DF bitit- (written) Caus. f. of biti:- (write) ‘to have (something Acc.) written’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı Türkü Bilge: Xağan eli:ŋe: bithtdim ‘I had (this inscription) written for (i.e. addressed to) the realm of Türkü Bilge: Xagan’ T 58: Uyğ. vinflf. Bud. bitit- usually means ‘to have (a Buddhist scripture) written’ as an act of piety e.g. Suv. 447, 17 (biti:-); UII 38, 69, and 77; TT VII 40, 10; (any man who in order to seduce women) yirlap takšurup bitig bititser ‘sings, or composes verses, or has letters written’ (will be reborn blind) U III 75, 11: Xak. xı ol bitig bititti: aktaba'1-kiteb ‘he had a letter (book, etc.) written’ Kaš. II 298 (bititü:r, bititme:k); a.o.o.: xıv Muh. kattaba bitit- Mel. 41, 7; Rif. 131: Čağ. xv ff. bitit- (-tŋ yazdur- Vel. 134; bitit- (spelt) Caus. f.; nuwhanidan San. 143V. 15 (quotn.).

PUD bodut- (bodot-) (dyed) Caus. f. of 1 bodu:- (dye, color); ‘to have (something) dyed’. This is almost certainly the verb in PP 2, 4-5 which Pelliot transcribed butat- and derived fr. buti:- (prune); Pelliot’s translation, including a mistranscription of kars as karıš, is not plausible. Survives as boyat- in SE Turki Shaw, Jarring\ NC Kır. (boyot-); Kzx.; SC Uzb. (böyat-); and several NW and SW languages. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (some people spin wild hemp, wool, or hemp and) böz bodatip kars tokıyur 'have the thread (lit. ‘cloth’) dyed and weave garments’ PP 2, 4-5.

D budut- (freeze to death) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bu:d- (freeze to death); an earlier form of the Caus. f. than SW TTcm. buydur-, Xak. xı ol kišimi: tumluğka: buduttı: ahlaka'l-racul fi’l-bard tva tvacada’I--qurr hatte: mata ‘he killed the man in the cold, and (the man) experienced such cold (froze) that he died’ Kaš. II 302 (budutu:r, budutma:k; the initial seems to have been altered to y- (yudutu:r, yudutma:k) in the MS. by someone who supposed that the word was the Caus. f. of yo:d- (destroy, obliterate, wipe out, wipe off, remove), but such verbs with initial y- are listed in II 315 ff. and not in this section).

D bödüt-(to dance) Caus. f. of bödi:- (to dance); 'to make (someone Acc.) dance’. Survives only (?) in NW Kaz. blyit- R IV 1790. Xak. xx ol oğlını: bUdUtti: hamala ibtiahu 'ale'1-zafan fa-zafana // ‘he urged his son to dance, and so he danced’ Kaš. II 302 (bödütü:r, bödütme:k).
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D bedüttür- (increase) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of bedüt- (increase) and syn. w. it. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kop kögü-lin uluğ tap öritteči bedütttirdeči (spelt betüdtürtečŋ ‘arousing and increasing great desires with his whole mind’ TT IX 41-2 (meaning indicated by the Tokharian (Agnean ?) original, except that only one verb ‘arousing’ is in that text).

D batığ (sinking, deep) Dev. N./A. fr. bat-, lit. ‘the act of sinking’ w. various special applications. Survives at any rate in such words as NC Kır. batu: ‘the act of sinking; a hole, depression’ and SW Osm. batı ‘sunset, west’; but some words below and modem forms like SE Türki batuk ‘quagmire’, Shaw 40, and SW Osm. batik ‘sunk, sunken’ are prob. derived fr. the parallel Pass. Dev. N./A. batuk, and words like batak ‘morass’ are Sec. f.s of batğak, a Dev. N. first noted in Čağ., San. 119V. 16. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of evil beings) batığdakı ağuluğ lu:lar ‘poisonous dragons in the gorges (or swamps, etc.)’ TT VI 96-7: Xak. xı batığ ‘the gorge (al-ğamiq) of a river, etc.’ Kaš. I 371: KB (anything that rises must descend) ağıška eniš ol edizke batığ ‘a descent (follows) a rise, the sunken the high’ 1087; bilgi batığ ‘a man whose knowledge is profound (deep)’ 4704; 5713: xıv Muh. al-muğammasfVl-me’ (VU) batuk Mel. 83, 14; Rif. 189: Xwar. xııı (?) (this golden bow reached) kün tuğusıdın da kün batısıkača ‘from east to west’ Oğ. 318-19: xıv batığrak (of grief) ‘deeper’ Qutb 29: Kip. xıv batuk teyir yaqal lahu’l-ğattes ‘a bird called the diver’ İd. 28: xv ğatles batuk (pointed as baftuk) Tuh. 26b. 4.

bıdık (moustache) ‘moustache’. Survives in some NE and NW languages as mıyık; SW Az. bığ; Osm. bıyık; other languages use the Pe. l.-w. bürüt or Sec. f.s like murut/murt. Xak. xı bıdık al-sabala ‘moustache’ Kaš. I 377: xıv Muh. al-sibel biyi:k Mel. 47, 5; Rif 141: Čağ. xv ff. bığ (sic) bürüt San. I47r. 24; mığ bürüt, in Ar. sabalat do. 32r. 11: Kip. xııı al-šarîb ‘moustache’ bıyık (MS. yayık) Hou. 20, 8: xv al-šarib mıyık Kav. 60, 15; ditto bıyık Tuh. 20b. 5: Osm. xv ff. bıyık noted in several phr. TTS II 138; IV 101.

D butik (branch) Conc. N. fr. buti:- (prune); ‘the branch (of a tree, etc.’), with some extended meanings. For the vocalization see buti:- (prune); -ı- is not noted later than Xak. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes (b/p, t/d). See Doerfer II 779. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. butikin yulduzin (spelt budhihkim yuduzim) ‘with its branches and roots’ TT VIII K.ıo; ašok sögütnüg butıkı ‘the branch of an asoka tree’ U II 24, 3; o.o. Suv. 529, 7-9 (ulun); TT III 28, note 71,3: Civ. tit sögüt butıkı ‘the branches of a larch’ TT I 163-4; do. 165 (artuč): Xak. \\ XI butik al-ğušn ıva'l-šuba min hull šay' ‘a branch or twig of anything’; butik al-qirbatul--šağîra ‘as mall water-skin’ in the dialect of Kešğar: butik ‘a skin container (qirba) made from the skin of a horse’s leg and used for storing kumis (al-emiš), etc.’: butak also ‘a branch’ in one dialect; the te can carry either a fatha or a kasra Kaš. I 377 (verse containing buta:k); 6 o.o. of butik and 5 of butak: KB yadıUlı butik ‘its branches have sprend out’ 4892: xııı (?) Tef. budak ‘branch’ (and budaklı ‘having (many) branches’) 109: xıv Muh. (l) al-ğušn bu:ta:k Rif. 182 (only): Čağ. xv ff. budağ/budak sex-i diraxt ‘the branch of a tree’ San. 13ir. 27: Xwar. xııı budak ditto 'Ali 57: xıv butak ditto Qutb 39; MAT 133: Kom. xıv ditto butak CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-far' ‘branch’ bu:ta:k (and see čıbık) Hou. 7, 11: xıv budak al-ğušn; and some of them turn the -d- into -f- Id. 29; reverse entry do. 33; al-ğušn bufak Bui. 3, 13: xv fire’u'l-šacar bufak Kav. 59, č;ğušn bufak Tuh. 26b. 5; budak al-ğušn (in margin in second hand, cf. butı:-) do. 30a. 5: Osm. XIV ff. budak ‘branch’; c.i.a.p.; occasionally butak fr. xv onwards TTS I 119; II 171; III 113; IV 127.
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D boduğ (? bodoğ) (dye, color) Conc. N. fr. 1 bodu:- (dye, color); ‘dye’, sometimes more specifically ‘hair dye’, or more generally ‘a bright colour’. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as boyağ, boyaw, or boya. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. boduğ ‘dye’ II II 16, 13: Xak. xı boduğ al-xideb ‘ (haiŋ dye’ Kaš. II 11, 3 (kus- (vomit)); 304, 23; laıvnu'l-dîbec ‘the colour of the brocade’ I 175, r (og-); n.m.e.: KB sözi kör čeček teg tümen tü boduğ ‘his words are like flowers with their innumerable colours’ 452; o.o. 1399, 1957 (tutun-), 4885: Čağ. xv ff. boyağ/boyak rang-i šabbeği ‘a dyer’s colour’ San. 142V. 14: Kom. xıv ‘dye’ boyow (?) CCG-, boya CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šibğ... wa huiva'l-fuwiva ‘dye’... that is ‘madder’ bo:ya: Hou. 24, 6; 31, 8: xv (in a list of Dev. N.s) boyaw fr. boya- Tuh. 84a. 4: Osm. xv boyağ ‘dye’ in one text TTS II 163.

E botuk See botu:. (camel colt) (Goth. ulbandus, OHG. olbanta, OE. olfend “camel”)

?F batğa: (document, tablet, board) (board) Hap. leg.; prob. l.-w. fr. Syriac petqa/petqa which is a l.-w. fr. Greek pittakion, originally ‘a board, or writing tablet’, hence more generally ‘a document’. Cf. betkeči: betke:či: (scribe, secretary) Xak. xı batğa: ‘the board (al-latvh) on which felt and goat’s hair fabric for caps is cut out’ Kaš. I 424.

D batığlık (lavatory, morass, bog) A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. batığ; ‘a lavatory’ or the like. Pec. to Uyğ.; not the original form of SW Osin, bataklık ‘morass, bog’ which is an A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. batak (batğak). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit varcahumbhtkd ‘a lavatory jug’ batığlıkta:kı (spelt pa-) küzeč TT VIII C.io; (in a list of parts of a house) yılkıka atlık kišike batığlık ‘a stable for the livestock and a lavatory for the people (in the house)’ TT VI 87.

D boduğluğ (dyed, colored) P.N./A. fr. boduğ; ‘dyed, coloured’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. boduğluğ kereze ton kedip ‘wearing a dyed monk’s robe (l.-w.)’ USp. 105, 10.

D butıkla:- (prune) Den. V. fr. butik; ‘to prune (a tree Acc.)' and other cognate meanings. This must have been the original form of this verb, but in the MS. a fatha has been marked on the te of this verb and the Uefl. f. in addition to the original kasra. S.i.s.m.l. as butakla:-, budakla-, and the like. Xak. xı ol yığa:čığ butikla:di: qata'a ağšena ’l-šacara ‘he cut branches off the tree’; the more correct form (ıca'1-ašahh) is butı:dı: Kaš. III 336 (butik-la:r, butikla:ma:k).

D butıklan- (branch) Refl. f. of butıkla:-; (of a tree, river, etc.) ‘to form branches’. S.i.s.m.l. as that verb, q.v. Xak. xı yığa:č butıklandı: ‘the tree grew branches’ (barhamat); and one says suv butıklandı: šera'l-ma a'ded ‘the (running) water became separate streams (branched)’; the origin is the word butik ğušnu'l-šacara Kaš. II 264 (butıklanu:r, butıklanma:k; doubly vocalized everywhere, see butıkla:-): KB tuğardın butıklandı (sic in Fergana MS., others butaklandi) ot teg yalın ‘the light branched out from the sunrise like a fire’ 3839; a.o. 5679: xııı (?) Tef. budaklan- ‘to form branches’ 109.

D bedük (big, great (physically)) N./A.S. fr. bedü:- (grow); ‘big, great’; practically syn. w. uluğ, q.v. If there is any difference between the meanings of the two words, it is perhaps that bedük was originally ‘physically big’, while uluğ was ‘great’ in a wider sense. S.i.a.m.l.g., in some with considerable phonetic changes, e.g. NE pedik/ pi:k/müzük; NC, NW blylk; SW Az. böyük, Osm. büyük; in some NE, NC, NW languages meaning rather ‘high, tali’ than ‘big, great’. Türkü vııı tokuz oğuz (PU) ctig yağı: ermiš bedük ermiš ‘the Tokkuz Oğuz and (PU) Etig were hostile and numerous (? , or powerful)’ Ongin e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (then if the divine power becomes food and drink for the man and woman) küčlüg bedük bolur 'they become strong and big’ (and have children) MI 16, 3-4: Man. (trees and shrubs become) küčlüg köp bedük Wind. 20: Bud. bedük bergen katığ kağalın tokıp emgetip ‘striking and torturing them with great whips and tough willow rods’ TT IV 10, 7; o.o. of bedük berge Stw. 5, 23; 7', 21; v. 1. Coq, Chuastuanift, Berlin, 1911, 27, 4; kap kara uluğ bedük tağ teg ‘like a pitch black, ereat, big mountain’ UIV 8, 10; similar phr. do. 40, 164-5; U IT 26, 18; bay bedük \303\ bayağut erdi ‘he was a rich and great merchant’ USp. 102b. 7-8: Civ. (in a list) bir bedük bir kičig (so read) iki ešlč ‘two cooking pots, one big, one small’ USp. 55, 25: Xak. xı bedük ‘big’ (al-kabiŋ of anything; one says bedük tevey ‘a big camel’ Kaš. I 385; five o.o. of bedük, one, I 94, 3 of be:dük (the spelling with -d- is deliberate, see bedüt- (increase)): KB bedük (sic) is common, both in a concrete sense, e.g. bedük bir bičekig ‘a big knife’, and an abstract, e.g. atı bedük ‘his reputation is great’ 58; o.o. 152, 278, 420, 672 (öktem), 21 18 (uluğsığ): xııı (?) Tef. büyük (and büdrük) ‘big’ (e.g. of a tent pole) 113: Čağ. xv ff. beylk büyük/ Vcl. 134; b^yik (? or blyik) buland tva buzurg ‘tall, big’ San. 150V. 3 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) bedük, bedik, once bidlk (physically) ‘big’ is common in Oğ.: xıv bedük ‘big, high’; (of voice) ‘loud’ Qntb 29; Nahc. 128, 3: Kom. xıv ‘high’ beyik CCG; Gr. 54 (quotn.); ‘thick, obese’ baxec CCI; Gr. also belongs here?: Kip. xv 'ali ‘high, tall’ (yüksek and) büyük Kav. 36, 8; 'eli biyik Tuh. 24b. 2; 73b. 13.
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DF bitig (written (inscription, book, letter, document,, contract)) Conc. N. fr. biti:- (write); a general word for anything written, ‘inscription, book, letter, document’, etc. Survives only (?) in SE Türki pitik Shaw, pütük BŠ (Jarring pütüš) and NW Kar. L., T., Knm bitik; biti/bitik are listed in xix Osm. dicts, as ‘Old Turkish’. See Doerfer II 717. Türkü vııı bitig ‘inscription’, and bitig taš ‘memorial stone’ occur several times in/and II, Ix. 28 and Ongin: vııı ff. bu irk biti:g ‘this book of omens’ IrkB, Postscript; Tun. III a. 2-4 (tamğa:lığ): Uyğ. vııı bitig ‘inscription’ several occurrences in Šu.: vııı ff. Man. nom bitig ‘a (Manichaean) scripture’ MI 25, 10: Bud. nom bitig ‘a (Buddhist) scripture’ TT IV 14, 68; this phr. and bitig, same meaning, are common in TT vı and vıı: Civ. bitig is the standard term for ‘document, contract’ in USp.; kišim (PU) Šılagka bitig kodtim ‘I have made (this) will in favour of my wife Šılaŋ (?)’ 78, 4: Xak. xı bitig al-kiteb ‘anything written (book, letter, etc.)’: bitig alkiteba ‘handwriting’; also a Dev. N. (al-mašdaŋ; hence one says anıg bitiği: belgü:-lüg kitebatuhu zehira ‘his handwriting is clear’ Kaš. I 384; and about 40 o.o.: biti: al-kiteb mina’l-kutubi’l-nmnzala mina’1-same’ ‘a revealed scripture’ III 217 (not a Xak. form, possibly dialect): KB (a wise man) özi bardı kodtı bizirje bitig ‘has gone himself, but has left his will for us’ 755; (the good vezir must understand) bu törlüg bitig ‘documents of this kind’ 2218; o.o. 258, 4048 (ağııčı:): xııı (?) Tef. bitig translates al-kiteb in the particular sense of ‘holy book, scripture’ 104: Čağ. xv ff. bitik (‘with -k’) maktub ‘letter’, etc. Vel. 135 (quotns. adding ‘also a plant growing out of the ground’; San. 150V. 7 (s.v. biyik (bedük)) points out that this is an error arising fr. a misreading of blyik); bitik (spelt) makttlb wa nuwišta ‘letter, something written’ (quotn.), adding that the word in this sense is included as Pe. in two Pe. dicts. San. 143V. 19; Oğuz xı bitig al-’üda ‘amulet, charm’ Kaš. I 384; a.o. III 164, ı (kowuč): Xwar.xııı biti: ‘letter’, etc. ’ Ali 51: xıv bitig ditto Qutb 34: Kom. xıv bitik ‘book, register’ CCI, CCG\ Gr. el(q.v.; quotns.): Kip. xııı al-kiteb bitig Hou. 23, 7; 50, 19: xıv biti:/ bitig al-kiteb, ‘the (word with) final -g is the original form, later it was turned into -i:’ td. 28: xv katabtu l-kiteb bitigni yazdum Kav. 31, 8: kiteb bitig (tua kebln) Tuh. 31a. 3 (kebin is otherwise unknown, Atalay translates bitig (a) kitap; (b) kefin ‘shroud’; (c) mihir ‘dowry’, which suggests that he took kebin to be a corruption of kefin, but there does not seem to be any justification for the last two translations. Nabet ‘plant’ bitig do. 36a. 5 and bitig Dev. N. fr. bitti do. 84b. 2 is obviously a different word. There is no etymological objection to a Dev. N. fr. bit- (büt-) meaning ‘plant’ in Kip. but the word is otherwise recorded only in Vel. where it is an error): Osm. xıv bitig; xıv to xvııı biti usually ‘a letter’, sometimes more generally ‘written document’; in xıv and xv also in the special sense of ‘an obituary, the record of a man’s deeds compiled during his lifetime and published on his death’ TTS 1 109; II 155; III 105; IV 115.

D bödi:g (dance) N.Ac. fr. bödi:-; ‘a dance’. The only certain survival is NC Kır. bly; Kzx. bl, but NE Tuv. devig ‘dance’ Pal. 138 is perhaps a metathesized form. Xak. xı bödig al-zafn wa'l-raqs ‘a dance’ Kaš. I 412 (the -djs deliberate, see bödi:-); a.o. bödi:g (sic) al-raqš III 259, 19.

D bütgü: (excrement, feces) Dev. N. fr. büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen) (butt); n.o.a.b. In Xak. obviously an euphemism. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (a particular kind of vessel) tatığlar bütgüke tayağı tĞtir ‘it is called a support (ending) for the preparation of (or the man who prepares?) delicacies’ TT I 191-2: Xak. xı bütgü: al-ğe'if ‘excrement’; this word is used only for addressing children in a special meaning (xeššata (n)); one says bütgü: ba:rmu: a bi-ka ğe'it am le ‘do you want to defecate or not?’ Kaš. I 430.

D bütgür- (outstanding, ending, starting, to complete, grow, treat, cure, make, finish, produce, conceal (cover), fulfil) Caus. f. of büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen). N.o.a.b.; the normal Caus. f. of büt- is bütür-, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bu yılda [kal]ğan urubnı bütgerdimiz ‘this year we have paid the outstanding taxes (l.-w. Ar. rub' ‘a quarter’)’ USp. 22, 53-5 (as corrected in Arat, Uygurca Yastlar Arasında, Istanbul, 1957); küz yağıda yeti tag kebez bütgürürmen ‘I will deliver seven taŋ (see 6 taŋ) of cotton seed on the first day (start) of autumn’ do. 70, e: Čağ’ xv ff. bütker- (-ü, etc.; ‘with -k-’) bitür-, tamem et- ‘to complete’; ört-, satr et-... parda püšluk ma'nesına ‘to cover, conceal’, in the sense of covering with a curtain Vel. 145 (quotns.); bütker- (1) rüyenidan ‘to cause to grow’; (2) iltiyem dadan ‘to treat, cure’; (3) saxtan wa ancüm kardan ‘to make, finish’; (4) ba-'amal awardan ‘to produce’; (5) puje-nidan ‘to conceal’ San. i2qr. 12 (quotns.); \304\ bitkür- () Caus. f.; the first four meanings, similarly phrased; duplicate (muredif) of bütker- do. i43r. 9 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv bitgür- ‘to fulfil (a request)’ Qutb 34.
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DF biti:gü: (scribe, secretary) Conc. N. fr. biti:- (write); survives only (P) in SE Turki pütkü ‘document, nominal roll’ BŠ 132. Xak. xı biti:gü: al-datedtul-turkiya ıva ğayruhe ‘the Turkish ink-pot and the like’ Kaš. III 174.

