saura mountains to Jety-Su and Djungaria |
100 |
Üebans Huns lived in
2nd-8th cc. West of mountain ridges separating Inner
Asia from Outer, and created state Üeban |
300 |
Originally, in
4-9 cc. Mongolian tribes were sedentary, lived in cold forests, in hefty dwellings, mainly
occupied with hunting and fishery, horse-breeding and hog-breeding. At the end of 9th
-
beginning of 10th cc. began a process of gradual Mongol-speaking tribes
migration toward west, with consequent replacement of Türks |
490 |
Üeban independence was destroyed by Teleuts at the end of 80es
in 5th century |
495 |
In 495-496
Teleuts (and Üebans) were subjugated by Hephtalites |
500 |
In 6-8 cc. Üebans were called "Chuy Tribes" |
500 |
In 6 c. in E Asia Huns are already not known as ethnos, they
lived as Türkic tribes known under different ethnonyms |
547 |
In 547 Türkuts subdued Teleuts (and Üebans). This fast change of
ruling tribes helped survive Üeban Huns, later they developed into four Türkic tribes:
Chuüe, Chumi, Chumuhun (Chumugun) and Chuban |
550 |
Tatars' name is mentioned for a first time in connection with
events of middle of 6 c. in inscriptions in Kosho-Tsaydam Kül-Tegin and Bilge-Kagan
monuments. Tatar tribes participated not only in creation of Kimak state, but also in
ethnogenesis of Kimaks. |
550 |
KYRGYZ KAGANATE
ca 550 - 1293 AD
Founder-
Area - borders: W - Abakan Ridge and Alatau, S - W. Sayan Ridge, E - probably
E.Sayan Ridge, N - to taiga and estuary of r. Angara
|
552 |
Üeban Huns Chuüe, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban played huge role
during existence of Great Türkic Kaganate,
they were part of Shato Türks and Kimaks |
552 |
Kypchaks lived in Altai and were part of Great Türkic Kaganate (552-743) |
600 |
Originally Kimaks lived along Irtysh between Altai and
Tarbagatai |
630 |
In 630 a part of Kypchaks was exterminated by Türküts and Chinese. Grumm-Grjimailo
tells that remaining Kypchaks split, one part
mixed with Kangls (i.e. Kangals, Kangly, Kungurs, Kangars, Kangüys etc.) and
formed people known under name Komans (i.e. Kumans, Cumans, Kubans, Cubans,
Comans, Qumans, Comani, Kumandy, Kun-ok, Kun, Kangli, Kengeres, Qangli, Falven,
Falones, Val(e)we(n,) Phalagi, Sakaliba, Khartesh, Ðlàvñi, Ðlàwñó, Ðlàuñi,
Ðlàwci, Ðàlóñz(îk), Polovetsy etc.). Because of great turbulence in Türkic world,
Kypchaks forgot most of rich
cultural heritage of their ancestors. Though Kypchaks
were close relatives of Kimaks, they were settling separately |
646 |
Tokuz-Oguzes seriously defeated Sirs. Türkologist
S.G.Klyashtorny in Russian service expressed an illuminating opinion that at
that particular time Sirs accepted a second, derogatory name "Kybchak",
i.e. "
unfortunate, doomed". Kypchak people must be first in history to accept a
derogatory title as their ethnonym |
650 |
Kimaks, these "Weak Huns" Üebans, named by Chinese historians
"Chumugun", lived west of Tarbagatai and Altai |
650 |
By middle of 7 c. Kimaks lived by Irtysh, north of Altai, and
were members of Western Türkic Kaganate |
650 |
In 2nd half of 8 -
beginning of 9 c. Kimak
tribes moved in two directions: northwest to Urals and southwest to northern
Jety-Su.
Their main body remained in Irtysh area |
650 |
Kimaks, moving from Irtysh, occupied huge territory between rivers Ural
and Emba, and also Aral and Caspian steppes.
