GOKTÜRK EMPIRE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area
- From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and
China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains
(Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
End
of WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420
- 552 A.D
Founder
- Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area
- Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern
Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan,
Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area -
3,500,000 Km2)
Discovered in Mongolia late in 20c inscription Var-guni (Bar-guni) mention European Avars. Majority of Avar time skeletons from Hungary are Mongoloids, Bayan was probably Mongolian word, evidence that Avars were Mongol Jujuns
Avarian embassy to Byzantium. Avars defeat Sabirs and Ants.
Avars led by Khan Bayan invaded N Caucasus and faced Byzantium's allies. In Byzantian sources first time they are mentioned
Avars show up on Danube.In Jan-Feb embassy of Kagan Bayan negociates in Constantinopole. Justinian hires them to guard agains "barbarians", the same Türkic nomadic hordes as Avars, who continued to erupt from N China.
Utugurs under Sandilch attack returning Kutugurs, and start a war. War weakens both peoples.
Kutugur Bulgars under Zabergan, with Avars, made a treaty with Sklavins(?), cross Danube on ice, raid Byzantine, in three directions. Via Macedonia to Ellada to Thermopile, to Thracian Chersones, under Zabergan through a break in Long Wall to Constantinop
Velizarius led defense and repulsed Kutugurs. Kutugurs remained in Thracia until paid off and received "gifts" on same conditions as Utugurs. Kutugurs leave Thracia.
After unsuccessful storm of Constantinopol Bulgars and Slavs were trapped. Byzantines cut their retreat. Justinian magnificiently spared them. Velizarius pushed them behind Long Wall. Zabergan retreated because Avars were coming fron east.
Avar Khaganate extended from Itil to mouth of Danube. Bulgars are split, with Kuturgur Huns (also listed are Onogundurs (10 Ogur Confederation), Hunnogurs, Sabirs belonging to Avar Khaganate, and Utugur Huns (30 Ogur) and Khazars loyal to W. Khaganate
Avars invaded land of Utigurs on east shore of Meotida. Utigurs recognized Avarian rule. Avars invaded Kutigurs. Kutigurs defeated and became Avarian vassals too. Bayan proclames himself Kagan.
Goktürkic ambassadors to Iran killed by Ephtalites on the road
Embassy from Kucha to Bay-Chjou
Avars captured Bessarabia, execute local ruler Mesamer
Sosroi Nushirvan crushes Sibirs
Last incursion by Kutigur Bulgars into Byzantium, stopped by Byzantium's instigating internecine wars between two most powerful branches, Kutigur (Kutrigur) and Utigur.
Second Avarian embassy to Byzantium
Avars came to Dobrudja and settle there
Persians defeat Ephtalites
Western Wey dynasty Bey-Chjou was of Syanbinian descent, and relying on support of Syanbinian elite transformed into large landlords. They assimilated and used Chinese language.
Goktürkic emissary in Constantinopole
Goktürkic armies, supported by Khosrov, attack Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed
Army service was made compulsory for simple people of Empire Wey, and two armies were organized. Army of nobles - fubin - was balanced by army of people. Fubin came from military organization of Syanbinian tribe Toba, who conquered Northern China in 4 c.
Service in army was mandatory for Syanbinian clansmen. In reward they received land parcels, and were released from any other obligations. Service was inherited, and with time soldiers become a privileged caste.
Initially army consisted exclusively of Syanbinians, but later it was supplemented by rich Chinese from Shansi and Shensi who accepted foreign dynasty after it adopted Chinese culture and language.
Avars under Khan Bayan (c. 565-602) subjugate Hunnugur and Sabir, and other Hunnic hordes, assimilating them under Avar Khaganate.
After defeat of their forces by Avars, Khazars took lead in Sabir-Khazar federation. Part of Sabirs move north, to Middle Itil region, among settled there Bulgarian tribes. Their main city Suvar is a great center of Itil Bulgaria.
Pannonia came under pressure from Avars, Lombardian new king, Alboin, found support from Constantinople less then he had hoped for.
Langobards destroys Gepidian Reign
Goktürkic Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history
Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Goktürk Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab
Between 566 and 571 Istemi Yabgu subjugated peoples Bandjar, Balandjar (Belendjer) and Khazar. Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars. Khazar influence increased as Khazars became Goktürks' closest allies and assistants.
Goktürks capture Bosphorus
Gepidic kingdom defeated by Avars
Avars ally with Longobards
Goktürk embassy to Sasanids, with a request for Silk Route transit trade through their territories is rejected
Sirs live in towns and have ports in Djurdjan, across Amu-Darya
Avars occupy Panonia
Lombardian King Alboin led a host of Lombards, Gepids, Sarmatians and other peoples (including Hunnic Bulgars, per Paul the Deacon) from Pannonia to Italy. Others, amongst them Bavarians, Saxons and Taifali, joined the invasion en route
As Lombardian King Alboin advanced, vacuum left behind them was filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs
Goktürk embassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians
Goktürks invade and conquer Sirs.
Zemarkh embassy to Goktürks, with five further embassies exchanged by 576
Goktürk war agains Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions
Kutugurs, as all people on Itil ruled by Goktürks, are encouraged by rise of Avars as alternative to Goktürk suzerainty.
Syanbinian Jujan horde keeps robbing neighbors. Language = Syanbinian Consider themselves to be ethnically Tobases.