PU ?F 1 bütü:ge: (egg-plant, gizzard) this seems to be the only Turkish word for ‘egg-plant’ which is not certainly a l.-w. All modern Turkish languages use some form of the Pe. word, sometimes in its form as a l.-w. in Russian baklazhan, except SE Türki which has čeyze a corruption of Chinese chia-tzü. This suggests that this word, too, is a l.-w., prob. Iranian. The use of büta in the translation in San. suggests that the author held this view. The Kip. meaning, which prob. represents a different word, survives in NW Kaz. büteke/bütege ‘bird’s gizzard’ R IV 1898. Xak. xı bütü:ge: al-bedincen ‘egg-plant’ Kaš. I 447: Čağ. xv ff. bütege (spelt) ‘the name of a kind of plant (giydlt) which grows in clumps (biita biita) in the plains’ San. 13OV. 6: Kip. xv qanisa ‘a bird’s gizzard’ bütege Tuh. 29a. 9.

Considering that Indo-Aryans migrated from the Eastern Europe belt north of the steppe belt, the chances for them to cultivate a southern egg-plant plant are nil, thus the Pe. word must be a loanword from a more southern language, i.e. Clauson's assertion on the origin of the Türkic patlajan and baklajan rings hollow. Rather, the assertion must go in reverse, the Indo-Aryans learned the name while crossing the steppe belt of the genetically R1b Kurgans of the Timber Grave Kurgan culture. As in all other such assertions, the problem rests in faulty premises taken dogmatically.

2 bütü:ge: (gizzard) The Kip. meaning, which prob. represents a different word, survives in NW Kaz. büteke/bütege ‘bird’s gizzard’ R IV 1898. Kip. xv qanisa ‘a bird’s gizzard’ bütege Tuh. 29a. 9.

DF bitigči: etc. Preliminary note. Three records all meaning ‘scribe, secretary’, and the like, bitigči:, bitke:či:, and bitigü:či: must be carefully distinguished, since etymologically they are quite distinct. Only the last still survives.

DF bitigči: (scribe, secretary) N.Ag. fr. bitig (written (inscription, book, letter, document,, contract)); ‘scribe, secretary’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB ağıčı bitigči ye İš tutğučı ‘treasurer, secretary, or controller’ 2494: xııı (?) Tef. bitigči ‘scribe’ 105: xiv. Muh. ketib ‘scribe’ bitigči: Mel. 58, 9; Rif. 187: Čağ. xv ff. bitikči mmisanda ‘a writer’ San. jr. 17: Xwar. xıv bitigči ‘scribe’ Qutb 34: Kip. xııı al-ketib bitigči: (? ; MS -c-) Iiou. 23, 7; bitikči: (with -č-) do. 50, 19: Osm. xıv bitikči ‘scribe’ in one text TTS III 106.

DF betke:či: (scribe, secretary) it seems to be certain that this has no connection with biti:- (write) but is a N. Ag. fr. a Syriac l.-w., see batğa:, which was no doubt a Manichaean introduction. Türkü vııı ff. yagı:lma:z betke:či: ‘a scribe who makes no mistakes’ Tun. Ilia. 10 (ETY II 95); a.o. do. b. 2-3; be:tğeči: Tun. IV 10-11 (isi:z): Man. betigeči oğlan ‘an apprentice scribe’ M III 14, 6-7 (iv): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man,-A M I 28, 19 (ağduk); o.o. do. I 21, title; III 43, 13: Bud. b^tkeči körümči, scribes and soothsayers’ TT VI264 (and see note thereon); o.o. USp. 102b. 28, and as a title in a list of P.N.s Pfahl. 12, 19-20; Civ. (in a similar list) b^tkeči (PU) Kotsu USp. 74, 19.

DF bitigüči: (bitigü:či:. biti:gü:či:) (scribe, secretary) N.Ag. fr. biti:gü: (document); ‘scribe, secretary’. Survives only (?) in SE Türki pitküči Shatv, pütküčl ÜŠ. Uyğ. vııı (we assembled at the Tayğan lake) bldigü:či: (sic, quite clearly) er anta: ıt[tım] ‘I sent a secretary from there’ Šu. S 3: vııı ff. bitigüči occurs as a v.l. for b^tkečl in some MSS. TT VI 264: Čağ. xv ff. bitküci/bttiküči (‘with -k-’) yazıcı ‘scribe’ Vel. 135.

D bedüklük (bigness, greatness) A.N. fr. bedük; ‘greatness, bigness’. Survives in the same languages and with the same phonetic changes as bedük except in NF. Xak. xı KB uluğluk saga ol bedüklük saija ‘might and greatness belong to Thee (oh God!)’ 7; o.o. 154, 941, etc.: xııı (?) 7V/. büyükük ‘the height (or size ?, of a wall)’ 113: Kom. xıv ‘height’ beyiklik CCI\ Gr.

D bitiglig (written, inscribed) P.N./A. fr. bitig (written (inscription, book, letter, document,, contract)); survives only (?) in SW Türki pltigllk (tur-) ‘ (to be) written’ Jarring. Xak. xı (after bitiglik) and with final -g šehibuhıı ‘the owner (of writing material)’ Kaš. I 508; bitiglig er ‘a man who owns a written document (ruq'a)' do. 511, 19: Xlll (?) Tef. bitiglig (1) ‘written’ (in a book); (2) (of the bezel of a ring) ‘inscribed’ 104: Čağ. xv ff. bitiklik (‘with -k- -k’) yazılmıš ‘written (matter) ’ Vel. 136; bitiklik maktiib tva nmvišta šııda ‘written’ (quotn.); ‘in this passage bitiklik is the equivalent (muredif) of bitilgen and bitilmiš’ San. 8r. 28.

DF bitiglik (writing medium (paper, cloth, wall)) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. bitig (written (inscription, book, letter, document,, contract)). Xak. xı bitiglik ne:g šay' yu'add li-yuktab 'alayhi ‘something prepared to be written on’ (i.e. writing paper, etc.) Kaš. I 508.

D bütgüsüz (atomized, fragmentized) Priv. N./A. fr. bütgü: (excrement, feces); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if you want a simile; if men want gold ore, and search everywhere and find it, they break it into small pieces — small gap) bütgüsüz kavıšğusuz kılıp (and then at the appropriate moment smelt it) Suv. 71, 12-16; the meaning must be something like ‘making it (material) completely amorphous’.

D bedükle:- (big) Den. V. fr. bedük; ‘to be, or become, big; to consider to be big’, etc. Survives in much the same languages and with the same phonetic changes as bedüklük. Xak. xı ol meni: bedükle:di: 'addani kabir ‘he thought that I was big’ Kaš. III 340 (bedükle:r, bedükle:me:k; the -d- is deliberate, see bedüt- (increase)): Xwar. xııı (?) (forty days after he was born) bedükledi yürldi oynadı ‘he grew big, walked, and played’ Oğ. 12.

D bedüklentür- (big) Caus. f. of the Refl. f. of bedükle:- (big); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (it is called the moon (month) which shines) l ığačığ kamšatığlı bedüklentürüŋll ‘in order to shake the bushes and trees and make them grow’ Wind. 16-17.

VU butlu: (nose peg) ‘a camel’s nose peg’; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı butlu: xašdš anfi'l-ba'tr ‘a camel’s \\ nose peg' Kaš. I 430: Oğuz (?) Kaš. II 16, 27 (tak-; the word is here translated al-ıvarš, which has no appropriate meaning and is perhaps a scribal error for al-xašeš).
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D bo:dluğ (stature, tall, bodilness, corporal) P.N./A. fr. 1 bo:d (body, clan, stature, height (body)); usually with preceding Adj. ‘having a (tall, short, etc.) stature’; if by itself, ‘tall’. S.i.m.m.l.g. usually as boylı/boylu:. Türkü vııı altu:n bodlu:ğ (mis-spelt bodllğ) buğra:lık yara:ğay ‘the golden-bodied camel stud will flourish’ IrkB 5 : Xak. xı III 1 zi, 10 (bo:d); 138, 19 (1 sı:n); *56, 23 (ta:D; n.m.c.: xııı (?) Tef. boy ‘stature’ 10e: Čağ. xv ff. boyluğ/boyluk the Suffix -lığ/-lık/-Hg/-Hk is/in Adjectival and Possessive Suff. as in the pnr. sarw boyluğ sartv qamat ‘with a figure like a poplar’ San. 142V. 23 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv uzun bodluğ ‘tall’ Qutb 35; Nahc. 102, 6; orta bodluğ ‘of medium height’ do. 22, 15: Kip. xv al-raculu'l--mu tadilu’l-qama ‘a man of medium height’ orfa bo:li: (sic) Kav. 59, 17.

D butluğ P.N./A. fr. 1 bu:t (leg, thigh); ‘having legs, thighs’, etc. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (if we have injured two-legged human beings or) tört butluğ tınlığka ‘four-footed animals’ Chuas. 81; a.o. M III 38, 12 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT IX 85 (2 ağu): Bud. kamağ iki butluğ yalamuklar ‘all two-legged men’ USp. 102, 25-e: Xak. xı Kaš. I 126, 9 (adri:).

D batıl- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of bat-; irregular since bat- is Intrans. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. toz toprakka batılıp ‘being submerged in the dust (Hcnd.)’ TT III 27.

DF bitil- (written) Pass. f. of biti:- (write); ‘to be written’. Survives only (?) in SE Türki pütül- BŠ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bitilmiš boldı ‘it was written’ M I 25, 4 and 7: Civ. bitildi USp. 118, 2: Xak. xı bitiğ bitildi: kutiba'l-kiteb ‘the book (etc.) was written’ Kaš. II 119 (bitilü:r, bitilme:k); bu: er sü:ke: bitilge:n ‘this man’s name is constantly being written (yuktab) in the army (registeŋ’ I 521; o.o. II 139, 10; 160, 13: xııı (?) At. tar erse kerj erse bitildi rüzuŋ ‘your fortune (Pe. nizŋ whether it is straitened or comfortable has been written (in the book of fate)’ 315; Tef. bitil- ‘to be written down’ 105: Čağ. xv ff. bitil- (-dŋ yazıl- Vel. 136 (adding ‘also in the same sense as bit-, of grass “to grow out out the ground”, etc. (quotn.)’; in San. 348r. 24 (s.v. yĞtil-) it is pointed out that this is an error arising fr. n misreading of yetil-); bitil- nmvišta pıdan ‘to be written’ 143V. 18 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) bitilmiš erdi kim ‘it was written that’ Oğ. 105-e: xıv ditto Qutb 34; MN 78.

D 1 bodul- (? bodol-) Pass. f. of 1 bodu:- (dye, color); ‘to be dyed, stained’, etc. S.i.s.m.l., usually as boyal-. Xak. xı KB (when a fighting man sees the enemy, his face flushes) karıšsa bodulur kızıl ham yağız ‘when he enters the battle he is stained red (with blood) and brown (with dust)’ 2384.

VUD 2 bodul- Pass. f. of 2 bodu:-; ‘to be fastened, or attached to (something Dat.)', usually metaph. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 52 (il-): Bud. merisine bodulmıš kiši men ‘I am a man attached to the pleasures (of this world)’ Hüen-ts. 290-1; sansarka yeme illnmez nırvanka yeme bodulmaz ‘he is neither involved in samsera nor attached to nirvana’ Suv. 373, 14-15; o.o. do. 102, 19-20; Hüen-ts. 2121, etc.

D batla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 2 bat; the modern NW, SW verb patla- (burst, crack) ‘to burst, crack’, etc. is a Den. V. fr. 1 bat, but does not seem to be an ancient word. Xak. xı ol bö:zni: batla:di: tacara'1-kirbes bi’l-tacir ‘he dressed the linen with the thick juice of pressed dates’ Kaš. III 291 (batla:r, batla:ma:k).

D bitle:- Den. V. fr. bit; ‘to delouse’. S.i.s.m.l. w. minor phonetic changes. Xak. xı er bit bitle:di: talaba'l-raculu l-qaml ‘the man hunted for lice’ Kaš. III 291 (bitle:r, bitle:me:k): xıv Muh. (?) fale ra’sahu ‘he deloused his head’ Rif. 113 (only, spelt biti:le:-)\ Kip. xııı falla min tafliyati'l-qaml bitle:- Hou. 42, 19: xıv bitle- fale Id. 28: ditto Tuh. 28b. 2.

D butla:- Hap. leg. (?); Den. V. fr. 1 bu:t (leg, thigh). Xak. xı ıt erig butla:dı: ‘the dog bit ('adda) the man’s leg (saq)’; also used when one man hits another on the leg Kaš. III 291 (butla:r, butla:ma:k).

D botu:la:- (? boto:la:-) (parturition, родить (camel colt)) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. botu: (camel colt); ‘to give birth to a foal’. Türkü vııı ff. ürü:ŋ ingeni: botu:la:mi:š ‘his white she-camel had given birth to a foal’ IrkB 5.

D batım (deep) Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. bat- (dip, bathe). Türkü vııı sügü:g batımı: karığ söküpen ‘forcing our way through snow as deep as (the length of) a lance’ IE 35; IIE 26-7.

PUF bitmül (pepper) one of several words for ‘long pepper’ going back ultimately to Sanskrit pippala, which survived almost unchanged in bibli: (ppipli:), q.v. There is an intermediate form PU pitpiti in Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. HI 7, 15, 35, 159, which is probably taken fr. some Iranian form of the word lying behind Pe. pilpil (Ar. filfil). There is another intermediate form PU bitbül (?pitpül). N.o.a.b.; cf. murč (pepper). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (PU) bitbül TT VII 22, 8; (PU) bitmül H II 28, 12e: Xak. xı (PU) bitmül al-der fulfill ‘long pepper’ Kaš. 7 481 (be unvocalized).

D 1 ba:tma:n (weight) Dev. N. fr. bat- (dip, bathe); etymologically ‘something which sinks’ (i.e. in the scales); actually a unit of weight. In the early period it was used both for liquids and solids, and judging by the contexts in which it is used cannot have been very large, perhaps about 2 pounds avoirdupois. S.i.m.m.l.g. with a very \306\ wide range of values; e.g. in SE Türki Shaw puts it at anything between 320 and 1280 lb., BŠ 57-3 kilos (about 113 lb.) and Jarring 573-44 kilos (about 1,130 lb.); in SC Uzb. Borovkov says that it varies from 72 to 396 lb.; while in SW Osm., Redhouse says, it varies fr. 5 e to 22 lb. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yegirmi batman edgü bor ‘twenty batmam of good wine’ USp. 71, 4; on bes batman men 'fifteen batmans of Hour’ do. 76, 8; o.o. do. 91 (flour, meat, horsehaiŋ; H I 19 (meaning obscure): Xak. xı batmam al-mand ‘a unit of weight (here prob. 2 lb.)’; hence one says bir batmam et ‘a batman of meat’ Kaš. I 444: xıv Muh. (i) al-matm ditto ba:tma:n Rif. 187 (only): Čağ. xv ff. batman wazti-i mu'ayyan ‘a unit of weight’ in Pe. mann (between 40 and 84 lb.) San. 119V. 7: Xwar. xıv batman (three of barley) Nahc. 28, 11; (half of red gold) do. 97, 7: Kip. xııı al-ratl ‘a unit of weight’ (Pabout a lb.) batmam Hou. 55, 15: xıv bafman ditto Id. 33; Bui. 9, 12: xv ditto Kav. 22, 4; 39, 11; Tuh. 17a. 1.

D 1 ba:tma:n (batman), see bıčuk p. 294: Xwar. xıv bučuk batman ‘half a batman' (actually, bathe-man, bather) Nahc. 97, 7:
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D bodun (body of people) (Sf. Scythian Budini) Plur. or Collective f. (?) of 1 bo:d (body, clan, stature, height (body)), cf. eren; lit. ‘clans’, in practice a semi-technical term for ‘an organized tribal community, a people’, in the sense of a community ruled by a particular ruler; hence, esp. in such phr. as kara: bodun, ‘the common people’ in antithesis to the supreme ruler, and the subordinate tribal or clan rulers, the begš. Very common in the early period but n.o.a.b. Kaš. mentions a form boyun as current in languages in which -d- had become -y-, but there is no record of the word in this sense, although it is common meaning b‘neck’. Türkü vııı bodun is perhaps the commonest word in the inscriptions; it occurs (1) by itself; (2) in the expression used by a ruler bodumm ‘my people’; (3) preceded by an ethnic name, which may be either Turkish or foreign, e.g. Türkü bodun ‘the Türkü people’; Tavğač bodun ‘the Chinese people’ (practically equivalent to ‘the Chinese Empire’) IS 4, 5 etc.; Soğdak bodun ‘the Sogdian people’ IE 39; (2) and (3) both occur in toku:z oğuz bodun kentü: bodunim erti: ‘the Tokkuz Oğuz people were my own (subject) people’ IN 4. The later meaning occurs in kara: bodun ‘the common people’ II E 41 and Türkü kara: kamağ bodun ‘all the Türkü common people’ I E 8-9, 11 E 8, and is even clearer in I E 6, II E 6 (üčün): vııı ff. Man. türk bodun TT II6, 10; uluğ kičig kamağ bodun ‘all the people great and small’ do. 8, 65; begke kara bodunka do. 8, 69: Yen. kara: bodun Mai. 32, 6; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı bodun in all usages is common in Šu., e.g. kentü: bodunim E 2; türkü bodun N 8 and kara: eğif bodunığ ‘the common, ordinary' people’ E 2: vııı ff. Bud. uluš bodun 'the people of the country’ PP 3, 6; 30, 8; 62, 3; (my father the Xanj bodun tılıya korkup ‘fearing what the people would say’ do. 11, 1-2; kamağ kara bodun TT X 170; yeti tümen yeti mil) bodunlar ‘77,000 people’ TT VI 302; kent tegrekl bodunuğ bokunuğ ‘the people (jingling Hend.) in the neighbourhood of the town’ TT X 51-2; a.o.o.: Civ. 61 bodun in USp. 14, 6; 17,2 after lists of names (some the same) seems to mean ‘people (resident in this district)’; a.o.o. of bodun in the sense of ‘ (individual people)’: O. Kır. ıx ff. altı: bağ bodun ‘the people of the Six Clans’ Mai. 1, 2; 5, 2; a.o.o. of bodun ‘people’: Xak. (Čigll) xı bodun al-ra'fya vja 'atednm'l-nds ‘the peasantry and common people’ in Čigil Kaš. I 398; about 30 o.o. in ordinary Xak. quotns., almost half with -d-for -d-; the commonest spellings are bo:dun and bodum and the translations al-qaum ‘tribe’, al-nds ‘people', and occasionally al-aqwdm ‘tribes’ and al-qabila ‘tribe’: boyun al-qatvm in the language of those who make -d- -y- Kaš. III 169: KB bodun is very common, it sometimes means ‘the people’ as a community but more often ‘people’ as individuals, e.g. (the Prophet) bodunda talusi kišide kedi ‘most excellent of people and best of men’ 34; bodun tili ‘people’s tongues’ 194; bayudi bodun ‘the people (the community) became rich’ 291: xııı (?) At. bodun talusi 257; bir anča bodun ‘a few people’ 123; 421 (ur-); Tef. bodun is common translating al-qaum, al-ahl ‘the people’, al-ahzdb ‘groups of men’, etc. 109 bozun ditto (once?) 110.

D bütün (complete, entire, all, whole, total) Intrans. N./A.S. fr. büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen); usually ‘complete, entire’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; unlike büt- hardly ever with -i- for -Ü- but with some other phonetic changes (b-/p-; -d-/-t-). See Doerfer II 719. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (may all our bodies) bütünün katağın turzun ‘stand complete and strong’ M I 28, 2e: Bud. bütün yĞrtinčü ‘the whole earth’ TT X 251; bütün etözi ‘his whole body’ do. 293; Suv. 4, 20; a.o.o.: Civ. tükel bütün (spelt p-) ‘perfect and complete’ TT VIII L.8a.; a:y te:grl bütün (pötün) ‘the moon is full’ do. 30; (big affairs are not chcerful and) kičig iš küdükler bütün ermez ‘small tasks are not carried out’ (?) TT I 73; bütün berdl^ ‘he has delivered the full (amount of cotton cloth)’ USp. 34, 17: Xak. xı čın bütün kiši: al-amînu’l-Tiašth ‘a reliable and sincere person’: bütün al-šahlh ‘genuine, complete’, of anything; one says bütün yarma:k dirham šahîh ‘a genuine (or undamaged?) silver coin’ Kaš. I 398; a.o. I 224, 6 (ü:mlüg): KB bütün is common; bütün bol murjar ‘be assured of this’ 19, a.o. 26 (amrul-) — bolur ötrü išler bütün 330 — čın bütün er 868 — o.o. 407, 763, 865,1980, etc.: xnı (?) At. bütün čın 57; bütün kılkı ‘his whole character’ 341; Tef. bütün ‘complete’, etc. 113: xıv Muh. al-šahih bü:tün/bütü:n Mel. 55, 1; 83, 17; Rif. 152V 189: Čağ. xv ff. bütün durust ‘complete, perfect’, etc. San. 130V. 6 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘whole, complete’ bütün CCI, CCG\ Gr. 71 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-šahih mina'l-dfa tva amtdlihd ‘complete (free) from defects and the like’ (opposite to ‘defective’, sınuk) bütün Hou. 27, 1: xıv bitün (? misvocalized) al-kdmil \307\ ‘perfect’; bütün al-šalıîlı İd. 28: Osm. xıv bütün ‘complete’ in a few texts TTS III 124; IV 140.
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DF bitin- (write) Refl. f. of biti:- (write); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı er bitig bitindi: ‘the man pretended to write a book (document, etc. al-kitab)'; also used when he applied himself to writing it by himself (istabadda bi'1-kiteba) without getting help from anyone else Kaš. II 140 (bitinü:r, bitinme:k); bitig bitindi: ‘the book (etc.) was written (kutiba), also bitildi: II 139, 7; 160, 13: KB kitabka bitindi bu xakan atı ‘this Xakan’s name was written in the Book (of Fate)’ us (Vienna MS. bitildŋ: xııı (?) Tef. bitin- ‘to be written’ 105.