Before middle of 8 c. Kimaks southern neighbors were Karluks, eastern were Yenisei
Kyrgyzes. Tokuz-Oguzes country was south of Kimaks. Khakan's residence was in Imakia on Irtysh.
Kimaks also gradually
took over other areas of federation, many were in Jety-Su
|
650 |
Kypchak kurgans were piled from rocks or tiled with rocks,
diseased was laid head toward east. Hext to diseased also was buried
horse or its effigy complete with legs |
657 |
In 657 Karluks were subjects of empire Tan. In empire it was
easier for them, because they preserved their relative independence, and could
fight against
Second Eastern Türkic Kaganate |
700 |
In 8 c. Tatars lived in northeastern part of Mongolia |
723 |
"Tokuz-Tatars" for first time were recorded in Bilge-Kagan
inscription as
allies of Tokuz-Oguzes who rose against Bilge-Kagan in
723-724 |
740 |
In 740-840 Tatars were members of Uigur Kaganate |
743 |
740-840 After disintegration of Western Türkic Kaganate a part
of Kimaks remained in Uigur Kaganate, and another part was independent.
During that period evolved a nucleus of Kimak tribes. Head of tribe had a title "Shad
Tutuk", i.e. "Prince Governing or Holding (power)". Shad was western
governor and Yabgu eastern governor in Göktürk Kaganate |
743 |
Civilization created by Great Türkic Kaganate was carried on by, many peoples: Kypchaks,
Kimaks, Uigurs, Bechens, Oguzes, Karluks, Kyrgyzes,
Türgeshes, Khazars, Bulgars and others who inherited it after destruction
of Kaganate |
743 |
KIMAK KAGANATE
743-1050 A.D
Founder - title Shad Tutuk ("Ruling Prince")
Area -
|
743 |
Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Kimaks (Imak,
Imek, Yemek), Imi, Tatars, Bayandur,
Kypchak, Lanikaz and Adjlad |
743 |
After splinter of Western Türkic Kaganate southern neighbors of
Kimaks, Karluks, preserved their independence for 200
years |
745 |
Early in life of Kimak Kaganate the arrival of Huns and their
other Türkic tribes unknown to us changed ethnic layout
of Middle Itil and Lower Kama areas, leaving behind Imenkov Archeological Culture
with ceramics identical to
ancient Bulgarian |
747 |
Uigur Kagan Muün-chur
(747-759)
inscription named Tokuz-Tatars again as
allies of Oguz tribes insurgent against Kagan |
750 |
After split of Second Eastern Türkic Kaganate, Karluks for 200 years
lived in territory of Jety-Su along caravan roads from Central Asia to China, their
only rival was Türgesh Khanlyk |
756 |
In 756 in Türgesh Khanlyk flashed conflict between clans |
757 |
In 757-766
Karluks took over entire territory of Türgesh state. Karluk capital from 766 to 940 were. Suyab
on r. Chu, then sarai of Yabgu was relocated to Koinakly on r. Ili. Karluks
preserved their independence for 200 years |
759 |
When in 759 Türgeshes subordinated to Karluks, a part of them
migrated east to Uigurs |
759 |
Name "Kypchak" is recorded in Moün-chur (747-759)
monument |
800 |
Ethnonym "Kimak" appeared suddenly in Arabic sources in 9 c. and disappeared
suddenly in second half of 11th c., no sources tell where Kimaks left or why their name
disappeared from historical documents |
800 |
Name "Tatars" was used in 9-10 cc. Khotano-Saka
documents |
800 |
In 9 c. Tatars were neighbors of Tanguts. In Tangut state Tatars lived in steppes
Gansu and in Alashan
(Tian Shan) mountains |
800 |
In 9 c. Oguzes were allied with Kimaks |
800 |
Kimak religion was the same as majority of Türks,
they believed in Tengri. Among Kimak was spread tradition of reverence to
ancestors. Kimaks on border with Uigurs adopted
Manichean version of
Christianity. Characteristic for steppes from Baikal to Danube before
arrival of Mongols were stone balbals (memorial sculptured icons) revered by
Kimaks and Kypchaks |
808 |
Chinese historians called "Chumuhun" descendants of those "Weak Huns"
Üebans who remained,
pointing that they lived west of Tarbagatai and Altai and were
independent. That is area where coincidently formed Kimaks. Thus, Kimaks, as descendants
