Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) dies, Jangar (Tuli) (18) (600-609) assumes control of all Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, in vassalage of Chinese empire.
Byzantians defeat Avars
Th. Simokattes: Priskos, Byzantine general, defeated Avars in Banat and collected 9.000 prisoners, 3,000 Avars, 800 Slavs, 3,200 Gepidae, and 2,000 “barbarians”
Byzantium general Priscus defeats Avars. Bayan (c. 565-602) dies. Next Khan rules (602-630).
HAZAR
EMPIRE
602-1016
A.D
Founder
- no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf.
Area
- Hazars separated from Goktürks and formed a state from Caucasian
Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area
Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Kagan of partitioned Western Goktürk Kaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.
603 - 659 AD (582 - 659 AD)
Founder - Buri-Shad, title Jangar (Tuli) Khan (-608)
Area -
603 - 840 AD (582 - 840 AD)
Founder - Chulo (603 AD), title
Area -
Kushans rebel against Iran with help from Goktürks. Tocharistan separates from Iran
Rebellious Tele in basin of Selenga area pacified, but Djungaria and Tarim basin did not return to Eastern Goktürk Kaganate.
New Chinese dynasty treat carefully descendants of Tobases (Syanbinians). Assimilated Syanbinians live along Great Wall from Khebey to Chanan. There were many large landowners and professional military pushed from power by Chinese landowners who took power.
Kara Churin Türk Boke Khan (7) dies, Goktürk Kaganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Kagan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Kagan of Western Goktürk Kaganate (604-610).
Nominally Djungaria and basin of Tarim entered Western Goktürk Kaganate. However Kibi on northern slopes of East Tian-Shan and Seyanto on S. Slopes of Altain-Nuru crest fought western Goktürks for 2 years (605-606) and gained freedom.
Kidanes revolt against Goktürk suppression
New state was created in Djungaria, under Kibi leadership, with a vast territory and including settled population necessary for nomadic state, in oasises Karashar, Turfan and Khami. Kibi's Prince Gelen took title Mokhe-Khan.
Leader of Seyantos Ishibo subordinated to Gelen but retained control over his tribe. State was likely a tribal union.
Order about outlawing a free trade of Chinese with Goktürks
Wars between Tele and Goktürks of Western Kaganate end.
Troops of Empire Suy attack Togon and destroy it.
Jangar Khan (Tuli) (18) (-608) died, his son, Shad Dugi, becomes Kagan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate in vassalage of Empire Tang, under name Shibir (Shipi) Khan (25) (609-620).
Troops of Empire Suy attack Tele and Western Goktürk Kaganate
610-620 Avar Slavs raided Thessalia, Hellas, Aegean Islands, Achaia, and Epirus
Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.
Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Kagan of Western Goktürk Kaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611).
Tobases living along northern border of Western Wey stopped being Tobases long ago, but did not become Chinese yet. They are equally distanced from steppes and China, and equally close to both. Goktürks called them Tabgach.
In time of revolt Tabgaches participated because of warlike ancestry, but acted aimlessly, because lost organization and unity.
617(?) A defeat from Byzantines resulted in deterioration of situation for Avar’s Khakan. Alburi killed at court of Avar’s Khakan.
Shi Wey, along with Kidan, Togon and Gaochan submitted to Shibir Khan Kagan (25).
Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Kagan of Western Goktürk Kaganate (618-630).
Bu-Yurgan refused to be elected Baltavar, saying, that he will be a bolyar, i.e. a cleric. On his advice, Kara Bulgars elected Alburi’s senior son Kurbat a Baltavar
Kubrat allies with Byzantium against Avars.
Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Goktürk Kaganate.
Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.
Baptism of “Hunnish Khan“ in Constantinopole. Avars reach Constantinopole.
China breakes union with Goktürks. Capture of Khesi. Lyan Shi-du and Lyu U-Chjou invade N China with Goktürkic support
Shambat, younger brother of Baltavar Kubrat, on Kubrat order, builds in aul Askal on mountains Kuyantau city-fortress named Bashtu, present Kiev. Other names Askal, Kuk-Kuyan, Shambat, Kyi.
Shibir Kagan (25) (609-620) dies, Kat Il Khan (27) becomes Kagan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, free from vassalage of empire (620-630).
In 200 years descendants of Syanbinians assimilated in Tibet. Tsenpo was an inherited position, he received income from lands, taxes, tributes, confiscations and executions. But he could be dismissed at any time because he did not have support or real pow
Tibet army was under a special advisor. Tsenpo Nimry (570-620). In following history there is no Syanbinian role,
Avarian retreat from Constantinople
The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event
Union of Lu Shey-da with Goktürks
Several successfull uprisings of Slavic tribes against Avars are recorded, for example revolt of Vends in 623.