D butan- (prune) Refl. f. of buta:- (buti:-) (prune); survives onIy (?) in SW Osm. budan- ‘ (of a tree) to be pruned; (of branches) to be cut off a tree’. Xak. xı yığa:č bütandı: quti'at ağšenu 'l-šacara ‘the tree was pruned’; also used of a man who pretends to hit it (yadribuha) Kaš. II 141 (butanu:r, butanma:k): Osm. xvııı budan- (by implication ‘in Rumi') piresta šudan beğ wa diraxt az šex-i zeyid ‘of a vine or tree to be cleared of superfluous branches’ San. 13m 26.

D bodunluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. bodun (body of people) (Sf. Scythian Budini). Xak. xı bodunluğ bokunluğ kiši: insan dü raht tva 'ašira ‘a man belonging to a clan and tribe’ Kaš. I 499 (spelt with -d- for -d-; a jingling Hend.).

D bütünle:- Den. V. fr. bütün; survives in SW Osm., but there meaning ‘to complete, repair’. Xak. xı ol sö:züg bütünle:di:/a/zaja 'an haqiqati'l-kalam ‘he investigated the truth of the statement' Kaš. III 341 (bütünle:r, bütünle:me:k).

badar (padar?) (pat, patter) onomatopoeic for the sound of footsteps and the like. Survives only (?) in SW Osm., Tkm. patır patır same meaning. Cf. English patter. Xak. xı badar badar yügürdi: *ada tva sumi'a li-'adzvihi hafifa (n) ‘he ran and (the sound of) his footsteps was heard faintly’ Kaš. I 360 (MS., in error, yadar yadaŋ; a.o. I 349 (čalk).

F patır (pot) Sanskrit patra ‘a bowl’ (pot), received through Sogdian p'ttr. N.o.a.b, Became a l.-w. in Mong. as badir (Kozv. 1070); badar (Haltod 273) specifically for 'a monk’s begging bowl’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the Buddha said, ‘my good Ananda’) patırımın (PU) sunčuğumın kötürgil ‘take up my begging bowl and my (?)’ TT X 124-5: Civ. bir patır ayak bor bir patır ayak suv birle ‘one bowl of wine and one bowl of water’ H I 16-17; öz patır bile on iki patır künčit aldım ‘I have received twelve bowls of millet (measured) in my own bowl’ USp. 27, 5-6. \\\

PUF butar (papyrus) Hap. leg.; this is the first entry in the section headed -R and precedes badar; the first letter is undotted but must be be and carries a damma, the second has two faint dots and is unvocalized; this section is not free from scribal errors (see badar (padar?) (pat, patter)) and judging by the meaning, it is likely that Kaš. actually wrote papur. Xak. xı butar fûfu'1-bardi ‘the papyrus reed’ Kaš. I 360.

PU ?F batrak (flag, banner, standard) ‘flag, banner, standard’. First occurs in Uyğ. as part of the panoply of demons in association with various l.-w.s of Sanskrit origin and probably itself a similar l.-w., possibly received through Sogdian. It has no obvious Turkish etymology, and its phonetic history is obscure. The Uyğ. alphabet is too ambiguous (b/p, d/d/t) to make its Uyğ. pronunciation certain; the second vowel was rounded but this is unparalleled elsewhere. The Xak. spelling was certainly batrak, the main entry preceding that of bučğak; it was originally the same elsewhere, but some later user of the MS. added two dots below the te, and this caused the spelling bayrak in the printed edition. By Čağ. the word had in fact become bayrak and this is the form in all modem SE, SC, NW, and SW languages in which the word survives; there must therefore have been, subsequent to Xak., an evolution batrak > badrak > badrak > bayrak, the intermediate stages of which are lost. See Doerfer II 727, 824. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the demons holding in their hands) trzul (PU) batruk ‘tridents (Sanskrit trisula) and flags’ U IV 8, 9; trzul (PU) batruk vj’ tokı-mak ‘tridents, flags, thunderbolt (vajra) maces’ do. 8, 39-40; trzul (PU) batruk čkir bındıpal ‘tridents, flags, wheels (cakra), and lances (bhindipela)’ do. 20, 236-7: Xak. xı batrak ‘a lance (mafrada) with a piece of silk at its head which a champion uses as a badge (yatasawwam) on the day of battle’ Kaš. I 465; ağdı: kızıl batrak ‘the red flag (al-'alam) was raised’ III 183, 6; a.o. II 205, 2 (talpıš-): Čağ. xv ff. bayrak (spelt) *alam-i küčik ‘a small flag’; also ‘the winning-post’ (qasabu’l--sabq) in a race San. i28r. 6.

VUD bodrak Hap. leg. in a rather well-preserved inscription. Mai. identifies this with a Čağ. word botrak (P. de C. 161, not in San.) ‘scattered’, but this is impossible since that word is der. fr. botra- which is not Turkish but a corruption of Mong. böte'ere- (Kow. 1231, Haltod 309). Perhaps der. fr. 1 bo:d (body, clan, stature, height (body)), but -rak is normally attached to Adjs. not Nouns. O. Kır. ıx ff. (I have been parted) big bodrak yuntim sizime: ‘you, my thousand sturdy (?) horses’ Mai. 45, 8.

?F bitrik pec. to Xak.; no doubt the basic meaning is ‘pistachio nut’ and a l.-w. fr. some Iranian language, cf. Pe. pistih. Xak. xı bitrik bazrti l-mar'a ‘clitoris’; Arğu: xı bitrik al-fustitq ‘pistachio nut’ Kaš. I 476.
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F badram (feast, celebration) ‘merriment' and the like, hence ‘a feast’. No doubt an Iranian l.-w., cf. Pe. badram ‘a delightsome place’ (Steingass). S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE as bayram (in NC Kır. mayram; Kzx. m^yram) as the Turkish equivalent of Arabic al-'id 'a (Moslem) feast’. See Doerfer II 823. Xak. xı badram al-mrür toa’l-tfahika bayna'l-qawm ‘general merriment and laughter’, and the ground (al-ard) when it is covered with flowers and blossoms, is called badram ye:r ard naziha ‘pleasant ground’; I do not know what its origin (ašluhu) is because I have heard it from the lips of Persians (al-furs), but the Oğuz call ‘the (Moslem) feast day’ (yatvma’l--’id) bayram that is ‘a day of pleasant merriment’; the -d- being changed to -y- as is their custom; it is a genuine word (luğa mahda, i.e. pure Turkish?) in this sense Kaš. I 484; a.o. I 263, 11 (avın- (enjoy oneself, be happy, наслаждаться, be friendly, kind, be comforted, consoled)): xııı (?) Tef. bayram ‘religious feast’ 89: Čağ. xv ff. bayram al-'id San. i28r. 7 (quotn.; also ‘a kind of cotton fabric like 'Iraqi linen but finer’ (quotn.); there is no other trace of this meaning): Oğuz xı bayram al-'id\ I reckon that it is an alteration of the popular word (qaivlu'l-nes) badram meaning ‘merriment and enjoyment’; the (Moslem) feast day is a day of merriment. The pagans do not have a feast day or consequently a word for it; if there was one, all the Turks would know it, but the only ones who know this (word in this sense) are those who have turned -d- into -yin their language Kaš. III 17e: Xwar. xıv bayram ‘the (Moslem) feast’ MN 20, etc.

D batruš Hap. leg.?; presumably a Dev. N./A. fr. 1 batur-, but there is no obvious semantic connection. Xak. xı batruš su:v al-mau'l-kadir ‘muddy water’; and also macaroni (al-itriya) when it contains too much flour and too little water Kaš. I 459.

Dis. V. BDR-

badar- (padar- ?) (pat, patter) onomatopoeic for the sound of footsteps and the like. Survives only (?) in SW Osm., Tkm. patır patır same meaning. Cf. English patter. Xak. xı badar badar yügürdi: *ada tva sumi'a li-'adzvihi hafifa (n) ‘he ran and (the sound of) his footsteps was heard faintly’ Kaš. I 360 (MS., in error, yadar yadaŋ; a.o. I 349 (čalk). Note that in čalk below čalk čulk badar (sic?; unvocalized) Kaš. I 349 the badar- (padar-) is translated with verb ‘he thumped him’, “thumping”.

D 1 batur- (sink, burrow, lower, hide) Caus. f. of bat- (dip, bathe); lit. ‘to cause to sink’, with various extended meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. erdemin baturup ‘concealing their special virtues’ TT VI 352; (the six male pipes of the Pan’s pipes) baturu umaz ülgüsin ‘cannot lower their pitch (?)’ Hilen-ts. 133-4; (if the Master did not deign to return, should we mortals not all be) sansarlığ uzun tünde čomurmıš batarmıš (sic!) ‘submerged and sunk in the long night of samsaraV do. 301-4 (batur- lit. ‘to allow oneself to sink’); a.o. Suv. 138, 1 (ört-): Xak. xı ol sö:zi:n mendi:n baturdi: katama minnisirrahu tea kalemahıı ‘he hid his secret and his statement from me’; and one says ol am: suvka: baturdi: ‘he ducked him (maqalahu) in the water’; also used of anything that one puts into something liquid or soft, for example candied sugar (al-fenîd) into fruit juice Kaš. II 73 (baturur, baturma:k); bu kiši ol sö:z baturğam ‘this man habitually conceals (kitmen) his statements’ I 515, 19: KB (the gate keeper must watch the first light \\\ drive away dark night at the gate and) kapuğda batursa yarumıš künüg ‘must let the bright sun sink at the gate’ 2530: Kom. xıv ‘to conceal’ batır- CCG; Gr.: Tkm. xıv bafur- (1cahada; no doubt an error for) cahara ‘to burrow, drive into a burrow’, and the like Id. 33

D 2 ba:tur- (tie, bound) Hap. leg.; only quoted in a grammatical section as an example of a Dis. V. der. fr. a Mon. V.; Caus. f. of ba:- (bind) Xak. xı ol ko:yuğ ba:turdı: arbafa'l-ğanam ‘he had the sheep tied up’ Kaš. III 192, 11.

D bütür- (perform, carry out) Caus. f. of büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen); with the same wide range of meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. with the same phonetic variations as büt-. Cf. bütgür-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. čaxšapatığ bütürtl (spelt p-) ‘they carried out the commandment’ TT III 138-9, 142; a.o. do. 144: Bud. bütür-‘to perform, carry out’ is common, e.g. (whatever your command is) ol yarlığımın bütürgeli anuk tururblz ‘we stand ready to carry out that command’ UIV 12, 104; o.o. TT V 20, 8 (alp); 22, 13 and 20; 24, 51; VII 40,91 and 97 ; VIII A.2 (üze:); UI 34, 18; III 44, 4 (ii); Hüen-ts. 311 (ükšürüŋ); Suv. 71, 20; 235, io-i2 (1 i:r- (mope, lonely, bored)); 529, 22; 602, 12: Civ. bütürüp berürbiz ‘we will pay in full’ USp. 12, 10: Xak. xı ot ba:šığ bütürdi: ‘the medicament healed (damala) the wound’; and one says <ol> anıg üze: alımın bütürdi: ‘he enforced (abarra) his contract and rejected (1barhana) his plea and insisted (alzama) on (being paid) his debt in accordance with the contract’; also used of things other than debts Kaš. II 72 (bütürür, bütürme:k): KB (a man must have knowledge) ked bütürse lšig ‘if he is to carry out his work properly’ 327; (I was bare-faced, God) bütürdi sakal ‘made my beard grow’ 1098; (give them food and drink and) bütür oprakığ ‘give them proper clothing’ 4527 (and see bütürü:): xııı (?) At. ya-rağ bulsag oprak yaligm bütür ‘if you find suitable clothing, clothe the naked’ 330; Tef. bitür- ‘to make (plant) grow’ 105: Xwar. xıv bitür- ‘to carry out, perform’ Qutb 34: Horn. xıv ‘to complete, carry out’ bitir- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı qada'l-haca ‘to perform a necessary task’ (VU) bütü:r- Hou. 35, 12; batta min batti’l-amr tva'1-šuğl ‘to settle a matter, perform a task’ bütür- (sic) do. 38, 11: xıv bitür- (sic) cabara ‘to repair, put right’ Id. 28; qade'l-šuğl bütür- Bid. 75V.: Osm. xıv andxv bitür- ‘to produce; to perform; to satisfy (a need); to heal (a wound)’ in several texts TTS I 111; II 157; IV 117.

D batruš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of batur- (tie, bound). Xak. xı ola:r ikki: bi:r bi:rig suvka: batrušdı: ‘the two of them ducked (maqala) one another in the water’ Kaš. II 203 (batrušu:r, batrušma:k).

D bütrüš- Recip. f. of bütür-; n.o.e.b. Xak. xı ola:r lkki: bütrüšdi: ‘the two of them negotiated and argued about their mutual claims’ (tahekame tva tabarhane me’dda’aye) Kaš. II 203 (bütrüšü:r, bütrüšme:k): \309\ Osm. xıv bitrlš- ‘to settle one’s accounts’ (with someone, lie) in one text TTS- I m.
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D bütürü: Ger. fr. bütür- used as an Adv.; ‘completely’, etc. N.o.a.b.; cf. büte:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. etözüm körjülüm bütürü ögirip sevinip ‘my body and mind were completely delighted (Hend.)’ Hüen-ts. 296-7: Xak. xı KB bütrü ‘thoroughly, completely’ is fairly common, e.g. (the sun raised its head, and disclosed its face again) ajun bütrü tutti ürüfy kuš Ö9İ ‘the world completely assumed the colour of a white bird’ 582$; o.o. 71, 193, 3949, 4420, 4961; there is also a Comparative f. ayıttı bu h3cib sözin yetrürek tlleki ne ermiš takı bütrürek ‘the Chancellor questioned him about his statement most searchingly (asking) more fully what his wishes were’ 507-

PUD buturğa:k (bound round) Dev. N. in -ğa:k (connoting habitual action); there is no verb butur- and this would be much more easily explained as tuturğa:k der. fr. tutur- (seize) but R IV 1857 records a NC Tara word buturğak ‘a tree which has split and is bound round to save it from collapse’, so the form may be correct although Radloff’s Tara entries are rather suspect. Xak. xı buturğa:k ‘a thorn tree (šawk) shaped like a pistachio tree (al-fustuq), which has thorns (ma'aliq) which catch the clothing, etc. Kaš. I 502.

(PU)D budursi:n (quail, Coturnyx) ‘quail, Coturnyx’; as such Hap. leg., but obviously connected with the later words for ‘quail’ assembled below. Kaš. does not contemplate the existence of Turkish words containing six consonants and a long vowel, and it is possible that the original form was *buldursi:n, which links with the later forms and perhaps explains the intervocalic -d-, very rare in Xak.; -si:n is a very rare Suff. but may have the same relation to -čın, which occurs as a Suff. of other names of birds, as -sil to -čil. The later form survives in SW Az. bildircin; Osm. bıldırcın, but all other modern languages use some form of Mong. büdüne (Kow. 1230, Haltod 312). Xak. xi'budursirn al-saluıe ‘quail’ Kaš. I 513 (verse (čaklın-); translated al-summenî‘quail’): (Čağ. xv ff. kerek (spelt; otherwise unknown) ‘a bird smaller than a grey partridge’, called salwa in Ar. and bıldırčm in Turkish San. 300r. 28; n.m.e. (the latter by implication not Čağ.)): Tkm. (?) xııı al-summen (VU) bıldırcım Hou. 10, 9: xıv bıldırcın al-summeni in Tkm.; Kıp. buyurčım (-c-) Id. 36; al-summen VU buldurcin Bui. 11, 13 (only second -u- marked): xv (al-summen bedene Kav. 62, 13; Tuh. 19a. 12) the latter adds Tkm. buyurčun (mis-spelt buyurčuk).

D butarla:- (tear up, down) perhaps Den. V. fr. the Aor, f. of buta:- (buti:-) (prune); the meaning is clearly ‘to tear to pieces’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. antak terkin butarlayu (üze, etc., see üz-) ‘thus \\\ quickly tearing to pieces (tearing, cutting, and tearing to strips his clothes)’ M I 7, 15: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (like a calf, which when reborn as a lion) [gap] titretir butarlayur ‘terrifies and tears to pieces (oxen)’ MI 18, 4 (in: Bud. tilki börlde ulatı yavız tınlığlar butarlayu tartıp ‘evil creatures, foxes, wolves, etc., tear to pieces and drag’ U III 79, 1-3 (ŋ.

D batsik Dev. N. fr. bat- (dip, bathe); used only with preceding 1 kün (sun, day) for ‘ (sun)set’. N.o.a.b. The final -k became -ğ in Xak., and there is some evidence that this sound change of -sik was fairly common (see Brockelmann, para. 109). Türkü vııı kurı:ğaru: kün batsıkı:ga: ‘westwards towards the sunset’ I S 2, II N 2; kurya: batsıkdakı: Soğd ‘Sogdiana in the west’ (and other countries) I N 12: Uyğ. ıx (my fame reached) kün tuğsuk (k)a: bat-sik (k)a: Suci 4: vııı ff. Man.-A kün bat-sıkujaru M III 9, 3 (ii); kün batsıkdın do. 4 (in: Chr. ögtün kün tuğsuk kedin kün batsıkıga tegi M III 48, 1 (v): Xak. xı kü:n batsığ al-ğarb ‘west’ Kaš. I 463.

D bodsuz Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. 1 bo:d (body, clan, stature, height (body)). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the evil beings) bodsuz köligesiz barırlar ‘walk about without tangible form and casting no shadow’ TT VI ₉₉.

D bütse:- Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen), Xak. xı ba:š bütse:di: qaruba’l-curh mina'l-indimel ‘the wound came near to being healed’ Kaš. III 283 (bütse:r, bütse:me:k).

D bitiš- (write) Co-op. f. of biti:- (write); n.o.a.b. See also bütüš-. Xak. xı ol mapa: bitig bitišdi: ‘he helped me to write (ft kitba) the book (letter, etc.)’; also for competing Kaš. II 88 (bitišü:r, bitišme:k).

VUD buduš- Hap. leg.; unvocalized but obviously the Co-op. f. of bu:d- (freeze to death) with the particular connotation of ‘to be completely split by the cold’. Xak. xı budušdı: ne:0 infara-ca'1-šay' wa taqa'asa ka'l-riclayn ide tafahhace ‘the thing was split and (the parts) separated like the legs when they are straddled’ Kaš. II 93 (budušur, budušma:k).

D bödüš- Co-op. f. of bödü:- (bödi:-); survives only (?) in NW xıx Kaz. biyiš- ‘to dance together’ R IV 1790. Xak. xı oğla:n böd-üsdi: tabere'l-šibyen fi'l-zafn wa'l-raqs ‘the boys competed with one another in dancing (Hend.)’ Kaš. II 93 (bödüšü:r, bödüšme:k).

D bütüš- Recip. f. of büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen); survives at any rate in SW Osm., Tkm. bitiš- ‘to be contiguous to one another, to join, adhere’. In the MS. of Kaš. the Perf. is unvocalized and the other two forms vocalized bitiš-, ?in a later hand, but the word must have been bütüš-in Xak. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: bütüšti:le:r \310\ aqnrra hull u'elıid minhume maddae 'alaylıi šehibuhu ‘each of them admitted the other’s claim on him’ Kaš. II 88 (bütüšü:r, bütüšme:k).
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bediz (ornamentation) 'ornamentation’, perhaps specifically ‘painted ornamentation’. N.o.a.b., but a First Period l.-w. in Mong. as beder ‘marks, stains’, etc. (Kou\ 1113, Haltod 282). Türkü vııı (in the account of the erection of Kül Tegin’s tomb) / S 12 (urtur-); I N 13 (et-); o.o. I N\V\ II N 14; II SW; Ix. 24 (benzet-): vııı ff. ( (I am a maral deer) bedi:z tiz üze: ünü:pen (I roar) IrkB 60; the word is clearly out of place here and prob. an error for bedü:k, ‘rising on my great legs’, the scribe’s eye having caught the next word): Yen. bedizi:n üčün ‘for their ornamentation’ Mai. 32, 10: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (they have made a model of the heavens) kim yeti grahlar kizleyü umaz bedizin ‘in order that the seven planets (Sanskrit graha) may not hide their representations^)’ (they have made a time keeping device) Hüen-ts. 130-1: Xak. xı Kaš. I 436 (burxan): KB tanuk ol saga barča šürat bediz 'all forms and adornment.^?) are a witness to Thee’ 20; bu törlüg čeček yerde munča bediz ‘these various flowers are so many adornments on the ground’ 96; (He created the blue firmament and raised it on high) kün ay birle yulduz bezedi bediz ‘and adorned it with the sun, moon, and stars’ 3724; a.o. 1524:xiv Muh. (?) a!-ııaqš ‘picture, painting’, etc. bedi:z (?), Rif. 189 (bedi.ŋ; Mel. 83, 14 has baxıš.