of Huns, continued their history the longest |
808 |
Part of Üeban Huns, Shato Türks, in 808 made their way to China and there
supported dynasty Tan before its demise |
810 |
In beginning of 9 c. Tatar tribes, which Chinese authors
called Shiwey (border guards) during that period, migrated to Inypan mountains and
spread west reaching r. Kerulen |
830 |
Persian traveler Gardizi made first records about Kimaks, noting
them where lived Huns' descendants, called by Chinese
authors "Chumugun". First mentioning about Kimaks also has Tamim
ibn Bahr in first half of 9th c. |
840 |
Tatars, probably joined Kimak federation after 840 |
840 |
After breakup of Uigur Kaganate in 840 to core of Kimak tribes
joined portions of Eymür, Bayandur and Tatar Türkic tribes. Kimaks occupied western part
of Kaganate along Irtysh coast.
Tatar tribes also participated initially in creation of Kimak Kaganate |
842 |
In Chinese sources Tatars (Da-Da, Da-Dan, Tatan) are first
mentioned in connection with events of 842, as allies of last Uigur Kagan. After
demise of Uigur Kaganate, Tatar tribes, together with Uigurs, emigrated
to Eastern Turkestan |
842 |
Each large tribe entering in Kimak Kaganat, had its Khanlyk
(Khanate). Kypchaks also had their Khanlyk, but politically they were dependent from
Kimaks. Khans of
individual tribes were nominated or confirmed by Kagans (traditionally, Khan is
elective position) |
842 |
After breakup of Uigur Kaganate, Central Asian tribes found
themselves unattached. Kimaks, of all the numerous tribes, were ready to head new political
union of tribes, and they created new Kimak Kaganate state, a federation of
seven tribes, seven Khanlyks |
842 |
Significant part of Uigurs, led by minister Pan-Tegin moved to Eastern
Turkestan and created new Turfan Uigur Princedom. Part of Uigurs went in China.
So ended history of one more ancient Türkic state. But in Central
Asia formed other Türkic states, most significant among them was Kimak Kaganate
|
850 |
Under influence of active trading relations with Muslim Arabs,
Kimak Kaganate was drawn into slave-trading business. "Objectionable"
people, and even relatives were sold into slavery. Slave-trade became destiny of
multitudes,
they were sold by Kidanes, who were running endless manhunt attacks and roundups.
This tragedy lasted for 200 years |
850 |
From second half of 9 c. Kypchaks lived in steppes from Irtysh up to
borders of Khoresm |
870 |
In second half of 9 c. Arabian Tamim ibn Bahr Al-Mutavai
traveled to Tokuz-Oguzes through Kimak and Kypchak lands. His
description of travel , description of Türks were later used by others authors |
870 |
In second half of 9 c. Kimaks began drifting westwards. They
occupied lands of Bechens, whose. nucleus
were tribes of
Kangar (i.e. Kangals, Kangly, Kungurs, Kangars, Kangüys etc.) political union, in
formation of Bechen tribal
union participated, in addition to purely Türkic tribes, Sarmatian and
Finno-Ugrian tribes. Bechens lived by cattle breeding in a tribal society |
870 |
In second half of 9 c. Bechens' position worsened, their union
was defeated by alliance of Oguzes,
Kimaks and Karluks. Kimaks, together
with Oguzes, seized Bechen lands along Seyhun (Jaxartes, Yaxartes, Syr-Darya,
Syrdarya etc), and in
Aral area, began pasturing in Southern Ural. Under pressure of Kimaks, Bechens
from Aral moved to Lower Itil steppes, and from there to Don-Dniepr interfluvial, pushing
Hungarians westward |
880 |
In 880es Abu-l-Kasim
Ubaidullah ibn Abdallah ibn Hordadbeh, head of mail and intelligence service in Baghdad
Caliphate, wrote "Kitab Al-malik Al-masalik" ("Book of ways and
states") describing caravan road routes and distances
between locations, which contained information about Türks, including Kypchaks
and Kimaks |
890 |
Originally Kypchaks lived together with Kimaks, but for some reasons at
the end of 9 c. Kypchaks separated from Kimaks and stayed in western lands of Kaganate.