Khazars are ruled by Western Goktürk Khaganate (570-659)
Goktürk rulers receive 100,000 pieces of silk tribute a year from China. Goktürks are the first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in East
572-591 Goktürks and Byzantines ally against Sassanians
Goktürks subjugate Utiguri until about 581.
Western Goktürk Khaganate's "Ulus" on lower Itil and Yaik
Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)
Peace between Bey-Tsi and Goktürks
Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou
Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara ChurinTürk (7) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603).
Uturgurs are allied with W. Goktürk Khaganate.
Alliance between Goktürks and Uturgurs
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Byzantine in Crimea and Panticapeum (Kerch) as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.
Utugurs under Khan Anagai, as auxiliaries of Goktürks, take Bospor. Utugurs remain on N. Caucasus from Dagestan to Derbent, under W. Goktürk Khaganate suzerainty
Goktürks establish Khazar Khanate.
Bulgars of lower Itil and Kuban are loyal to Goktürkish dynasty Ashina
Goktürks are on both sides of Kerch straight. Goktürkic army leader (Tma Tarkhan) on Taman peninsula, giving name to city Tmutarkhan
Goktürks invade Crimea
Slavs invade Ellada
Bysantium allies with Avars. Avars defeat Slavs, killing their Prince Davrit
Regions along lower Danube were in 6th and 7th centuries inhabited by Sclavinae, Antes, and Huns (probably Bulgarians). Moldavia and northeastern Muntenia were populated by Slavic tribe of Antes.
Avarian ultimatum by Kagan Bayan to sessede city Sirmiy. Tiberius refuses. Avars capture Sirmiy after a two tear siege
Presence in Istria of hostile to Bysantium Slavs and Avars. Avars were partly responsible for southward migration of Serbs and Croats
Slavic chieftain sacked Corinth
Avars conquered and plundered cities and strongholds in Hellas
Goktürks invade Lasica
Peace of Bay-djou with Kaganate
Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).
Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Cheronesus as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.
Goktürks at Chersonessus walls
581-584 Devastating raid of Slavs through Thrace, Macedonia and Ellada. Settlement of Slavs in Thrace
Khans Ashina are Türks and are" wolves". Syanbian quean describes her husband Shabolio as Wolf by his personality.
Chinese revolt against Syanbinian dynasty. New dynasty received name Suy. Sinadized Syanbinian elite survived.
Avar Khagan Bayan attacks Byzantium in Thrace.
Kuturgur Hun Bolgars settle in Bessarabia and Wallachia, from which they will move to Moesia under pressure from Magyars, and make it Bulgaria.
Hunnic Khan Zabergan (558?-582) dies, Gostun becomes Hunnic Khan ruling over Kutigurs.
Shetu Kagan appoints Gostun Kutigurian Khan
582
Goktürkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Goktürks
582 - 840 A.D
Founder -
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
582 - 659 A.D
Founder -
Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
582 - 602 Rule of Byzantine Emperor Maurice. First mention of Khazars in Byzantine annals, along with Bulgars and Barsils. Noted their coming from Bersilia, supposedly in Caspian steppe
Avar Khagan Bayan appointed Gostun as Kutriguri Khan (582-584 AD) (House Ermi) after Khan Zabergan's death in an invasion of Byzantium in northern Illyricum. Avars and Hunno-Bulgars attacked and seized Fortress of Sirmium on lower Sava River. Byzantium hastily concluded peace treaty with Avars, promising to give them an annual tribute of 80,000 gold coins
Avarian attack on Byzantium
Hunnic Khan Gostun (582-584) dies, Orchona (584-594) becomes regent of his nephew Kubrat
New Emperor recognizes queen Khan's wife as daughter, thus Shetu as son, thus recognizing previous traditions of trading with Goktürks as a form of paying tribute, and confirming privileges of Syanbinian elite. Shetu acknowledges vassalage to empire.
New Slav attack on Constantinople. Defeat and retreat
Avars and Slavs besieged Thessalonica
Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (Ün-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.
Byzantium peace with Avars
Shetu Khan (19) dies, Ün Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan) (16) (587-599) becomes Khan
China open markets for trade with Türks
582? Separation of Goktürkic Empire into East (Mongolia) and West (Turkestan) parts
W. Goktürk Khaganate campaign against Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars. Both Khazars and Bulgars are confederated (jointed voluntarily, not as conquered) into W. Goktürk Khaganate.
W. Goktürk Khaganate's Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth.
Invasion of Khazars, Greeks and Georgians to Agvania is repelled by Persians
Under dynasty Suy position of fubin worsened. Soldiers were moved from "military" lists to "Civil household lists", thus exemption from taxes ended. This was aimed against Syanbinian privileges left from Syanbinian overlordship.
Hunnic Regent Orchona (584-594) dies, Kubrat accends to Khanship (594-642).
Judging from some eparchial lists from end of 7-th or beginning of 8-th century, in 7-th century there was an Onogurian episcopate in Gothic eparchy. This attests early spread of Christianity among Onogurs
Theophanes Confessor and Constantinus Porphyrogeneus explicitly state that Bulgarians, settled on Balkans, had been called earlier Unogundurs
Byzantine patriarch Nicephorus calls ruler of Great Bulgaria khan Kubrat "ruler of Unogundurs"
Heir of throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs).
Kara Churin embassy to Constantinipole
Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) is killed, Kara Churin Türk (7) becomes Khan with title Boke Khan (599-604)
Chinese fight successfully in Ordos