D bedze:- (adorn) Hap. leg. in a very dubious text, but no doubt Den. V. fr. bediz and the original form of beze:- (adorn, ornament), q.v. Türkü via bedzemiš ‘adorned’ (the tomb) Ixe Asxetc a. 2; c. 3 (I'TY II 121); the reading bedsemiš in a. 3 is improbable.

D bedzet- Caus. f. of bedze:-. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (I obtained a decorator from the Emperor [of China]) bedzet(t)im ‘and ordered him to ornament (the tomb)’ IS 11; (I, Yoluğ Tegin, stayed here for a month and four days and) biti:dim bedzet(t)im ‘wrote (the inscription) and had (the tomb) ornamented’ II (various people held a funeral feast (see yoğlat-) and) bedizin bedzet(t)i: ‘had (the tomb) ornamented’ Ix. 24: Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. (let him make a picture of me four feet high and wide and) iki ^ligimde bügde baltu tuta bedizetzün (.č/c) ‘let him paint me holding a dagger and an axe in my two hands’ Suv. 544, 6-7.

D bedizči: (painter, decorator) N.Ag. fr. bediz; 'painter, decorator’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı [Tavğa]č kağanta: bedizči: kelürtim ‘I obtained a decorator from the Emperor of China’ I S 11; \\\ o.o. IS 12 (ičreki:); I NE (elteber); II N 14: l'yğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a colophon) Kočoda bedizči (PU) el-toz Kl-toz (?) the illuminator in Koyo’ V II 20, 1 (ı): Civ. (in a list of names) bedizči USft. 61, 18: Xak. xı KB (in a list of craftsmcn) bedizči 4458.

D bedizlig I* (painted, ornamented).N./A. fr. bediz; ‘painted, ornamented’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı bedizlig ev bayt nmzaxraf'a house painted (with frescoes ?)’ Kaš. I 507: KB ediz keg bedizlig sarayig kaiip ‘your high, spacious, painted (Pfrcscoed) palace remains’ (but you lie in the grave) 1419; a.o. 1524.

D bedizle:- (ornament, adorn) Hap. leg.; Den. V. ff. bediz; ‘to ornament, adorn (metaph. ?)’. Cf. bedze:-. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 28 (uyuŋ.

D 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) Conc. N. fr. ba:- (bind); 'bond, tie, belt’, and the like; also ‘something tied or fastened together, bundle, bale’, etc. In early political terminology ba:ğ also seems to mean ‘a confederation’, that is a number of clans united by contractual arrangements, as opposed to bo:d ‘clan’, a number of families united by ties of blood, and bodun ‘a group of such clans’. S.i.a.m.l.g. as bağ, baw, bo:, etc. See also bo:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch). See Doerfer II 705. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. bağım bodunımka: adrıltım ‘I have been parted (by death) from my confederation (bound) and people’ Mai. 27, 7; a.o. 38, 4 (dubious): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kamağ yeklere bağı bolzun ‘may it become a bond to bind all the demons’ AI I 15, 19-20; o.o. M III 12, 18 (ı): Bud. alku tınlığlarnıŋ bağlarındın ozğurdačı ‘the saviour of all mortals from their bonds’ UII 58, 5 (ii); bağ čuğ ‘bonds and wrappings’ Suv. 165. 20-j; a.o. TT V 26, 116 (boğuz); 24,78 (egrik);F/ 110, etc., (buka:ğu:);P7///î. 35: Civ. in astronomical terminology bağ (bundle) is one of the 'units’ in the cycle of sixty TT VII 1, 2 and 72; 6, 2 and 5; yiiz iki bağ bözni ‘102 bales of cloth’ USp. 13, 5; o.o. da. 29, 3; 91, 10 (2 ot); TT I 9 (yuhin-): O. Kır. ıx ff. altı: bağ ‘the six confederations (bound)’ was a political unit in Tuva in the O. Kır. period, usually described as altı: bağ (bound) bodun (body of people) (Sf. Scythian Budini) Mai. 1, 2; 5, 2; 24, 5; 49, 4 (see also I. R. Kyzlasov, ‘Novaya datirovka yeniseiskoi pis'mennosti’, Sovetskaya arkheologiya, 1960) 3,: Xak. xı ba:ğ any ‘bundle’ (husma) of firewood or anything else; hence one says otuŋ ba:ğı: ‘a bundle of firewood’ Kaš. III 152; o.o. I 409, 6; II 21, 19 (čig-): KIİ munuŋ bağı mundağ ‘the connection (bond) between these things is like this’ 727: xııı (?) Tef. bağ ‘bond; dog’s lead’, etc. 87: xıv Mııh. al-išeba ‘turban’ ba:š ba:ğı:; al-niqeb ‘veil’ yü:z ba:ğı:; (Rif. adds šidedu'l-šadr ‘ (a woman’s) breast binder’ tö:š ba:ğı:) Mel. 53, 6; Rif. 150; a.o. 67, 7; 167 (be:l): Čağ. xv ff.. bağ band tea rištih ‘bond, fastening, cord’ San. i25r. 16 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı ton bağı ‘belt’-'Âli 21: xııı (?) Og. 33 (altunluğ): xıv bağ ‘bonds’ Qutb 23; a.o. do. 44 (ču:ğ): Kom. xıv \311\ bay ’chain, fetter’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv ba:ğ al-ribef‘fastening’îd. 33: xval-’uqda‘a bundle’, for example a bale of silk or the like ba:ğ 39, 3.
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F 2 ba:ğ (garden) the Persian word beğ ‘garden’ was a very early l.-w. in Turkish, primarily for ‘vineyard’, for which there is no native Turkish word. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, usually in its Pe. meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. bağ borluk ‘vineyard (Hend.)’ TT IV 10, e: (xiv) Civ. bağnı edlep 'cultivating the vineyard’ USp. 22, 41:xiv Chin.-Uyg. Dict. ‘vineyard’ bağ borluk Ligeti 137; R IV 1127: Xak. xı ba:ğ al-karm ‘vine’ Kaš. III 152; ba:ğlče: klr udxul fVl--karm ‘go into the vine (yard)’ 111 212, 1: KB yer suv bağım ‘my landed property and vineyards’ (or gardens?) 2278: xııı (?) Tef. bağ ‘garden’ 87: Kom. xıv ‘vineyard’ bağ CCI; Gr.: Kom. xıv (after 1 ba:ğ) and ba:ğ al-busten ‘garden’ borrowed from Pe. Id. 33.

(D) bo:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) ‘bundle’ and the like; presumably a Sec. f. of 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch); the word also occurs in Pe., but seems there to be a Turkish l.-w.; for the difference between the two words see boğla:- (pack). N.o.a.b. See Doerfer II 789. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (a donkey is hired) tokuz otuz boğ (text in error tok) bözke ‘for (a rent of) 29 bales of cloth’ USp. 3, 4-5: Xak. xı bo:ğ 'aybatu l-mata wa rizmatuhu ‘a bale or bundle of merchandise’ Kaš. III 127; o.o. II 341, 13 (boğlat-) and HI 133, 1 (čığtl-): Osm. xıv bög ‘bundle’ in one text TTS IV 117.

1 bo:k (sic) (green mould, excrement, dung) (1) ‘green mould’; (2) ‘excrement, dung’. S.i.a.m.l.g. in the second meaning, in the first only (?) in NE Koib., Sag. poğ R IV 1265. The secondary meaning ‘metallic slag’ also occurs. Cf. 1 ark. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (a virtuous man is as good as the Buddhas) buyanstz kiši bok bakır birle tüz ol ‘a man without merit is no more use than copper slag’ TT VII 42, 2: Xak. xı bo:k ‘the green mould (al-xudra) which forms on bread when it turns musty owing to age or putridity’, also of other things Kaš. III 129: xıv Muh. al-ğe'it ‘excrement’ bo:k Mel. 48, 1; Rif. 142: Öğuz xr bo:k al-ğe’it Kaš. III 129: Kom. xıv ‘dung’ bok CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-adira ‘human cxcrement’ bok Hou. 21, 19: xıv bok al-xur' ‘excrement’ Id. 34: xv 'adira bok Tuh. 25a. 6.

VU 2 bo:k (pulse, beat, bang) Hap. leg.; an onomatopoeic. The only modern trace seems to be in NE Khak. poxla- (of the heart) ‘to beat’. Xak. xı (after 1 bo:k), and one says ka:ğu:tı bo:k ye:rke: tüšdi: ‘the melon fell to the ground with this sound’ (al-sawt); and one says of anything hollow that falls to the ground and bursts bo:k etti:, it is an onomatopoeic (hikeya) for the sound Kaš. III 129.

bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await, plead) ‘to look at (someone or something Dat.)', with some extended meanings like ‘to look, after (someone); to look to, obey (someone)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı ol mača: bakdı: nazara ilayya ‘he looked at me’ Kaš. II 16 (baka:r, bakma:k); 16 o.o.: KB bak- is common, e.g. öz özige bakıp ‘looking at itself’ 81; (the planet Venus) seve baktı erse ‘if she looks lovingly (at you)’ 135; o.o. 195, 255, etc.; xııı (?) At. bakığlı okığlı asığ alsu tep ‘saying "let him look and read and draw advantage from it”’ 78; baka körgil 'look and see’ 99; Tef. bak- ‘to look (at something Dat.)’ 89: xıv Muh. nazara bak- Mel. 7, 18; 31, 15; Rif. 79, 116; al-tataUu ‘to look towards, stare at’ bakmak 34, 8; 119: Čağ. xv ff. bak- (-mayin, etc.) bak- Vel. 131; bak- nigeh kardan ‘to look (at)’ San. 125V. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bak- ‘to look, glance (at something Dat.)’ 'Ali 31: xıv ditto Qutb 27, MN 108, etc., Nahc. 284, 17 (alart-): Kom. xıv bak-/bax- ‘to look, look at, look after’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 49 (quotns.): Kip. xııı lahaza ‘to glance at’ bak-; intazara baka: tur- Hou. 36, 17; tatalla'a min tatallu 'ale ciha ‘to look towards’ bak- do. 42, 2: xıv bak- nazara Id. 34; tatalla'a 7va talla'a wa nazara bak- Bui. 39r.: xv bak- nazara aw tatalla'a bak- Kav. 9, 12; a.o. 31, 11; basara ‘to see, perceive’ bak- Tuh. 8b. 2; ra'Ci ‘to see’ bak- do. 17a. 12; nazara bak- do. 37b. 5: Osm. xıv TTS II 24 (alart-).

bak- (bag-/baɣ-/baq-) (OTD p. 77, ВAƔ- смотреть (умоляюще) “to look pleading, to plead”)

boğ- (strangle, choke) ‘to strangle, choke (someone Acc.)'. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes (b-/p-; oğ-/-o:-/-u:-). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. boğmak bolsar ‘if a man has a choking fit’ II I 184: Xak. xı ol erni: boğdı: ‘he strangled (xanaqa) the man’ (etc.) Kaš. II 14 (boğa:r, boğma:k); 1 85 (2 uya:) and three o.o.: KB yarağsızm boğdı eligde urup ‘he strangled the useless ones, seizing them with his hands’ 437: Čağ. xv ff. boğ- xafa kardan wa gulû-re tang fušurdan ‘to strangle, to squeeze the throat’ San. 135V. 20 (quotns.): Kip. xııı xanaqa (hang) boğ- Hou. 35, 17: xıv bo:- xanaqa Id. 28; boğdı: xanaqa; zva luava 'alam, wa taraqqaqa be'uhıı ide kena 'alam ‘to strangle’, and buğdı: with -u- means ‘flag, sign, landmark’ (?) Id. 33 (there is no other trace of buğdı: in any such sense): xv boğ- xanaqa Kav. 10, 6; 76, 14; ditto bo:-; Tkm. boğ- Tuh. 15a. 3.

bok- (sit crossing legs, relax) ‘to cross (the legs)’. Survives in NE Leb. puğ- R IV 1361; Tel. pok- do. 1264; SE Tar. boğ- do. 1647. Cf. bağda:- (trip (stumble), trigger). Xak. xı ol ada:kin bokdi: ‘he drew in (damma) his legs towards himself after they had been stretched out’ Kaš. II 16 (boka:r, bokma:k): KB (do not hurry over anything) serin (be serene) öz boka ‘(sit) crossing your legs and be patient’ 1310.

baka: (frog) (frog) by itself ‘frog’; also ‘tortoise’ if preceded by words meaning ‘horn, stone’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes in both meanings. See kurbaka:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. müyüz baka: (horn) ‘tortoise’ U II 35, 21: Xak. xı baka: al-difda' ‘frog’; hence ‘the tortoise’ (al-salhafe’, sic) is called mügüzbaka: Kaš. III 22e: Čağ. xv ff. baka and \\ baka čanak lek pušt ‘tortoise’, also called taš baka/taš bakka (‘stone frog’), in Ar. PU katf (or hašf, unlike any known Ar. word for 'tortoise') San. izer. 18; taš bakka sang pušt 'tortoise’, also called baka/baka čanak’ in Ar. (as above) do. I57r. 10: Xwar. xıv baka ‘frog’ Qutb 27: Kip. xııı (al-difda kurbağa:); al-sulahfe (V\J) kabırčakîu: bağa: ya'nî difda' dat 'ilba (mis-spelt '<737-0) that is ‘a frog with a box’ Hou. 7, 5: xıv kaburčaklı: bağa: al-sulahfe Id. 68; ditto (but kabırčaklı:) ma'neku difda' det qubba meaning ‘a frog with a dome’ Hut. 5, 2: xv sulahfe kabarčaklı bağa Tuh. i9a. 9; kabaršakİı (sic) bağa 39b. 3; difda' bağa do. 23b. 7: Osm. xvııı (after Čağ. entry) and in Rumi kablu baka and (PU) tos baka San. i2er. 18 (the latter Hap. leg.).
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D baku: (bakku:) (hill, high ground, look-out) Dev. N. in -ğu:, with the -ğ- assimilated, fr. bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); lit. ‘a look-out’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı baku: al-quff 'a hill, high ground’ Kaš. III 226; (after soku:) ‘just as the word baku: al-quff was abbreviated, it originally had -kk- (al-qaf mušaddady do. 26; (the wolf) baku: ağdı: ‘climbed the hill (to escape me)’ III 219, 17.

PUF 1 buğa: (drug) Hap. leg.; a Sanskrit l.-w., perhaps pftga ‘betcl-nut’. Xak. xı buğa: a drug (darca) imported from India one says sa:rığ buğa: 'yellow (ašfar) buğa:' and bo:z (grey) buğa: 'reddish (ašhab) buğa:' Kaš. III 224.

buka: (bull) ‘bull’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes (b/p; k/ğ). Some NW Tat. dialects and SW, Osm. only, have -o- for -u-; see Shcherbak, p. 99. Cf. u:d (bovine, ox), öküz, sığır. Not to be confused with the Mong. word buğu ‘stag’ (Haenisch 21, Koru. 1160) which occurs as a l.-w. in the Chin.-Uyğ. Dict.-, Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 29, etc.; Čağ. Vel. 153; San. 136V. 9, and survives in SE Türki and NC Ktr., Kzx. See Doerfer II 752. Türkü vııı T 5 (ira:k): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bukası ašııu üniip ‘his bull came out first and . . PP 65, 3: Civ. l^JSp. 68, 3 (ečkü:): Xak. xı buka: fahlu'l--baqara ‘bull’ Kaš. III 226; a.o. al-tarcr ‘bull’ \\ II 79, 21 (mügreš-): KB boyun yal bedüttüŋ buka teg kılıp ‘you have made your neck and the back of your neck bigger like a bull's’ 5S01: Čağ. xv ff. buğa gew ıva getv-mîš 'bull; buffalo’ (also a Proper Name) San. i3er. 24; buka the same as buğa do. i37r. 4: Kom. xıv ‘bull’ boğa CCT, Gr.: Kip. xııı (‘cattle’ in general šığır; al-tarcr öküz) al-'irlu'l-šebbu'l-muršadu'l-qufez ‘a sturdy bull calf which is ready to breed’ buğa: Hou. 14, 19: xıv buğa: al-fahlu'l-muddakir li'l- (VU) direb ‘a male animal’ (ŋ and any male animal (fahl) is called this, the Turks and Persians say bağa: (sic?), its origin is the Ar. word bağğe' ‘lustful’, but its (form) is incorrect (al-ma'biitŋ Id. 33; (‘bullock’ öküz) al-tatvru'l--rayn ‘an entire bull’ buğa:, used specifically in this sense and also (more generally) for the best (al-cayyid) of anything Bui. 7, 8: xv al-tarcr (öküz and) buğa: Kav. 62, 2; fatvr buğa (and öküz) Tuh. 11 a. 2; Ala buğa Proper Name do. 41b. 7.

VU bukač/buka:č (baka:č/baka:č) (baking pot, ovenbake (n.)) (bake) n.o.a.b. Xak. xı bukač al-tarcr arci'l-qidr win xazaf ‘a jar or cooking pot of clay’; one says ošič bukač qidr rca fatvr as a Hend. ('ale'1-itbe') Kaš. I 357; (buka:č art the name of a mountain pass ('aqaba;)) buka:č al-tarvr wa'l-qidr; one says ešič buka:č I 411: xıv Muh. (?) (among blacksmith’s implements) kür ‘a blacksmith’s furnace’ baka:č (sic) Rif. 160 (only).

F bakčan (meditation) ‘silent meditation’; n.o.a.b. L.-w. fr. the synonymous Chinese phr. mo ch'an ‘silent meditation’ (Giles 8,021 348; Ancient Chinese m(h)ak tš'an). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the venerable arhat Öeriputra in that monastery) bakčan bolur erdi ‘was (sunk in) silent meditation’ U III 88, 17; a.o. do. 89, 2.

D baka:čuk (batrachian, froglet) Hap. leg.; Dim. f. of baka:; lit. ‘little frog’, for a parallel animal simile cf. Latin musculus ‘little mouse’. Cf. sıčğanak. Xak. xı baka:čuk tasgir baka: rca hurca farišatu'l-dire' ‘Dim. f. of baka:\ the muscle of the forearm’ (sic but ?‘biceps’) Kaš. III 226.

buğdı: (flag, sign, landmark) (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) See bo:g NW. bo:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch); boğ- (strangle, choke)
Hou. 35, 17: xıv bo:- xanaqa Id. 28; boğdı: xanaqa; zva luava 'alam, wa taraqqaqa be'uhıı ide kena 'alam ‘to strangle’, and buğdı: with -u- means ‘flag, sign, landmark’ (?) Id. 33 (there is no other trace of buğdı: in any such sense)

D bokdam (mouldlike) Hap. leg.; N./A.S. in -dam (connoting resemblance) fr. 1 bo:k (sic) (green mould, excrement, dung); ‘mouldlike’. Uyg. vııı ff. Civ. (your old name has been changed and has become new) bokdam atiŋ ‘your mouldy reputation’ (has been changed, etc.) TT I 118.

D bağdaš (sit cross-legged) Dev. N./A. in -š (connoting reciprocity) fr. bağda:- (trip (stumble), trigger); survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı KB bağdaš itme ‘do not sit crosslegged’ (at a feast) 4114: Kip. xv cate ‘to sit cross-legged’ bağdaš oltur- Tuh. 12a. 10.

buğda:y (wheat) ‘wheat’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (a statue of Buddha) buğday evininče ‘the size of a grain of wheat’ Pfahl. 6, e: Civ. livi ašı buğday tĞtir ‘the (appropriate) offering (l.-w.) of food to it is said to be wheat’ TT VII 14, 39: Xak. xı buğda:y al-hinta ‘wheat’ (prow); the people of Barsğîin cannot pronounce buğda:y and call it budğa:y and 1 his word (is iiFed) to test anyone who says ‘I am not one of them’ Kaš. III 240; and 7 o.o.: KB (in the list of the signs of the zodiac) buğday bašı ‘the ear of wheat’, the Ar. name of Virgo 140: xııı (?) Tef. buğday ‘wheat’ 106 (boğday): xıv Muh. al-hinta bu:ğda:y Mel. 6, 13; 65, 14; 77, 13; 79, 6; Rif. 77, 165, 181, 183: Čağ. xv ff. buğday gandum ‘wheat’; also usrd for burc-i sunbula ‘Virgo’ Sati. i3er. 29: Xwar. xıv buğday ‘wheat’ Qutb 37; ‘a fruit (on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil)’ Nahc. 281, e: Kom. xıv ‘wheat’ boğday/buğday/boday \313\ CCI, CCG; Gr.-. Kip. xııı al-hinfa bu:day also called buğday Hou. 12, 15: xıv Tkm. buğday al-qamh ‘wheat’; Kip. buyday; and to describe a man with a brown complexion (asmar) they say buğday emlü: (see eplig)... and (in Kıp.) buğday is not used except in this phr. Id. 33- al-qamh buğday Bul. 6, 15; al-qamhiya ‘wheaten food’ buğday aš do. 8, 2: xv al-qamh buğday Kav. 63, 12; qamh buday; Tkm. buğday Tuh. 29a. 3: Osm. xıv ff. buğday ‘wheat’ is noted fr. xıv onwards; a Sec. f. buğda is nofed in xıv andxv and buğday eglii fr. xıv to xvııı TTS I 119; II 173; III 114; IV izS. L) boxta:y Hap. lop.; Den. N. fr. bo:ğ. The sound change -ğt- > -xt- also occurs in ağtar-. The Suff. -ta:y, which has no relation to the Mong. P.N./A. suffix -tayj-tey (Studies, p. 202), is very rare, and its significance is obscure, cf. turumtay; as Kaš. gives practically the same translation for bo:ğ and this word, it cannot have much content. Xak. xı boxta:y 'aybatu'1-tiyeb ‘a bale of clothing’: VU boxto:y alternative form (luğa fihŋ Kaš. III 239.
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D bakit- (look) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); cf. bakur-. The modern Caus. f. baktur- does not seem to be noted earlier than (Xak.) xıv Muh. amara bi'l-ta’ammul 'to order to contemplate’ bakdur-, Mel. 41, 5, where Rif. 131 has bakur- Xak. xı ol anı: evdin bakitti: atla'ahu wa amarahu anyubšir (words omitted) ‘he showed him and told him to look (at the house))’; also used for anyone who urges someone to look towards a place (yanzur ila mawdi') Kaš. II 308 (bakitu:r, bakitma:k).