In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th
-
beginning of 9th c. lived in basin of Seyhun and
Aral area. Later Kypchaks drifted toward Urals.. In 7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak
culture was identical |
890 |
At the end of 9 c. in the south of Eastern European steppes formed new nomadic union
of Bechens. Byzantines called
them Patsinaks, Arabs
-
Badjnaks. Began formation of new political union of Bechen ethnos. Their
neighbors were stronger and better known people: Oguzes, Kypchaks, Magyars and
Khazar Kaganate. Using weakness of Khazar Kaganate, they moved through its
territory to the west |
890 |
Allied with Khazars Oguzes harassed Bechens, who at the end of 9-10 cc
hurriedly proceeded to the west. Bechens' migration was accompanied by
plundering and fires. Bechens stopped in Dnepro-Don interfluvial. Second branch
of Bechens stopped in foothills of N.Caucasus |
890 |
To pass from N.Aral steppes to Dnepro-Don interfluvial, Bechens had to cross
lands in multiple and fairly autonomous jurisdictions. Ibn Fadlan, who made a
similar trip during that period, gives a good picture of local conditions and
tiered allegiances. Bechens had to cross lands of their linguistic Oguz cousins,
Alans speaking mix Bechen (Badjanak in Al-Biruni) language with Horezmian,
Khazars speaking a dialect of Oguzo-Kipchak language, again Alans, and
Kara Bulgars in N. Caucasus steppes, and Majars (Magyars) in N. Azov Lebedia.
Leaving behind a branch that joined N.Caucasian Alans, Bechens wedged into Kara
Bulgaria that just split into autonomous Kara Bulgaria and incipient Rus. |
890 |
At the end of 9 c. in Aral and Caspian area formed Oguz state with center in
Yangikent. Part of Oguz tribes came there after
defeat by Yenisei Kyrgyzes of Uigur Kaganate Tokuz-Oguzes. In
9-10
cc. Oguzes were in alliance with Kimaks. Apparently, they occupied small part
near Caspian Sea, because Arab sources tell that
Kimak state covered from Irtysh to Caspian sea. In
Firdousi's "Shah-name" Caspian Sea is called Kimak Sea |
890 |
In Arabian sources of the end of 9th - beginnings of 10th centuries,
specifically in work of Al-Yakub, arrived a first mentioning of Kimak state.
Unlike rulers of Türkic Kaganates, Arabian sources call ruler of Kimak Kaganate
"Khakan". Khakan had 11 deputies. Power of Khakan and tribal Khans was
hereditary ( maybe Arabs meant "hereditary within a clan"?) |
890 |
Kimaks were organized as military democracy. Military commanders doubled as
provincial rulers. Provincial rulers had to furnish military contingents for armies
Khakan. 11 Khakan deputies indicate number of provinces
in the state. The excess of provincial rulers over the number of Khanlyks (there were seven
Khanlyks) shows that some Khanlyks had more than one provincial ruler |
890 |
Organization of Kimak Kaganate shows direct connection between state system of previous
Türkic states and Kimak Kaganate, indicating continuity
between them |
890 |
In Kimak state were 16 cities, 11 of them located
on r. Irtysh, Khakan's residence was in Imakia on Irtysh.