Avars reigned over a vast territory between Alps, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea
Shambat starts war against Avars, with Ulchis (Slavs) and Ugrs. Shambat captures Pannonia and calls his ulus Duloba (623-658). Baltavar Kubrat calls him Kyi (Separated).
Slavs attacked Crete
Byzantine authors recorded ethnic composition of Avar Empire as Avars, Gepids, and Slavs
Birth of Samo state, first political formation of Slavs, first mentioned in writing in 623. Samo state is organiized by Shambat, brother of Kurbat (Gr. Kubrat), who rebelled against authority of Kurbat.
Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Goktürkic Kaganate
(Onogur?) Bulgars live in Trans-Caucasus on right bank of Kuban' to Don Different fr and rival to Khazars
Avars controlled all Kuturgur Hun lands Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars did not participate in Khazars' war raids into Caucasus Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars guarded western border of Western Kaganate Uturgur (Onogur?) Bolgars are allied with Tele (Dulu).
W. Goktürk Kaganate campaign against Sasanian Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars
Khazars and (Onogur?) Bulgars confederated (voluntarily, not conquered) into W. Goktürk Kaganate. Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured we
Kubrat proclaims independence from W. Goktürk Kaganate and assumes title of Kagan.
While Heraclius with W. Goktürk Kaganates fights Persians in Caucasus, Persians with Avars attack Constantinople. Avars retreat with heavy losses and in disgrace. Kubrat suggests sucking Avar Kagan and replacing him. End of Avar-Persian union.
Khazars ally with Byzantine under Emperor Heraclius (626-630)
Li Shi-min coup. Peace with Goktürks at river Wey
Greeks and Goktürks seige Tbilisi
Avars suffered a crushing defeat at Constantinople in 626
Seyanto tribe and Djungaria left Western Goktürk Kaganate and joined Eastern Goktürk Kaganate Kat Il Khan
Cinese embassy to Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Kat Il Khan
Seyanto and Uigurs, both Tele tribes, help each other in Goktürk Kaganate. Seyanto's Inan and Uigur's Pusa support each other.
Series of revolts against Avars start among subjugated tribes. Uprising of western Slavs, led by Samo, a Frankish merchant, resulted in founding of a Slavic state on territory of present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Avars and Perians beseige Contantinopole
Khazars capture Tbilisi
Seyanto tribe with 70K yurts gains independence.
631 - 646 A.D
Founder - Ynan-erkin, title Jenchu-Bilge-Kagan (Pearly Wise Kagan)
Area - all lands and tribes of Eastern Türkic Kaganate. Parts of Kaganate territory are occupied by Tang (Tarim and Middle Asia), parts recognize nominal suzerainty of Tang (Uigurs) (two complementary maps are shown until Seyanto Kaganate map becomes available)
Chinese take fortress May in Ordos. Counterattack by Goktürks on all fronts. Srontsangambo enthroned in Tibet
Bulgars/Barsils are incorporated into elite of W. Goktürk Kaganate horde.
Great Bulgaria north of Black Sea under Kubrat (630-660)
End of rule of Khazars by Goktürk W Kaganate
Seyanto pursue Goktürk Chebi Khan who finds refuge in Altai valley with 30K army.
Avars treat Bulgars/Barsils badly as conquered people. Western Bulgars/Kuturgurs move to Bavaria, and are annihilated by Frankish king Dagober. Eastern Bulgars/Kuturgurs joint with Bulgars/Uturgur
Avar Kagan (602-630) dies. Next Khan rules (630-?).
Sibir-Khan (14) recognized independence of Bulgaria under Kubrat of Dulo dynasty, his nephew of feminine line.
Karluks rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Goktürk Kaganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).
Chinese Tang defeat Eastern Goktürkic and occupy Eastern Goktürkic Kaganate (Mongolia). Kat Il Khan (27) taken prisoner by Tang army, Eastern Goktürk Kaganate is ruled by Tang Empire for 50 years (630-682)
630-640 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin
Türks of Ordos become known as Gok Türks (Blue Türks), different from their northern neighbors - Tele
80 K Chinese living with Goktürks are captured
Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Kaganate (619-630), per Chinese chronicle Tangshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola and Aral Lake, to Iranians, and advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands good bow-shooters.