D buka:t- (buka:d-) (bull through, бычиться) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. buka: (bull). Xak. xı buza:gu bukatti: (sic) šera'l-'icl fahl li’l-baqara wa 'udda min cumlatı'1-fulıûl ‘the calf became a bull and was reckoned among the bulls’; originally buka:dtı: Kaš. II 308 (buka:tu:r, bukatma:k, sic).

D bağda:- (trip (stumble), trigger) ‘to trip (someone Acc.)’; Den. V. fr. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) with a different meaning fr. bağla:-. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. bağda- ‘to cross the legs, sit cross-legged’; cf. bağdaš. Xak. xı ol anıŋ ada:km bağda:dı šağzaba riclahu fi’l-šire' ‘he tripped his leg while wrestling’ Kaš. III 276 (bağda:r, bağda:ma:k); a.o. II 364, 14: ol anıŋ ada:kın badğa:dı: same translation; a metathesized ('ale qalb) form of bağda:- III 288 (badga:r, badğa:ma:k).

D bağdat- (trip (stumble), trigger)Caus. f. of bağda:- (trip (stumble), trigger); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol anıŋ ada:km bağdattı: ‘he ordered (someone) to trip (bi-šağzaba) his leg while wrestling' Kaš. II 327 (bağdatu:r, bağdatmak).

D boğtur- (strangle) Caus. f. of boğ- (strangle, choke); ‘to order (someone Dat.) to strangle (someone Acc.)’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm., Tkm. boğdur-, Xak. xı ol anı: boğturdı: ‘he ordered that he should be strangled’ (bi-xanqihŋ Kaš. I1 171 (boğturur, boğturma:k); a.o. II 173, 18: Čağ. xv ff. boğdur-, Caus. f.; xafa farmûdan ‘to order to strangle’ San. 136^ 5.

Tris. BĞD

(F) bağa:tu:r by origin almost certainly a Hunnish (Hsiung-nu) Proper Name, and more specifically that of the second Hsiung-nu shan-yii (209-174 B.C.) whose name was transcribed by the Chinese as Maotun (Maotur with -n substituting for -r) (Giles 7,699 12,221; Old Chinese prob. something like moğ-tun (moğ-tur)). The word occurs only once in the early period and then still as a P.N. but was an early l.-w. in Mong. as ba’atur (Haenisch 184) bağatur (Kozu. 1058), primarily as an element in P.N.s, e.g. Yesügei Ba'atur (Haenisch 184) but also as a common noun meaning ‘picked warrior (selected, elite warrior)’. It is prob. that the transition from name to noun took place in Mong.; Turkish had other words like alpa:ğut with this meaning. The word reappears in Turkish in the medieval period generally in forms with medial -h- which suggest that the immediate source was Pe. S.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC, SC, and NW as batır/batur, R IV 1511-15, which seem to be direct borrowings fr. Mong. See Doerfer II 817 and Studies, p. 19. Türkü vııı ff. atım Bağa:tu:r Čigši: ‘my name is Bağa:tu:r Čigši:’ Tun. IV 12 (ETY II 96): Xwar. xıv maija alp bahatur quwwatlig kišiler ida bergil ‘send me tough warriors and strong men’ Nahc. 151, 9: Kom. xıv ‘brave (man)’ bağatur CCI; bahadur CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv šuca ‘brave’ bahadur Tuh. 20b. 8; Kav. 23, 12; 60, 6.

Even little children know that before creating a moniker, a noun or adjective, or a deverbal noun or adjective known by everybody must be around. To turn that upside down is stupid, and in a case of an enlightened scholar takes an ominous effort to be that much disgraced. The etymology of bagatur is transparent, and its progeny is awesome: might, magic, bogus, with a trail of derivatives and metaphorical extensions. The prime root is bögu “wise, mage, sage”, bögä “hero, butch, giant”, bögün- “comprehend; learn”.

D bakığ Hap. leg. ?; N.Ac. fr. bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await). Xak. xı bakığ al-nazra ‘a glance, look’; hence one says amŋ bakığı: kör abšir nazratahu ‘see how he glances’ Kaš. I 373.

VU bokuk (pbokok) ‘a swelling, esp. in the throat’, in humans 'goitre, double chin’, in birds ‘crop’; metaph. ‘a bud’. Survives in NE Alt., TeJ. poğo:k; Leb. po:k R IV 1264-5; Šor puğak do. 1362; Khak. poğo ‘goitre, bird’s crop’, sometimes ‘a (bride’s) necklace’; SE Türki pokak ‘goitre’ BŠ; poxak/po:kak/ porkak Jarring: NC Kır. poğo:k ‘necklace’; bokok ‘bird’s crop’ R IV 1265, 1646; boğok ‘goitre’ Yud.; Kzx. buğak ‘goitre’; NW Kk. buğak ‘goitre’. The evidence points to -o- in the first syllable. See Doerfer II 801. Xak. xı bokak (sic) al-haw šala ‘a bird’s crop’: bokuk cama atu l-nawr wa akmemu l-anwar wa’l--azher ‘a cluster of flowers, the buds of flowers’; hence one says čeček bokuklandi: ‘the flower has come into bud’ (takammama), that is before the blossom has actually opened (yatafattara’l-zahŋ (verse): bokuk ‘goitrous flesh’ (lahm gudadl) which grows between the skin and the flesh each side of the Adam’s apple (al-harqada); (a long account of the prevalence of this disease in Fergana and the Šiqnl country and of the reasons for it follows) \\ dis. b<T;C; Kaš. II 285: Kip. xıv (VU) boğağ al-halq ‘throat’ hi. 33 (an inexact translation, see boğaz); al-hawsala (VU) boğa:ğı: (sic) (and kurša:k) Bul. 12, 7: xv tahtu l-hanak ‘the part beneath the chin’ boğak Kav. 60, 15.
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(D) buka:ğu: ‘fetter, leg-iron, handcuff'; morphologically Conc. N. fr. *buka:-. S.i.s.m.l. (NC, NW, SW). See Doerfer II 725. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yazukluğ ernip... bukağusı ‘the fetters ... of a criminal’ M III 12, 19 (ı): Man. bukağutakılar ‘those who are in fetters’ TT 77/49: Bud. bağda buka-guda yatıp ‘lying in bonds and fetters’ Kuan. 38; a.o. TT VI 110: Xak. xı bukatğu: al-maqtara (sic) ‘the chains’ that are put on a thief Kaš. I 44e: xııı (?) Tef. bukağu ‘fetters’ 107 (bokağu): Čağ. xv ff. bukagu/bukaw the same as buxağu/buxaw (Osm.) in the sense of tawq wa zincir ‘neck-ring; chain’ San. i37r. 5: Kip. xıv bukawu: al-qayd ‘fetters’ Id. 33; (qayyada bukağula- Bul. 74V): xv qayd btiwawi; Tkm. buğawı (in margin in SW hand bukağı) Tuh. 29a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. bukağu ‘fetters, etc.’; fairlv c.i.a.p. TTS I 122; II 173; HI 578 (P-)\ IV 130; XVIII buxağu in Rumi, ‘a chain’ (zinciŋ that they fasten to the legs of animals or criminals San. 13ir. 7.

D bukağučı: N.Ag. fr. buka:ğu:; n.o.a.b. Cf. bukağuluğčı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of disreputable occupations) bukağučı boltum erser ‘if I have become a jailer’ U II 85, 13; a.o. TT IV 8, el (2 kina:-).

D bokuklug Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. bokuk. Xak. xı bokukluğ er ‘a man with goitre’ (haw šal a) Kaš. I 497.

D bukağuluğ P.N./A. fr. bukarğu: ‘fettered’, etc. Survives in NC Kır. boğo:lu:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. boyunları bukağuluğ ‘with their necks chained’ Suv. 12, 17.

D bukağuluğčı: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. bukağuluğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (Herod ordered) öz bukağuluğčı ölütči yarğan-larka ‘his own jailers, executioners and judges (?)’ U I 9, 17-18.

D bokuklan- (budding) Refl. Den. V. fr. bokuk; n.o.a.b. in the sense of ‘to come into bud’, of a plant, bush, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 10 (ağirlığ): Xak. xı Kaš. II285 (bokuk); 1437, 5 (same verse as in II 285).

D bağlığ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) P.N./A. fr. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch); with several meanings der. fr. that word. S.i.s.m.l. with the same phonetic changes as 1 ba:ğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. čaŋ bağlığ (PU) kü tao atlığ blr beg ‘a beg named Kü tao (?) of the Chang family’ Suv. 4, 7; (edgü ögil bağlığ bodısatv Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva, ‘the B. who looks kindly (on men)’ U I 17, 6; as Müller, do. I 56, point:⁵ out this must be an error for bakığlığ): (Civ. İ11 a contract USp. 13 relating to the sale of a vineyard the price is quoted in I. 2 as yüz Jki bağlık uzun karıda böz (see uzun) and in 1. 5 as yüz İki bağ bözl; bağlık must be syn. w. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch) and is either mı A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. it, otherwise unnoted, or a scribal error): Xak. xı KB beg atı bilig birle bağlığ tıırur 'a beg's reputation is bound up with his wisdom’ 1953: xıv Muh. al-mugtaq ‘bolted’ (opposite to ‘open’ ačuk) bagluk (sic) Rif. 154: (Mel. 56, 3 bağlamak in error): Čağ. xv ff. bağlığ/bağlık hağlu ve bağčalu... ve bir daxı baııdla bağltı ‘owning a vineyard or garden’ (fr. 2 ba:ğ) and also ‘tied with bonds' Vel. 130 (quotn.); bağlığ basta ‘bound’ San. ırî.čr. 21 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv bağlığ/bağlık/bağlı ‘bound, fastened’ Qutb 24.

(D) bakla:n (lamb) one of the group of animal names ending in -la:n; a particular kind of lamb, but whether of a particular age or ‘fat’ or the like is obscure. N.o.a.b. Cf. Doerfer II 751. Xak. xı bakla:n kuzi: al-hamalu'l-tariyu l-samin ‘a tender, fat lamb’ Kaš. 7 444: Xwar. xıv (one should eat a lamb) baklan erken (before it becomes a šišek (tišek)) Qutb 27.

bakıl- Pa:;s. f. of bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); s.i.s.m.l. meaning ‘to be watched, looked after’, and the like. Xak. xı yö:rke: bakıldı: tûli'a iva nuzira ilal-ard ‘the ground was carefully examined and looked at’ Kaš. II 131 (bakıîur, bakilma:k): Čağ. xv ff. bakıl- nigeh harda šu dan ‘to be looked at’ San. I20r. 1.

D boğul- (strangle, choke) Pass. f. of boğ- (strangle, choke); ‘to be strangled, choked’. S.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı er boğuldı: xunniqa'I-rand ‘the man (etc.) was strangled’ Kaš. U 131 (boğulur, boğulma:k): Kom. xıv ‘to be drowned’ boğul- CCI’, Gr.

D bokul- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of bok-. Xak. xı ada:k bokuldi: uxidat wa qubidati'l--riclul-ınafrüša ‘the leg which had been outstretched was grasped and drawn in’ Kaš. II 131 (bokılur, bokı/ulma:k sic, both kasra and datnma on the Infin.).

D bağla:- (tie, fasten) Den. V. fr. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch); usually ‘to tie, fasten’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. with the same phonetic changes as 1 ba:ğ. Cf. ba:- (bind), boğla:- (pack). Uyğ. ıx (I had three sons and three daughters) evledim bağladım ‘I married off (the sons, i.e. gave them their own homes) and gave (the daughters) in marriage (i.e. to another clan)’ Stici 6 (text as corrected by Gronbech): Xak. xı ol otuŋ bağla:dı: hazama’l-hatab ‘he tied the firewood (etc.) in a bundle’ Kaš. III 292 (bağla:r, bağla:ma:k); köglüm aga:r bağ-layu: ’aqadtu qalbi ’ahı hubbihi ‘I fastened my heart to (love for) him’ III 309, 10: xııı (?) (At. 183, 220 v.l. see ba:- (bind)); Tef. bağla- ‘to tie (the hands); to bolt a (door)’, etc. 88: xıv Muh. aglaqa wa šadda ‘to bolt, fasten’ ba:ğla:- Rif. 104 (Mel. 23, 3 bağlan-); qayyada ‘to bind’ (Rif. tva katafa ‘to handcuff’) \\ bağla- 30, 11; ba:ğla:- 114: Čağ. xv ff. bağla-bastan ‘to bind’ San. I24r. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bağla- 'to bind, fasten’, etc. 'Ali 2e: xııı (?) ditto. Oğ. 30, 34, 363, 36e:xiv ditto. Qutb 23; MN 365; Nahc. 17, 1 (yip): Kom. xıv ‘to tie up, fasten’ bağla-/ balğa- CCI; ditto and bavla- CCG; Gr. 47 (quotns.): Kip. xııı rabata ‘to tic up’ ba:ğla:-Hnu. 36, 3; šadda min šaddi'1-faras wa ğayrihe zva huıva’l-ribef ‘to fasten, that is tic up a horse etc.’ bağla:- do. 41, 3: xıv bağla- rahata, der. fr. ba:ğ al-ribef Id. 33; galfaqa ‘to bolt’ bağla- Bul. : xv rabata bağla- Kav. 74, 6; bağla-, and soine of them substitute -y-for -ğ- do. 75, 11: rabafa bayla-; Tkm. bağla- Tuli. 17b. 2; šnrra lua rabata ditto bayla- do. 23a. 5: Osm. xıv ff. bağla- ‘to tie (on); to bolt’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 69; II 9s; III 62; IV 68, 467 (kapu).

D boğla:- (pack) Hap. leg. (later pabsorbed by bağla:-). Xak. xı ol to:n boğla:dı: 'abbe'l--tawbfi šiwenihi ‘he packed the clothing in his baggage’; they distinguish between packing clothes (šaddi' l-tawb) and tying up other things (Itaztn ğayrUıŋ placing fatha on the be' in the first verb (i.e. bağla:-) and davıma on the be in the second (i.e. boğla:-) Kaš. III 292 (boğla:r, boğla:ma:k).

D bokla:- Den. V. fr. 1 bo:k. Survives in NE Sag. RIV 1267; Khak. poğla- ‘to go mouldy’; NC Kır. bokto- ‘to curse’; SW Osm. bokla-‘to soil, besmirch, bring into disrepute’. Oğuz xı yılkı: bokla:dı: retati'l-debba ‘the horse staled’ Kaš. III 292 (bokla:r, bokla:ma:k).

D bağlat- Caus. f. of bağla:-; ‘to order (someone Dal.) to tie up (something Acc.)’. S.i.s.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes as 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch). The MS. of Kaš. gives one example of this verb and then one example of what is evidently boğlat-, unvocalized, with a single Aor. and Infin. for both. Xak. xı (men) agar otuŋ bağlattım ‘I ordered him to tie up (ahzamtuhu) the firewood’ (etc.) Kaš. II 341 <bağlatu:rmen, bağlatma:k): Xwar. xıv bağlat- ‘to have (a door) bolted’ Qutb 24.

D boğlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of boğla:- (pack). Xak. xı (men) agar bo:ğ boğlattım (be' unvocalized) hamaltuhu ’ale šaddi'l-ayba zva'l--ruzıtta li-šiwen tazvbi'l-nise' ‘I ordered him to fasten up the bag or bale to pack the women’s clothes’ Kaš. II 341 (boğlatu:rmen, boğlatma:k, both vocalized ba-).

D bağlan- (fastened) Refl. f. (sometimes used for Pass.) of bağla:-. S.i.m.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes as 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch). Xak. xı otuŋ bağlandı: 'the firewood wns tied up’ (huzima); and one says özige: otuo bağlandı: ‘he set out to collect firewood (bi'1-ihtiteb) and tie up (huzim) a bundle of it for himself’; bağlanır, bağlanma:k; and one says ko:y bağlandı: ‘the sheep (etc.) was tied up’ (rubita) Kaš. II 238: KB oyunka katılsa boyun bağlanur ‘if a man gets involved in gambling, his neck is bound’ 5928: xııı (?) \\\ Tef. bağlan- ‘to be fastened, tied’ 88: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 24.
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D boğlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. (used as Pass.) of boğla:- (pack). Xak. xı to:n boğlandı: 'ubbiya bi’l-šiıceni'1-tazvb ‘the clothing was packed in the baggage’ Kaš. II 239 (boğlanu:r, boğlanma:k).

D boğlun- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of boğul- and syn. w. it. Xak. xı at boğlundı: ‘the horse (etc.) was strangled’ (ixtanaqa) Kaš. II 239 (boğlunu:r, boğlunma:k).

D boğım (joint, articulation; knot) N.S.A. fr. boğ- (strangle, choke) (semantic connection obscure); ‘a joint, or articulation; a knot (in a stalk, etc.)’. Survives in SE Türki and SW Osm., Tkm. See Doerfer II 799. Cf. boğun, bağıš. Xak. xı boğım al-ašca' fVl-isbi' ‘the knucklcs of the fingers’; anbftbu'l--qasab tva'1-halfe ‘the knots in a cane or alfalfa grass’, too, are called boğım Kaš. I 395 (and see boğun): Kom. xıv ‘joint’ boğum CCI, CCG; Gr.

D boğmak (neckband, choker, necklace, harness, ошейник) Infin. of boğ- (strangle, choke) used as a Conc. N.; ‘something worn tightly round, or on, the neck, collar-button, necklace’, and the like (for the semantic connection, cf. English ‘choker’). Survives only (?) in SW Osm. where it is now normally syn. w. boğım (but Sami 316 distinguishes between boğmak ‘joint, knot’ and boğmuk ‘necklace’). Xak. xı boğmak zirrtıl-qamtš ‘the (collar) button of a shirt’: boğmak al-tiqšer, that is ‘a necklace (qilada) of gold, etc. set with jewels and pearls, with which the bride is adorned for her wedding’ (tuzaff bihe'l- ar üs) Kaš. I 46e: xıv Muh. (?) (among articles of clothing) al-mixnaqa ‘necklace’ (‘choker’) boğmağ Rif. 150 (only): Osm. xıv ff. boğmak ‘necklace’; c.i.a.p.; boğmuk ditto occasionally fr. xvı onwards: xvııı boğmak in Rumi, gardan-band ‘necklace’, in Ar. tiqsar San. 136V. 7.

D boğmakla:- (fastened) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. boğmak; its existence is rather dubious; it is listed among verbs ending in -la:-, but none of the words quoted are so spelt; prob. the only form actually current was the Refl. f. Xak. xı köglek boğmakladdı: (sic) ‘the shirt buttons (etc.) were fastened’ (šudda) Kaš. III 350 (boğmaklanu:r, boğmaklanma:k sic).

D boğmaklan- (fastened) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of boğmakla:- (fastened) q.v. Xak. xı er boğmaklandı: šadda'l-racul 'urwata'l-qamis ‘the man fastened up the button-loop of his shirt’ Kaš. II 274. (bağmaklanu:r, boğmaklanma:k).
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bakan (torque, necklace) 'torque, necklace’. Pcc. to Kaš. and not connected with NC Kır., Kzx. bakan ‘tent pole’ which is a l.-w. fr. Mong. bağana (Kow. 1056, Haltod 270); there seems to be no basis for the statement in R IV 1437 that the word also exists with this meaning in Čağ. and his Kom. bakan is a misreading of bakam a l.-w. fr. Ar. baqqam ‘logwood (a dye wood)’. Xak. xı bnkan al-halqa rva'l-faivq ‘a torque or necklace’ made of bronze; one says altun bakan ‘gold necklace’ and so on Kaš. I 399; (in a para, under turma: on Ar. and Pe. l.-w. in Oğuz) the Oğuz call al-tatvq kalırda, which is Ar. qilada, but the Turks call a ‘necklace or torque’ bakan 7 432, 7.

bıkın (hip, flank) 'the hip, or flank’ of a human being or animal. Survives in NE Tel. pıkkın R IV 1307; Khak. pixti (i.e. pixin with 3rd Pers. Poss. Suff.); Tuv. bığın: NC Kır., Kzx. mıkın. See Doerfer II 754. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bıkın üze ısırsar ‘if it bites on the hip’ TT VII 36, 16 (USp. 42, 29, misread boyun): Xak. xı bıkın al-xešira ‘hip, flank’ Kaš. I 399: Čağ. xv ff. bıkın (spelt) pahhi wa ta/ıtgeh ‘flank, hip’ San. 147V. e: Xwar. xıv bıkın ditto Qutb 39: Kip. xıv bıkın al-xasira Id. 34: xv xasira (uca rca) bığın (in margin, 'and with -k-’) Tuh. 14a. 5.