Its exact location is not known. Provincial governors with their courts and army lived
in other cities, fortified and surrounded with walls. Sources report about part
of taxes going to Khakan. Khakan had a state apparatus. Biggest constituent of Kimak Kaganate was
Kypchak Khanlyk |
890 |
By the end
of 10 c. Kimak central authority weakened, and Kypchaks gained
independence. They pushed aside all their neighbors and became owners of ancient
Kangüy. In Middle East Kypchak country began to be called Desht-i-Kypchak (Deshtikypchak) |
900 |
Arabian and Persian geographers, travelers and historians provide plenty
information about Kimaks, but mostly starting only
from 10 c.. T, Despite of remoteness of Caliphate and Persia, these authors
preserved
historical data about tribes, languages, economy of
Kimak Kaganate tribes. Most information is about Kypchaks, who were most numerous
after Kimaks. Muslim authors write much about Kypchaks |
900 |
Kimak federation occupied huge territory from Tobol and
Irtysh to Caspian Sea and Seyhun, from taiga to Kazakhstan semi-deserts. Borders of
Kimak state were naturally protected from enemies. Muslim authors draw northern border
of Kimak Kaganate near mythical country of Gog and magog (Yadjuj-Madjuj). Northern border of Kimak federation was Siberian taiga, eastern
was Altai mountains, southern
was
lifeless steppe Bet Pak. Therefore Kimaks lived peacefully |
900 |
Expanding geography of their settlement, Kimaks touched Karluks,
Oguzes and Kyrgyzes |
900 |
In 10 cc. Oguzes were allied with Kimaks |
900 |
Written and archeological sources show that in 10 c. Kimak economy was
semi-sedentary. Permanent settlements also existed. Kimaks left remains of irrigation
systems and ruins of castles |
900 |
Kimak farmers cultivated millet, barley, wheat, legumes, and even such labor
extensive culture as rice. Kimaks also raised grapes, were
beekeepers. Favorite animal of Kimak Kaganate population was horse. They were
used for riding and draught, in agriculture, horse
meat was considered best |
900 |
Kimak cities were mostly located along trading ways. Trade was mostly exchange,
farmers exchanged grain and flour for lambs and leather.
Also was active monetary trade |
900 |
Among crafts first was leather processing,
felt manufacturing, clothing and footwear, horse harnesses of leather and felt. Kimaks and other tribes
of Kaganate themselves
produced weapons, implements, agricultural tools. In
forest-steppe areas was widely spread woodwork. Of him{it} did{made}
Utensils, yurt details, etc. were made of wood. Iron was mined and processed. Gold and
silver were mined |
900 |
In the end of 9th
- beginning of
10th cc. began process of gradual migration of Mongol-speaking tribes toward west,
accompanied by replacement of Türks. In 200 years Mongols from
walkers, mainly forest hunters and horse-breeders became nomads and
cattlemen. They borrowed from Türks all types of steppe cattle, skill and
experience of nomads, and also mobile houses and other forms of material
culture steppe-dwellers, and retaining much of their previous settled life |
900 |
In Kimak Kaganate formed and lead active economic
life many Türkic tribes: Kimaks, Kypchaks, Bechens, Oguzes, a bigger
portion of whose population migrated to the west, beyond Yaik, beyond Itil, Don and
Dnepr, changing the ethnic map of Eastern Europe |
924 |
First intrusion of Kidans into Central Asian steppes began in 924,
it turned into a real catastrophe for Türks, and led to change of ethnic
map of Central Asia. Kidan's pressure
of 10-11
cc. caused flight of many Türkic-speaking tribal
associations and ethnic groups from borders of China to the west, and signal
advancement of ancient Mongol-speaking tribes from basin of r. Amur and
Manchuria to steppe spaces of Central Asia |
940 |