W. Goktürks invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Goktürks clear S Caucasus
Xuanzang visits court of W. Türk Kagan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul
Seyanto tribe keeps independence.
Seyanto allied with China = 70K wagons
Uigur leader Tumidu, heir of Pusa, defeated Seyantos and seized their ranges. Emperor Taitszun sent an embassy to Seyanto leader Inan and recognized him as Khan, as a counterweight to Uigurs. Uigurs subordinated and recognized new Khan.
Seyanto
state organized like Türk's. Khan's sons are Shads, leading Tolos (North)
(Western) and Tardush (South) (Eastern Wing). Army numbered 200K lances, smaller than was
1,000K of Gokürks' Shibir Khan.
Seyanto state successfully controlled all Türkic leaders except for Ordos Türks under Chinese protection. Some Ordos Türks move north into Seyanto state.
Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Goktürk Kaganate reunited.
New Seyanto state spread from Altai to Khingan and from Gobi desert to Baikal.
Kutugur's rebelion against Avars and defeat of Kutugurs by Avars
Shambat's (Samo) Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gain their independence from Franks and Avars. Shambat is Kurbat's younger brother, apparently in charge of western territories, western wing - Kotrags, Kuturgurs, from köturi (behind) meaning “to the west“,
Seyanto gave a blow from behind. Ashina Chuni, loyal to traditions of Eastern Kaganate, raised his army against Seyanto. He had 50K army without success.
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) is not trying to re-subjugate Bulgars
Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate
Kubrat unites Bulgar Kuturgur and Uturgur tribes and liberated from W. Goktürk Kaganate.
Kubrat organizes state, 2nd=kavkhan, 3rd=lchirguboyl ??
Seyanto tribe with 70K wagons keeps independence.
Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).
Kubrat escaped dominance of Goktürks and Khazars, by supporting Sibir-Khan in 630. He became independent, defeated Avars. Controlled near- Black Sea steppes
Kubrat sent embassy to Constantinople and received title of Patrician. Kubrat's Bulgaria joins Byzantium as Federatae. Byzantium becomes a bordering state with Khazaria of W. Goktürk Kaganate, controlling former Khazar territories.
In W Goktürk Kaganate nations that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Hun (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato
Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Goktürk Kaganate into 10-arrow Goktürks, of 5 right western wing On-shadapyt (Ch. Nushibi) Ezgil tribes and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince).
Bulgaria hostile with Khazars of W. Goktürk Kaganate on East, with Avars on West, with Byzantium on South.
NE of Western Goktürk Kaganate controlled by Tele Khan Tong Shad Yabgu, who attempts to unite W. and E. Goktürk Kaganates.
Seyanto ally with Gaochan in defense of Gaochan from aggression of Empire Tang. Gaochan is attacked and occupied.
Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) died, then (42), then cousin Bagadur, title = Irbis Yshbara Yabgu Khan (37) (639-641)
Capital of 'South Horde' at Chu & Ili
Türks in service of Tang Empire are moved to north bank of Huanhe and serve as a barrier against Seyanto.
Seyanto Khan Inan organized expedition against restored Goktürk vassal Kaganate on north bank of Huanhe. Seyanto army demolished 80%.
Kipchaks have 100K people, 40K army, 90 K horses
Irbis Yshbara Yabgu Khan executed (37), his brother Yugu-Ukuk (38) selected Khan of Western Goktürk Kaganate (641-651)
Kipchaks on Altai subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu
Alats (Ch. Boma) on Enisey subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu
First Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman
Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Goktürks of Irbis Dulu Khan
Seyanto Khan Inan died
Remains of Seyanto Horde loose to Empire Tang army and are dispersed. Uigurs fought Seyanto with Empire Tang and become loyal subjects and fight in all wars for Empire
Seyanto Khanate was destroyed by Empire Tang and their allies Uigurs, people were mercilessly wiped out. Remains of Seyanto dispersed by slopes of Beyshan, and joined Goktürks
631 - 646 A.D
Founder - Ynan-erkin, title Jenchu-Bilge-Kagan (Pearly Wise Kagan)
Area - all lands and tribes of Eastern Türkic Kaganate. Parts of Kaganate territory are occupied by Tang (Tarim and Middle Asia), parts recognize nominal suzerainty of Tang (Uigurs) (two complementary maps are shown until Seyanto Kaganate map becomes available)
Empire Tang breakes relations with W Goktürkic Kaganate
647 - 689 A.D
Founder -
Area -
Türk Chebi Khan horde is resettled in East Khanganate vacated by Seyanto