D boğun (joint, articulation; knot) Intrans. Conc. N. fr. boğ- (strangle, choke); syn. w. boğım (joint, articulation; knot), but much commoner. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes. Xak. xı boğun al-ašca' ‘knuckle’, also anbftbu'l-qa šab ‘the knots in a canc’; the -n is changed fr. -m; this is permissible (caiz); (Ar. parallels are quoted) Kaš. I 399: Čağ. xv ff. boğun (spelt) band tva mafšali ‘a joint or articulation’ in the limbs of a man, or the trunk (tana) of a tree San. 136V. 13 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘joint’ buun (i.e. buwun?) CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı 'aqdul--ašebi' ‘joint in the finger’ bo:ğun Hou. 20, 17: Osm. xıv ff. boğun ‘joint; knot’; c.i.a.p. TTS 7 112; 77 159; 777 107; IV 119.

bokun (oppressed, subjugated, subjects) a word without independent existence used as a jingle with bodun (body of people) (Sf. Scythian Budini). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kamağ yok čığay kap kara bodun bokun ‘all (of us) destitute, ordinary common people’ M III 35, 10-11; a.o. do. 34,9: Bud. TT X 51-2 (bodun).

?F bağna: (rung, step) ‘a rung of a ladder’ or ‘a step of a staircase’; it is not clear which is intended. N.o.a.b. The word in Kip. quoted below is prob. not connected and seems to be the Mong. word bağana (see bakan). Both this word and šatu: (stair) have a foreign look, but there is no obvious foreign origin for either. Xak. xı bağna: daracatul-mllam ‘a rung (step) of a ladder (staircase)’ Kaš. I 434: KB šatu kördüm ellig anıŋ bağnası ‘I saw a ladder (staircase) with fifty rungs (steps)’ 6033; a.o. 6043: (Kip. xv šu ba (several meanings, here perhaps ‘forked branch’) bağana; Tkm. čatal Tuh. 20b. 3).\\\

D boğnak (stifling, choking, удушье) Dev. N.A. fr. boğun-; the general connotation must be something like ‘stifling’, but translations vary. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. boğunak ‘stifled, choked; violent gusty rain’. (Xak. xı see boğnaklan-): Čağ. xv ff. boğnak/boğnuk (both spelt) hatve-yi muh-tabis-i tira ‘an oppressive and gloomy atmosphere’ San. 136V. 8; boğak hatve-yi muhtabis, also called boğnak do. i3er. 2e: Kip. xıv boğanak (? ; so vocalized) šıt'büh mina'l-mafar ‘deluges of rain’ Id. 33: Osm. xvııı boğnak/boğnuk (after Čağ.) and in Rftrni, beren ki dargudar bešad 'heavy rain’; also gird-bed ‘whirlwind’ San. 136V. 8.

D bakın- (view, look, look after, obey, await) Refl. f. of bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); s.i.a.m.l.g. with varying meanings. Xak. xı ı:Š ke:dlŋe: bakınğıl intazir ile axiri'l-nntr iva tadabbar ‘look at the consequences of the affair and reflect’ Kaš. II 142 (bakinu:r, baktnma:k); a.o. 11 160, 5: KB (do not forget death, be ready for it, do not forget yourself) ttibügke bakın ‘look at your inmost being’ 1323; o.o. 605, 1462: xııı (?) At. ne iš utru kelse agar ked bakın 'whatever task confronts you, scrutinize it thoroughly’ 369: Xwar. xııı (?) (Altun Xan sent many gifts to Oğuz Xan and) ağızıka bakındı ‘paid heed to his words’ Oğ. 122.

D boğun- (strangled) Refl. f. (usually used as Pass.) of boğ- (strangle, choke) ; ‘to be strangled’, etc. S.i.s.m.l., w. some phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (gap) boğunsar tıdtursar 'if (a man) is roughly handled and lets himself be obstructed’ TT VII 40, 19: Xak. xı at boğundı: 'the horse (etc.) was strangled’ (ixtanaqa) Kaš. II 142 (boğunıı:r, boğuııma:k): Osm. xvı boğun-‘to strangle oneself (удавиться)’, in one text TTS II 112.

D bokun- (bend (respect)) Refl. f. of bok-; survives in NE Tel. poğın- ‘to bend (the knees)’, in respect. Xak. xı er ada:kın bokundi: qabada'l-racul riclahu’l-tnabsûfa ‘the man drew in his outstretched legs’ Kaš. II 142 (bokunu:r, bokunma:k; unvocalized and ba' undotted).

D boğundı: Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N. fr. boğun-, Xak. xı boğundı: matenatu'l--hayatvenet min ğayri'l-adami 'the bladder of an animal, but not of a human being’ Kaš. I 449.

D baka:nak (half of a cloven hoof, frog (hoof)) Den. N. fr. baka: (frog); 'the frog’ in a horse’s hoof (the metaphor is the same as in English). Survives with the same meaning, and for 'one half of a cloven hoof’ in NC Kır., Kzx. bakay and SW Osm. bakanak. In Kaš. the word is in a Chapter listing words containing -y-, and the original spelling must have been baka:yak but in both places a dot has been put over the yd' in addition to the two below it, no doubt by someone familiar with the Osm. pronunciation; in the second occurrence this letter carries a damma instead of a fatha. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (long gap) bakanak turkurup (long gap) TT IX 82: Xak. xı
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baka:yak (half of a cloven hoof, frog (hoof)) vıe baytı zil fay hull di zilf wa ahad jiqqayi 'l-zilf ‘the part within the cloven hoof of any animal with cloven hooves, and one half of a cloven hoof’: baka:yak (so read) nustir liawdfiri'l-xayl ‘the frog in a horse’s foot’ Kaš. İII 177: Osm. xv ff. bakanak common in Ar. and Pe. dicts, translating words meaning ’frog’ and ‘cloven hoof’ TTS 1 71; 11 99; III 63; IV 70.

D bakanlığ (strap with a ring) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. bakan. Xak. xı bakanlığ kadıš sayr du lialqa ‘a strap with a ring on it’ Kaš. I 499.

D bokunluğ (oppressed, subjugated, subjects) Hap. leg. N./A. fr. bokun (oppressed, subjugated, subjects), q.v. Xak. xı Kaš. I 499 (bodunluğ).

D bağnalığ (runged, stepped) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. bağna:. Xak. xı KB ediz bağnalığ men šatu kördüküm ‘the high ladder (staircase) with rungs (steps) which I saw’ 6052.

D boğnaklan- (stifle, choke, удушить) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. boğnak (stifling, choking, удушье). Xak. xı bulut boğnaklandı: šera’l-saheb qaza'at ‘the clouds broke up (??)’ Kaš. II 274 (boğnaklanu:r, boğnaklanma:k).

bağır (liver, emotions) properly ‘the liver’ with various extended and metaph. meanings, the latter mainly arising from the belief that the liver was the source of the emotions. S.i.a.m.l.g., sometimes with large phonetic changes e.g. NE Alt., Tel. pu:r, other dialects pa:r. See Doerfer II 707. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yerdeki bağrın yorığma tınlığ ‘terrestrial creatures that crawl on their bellies’ Chuas. 84: Uyğ. vııı IT. Man. (gap) özi bağrı (gap) M III 36,7 (v): Bud. bağrın yorığma TT IV 8, 58; a.o. do. 4, 6 (ığla:-); (birds peck his entrails, his lungs and) bağırın ‘his liver’ U III 79, 4; o.o. U IV 14, 153; TT X 175 (sun-) — (his sons and daughters, his progeny) bağırı böšüki prob. ‘his blood relations and relations by marriage’ (see böšük) TT VI105 (2 uruğ), 124, 309: Civ. bağırdın tepremiš ig ol ‘it is a disease arising from the liver’ TT I 221; (in a remedy for a swelling in the nose) kızıl bağır ikisin yar tuz birle inčge kinlep ‘slicing two raw livers (? , perhaps a technical term) finely with rock salt’ H I 142-3: Xak. bağır al-kabid ‘the liver’; and a man who obeys nobody is called bedük bağ’, that is ‘big-livered’, and kabidu’l-qaws ‘the central hand hold of a (long) bow’ is called ya: bağrı: Kaš. I360; 3 o.o. of bağır (kabid) as the source of emotions: KB oğlum bu bağrım otı ‘my son, this fire in my liver’ (i.e. dearly loved) 1482; bağırsaknı bulsa özüŋ bağrı kıl ‘if you find a kindly (masteŋ, be yourself affectionate to him’ 2609: xıv Muh. al-kabid ba:ğır Mel. 47, 15; Rif. 141: Čağ. xv ff. bağır cigar ‘liver’ San. i25r. 23 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv bağır ‘liver; the centre (of a mattress)’, etc. Qutb 24; MN 279, etc.; Nahc. 177, 7: Kıp. al-kabid ba:ğır Hou, 21, 13: l»3r 317xiv bağır ditto Id. 33: xv ditto bawur; Tkm. bağır Tuh. 30b. 9: Osm. xıv ff. bağır ‘liver’ lit. and as the source of emotions; c.i.a.p. TTS I 68; II 91; III 60; IV 67.

bakır (copper, brass, bronze, copper coin) ‘copper’; sometimes ‘a copper coin’, or ‘the weight of a copper coin’, a ‘mace’ one-tenth of a Chinese ounce. S.i.s.m.l. in most groups, but more often replaced by l.-w.s. Cf. tu.č. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. [gapji: baki.ri: bugsi:z erti: ‘his... and his copper were without limit’ Mai. 26, 7; bağı:r (? «c) do. 11 (közgü:): Uyğ. Civ. bakır is the normal unit of weight in prescriptions in H I 6 ff., and II and TT VII 22 e.g. bir bakır ‘one mace’; in USp. 18, 50, etc. and Fam. Arch, bakır frequently occurs as a unit of currency, ‘copper cash’, one-tenth of a sıtır and one-five-hundredth of a yastuk; a.o. TT VII 42, 2 (1 bo:k): Xak. xı bakır al-nuhes ‘copper’ (prov.): bakır fulüs bi'l-Šin bihe biye'etuhum ‘a copper cash’ in China, their purchases are made in them: bakır sukim the name of ‘the planet Mars’ (al-mirrih) as a simile for its redness Kaš. I 360; o.o. (sukim): KB yağız yer bakır bolmağınča kızıl ‘the brown earth is as red as copper’ 120; (if you do not speak, your words are considered golden) bakır boldı tildin čıkarsa am ‘they become copper if you let them pass your tongue’ 1916; a.o. 4888 (sukim): xııı (?) Tef. bakır ‘copper’ 90:xiv Muh. (?) al-mis ‘copper’ bakır Rif. 178 (only): Xwar. xıv bakır ‘copper’ Qutb 27: Kom. xıv ‘copper’ bağır (sic) CCI', Gr.: Kip. xııı al-nufıes ba:kir Hou. 31, 30; 50, 19; bakır do. 23, 21: xıv bağır al-mis; bağır (VU) šığan ‘the star called Aldebaran’ İd. 33 (the latter may be an error of the author’s for yağız sığın ‘brown maral deer’); bakır al-nuhesdo. 34 (mis is a Pe. l.-w., tıuhesAr; in this dialect of Ar. one may have had another meaning, perhaps ‘brass’ or ‘bronze’); al-nuhes bağır (MS. yağıŋ and tu:č; al-nuhesu'1-ašfar (‘yellow’) yez; al-mis bakır Buİ. 4, 9-10; (al-dabaren yağız (? ; MS. yağiŋ šığın do. 2, 14): xv al-nuhes ba:kır Kav. 58, 13; Tuh. 36b. 7; hewun ‘a mortar’ bakır keli do. 37b. 11: Osm. xvııı pakır (‘with p-’) in Rumi, mis, in Ar. šufr (‘copper’); also in the meaning of zang ki bar rû-yi mis nišlnad ‘corrosion which settles on the surface of copper’ San. i2er. 19 (there is no other trace of bakır in this sense, perhaps an error for pas).

buğra: (camel stud) ‘a camel stallion’. The word was used as a P.N. by the Karakhanid dynasty and was an early l.-w. in Mong. as bu'ura (Haenisch 24)/ buğura (Kow. 1166). Survives only in SE Türki buğra Shaw; boğra/buğra/buğur Jarring; NC Kır. bu:ra (perhaps reborrrowed fr. Mong.) and, until recently, SW Osm. buğur. For camel terminology generally see Shcherbak 103 ff. and J.-P. Roux ‘Le chameau en Asie centrale’, C.A.J V, pp. 35 ff. See Doerfer II 747. Türkü vııı ff. titi:r buğra: men ‘I am a camel stallion with a herd of females’ IrkB 20: Xak. xı buğra: fahlu'l-ibil ‘a camel stallion’; Buğra: Xa:n took his name from it Kaš. I420; ten o.o.: KB titir buğrası \318\ 2312 (1 ö:č); Buğra Xan is mentioned in 88 and Chapter IV, title: xıv Muh. fahlu'1-cimöl bu:ğra: Mel. 6, 12; Rif. 77; (under ‘camels’) fah!u'l-darreb (?) buğra: 70, 9; 172: Čağ. xv ff. (buğra: ‘a well known kind of broth (eš) which was invented by Buğra Xan, who was the ruler of Čin and Xi(e at the time of the rise of the Salcuks; it was originally called buğra:xa:nı: after him and later the xa:nı: was omitted for the sake of brevity; it is made with dough kneaded into thin threads’ San. 136V. 1); buğur (spelt) šutur-i dü kühen ‘a two-humped camel’, both male and female do. 136V. 11: Xwar. xıv buğra ‘camel stallion’ Qutb 35: Kip. xııı (under ‘camels’) ‘the twohumped stallion which they mate with female Arabian camels to produce Bactrian camels (1al-buxatŋ’ buğra: Hou. 14, 14: xıv buğra: fahlu l-camal; and in the Kiteb Beylik buğra: al-buxti ‘Bactrian camel’ İd. 33; al-camalu'l--he'ic ‘the rutting camel’ buğra: Bul. 7, 5: Osm. xıv ff. buğur (sometimes in xvııı puğuŋ ‘camel stallion’, fairly c.i.a.p.; buğra in one xıv text TTS I 121; II 172; IV 129.
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VU bığrığ, boğrul Preliminary note. Although these words are vocalized differently in the MS. the translations make it clear that they are etytnologically connected and the most probable explanation is that they are Dev. N.s fr. boğur-, Caus. f. of boğ- (strangle, choke), which survives only in NE Sag. poğır- R IV 1266. A general connotation of 'throttling' is therefore indicated, but the precise meaning in this context of al-amt, which has several meanings, is obscure; possibly ‘a bulge' (in the sense of something produced by excessive pressure) or 'overfilling'. It is not easy to connect the second meaning of boğrul with the first, semantically it is easier to connect xvith bögrül, q.v.

VUD boğruğ (bulge) Hap. leg.; see above. Xak. xı boğruğ (MS. biğriğ) al-amt fi'1-ğirera wa'l--watb wa nahwihi ‘a bulge (?) in a sack, milk-skin, or the like’ Kaš. I 461.

VUD boğrul (? boğrıl) (bulge) Hap. leg.; see above. Xak. xı boğrul (re‘ unvocalized) al-amt fi'l-wi'ai'1-mal'en wa'l-watb (MS. in error tabb) wa nahzvihi ‘a bulge (?) in a full food-bag, milk-skin, or the like’: boğrul (so vocalized) ko:y al-ğanamu'1-lladi ibyadda halquhu ‘a sheep with a white throat’ Kaš. I 481.

VU ?D bağram Hap. leg.; so vocalized, but etymologically it could be a N.S.A. of buğra:- (woodwork) meaning ‘notched’ that is ‘in ridges’. Xak. xı bağram kum al-ramlu'l-'elicu l-cubayl ‘sand heaped in layers and small hills’; the sands between Kešğar and Yerkend are called bağram ku.mi: (sic) Kaš. I 484.

ba:kir- (bark, shout, bellow) ‘to shout, bellow’, and the like. A western (Oğuz) word; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE and SE. Oğuz xı tevey ba:kırdı: ‘the camel bellowed’ (šaha) Kaš. III 186 (ba:kira:r, \\\ ba:kirma:k): ( xııı (?) Tef. bakra- (of a camel) ‘to bellow' yo): Osm. xvııı bağır- in Rumi, far yed kardan ‘to shout’ San. I25r. 15.

D bakur- (look) Caus. f. of bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); see bakit- (look). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol marja: kiši: bakurdi: anzara (omission; ‘he made me look (at the man’) Kaš. II 83 (bakurur, bakurma:k): (xiv Muh. amara bi’l-ta’ammul 'to order to contemplate’ bakdur- Mel. 41, 5; Rif. 130; Rif. 131 adds that -t- may be substituted for -d- but quotes the alternative form as bakur-, not baktur-, a scribal error?).

D bokur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bok- with the connotation of drawing in or contracting something. Xak. xı ol at tegi:rinden bokurdı: hatta min qhnati’l-faras wa ğayrahi bi'l-muhdbbet aıu ğayrilıi ‘he reduced the price of the horse (etc.) as a personal favour or for some other reason’; also used for anything that you bring down from its place (hafaffa min mahallihŋ Kaš. II 82 (bokurur, bokurma:k).

VU buğra:- (woodwork) the relationship between the two forms of this verb is morphologically obscure; both are n.o.a.b., but the first seems to be an earlier form of NW Kaz. bura- ‘to fashion (logs); to build (a house) out of fashioned logs’. They have no connection with buğra:ğu:, q.v. Xak. xı ol yığa:čığ buğra:dı: hazza’l--xašab ‘he carved, cut incisions or dovetails, in the wood’ (etc.) Kaš. III 277 (buğra:r, buğra:ma:k): ol yığa:č buğardı: hazza fi'l-xašab ‘he made incisions or dovetails, in the wood’; the original form (ašluhu) was buğra:dı: Kaš. II 80 (buğaru:r, buğarma:k).

VU bukra:- Hap. leg.; this is prob. the correct form of this verb, the -1:- in the Perf. seems to be a scribal error caused by the form of the preceding verb. Xak. xf at sučı.'dı; bukrı:dı: (sic) wataba'l-faras tva camaha ‘the horse reared up and ran away’; this verb is used only in the Hend. (tnuzdatvica (n)) and not by itself (mufrida (tt)) Kaš. III 279 (bukra:r, bukrama:k).

D bağrık- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. bağır. Xak. xı ač er bağrıktı: lašiqa xešira-tu'l-raculi'l-cai' bi’l-kabid ‘the hungry man’s sides stuck to his liver’ Kaš. II 227 (Aor. and Infin. omitted).

VUD buğruš- (woodwork) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of buğra:- (woodwork). Xak. xı ol maija: yığa:č buğ-rušdı: ‘he helped me to carve, make incisions (ft hazz) in the wood’; also used for competing Kaš. II 203 (buğrušu:r, buğrušma:k). .

D bağırčak Conc. N. fr. bağır; survived until recently in SW Osm. Sami 269; R IV 1452 meaning ‘the point of junction of the pole or shafts with the body of a wagon’. Xak. xı bağırčak akeful-himer ‘a donkey’s pack-saddle’ Kaš. I 502.
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VU buğurda: (of hair) ‘curly’; the form is certain since it follows a cross heading .

D-, but morphologically obscure and with a foreign look. Survives as buyra in NC Kır.; NW Kk., Nog., and SW Tkm. and as bödre in SE Türki; NW Tat. Xak. xı buğurda: sač al-ša'ru'1-ca'd ‘curly hair’ Kaš. I 488.

D bağırdak Conc. N. fr. bağır; translations vary but the general concept is one of a garment or wrapping to protect the liver; bağıldak which first appears in the medieval period is a Sec. f. Both survive in SW Osm. only (?) meaning ‘swaddling clothes, a girth to hold a baby in the cradle’ etc. See Doerfer II 750. Xak. xı bağırda» šudratu’l-mar'a ‘a woman’s bodice’ Kaš. I 502: xıv Muh. (?) (under ‘women’s clothing’) al-bağiltek bağır-ta:k Rif. 150 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bağıltak ‘a cotton robe (penbelii kaftan) worn over the head and body beneath a robe’ (cubbe) Vel. 131; bağırdak ‘a piece of material or girth’ \\ (parca wa bandŋ tied onto a cradle over the infant’s stomach’ San. i25r. 25; bağıltak/ bağllfak arxaliq (Azerbayjünŋ ‘jacket’ (quotn.) followed by quotns. fr. Vel. with cubbe misread as cebe ‘armour worn in battle’ and two Pe. dicts, in which the word is described as Pe. San. 125V. 6 (this suggests that bağıltak may be a Pe. corruption of bağırdak): Kip. xııı al-kulüta (Pe.) ‘a woman’s veil’ bağırda:k Hou. 18, 15: (xiv boğurdak/ bokurdak ‘throat, larynx Id. 33-4 and xv boğardak ditto Kav. 60, 15 have no connection with this word but are Sec. f.s or, more probably, errors for boğazdak a word not noted earlier than xıv Muh. Rif. 140 (only); the same words (errors ?) occur in Čağ. xv ff. San. 136V. 11; 137r. 6): Osm. xıv ff. bağır-dak ‘swaddling clothes; girth for a cradle’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 69; II 94;'III 61; IV 68.