ca 940 Kimak Kaganate writing is indirectly described by Abu Dulaf: "They
have reeds with which they write". Were found bronze mirrors with inscriptions, dated
10th-11th c. |
950 |
By the middle of 10th c. Bechens occupied large
territory from Itil to Danube. Bechens played significant role in life of neighboring
peoples. Bechens helped in demise of Khazar Kaganate. Byzantium maneuvered to
collide Bechens with Rus. Bechens attacked Rus in 915, 920 and 968 |
950 |
Speculations (S.V.Kiselev) of possible penetration of Islam to
Kyrgyzes is improbable, since western neighbors of Kyrgyzes, i.e. Kimaks, Kypchaks,
Oguzes, Bechens, Karluks, etc., who were located closer to Muslim countries, during
that period still professed Tengrianism |
960 |
Karluks preserved their independence for 200 years, for long time resisted
Islam, but in 960 voluntary accepted Islamic religion, after which Karluks did
not have any relations with China |
966 |
Tatar tribes allied with empire Sun to fight against Kidans |
982 |
Written about 982 in
Persian language, anonymous geographical treatise "Hudud Al-alam min mashrik ila-l-magrib"
("Borders of world from east to west ") is a crucial source about ancient Türks, containing many
descriptions of Türks, and a whole chapter dedicated to Kimak Kaganate and social system
of Kimaks. V.V.Bartold was first who studied in detail that work |
982 |
In Kimak Kaganate Kimaks, Kypchaks, Oguzes, Bechens, Ugrs and
other peoples and ethnic groups lived peacefully. Kimak Kaganate
was prospering |
982 |
"Hudud it Al-ala" related Tatars directly with Tokuz-Oguzes |
984 |
Chinese had a habit to change monikers for peoples and tribes.
Chinese began to
call Tatars "Tszübu". Tatars' exoetnonim "Tatars" was also their
endoetnonim |
984 |
Tatar tribes alliance with empire Sun to fight against Kidans
did not help Tatars, and in 984-985 they sufferred defeat from Kidans |
985 |
In 985 Oguzes concluded alliance with Vladimir (Budimir) Svyatoslavich,
pra-pra-grandson of Lachyn (Rürik) |
990 |
At the end of 10 c. Karluks joined Karakhanid state.China
lost its positions in western lands, retaining only four fortresses:
Kucha, Karashar, Hotan and Kashgar. Almost nothing is in sources about relations between
Karluks and Kimaks, because their lands were separated by lifeless desert
Bet-Pak |
990 |
By end of 10 c. in Kimak Kaganate separate Khanlyks grew
stronger,
grew centrifugal forces, weakened central authority |
990 |
When started intensive migration of Kypchaks to the west,
Kypchaks crushed Oguz state. Northern branch of Oguzes left to Don-Dniepr
steppes, occupying lands where lived Bechens.
Oguzes entered into relations with Rus princedoms, where Oguz Türks were called
"Torks" |
995 |
In 990es Oguzes set off with Kiev Rus Prince Vladimir
Svyatoslavich to campaign against Itil Bulgaria, which at that time was still a strong state and Vladimir
alone, without
help of Türks, did not dare to attack her |
1000 |
Kimaks and Kypchaks pushed Oguzes to the south, Bechens to the
west, Karluks to the southeast, Ugrs to the north into Siberian taiga, and by
that they weakened also themselves |
1000 |
In 11th c. central authority in Kimak Kaganate
degraded. Khakan became only military leader of militia. There was no central
army. Each Khan also had small number of militia soldiers |
1000 |
From 11 c. Kypchaks and their descendants, Kypchaks and
Kumans, occupied huge open spaces of southern part of Eastern Europe. Arabian and Persian authors
call
these
territories " Desht-i-Kypchak" |
1010 |
From beginning of 11 c. Kypchak Khanlyk moved as a Horde to the
west, whole Khanlyk, occupying lands belonging earlier to Oguzes. After seizing
Oguz lands Kypchaks grew considerably stronger, Kimaks
became dependents of Kypchaks |
1010 |
Migration was not an ordinary pastoral coaching, but resolute invasion:
capture of richer pastures. Part of Kimaks remained in
ancient land,
in Irtysh, another part left with Kypchaks to the west |
1010 |
Significant mass of Kypchaks remained in Irtysh. Together with
Kimaks
they joined ancient population of Western
Siberia. Subsequently, they participated in forming of Siberian Tatars and other
Türkic peoples |
1010 |
Exist a myth that name Kypchak comes from color of their hair,
as though their hair was blond. Perhaps, some of their groups were blond-haired, but
mostly they were dark-haired (On one hand we have exoethnonyms coming from
blond: Kipchaks, Kukiji, Cumans, Falven, Falones, Val(e)we(n,) Phalagi, Sakaliba,
Khartesh, Ðlàvñi, Ðlàwñó, Ðlàuñi, Ðlàwci, Ðàlóñz(îk), Polovetsy, Polovtsy, see
Zakiev
M. Z. Sakaliba, on the other hand we have black-haired
antropology) |
1010 |
Western Kypchak subdivision of Kumans had endoethnonym "Sorochin" (i.e. Sary
Jin = Yellow Junes). (A fascinating fact should be noted that presence of
Sorochins/Saracens/Sarochinetses in E.Europe is evidenced in pre-Hunnic times) |
1010 |
In 11th-12th
cc. archeology are some clear differences between Kuman's and Kypchak's
funeral traditions |
1010 |
In 1010 Kidan army invaded Northwest Jety-Su, but was defeated |
1017 |
In 1017 Kidan army invaded Northwest Jety-Su, but was defeated |
1020 |
Kypchak Hordes followed path taken by Bechens under pressure of
Oguzes, and later under pressure of Kimaks and Kypchaks taken by Oguzes. Kypchak
crossed Itil, crossed Don, Dnestr, Dniepr, reached Danube. On the way Kypchaks
were joined by remains of Bechens and Oguzes |
1020 |
Kidan nomads occupied lands west of Irtysh. These
tribes in mass came to Kimak and Kypchak lands and played leading role in
demise of
their state |
1030 |
Approximately in 30es of 11 c. Persian author Baihani found Kypchaks on border of Khoresm, in
the middle of 11 c. eastern authors call Aral steppes not Oguzian, as
wrote their predecessors, but Kypchak's |
1030 |
In 30es of 11 c., because of coming of Kidans, Türkic-speaking
Kais, who lived near
Great Chinese wall, seized lands of Türkic-speaking Kuns. Kuns moved over to the
lands of Shars (Sary Kypchaks, i.e. Yellow Kipchaks), and Shars moved over to
the lands of Turkmens. Turkmens occupied the eastern lands of Oguzes, and Oguzes
displaced Bechens, who during that period already lived near Black Sea, and
settled on Bechens' lands |
1050 |
In middle of 11 c. of Kipchaks collided with Rus princes and
inflicted on them a few heavy defeats |
1050 |
Kypchak kurgans were built from stone or dirt tiled with rocks,
diseased was laid head to the east. Near the diseased was also buried
a horse or its effigy complete with legs.
Burials of Kumans acquired many funeral features of Bechens
and Oguzes. Became widespread ancient Kypchak tradition of building sanctuaries dedicated to male and female
ancestors
|
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari (1072 - 1074) notes linguistic affinity of Kimaks,
Oguzes and
other Türkic tribes |
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari noted that Kimaks and Kypchaks spoke same language.
Kypchaks did not identify themselves with Kimaks, but held Kimaks as separate
branch. Kypchak tribal structure was complex, it had 9 tribes |
1050 |
Mahmud Kashgari (1072 - 1074) lists Tatars among tribes
speaking in Türkic |
1050 |
Kimak Kaganate lasted to the middle of 11 c. Formation in 916
in Northern China of Mongol-speaking Kidan state Lyao pushed Central Asian
Mongol-speaking nomadic tribes to migrate. Kimak Kaganate fall was caused by external factor:
migration of Central Asian Mongol-speaking nomads |
1050 |
End of KIMAK KAGANATE
743 - 1050 A.D
Founder -
Area - |
1050 |
Following Kidans the Mongol-speaking Naimans in
11-12
cc. displaced from Altai and Upper Irtysh remains of Türkic-speaking Kimaks and Kypchaks.