D buğrağu: (camel-like, violent, aggressive) Den. N./A. fr. buğra: (camel stud); lit. ‘with a character like a camel stallion’s’, hence ‘violent, aggressive’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (if a man eats to satiety) kılkı bolur buğrağu ‘his character becomes aggressive’ 1126; aya buğrağu 6166.

D bağırlak (sand grouse) 'sand grouse’; presumably Dev. N. fr. bağırla:-, but the semantic connection is not apparent. Survives in SE Türki bağıtak 'the large sand grouse, Pterocles ahenarius’ Shatv 210, which is a later form of xvıı bağırtak ‘Tibetan short-toed sand grouse, Syraptes tibetamis in the ‘Five Language Mirror’, see E. D. Ross, ‘A polyglot list of birds in Turki, Manchu and Chinese’ Monographs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal II 9, Calcutta, 1909, p. 287 (the sound change -ı- > -t- suggests an origin further northwest) and in SW Osm. bağırtlak (sic) ‘the sand grouse Tetrao alchatar, the black grouse, Tetrao tetrix' Redhouse 330; boğırtlak (sic) kuši ‘a kind of partridge (čil)’ Sami 316. Xak. xı bağırlak al-qatat 'sand grouse, Pterocles' Kaš. I 503: Čağ. xv ff. bağırtlak (spelt) same as bağrı kara San. i25r. 24; (bağrı kara ‘a bird (paranda) larger than a dove, striped \\\ with various colours, predominantly yellow, with a black breast, which lives in the waterless stony desert (šahre)' (quotn.); also called bağırtlak, in Pe. sangšikanak (?), in Ar. qatat do. i25r. 18): Osm. xv ff. bağırtlak fairly common in Ar. and Pe. dicts, for ‘sand grouse’, etc.; once (IV 119) xvı boğurtlak TTS I 69; II 95; 111 61; IV 68.

D bağ’ P.N./A. fr. bağır; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı bağ’ er al-raculu'lladt le yanqad li--ahad ‘a man who does not obey anyone’; (similar Ar. phr. quoted) Kaš. I 494; a.o. I 360, 24 (bağır).

D bak’ P.N./A. fr. bakır; ‘possessing, or containing copper’. Survives in NW Kar. L. bağırlı R IV 1452. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (gap) bakırlığ (spelt p-) közlügler ‘with copper (coloured?) eyes’ TT IX 63: Xak. xı bakırlığ ‘the name of a place near Balesegün’: bakırlığ ta:ğ cabal dû nuhes ‘a mountain containing copper (ore)’ Kaš. I 495.

D buğra:lık Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. buğra: (camel stud); ‘a stud of camels’. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 5 (bodluğ).

VUF bokursi: ‘a wooden plough’. Survives only (?) in SE Türki bukusa BŠ 93; bokusa/ bukusa Jarring 59; an odd-looking word, with no Turkish etymology; prob. a corruption of Tokharian A (Agnean) pyekeš ‘a pointed stake’, van Windekens, Lexique etymologique des dia-lectes tokhariens, Louvain, 1941, p. 104. Cf. amač. Türkü vııı ff. eki: ökü:zü:g bir bokursı:ka: kölmiš ‘ (a man) harnessed two oxen to one wooden plough’ (they stand still unable to move) IrkB 25: Xak. xı bokursi: al-men ‘a ploughshare’ Kaš. III 242.

D bağırsak, xııı suk (chunks, bits, entrails) Preliminary note. The phonetic difference between these two words is clear down to about xıv and there is no trace of the first word after that date. By about xııı the second had become xııı sak and survives meaning ‘entrails' in NW Kar. T. bavursak R IV 1566 and SIT Az. bağırsağ; Osm. bağırsak; a word meaning ‘small pieces of dough fried in oil', which seems to be the same word with an altered meaning, survives in SE Türki bağursak/boğursak BŠ 52, 82 and NC Kır. bo:rsok; Kzx. bawirsak; see Doerfer II 797.

D bağırsak N./A.S. fr. bağırsa:-; 'compassionate, kindly’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. bağırsakım ‘Oh my kindly one!’ M II 8, 12 (in: Xak. xı bağırsak kiši: al-insenu'l--atûfu'l-hafı ‘a kindly, gracious man’ Kaš. I 502: KB bağırsak idi (God) ‘the compassionate Lord’ 34; (his manner was humble and) bağırsak kÖgül ‘his thoughts kindly’ 107; atadın anadın bağırsak bolup ‘being by heredity kindly’ 717; o.o. 41, 317, 763, 1133» 2574. 2609 (asığčı; bağıŋ, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. bağırsak ‘compassionate’ 88: Kom. xrv bavursak ‘compassionate’ (Grenbech’s ‘beloved’ is dubious) CCG; Gr. 53 (quotns.).
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D bağırsuk (? bağırsok) (entrails) Conc. N. fr. bağır ‘entrails’. See above. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (birds peck) bağırsukın 'his entrails’ U III 79, 3; o.o. U IV 8, 6; TT X 548: Civ. ditto \\ II6, 11: Xak. xı bağırsuk al-mi'e’ ‘entrails’ Kaš. I 502: Čağ. xv ff. bağırsak («c) riida tea ama 'entrails’ San. i25r. 25: Xwar. xıv bağırsuk Nahc. 12, 4 (1 büken): Kip. xııı al-mušren ‘entrails’ bağırsa:k Hou. 21, le:xiv bağaršuk (sic) ditto Id. 33: Osm. xıv to xvıı bağarsuk ‘entrails’ fairly common; also bağırsak fr. xvı TTS II 93-s; HI 59Î IV 66-8.

D bağırsaklık (compassion, kindliness, loyalty) A.N. fr. bağırsak; ‘compassion, kindliness, loyalty’, etc. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB 595 (uğurluğ), 608, 953, 1481, 579e: xııı (?) Tef. bağırsaklık ‘kindliness’ 88.

D bağırsız (no compassion, kindliness, loyalty) Priv. N./A. fr. bağır; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB bağırsız tusulmaz oğulda ‘there is no benefit to be got from a son lacking affection’ 2574.

D buğrağur- (violent, aggressive) Intrans. Den. V. fr. buğrağu: (camel-like, violent, aggressive); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB özüg buğrağursa bedütse boyun ‘if you yourself (your life) are aggressive and thicken your neck’ 6369.

D bağırla:- (solidify, repair, freeze) Den. V. fr. bağır; survives only (?) in NC Kır. bo:rdo-/bo:rlo- ‘to skirt’ (a mountain); Kzx. baurla- (ı) ‘to lie on (freeze?) the stomach’; (2) ‘to feel deep affection’ R IV 1432; bawirla- ‘to flog a horse’; (of water) bawirlap (kat-) ‘ (to freeze) solid’ MM 78. Xak. xı ol anı: bağırla:dı: darabahu *ale kabidihi na kabadahu ‘he hit him over, or wounded him in, the liver’; and one says ol ya:sm bağırla:dı: ašlaha tna'cis qatvsihi ‘he repaired the handhold of his bow’ Kaš. III 331 (bağırla:r, bağırla:ma:k).

D bağırlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of bağırla:-. Xak. xı ka:n bağırlandı: it'ancara'l-dam wa'n'aqada ‘the blood coagulated (solidified) and became solid’; also used of sour milk when it curdles (al-raib ida xatura) Kaš. II 264 (bağırlanu:r, bağırlanma:k).

D buğralan- (buğra:lan-) (grow into camel stud) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. buğra: (camel stud). Xak. xı tevey buğralandı: tafahhala'l-camal ‘the camel (colt) became a stallion’ Kaš. III 200 (buğralanu:r, buğralanma:k).

D bağırsa:- Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. bağır; cf. bağırsak where the meaning is more metaphorical. Xak. xı er bağırsa:dı: ištaha'l-raculu'l-kabid ‘the man longed for liver’ Kaš. III 332 (bağırsa:r, bağırsa: ma:k).

VU buxsi: (booze) (steamed?) Hap. leg.; perhaps a l.-w.; cf. buxsum. Xak. xı buxsi: (possibly a derivative of 2 bu: (bug, bus, pus) (steam, fog, )) the name of a kind of food (al-ta'em); to make it wheat is boiled and put in a jar with almond kernels and al-talbina (a mixture of bran, milk, and honey) is poured over it; it is then left to ferment, and the solids are eaten and the liquid drunk Kaš. I 423.

VU boxsak Hap. leg.; a mere jingle with axsak. Xak. xı Kaš. I 465 (axsa:k).

VUD boxsuk (? boxsok) ‘manacle, fetter’, and the like; perhaps a Conc. N. fr. boxsa:- (weep, sobbing in the throat, grasp throat) but the semantic connection is tenuous. Survives only (?) in NIÎ Bar. poksak ‘fetters’ R IV 1265. Cf. buka:ğu:. Xak. xı boxsuk al-ğull ‘hand-cuffs, iron collar’; boğsuk tuğa fihi a dialect form of the same; there are similar interchanges of x and ğ in Ar. e.g. xatarjgadar Kaš. I 465: Kip. xıv bokšak sayr yumatfi’l-qawsi 'l-muwattar li-yu’tadila'l--cenibu'1-mail ‘a strap fastened to a bow when it is strung to straighten a bent end’ Id. 34.

PU buxsum (beer) ‘beer’; perhaps a l.-w.; cf. buxsi: (booze) (steamed?) and beğni: (missing?). N.o.a.b. See Doerfer II 723. Xak. xı buxsum ‘beer’ (al-mizŋ a beverage made out of millet (al-duxn) Kaš. I 485 (in a para, for words with final -M); a.o. buxsun (sic) III 234 (toma:): xıv Muh. (l) nabîdu'1-ša'îr PU buksu:n (yuksu:n unvocalized) Rtf. lel(only).

VU boxsa:- (weep, sobbing in the throat, grasp throat) the semantic connections between this verb and boxsukkk, and between the two meanings of this verb are tenuous; the Čağ. meaning would be more appropriate if in that case it were regarded as a Sec. f. of *boğza:- a Den. V. fr. boğuz. Cf. boxsat-. Xak. xı ol agar boxsa:dı: abe qabül amrihi tva fi'la (? error for fa^rala)’l-fi'l kariha (n) ‘he refused to obey his orders and did his work reluctantly’ Kaš. III 284 (boxsa:r, boxsa:ma:k): Čağ. xv ff. boxsa- (-dŋ 'ešiqtıj hacr u firqatda ağla- (of a lover) ‘to weep in enforced absence and separation’; not used as a general alternative to ağla- but only of a lover Vel. 147 (quotn. fr. Muhekamatu’l-luğatayn drawing this distinction); boxsa- (spelt) girya dar gulu girih gaštan az šiddat-i anbüh ‘to be on the point of sobbing in the throat because of deep distress’, in Ar. ğušša; followed by a statement of Vel.’s explanation; other forms translated ğušša-nek šudan ‘to be distressed’ San. 13OV. 18 (quotn.; the reference to ‘throat’ suggests a connection with boğaz).

VUD boxsuklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. boxsuk; occurs only in a prov. quoted under bošlağlan-. Xak. xı bošlağlansa: boxsuklanu:r man tahatvzvara fi'1-umür wa 'aše'l-nıušJr tuğall yadtthu ile 'unuqihi ‘if a man rushes heedlessly into affairs and disregards advice his hand is chained to his ncek’ Kaš. II 272, 14.

D 1 bağıš (joint, articulation, knot, bond, tie, yurt gear) Den. N. fr. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch), with the connotation of something which fastens things together. Survives only (?) in SE Türki bağıš Shaw, Jarring-, Tar. beğıš R IV 1455 ‘joint, articulation’. Cf. boğım/boğun. See Doerfer II 706. Türkü vııı ff. (in a series of questions about the parts of a tent) bağıšı: ne: teg bar ol ‘how are its girth-ropes (?)? It has them’. IrkB 18: Xak. xı tyağıš mafešiltıl--ašebi' wa sairi'1-a'de' ‘the joints of the fingers and other limbs’, and also anebibu l-qašab ‘the knots in a cane’ (etc.) Kaš. I 367: Čağ. xv ff. bağıš band u beğ ‘bond, tie’; also used for xargah asbabi ‘tent gear’ Vel. 131; bağıš (1) band wa faneb-i xayma ‘a tent rope’; (2) mafšal-i zenü ‘knee joint’ San. i25r. 26.

D bakıš (look, glance) N.Ac. fr. bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); ‘look, glance’. Survives in SW Az. baxıš; Osm., Tkm. bakıš. Xak. xı bakıš al-munezara bi'l-bašur ‘a mutual look or glance’ Kaš. I 367: KB yiti közlüg ol kör bakıšı yırak ‘he is keen-sighted and long-sighted’ 1855: Čağ. xv ff. bakıš nigeh ‘look, glance’ San. i2er. 20 (quotn.).

F bağši: (religious teacher) l.-w. fr. Chinese po-shih (Giles 9,072 9,909; Ancient Chinese bek-šŋ (Buddhist) ‘religious teacher’; an early l.-w. in this sense in Mong., occurring in the two a.d. 1352 hP’ags-pa inscriptions where it is spelt bağši, not baxši (the alphabet distinguishes clearly between these two sounds) and still surviving in this form but with rather altered meanings (Haltod 272). As bağšı: is the most probable pronunciation of the Chinese phr. at the date when it was borrowed, the word was prob. so pronounced in Uyğ., where it is common, but as -ğš’ is not a possible combination in pure Turkish words (see Studies, p. 169) it no doubt fairly soon became baxšı:. There is no trace of the word between Uyğ. and Kom. xiv/ Čağ. XV ff., and it is prob. that when it reappeared it had been reborrowed fr. Mong.; by this time it meant ‘a scribe’ and more specifically ‘a scribe able to write in the Uyğ. (or rather Mongolian official) alphabet’ (see Studies, pp. 175 ff.). It still survives with such meanings as ‘strolling minstrel, magician, shaman, quack doctor’ in SE Türki baxšı Shaw, BŠ, Jarring-, NC Kır. bakšı, Kzx. baksi, and SC Uzb. baxšl, See Doerfer II 724. Türkü vııı ff. Man. bağšısıga ‘to his teacher’ M III 21,6 (iii): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. in TT VIII A.3, C.19, etc., bağšı: (or baxšı:?, spelt pahulpehsijbhehšŋ translates seste, guru, acharya, all meaning ‘religious teacher’; o.o. U III 46, 1; U IV 28, 4; Pfahl. 6, 5; Suv. 187, 9 etc.: Civ. lükčüglüg bağšıka ‘to the teacher living at Lükčüi]’ USp. 91, 14-15; a.o. H II 8, 25 (ota:čı:): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. \321\ ‘teacher’ bağšı R IV 1132; Ligeti 138. Čağ. xv ff. baxšı ‘the word for the scribes of the Shahs of Turkistan who do not know Persian’ Vel. 125 (quotn.); baxšı (spelt) nawisanda wa dabir wa xwananda wa carrah 'scribe, secretary, singer, surgeon’ San. ngv. 26 (quotns. including one fr. Babur saying that ‘surgeon’ is a Mong. meaning): Kom. xıv ‘scribe’ bakšı ’ CCI; Gr. : Osm. xv the scribe who wrote MS. B of the At. in Istanbul in a.h. 884 (a.d. 1479-80) in the Mong. official alphabet with Ar. transcription describes himself as Šayx-zeda 'Abdu’l-razzaq baxšı. !!! Chinese used Bog for God? Funny
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D bakıš- Recip. f. of bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await); ‘to look at one another’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ola:r bi:r bi:rke: bakıšdı: tanezare bi'1-lihez ‘they looked at one another out of the corners of their eyes’ Kaš. II 103 (bakıšu:r, bakıšma:k); o.o. / 170, 18; 183, 6; 519, 9: KB (the sun is the fourth planet, it gives light to the world) yakıšsa yarutur bakıšsa özün ‘when they approach and look at one another it illuminates it’ 134; a.o. 137: xıv Muh. tanezara bakıš- Mel. 42, 4; Rif. 133: Čağ. xv ff. bakıš- Recip. f.; ba-ham nigeh kardan ‘to look at one another’ San. 125V. 29: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 27.

D boğuš- (strangle, choke) Recip. f. of boğ- (strangle, choke); ‘to strangle, or try to strangle, one another’. Survives in SW’ Osm., Tkm. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: boğušdı: ‘each of them strangled (xanaqa) the other’ Kaš. II 1 o 1 (boğušu:r, boğušma:k): Čağ. xv ff. boğuš- Recip. f.; ‘to squeeze’ (afšurdan) or strangle (xufa kardan) one another’ San. i3er. 5-

DF baxšılığ P.N./A. fr. baxšı: (bagšı:); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. baxšılığ [burxan tejrjri tuğtuguz ‘you were born as a divine teacher-burxan’ TT III 129-30.

DF bağıšla:- (give, gift, reward, be generous) (bestow) Den. V. fr. 2 bağıš (give, gift) (bestow) ‘a gift’, a l.-w. fr. some Iranian language (cf. Pe. baxš) which is recorded only in Kom. xıv CCI; Gr. Survives only (?) in SE Türki baxšla-/bağıšla- ‘to give’ Shaw 40, 44; beğišli- ‘to dedicate (something to someone)’ BŠ 64; bağıšla- ‘to forgive; to give’ Jarring 50. Xak. xı ol maga: at bağıšla:di: wahaba It faras ‘he gave me a horse (etc.)’ Kaš. III 335 (bağıšla:r, bağıšla:ma:k): KB akı bol bağıšla ‘become generous, give gifts’ 2053: xııı (?) Tef. bağıšla- wahaba 88: xıv Muh. (?) al-hiba ‘to give’ bağıšlamak Rif. 125 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bağıšla- baxšıdan ya'ni 'afw kardan wa 'ate kardan ‘to forgive, to give’ San. 124V. 27 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv bağıšla- ‘to give, to reward’ Qutb 24; MN 368: Kom. xıv ‘to give’ bağıšla- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı wahaba mina'l-hiba (mis-spelt hayba) bakıšla:- (sic) Hou. 44, 7: xıv bağıšla- wahaba; its origin is baxštš taken from the Persian Id. 33; wahaba baxıšla- (sic) Bui. \\ Sev.: xv wahaba mina'l-hiba bağıšla- Kav. 78, 13: Osm. xıv TTS II 9 (ağı:).
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DF bağıšlal- (given, bestow) (bestow) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of bağıšla:- (give, gift) (bestow); in a para, on forming the Pass. f.; n.m.c. Xak. xı at bağıšlaldı: ‘the horse was given’ (tvuhiba) Kaš. III 344, 16.

DF bağıšlan- (given, bestow) (bestow) Refl. f. (used as Pass.) of bağıšla:- (give, gift) (bestow); ‘to be given’. Xak. xı at bağıšlandı: ‘the horse was given’ Kaš. III 344, 19 (quoted as an alternative form to bağıšlal-); n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. bağıšlan- Pass. f.; baxšîda šutları ‘to be given, forgiven’ Sarı. I2$r. 13 (quotn).

PU boğay (low) (bog) ‘low’; n.o.a.b. Prob. the origin of Mong. boğoni ‘short, low’ (Kotv. 1160, Ilaltod 291), in which case the Turkish word must originally have been *boğaft; the suggested parallels in Hüen-ts., note 2091, are not very plausible. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. edizi boğaysı 'its height and lowness’, translating Chinese kao hsia ‘high and low’ (Giles 5,927 4,230) Hüen-ts. 2091; a.o. do. note 2091 translating Chinese pei ‘low, humble’ (Giles 8,759).

boğuz (boğoz) (throat, windpipe, fingerboard, pregnant ( animal), fodder) ‘throat’. The second vowel was very short and habitually elided before SufTs. beginning with a vowel, and the inconsistency between -u- and -a- in its later representation suggests an original -o-. Survives in NE Tuv. bo:s; SE Türki buğaz/ bıığuz Shaw, boğuz BŠ, Jarring-, NC Kzx. buaz; SC Uzb. büğiz; NW Kaz. buaz; Nog. buğaz and SWT Az., Osm., Tkm. boğaz. Some of these words mean also (or only) (of an animal) ‘pregnant’; the connection is obscure but as old as Xwar. xıı (?). See Doerfer II 792, 798. Cf. tamğa:k. Türkü vııı boğzı: tok erti: ‘their throats were satisfied’ (eating hares and wild game) T 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kičig kaglınıŋ kısğačı boğuz bağı yok erser ‘if a small cart has no shafts or throat band’ (i.e. horse collar, it cannot move) TT V 26, 116; yalig boğazı (sic. ? boğzı) todmaz 'his naked throat is not satisfied’ TT VI 14: Civ. boğzı ‘his throat’ TT VIII 1.1; boğzınta do. 7; boğuz ičinde kart bolup ‘if there is a swelling in his throat’ H I 187; o.o. 12 (ağrı:-), 185-8: Xak. xı boğuz (sic here and elsewhere, not boğaz as in printed text) al-halq ‘throat’ Kaš. I 364; three o.o.; boğzı: II 290, 8; III 264, 7; boğzın II 306. 4: KB boğuz ‘throat’ is common 991 (ülüg), 993, 1312 (boğuzug), 2096 (boğzı), 3797 (boğzum), etc.: xııı (?) Tef. boğaz (sic) ‘throat’ 10e: xıv Muh. al-halq boğuz Mel. 47, 1; Rif. 140 (boğaz): Čağ. XV ff. boğuz boğaz hulqum ma’nesina ‘throat, windpipe’ Vel. 153; boğz (spelt) gulû wa hulqum ditto San. 136V. 4 (quotn.); boğuz \\ (spelt) gulû tva 'alîq*i datvebb ‘throat’ and ‘cattle fodder’ (sic?) 136V. 12; boğuz is the Čağ. equivalent of Rumi boğača 1 2e: Xwar. xııı (?) töl boğaz boldi ‘she became pregnant’ Oğ. 64-5; 83: xıv boğuz ‘throat; the neck of a stringed instrument’ Qutb 35; boğaz ‘throat’ Nahc. 18, e: Kom. xıv ‘throat’ boğaz CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hulqilm boğa:z IIou. 20, 8: xıv (boğağ al-halq, also boğurdak and) boğaz Id. 33: xv al-halq boğaz Kav. 60, 14; hulqum bowaz (in margin Tkm. (?) boğaz) Tuh. 12b. 5: Osm. xıv ff. boğaz (once xiv. boğuz I 112) ‘throat’ in phr. TTS I 112; II 158; 111 107; IV 118.