Part
of Kimaks and Kypchaks migrated to
Western Siberia. Naimans destroyed Yenisei Kyrgyz State |
1050 |
In
11th-12th cc. Mongol-speaking Naiman tribe in its move to the west
displaced Kimaks-Kypchaks from Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh, from middle of 12th
c. almost in all territory of
modern Mongolia predominated Mongolian tribes |
1060 |
One of signs of common past in culture of Kyrgyzes, Orhon Türks and
Kimaks is Türkic (aka Türkic runic) alphabet that differ a little in different
regions |
1060 |
Ancient religion of Türks, Tengrianism, was common
religion, and it was closer to monotheistic religions |
1070 |
From 2nd half of 11th c. from historical sources ethnonym Kimak disappears.
It appeared suddenly in 9th
c. and suddenly
disappeared, sources are silent about where Kimaks left to, and why their name
was dropped off historical documents |
1100 |
In 12th c. Tatars for some time seized hegemony in steppes, and
all population from Great Chinese wall to taiga began to be called by term
"Tatars" |
1100 |
Chinese historians brought big mess in ethnonym "Tatars".
Unil
12th c. Chinese historians viewed Mongols as part of Tatars, contrariwise, in 13 c. Chinese
historiography viewed Tatars as part of Mongols. In 13 c.
names Tatars and Mongols became synonyms |
1100 |
Miriad of sculptures stood in 12th
-
beginning of 13th cc. in Lower Dniepr, on right
bank of Northern Donets and Don. Besides, they are found in N. Caucasus, between Don and
Itil. They were set facing east, passersby revered them, made offerings |
1100 |
Tribes that come from Kimak Kaganate lands constituted significant part of
Türkic state Kipchak Khanate population created by
Mongols |
1100 |
After demise of their states and some regress of traditional culture,
elements of shamanism began penetrating Türks |
1115 |
In 1115 defenseless Kuman settlements were ravaged by Vladimir Monomakh, and
Kumans ceased to be big threat for Rus princedoms, though the clashes
did not stop |
1200 |
Chinese historians divided Tatars into three groups: white Tatars, black
Tatars and wild Tatars.
White Tatars included Tatars proper, and Onguts (descendants of Shato), who lived
south of Gobi desert. They were civilized, wore silk clothes, ate from
porcelain with silver utensils, their leaders were literate and Confucius
teaching
Black Tatars, including Keraits, were nomadic cattlemen, they lived far from
cultural centers. They most valued independence. At nights they fenced
off from attacks by other tribes with a ring of coaches, with posted guards around
their stan. They despised and felt bad for white Tatars, because those sold
their freedom for silk cloth and alien fruits of civilization.Chinese held as wild Tatars hunters and fishers of Southern Siberia, who
did not recognize any authority, except for authority of their elders to whom
they submitted
voluntary. Famine and need constantly waited for them, but wild
Tatars despised work. They sympathized with black Tatars, who had to watch after
their cattle |
1220 |
Multitude of Kypchak hordes joined Mongolian army
in 20es-30es
of 13th c.. In Itil, Dniepr steppes they met their relatives, Kipchaks and
Kumans |
1293 |
End of KYRGYZ KAGANATE
ca 550 - 1293 A.D
Founder -
Area - borders: W - Abakan Ridge and Alatau, S - W. Sayan Ridge, E - probably
E.Sayan Ridge, N - to taiga and estuary of r. Angara
|
1312 |
From 1312 trade in Türkic slaves stopped, since Kipchak Khanate
Khan
Uzbek made Islam state religion, slavery was forbidden, and it was forbidden to
sell Moslems from Kipchak Khanate in markets of Muslim countries |
|
|