D boğuzla:- (slaughter) Den. V. fr. boğuz (throat); 'to cut the throat of (someone Acc.), slaughter’. Not noted before X1 il but see boğuzlan-. Survives in SE Türki boğuzla:-; SW boğazla-, (Xak.) xiıı (?) Tef. boğuzla:- ‘to slaughter’ (a lamb) 10e: xıv Muh. dabaha ‘to slaughter’ boğuzla:- Mel. 26, 5; Rif. 109: Čağ. xv ff. boğuzla- dabh kardan San. i3er. 7 (quotns.): X>var. xıv boğuzla- ditto Qutb 35; Nahc. 214, 7: Kip. xııı dabaha boğuzla:- Hou. 34, 4: xıv boğazla- ditto. Id. 33: xv dabaha boğazla- bi'l-išmem (? meaning here; normally ‘with front vowels’) Kav. 75, 4; ditto bowuzla-; Tkm. boğuzla- Tuh. 16b. 2; a.o.o.

D boğuzlan- (slaughter) Refl. f. (used as Pass.) of boğuzla:- (slaughter). Türkü vııı yerči: yer yağılıp boğuzlantı: ‘the guide lost the way and had his throat cut’ T 2e: Čağ. xv ff. boğuzlan-Pass. f.; dabh šııdan San. 1361-. 22.

(S) bek (? pek) (firm, solid, stable’) ‘firm, solid, stable’, and the like; Kaš. s.v. berk, q.v., says that bek was the original form and berk an expanded form \\ with -r- added (ze’ida) but the facts are, ’no doubt, the opposite; both forms occur as early as Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. S.i.a.m.l.g., in SW as pek but this may not be the original form as perk does not occur. In some modern languages bek but not berk, is used as an Adv. meaning ‘very’ qualifying Adjs. and a few Verbs. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. bek katığ kertgünčlüg ‘having a firm (Hend.) faith’ M I 30, 2-3; a.o. M III 36, 3 (iii): Bud. bek katığ... kertgünč TT VII 40, 117; bek tutup‘holding fast’ TT V 26, 111; a.o. U III 44, 6 (ı): Civ. bek tut- TT I 34-5, 41: Xak. xı bek ne:g ‘anything firm, solid’ (muhkam) Kaš. I 333; bek tut ahfa% ‘hold firmly’ III 11, 4; o.o. I 349, 21 (berk); 455, 21: KB yagi neg talular ma özke bekim ‘I am (always) seeking new .things but I am stable at heart’ 686; bek tüteytn (sic in all MSS.) 721; o.o. 697, 2015, xııı (?) At tilig bekte tutğıl... kali čıkša bektin ‘keep your tongue under control... if it escapes from control’ 131-2: Čağ. xv ff. pek (‘with p-’) camV wa hama ‘all’ San. i2er. 24 (quotn. fr. which this false meaning was inferred; see also Osm.): Xwar. xııı (?) (he loved that stallion)bek? pek) čok ‘very much’ Oğ. 224: xıv bek ‘firmly’ Qutb 30: Kip. xııı (among Proper Names) bektemür (amir hadid aw) hadid qawwi ‘strong iron’ Hou. 29, 13 (see beg): xıv bek al-rabfttl-šadid ‘a firm bond’, originally berk; the original form is also used and is commoner Id. 34: Osm. xv ff. pek ‘firm, solid, violent’; c.i.a.p. TTS 11 769; 111 576; IV 639: xvııı pek... and in Rumi, muhkam wa matin wa ustuwar ‘firm, solid, stable’ San. i2er. 24.

2 bek (? pek) see be:g (bek, ?pek, bey, be:, bi) (lord, master, ruler, monarch, king, prince, chieftain, gentry, husband, бог)

1 bö:g (bew or baw?, biy, boy, böv, böy, bö:y, büyö/büyü) (spider (poisonous), tarantula) ‘a poisonous spider, tarantula’. Survives in NC Kzx. büyö/büyü; NC Kumyk miya; Nogay biy; SW Osm. böy/böye (now obsolete?); Tkm. mö:y. Arabic al-tafet is not the usual word for ‘spider’ and prob. means ‘poisonous spider’. The Kip. translation ‘scorpion’ (normally ča:dan) is odd, and perhaps an error. Cf. örümček (spider). Xak. xı bö:g al-tatat 'a (poisonous) spider’ in one of the two languages (i.e. Xak. and Oğuz?) Kaš. III 131; bö:y al-tatet, alternative form of bo:g, the latter is more correct (ašahh) III 141: Čağ. xv ff. bew (or baw?) rutayle ‘tarantula’ San. i2jr. 29: Oğuz xı biy (so vocalized, but ?read böy) alternative form (luğa ft) of bö:y III 206 (it is perhaps implied that bö:y, too, was Oğuz): Kom. xıv böv ‘spider’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-aqrab ‘scorpion’ bö:y (also čaya:n) Hou. 11, 17: xıv bö:y al-'aqrab Id. 37; Bui. 11, 4: xv 'ankabüt ‘spider’ boy (and örümčük and) bew Tuh. 25a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. böv/böy ‘tarantula’; fairly c.i.a.p., esp. in dicts. TTS II 169; III 111; IV 125.

VU 2 bö:g a technical term used in the game of knucklebones. Survives only (?) in NC Kır. bögö; Kzx. bügö/bügü R IV 1881-2. 1 Čik, q.v.j which has the opposite meaning, is commoner. Xak. xı bö:g ism waq’i’l-ka’bfVl-la’ib li-zahrihi ‘the word used when the knucklebone falls on its back in the game (of knucklebones)’, one says čik bö:g Kaš. III 130.
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1 bük ‘thicket’ and the like. Survives in NIC bük/pük several dialects R IV 1.194, Khak., Tuv., and SVV Osm. bük; the origin of the entry bük ‘forest’ in P. de C. 173 is obscure, it does not occur in earlier Čağ. authorities. Xak. xı bük al-acama ‘a thicket, brushwood’ Kaš. I 333; o.o. I 233, 27; 245, 3 (örtel-); 260, 12 (ürtet-): Kip. xıv bük al-ğeba ‘thicket’ Id. 34: Osm. xıv fî. bük ‘thicket’ in two xıv texts and several xvııı dicts. TTS I 132; II 186; III 123; IV 139.

VU 2 bük (corner) ‘corner; the corner post of a house’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. (a big house was burnt; right down to its floor nothing remained) büki:ge: tegi: kodmaduk ‘right to its corner posts (?) nothing was left’ IrkB 9 (cf. 1 kat): Arğu: xı bük al-zetviya ‘a corner’ Kaš. I 333.

bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)) ‘to collect, gather together (people or things)’ and in particular ‘to collect, or dam up (running water)’. Survives in NC Kır. bögö-; Kzx. böge- ‘to dam up (water); to block (a road)’ and SW xx Anat. böge-/ böye-/büge ‘to dam up’ SDD 224-8, 237. The verb seems to have become böge- in the medieval period; see bögül-, bögün-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. türe böge ‘rolling up and gathering together’ (all my sins) Suv. 137, 4: Xak. xı ol su:vuğ bögdi: ‘he collected (qara) the water and gathered it together in a basin (sikr) that he had prepared for it’; and one says beg sü:sin bögdi: 'the beg assembled (cama'a) his army’; the volume (katra) of an army is constantly compared to water, for example one says su:v aktı: ‘the water flowed’ (sala) and sü: aktı: ‘the army streamed out’ (sela) Kaš. II i9 (böge:r, bögme:k); tegizni: kayğukın bögme:s al-bahr le yuskar bi'l-zawraq ‘you cannot dam the sea with a small boat’ I 100, 18.

1 bük- (bik-) (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted) Kaš. gives two meanings (1) ‘to bend, bow’, and the like (Intrans.); (2) ‘to feel aversion, be revolted by (something Abl.)’, but later usages and the Pass. f. bükül- show that it was a Trans. V. w. the Object sometimes understood. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually in the first sense but w. an Object stated. Exceptionally NC Kır. distinguishes between bük- ‘to bend’ and bökö- ‘to feel aversion’, but it is unlikely that this reflects a genuine original phonetic difference between two verbs with different meanings. Cf. yükün-, Xak. xı ol meni: körüp bükdi: ‘when he saw me he cleaved to the ground and was humble, hiding himself’ (lata bi’l-ard iva'nxafada mutakam-mina (n))\ and one says ol ašdın bükdi: ‘he was revolted (šabi'a) by the food, so that he loathed it and was disgusted’; and one says ol tava:rka: bükdi: translated ‘his eye was filled (imtala'a) with wealth, etc.’, i.e. ‘he was greedy for wealth’ Kaš. II 18 (büke:r, bükme:k); uvut bo:lup büke: turdi: translated ‘he was ashamed so that he was humble and hid himself from the people and turned away (bend turned) from me’ ('adenî) III 231, 1: (KB the alternative reading bu söznüg katı for bu söz bük katı in 870 is obviously to be preferred): xıv Muh. taıve ‘to fold up’ (Trans.) bük- Rif, 112 (only); al-fayy bükmek Mel. 35, 1; 120 (Mel. also has čulğa- (čuğla:-)): Čağ. xv ff. bük- xam kardan tva tah kardan ‘to bend, or fold’ San. itfr. 7: Xwar. xıv bik- (sic) (of the moon) ‘to set’ (bend down) Qutb 32: Kom. xıv ‘to fold’ bük- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı taıve bük- Hou. 38, 3: xıv bük- raqaša ‘to dance’ (prob. in the sense of ‘to bend (the body)’; unlikely to be a Sec. f. of böy- (bödi:-), q.v.); bük- fatala ‘to twist’ (a thread, etc.) Id. 34; faıve bük- Bul. 47v.: xv ditto Kav. 9, 7; 74, 4; Tuh. 24a. 8; baraka (of a camel) ‘to kneel' do. 8b. 6.

S bigi See ki:b. (likeness, resemblance, like, sort, kind, mould, model) (kimi, ki:m > com-)

böke: (warrior, wrestler, big snake) although Kaš. says that the primary meaning was ‘a big snake’ and that it was used metaph. of strong warriors the evidence points rather in the opposite direction. An early l.-w. in Mong. as bökö ‘warrior, wrestler’ (Haenisch 17); survives in this sense in NE pökö several dialects R IV 1299; bökö Russko-alt. slovar (s.v. silach); SE Tar. böke R IV 1693-4 ^an<J perhaps NC Kır. bökö, but these may be reborrowings fr. Mong. See Doerfer II 803. Türkü vııı Ix. 17 (alp): Xak. xı böke: al-tubenu'l-'azim ‘a big snake’, it is said in the folk-tale (al-matal) yeti: bašlığ yel böke: ‘a snake with seven heads’ (yel is unexplained, possibly ‘demon’, see 1 ye:l (wind, demonic howl)); and warriors (al-abtel) are called by it, for example one of the great men Čuzame) of the Yabekü was called böke: (VU) Bodrač (a long anecdote about his defeat by Arslan Tegin follows) Kaš. III 227: KB böke yolčılığ ‘having a warrior as a guide’ 2354; ay böke 3545; böke yavğusı 5523: Čağ. xv ff. böke ‘a strong man and wrestler (pahlatven tva kuštî-giŋ who defeats all his rivals’ San. i38r. 1 (‘wrestler’ suggests a re-borrowing from Mong.; see also a:la: (mottled, dappled, blotchy, speckled, leper, blood-shot, hypocritical, treacherous, secret thoughts)).

bögü: (bögö:) (magic, sage, wizard, sorcery, witchcraft, learned, wise, intelligent) ‘sage, wizard’; the word seems to connote both wisdom and mysterious spiritual power. An early l.-w. in Mong. as bö’e (Haenisch 16)/böge (Kow. 1242, Haltod 307) where it means ‘a male shaman’, as opposed to iduğan ‘female shaman’ (a purely Mong. word). Bögü: Kağan was the regnal title of one Türkü and one early Uygur kağan. Survives only (?) in SW büyü (spelt bügü) ‘sorcery, witchcraft’. Türkü vııı Bögü: Xağan T 34; Türkü Bögü: Xağan T 50: vııı ff. Man. Bögü Xan TT II 6, 33, etc.; a.o. M III 15, 6 (ii) (bögülen-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bögüler kuvrağında ‘in the assembly of sages’ TT V 10, 107; bögü Kug Futsi ‘the sage Confucius’ do. 26, 104; ıduk bögü biliglig 'sacred and with mystical knowledge’ Suv. 89, 9; o.o. do. 137, 7; 174, 8; U II 44, 33 (?); Tegri Bögü Tegriken Pfahl. 6, 3: O. Kır. ıx ff. Uruğu: Külüg Tok Bögü Terken Proper Name (?) Mal. 10, 6: Xak. \325\ xı bögü: al-'elim wa'l-hakim wa'l-'aqil ‘learned, wise, intelligent’, hence the Hend. bögü: bilge: Kaš. III 228; o.o. 7 428, 23 (bilge:); 111 228, 13 (üdür-); 303, 9: KB ay bögü 183, etc., and ay bilge bögü 191-2, etc. are very common; bögü beg kim erse biligke yakın ‘whoever is a wise ruler is close to knowledge’ 254; a.o.o.: xıı (?) KBVP ol elniŋ bögüsi hakîmî turup ‘being the sage and wise man of that realm’ 27; a.o. do. 11: xıv Muh. al-sihr ‘witchcraft’ bö:gi: Mel. 83, 17; Rif. 189: Kom. xıv bügüler ‘the (Jewish) prophets’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv sihr (cadü (Pe.) and) bögi Tuh. 19a. 3: Osm. xvııı bügi (spelt) in Rumi, sihr wa afsün ‘magic, witchcraft’ San. 138r. 11.
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D bekü:- (firmly, stable, confirmed) Den. V. fr. bek (firm, solid, stable’). N.o.a.b.; cf. berki:-(not listed). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (all good doctrine is...) kutrulmakdın beküdeči ‘confirmed by salvation’ TT V 24, 67 and 77 (there misread beküt- (fasten, make fast, consolidate, secure, establish)): Xak. xı tügü:n bekü:di: istahkamati'l- uqda ‘the knot was firmly tied’; also used of an affair when it is confirmed (istahkama) Kaš. III 27o (bekü:r, bekü:me:k): KB (the tribal customs were put in order and the realm organized; the king attained peace) beküp e1 uli ‘the foundation of the realm being firm’ 1772: xııı (?) Tef. bekü- ‘to be firm, stable’ 9e: Kip. xıv (after bek/berk) and beki-/berki- are derived from them Id. 34.

DF begeč (begüm, bekeč, bikeš, bikečbege) (beg diminutive, affection, my chief, husband’s elder sister, young woman, fiancee, princes, girl) Dim. f. in -č (rare; usually affectionate) fr. beg (bek, ?pek, bey, be:, bi) (lord, master, ruler, monarch, king, prince, chieftain, gentry, husband, бог); originally ‘little chief’ as a term of affection. In the medieval period, like begüm, ‘my chief’ it acquired a female connotation. It seems to survive only in NC Kzx. bikeš ‘husband’s elder sister’ and NW Kaz. bikeč ‘young woman, fiancee’. Xak. xı begeč laqabu'l-takekin ‘a title of princes’; hence one says Begeč (perhaps Bekeč in Ar.) Arsla:n Tegin; when it is pronounced with -g- its meaning is ye umayyar 'oh little chief!’ as a Dim. f. of amir, to express affection and tenderness ('atf zua tahannun); the word beg al-amir has a -g Kaš. I 357: Cağ. xv ff. begeč (‘with -g-’) duxtar (daughter) kız ma'nesina ‘girl’ Vel. 141 (quotn.); begeč zan-i muhtarama ‘a lady of quality’ also spelt bege San. 147V. 27; the same entry reversed i48r. 5 (quotn.).

D beküt (secured) Hap. leg. and quoted only in a Hend.; Dev. N. fr. bekü:- (firmly, stable, confirmed); ‘secured’ or the like. Xak. xı Kaš. III 8 (yašut).

VU bügde: (dagger) ‘dagger’. N.o.a.b. See Doerfer II 746. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of arms and ornaments: lance, sword, crown, thunderbolt, wheel) bügde (iron whip) TT V 10, 93; o.o. Suv. 28, 20; 544, 6 (bedzet-): Xak. xı bügde al-xancar ‘dagger’ Kaš. I 418; a.o. III 272, 1: KB bu bügde biček kim eligde turur ‘this dagger which is in my hand’ 810: Oğuz xı (the Turks say bügde: for ‘dagger’ and the Oğuz) bükte: Kaš. I 31, 24.

PU bügte: (feat, deed) Hap. leg. and noted only in a Hend.; cf. bügteči: (hero, champion). Türkü vııı ff. Man. (if by mistake we have done something wicked, saying) buyan bügteg kılurbız ‘we are performing (helping) a meritorious act (Hend.)’ Chuas. 141-2.

VU büktel (mature, wide shoulders (metaph.)) n.o.a.b.; the underlying meaning may be ‘mature’. Xak. xı büktel er al-raculu'l-rab’a ‘a mature man’; büktel at al-farasul-adakk ‘a horse with a broad flat back’ Kaš. I 481: KB (your stable is full of) kevel (käbäl) (well-bred fast horse) tazı büktel takı arkuni ‘blood horses, Arabs, horses with broad fiat backs and crossbreds’ 5369.

PU?D bögtür (bog, slop, mire) Hap. leg.; the te’ carries both kasra and damma, but the latter must be correct if this can be taken as a Dev. N. fr. *bögüt-, Caus. f. of bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)), in the sense of ‘a place where (water) collects’. The Kip. xıv word for al-hideca ‘a camel litter for women’ PU bögter Id. 34; Bul. 7, 6 (mis-spelt with y-) is difficult to connect with this word. Xak. xı bögtür al-hazan tea’l-tvahada fi’l-cabal ‘rough ground, a deep valley in the mountains’ Kaš. I 455 (verse).

DF beged- Intrans. Den. V. fr. beg; ‘to become a beg'. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Toy. 24-5 (ETY 7/59; 1 u:č) : Man. TT 77 8, 42-4 (erklen-).

D beküt- (fasten, make fast, consolidate, secure, establish) Caus. f. of bekü:- (firmly, stable, confirmed); ‘to fasten, make fast, consolidate’. Cf. berkit- (fasten, make firm, consolidate), bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure). S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, which uses forms of bekle:-. In other language-groups the words used vary between bekit- and berkit- and in some both occur; in SW Osm. has pekit- and Tkm. berkit-. Xak. xı ol ı:šığ bekütti: ‘he fixed (ahkama) the business’; the original usage is for fastening a knot (idö šadda'l--'uqda) Kaš. II 309 (bekitü:r, bekitme:k, sic): KB (Aytoldŋ bekütti tilig ‘held his tongue’ 956; bekütti išig 1580 (one MS. bekittŋ: xn (?) KB VP bir anča bekütip yakın tutğunı ‘he will take firm hold of a certain number and keep them near him’ 49: xııı (?) Tef. beküt- ‘to establish’ (Islam) 9e: Osm. xv ff. pekit- (? so read) ‘to consolidate, secure’; in several texts TTS II 124; 777 78; 7^89.

D büküt- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted), Xak. xı ya:ğlığ aš meni: bükütti: ‘the fatty food turned my stomach (ğalaba 'ale qalbŋ, and I was satiated (šabi'tu) with it and had indigestion (ğamita 'alayya) without my stomach being filled’; similarly if someone gives property (mel) to someone else until he has a surfeit of it (imtala'a 'aynahu), the latter says ol meni: tava:rın bükütti: 'he has satiated me (ašba'anl) (turned over) with property’ Kaš. II 309 (bükütü:r, bükütme:k).
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PUD bügteči Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. bügte:. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (if we have sinned against the holy prophets and) buyančı bügteči anğ dindarlarka ‘the meritorious (Hend.) pure Elect’ Chuas. 66-7.

VUD bügde:le:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. bügde:. Xak. xı ol anı: bügde:le:dİ: fvaca'ahu bi'l-xancar ‘he stabbed him with a dagger’ Kaš. III 352 (bügde:le:r, bügde:le:me:k).

DF beglik (dukedom, princedom, married, замужем) A.N. (sometimes used as Conc. N.) fr. beg. These two words must be taken together since to a large extent they have the same meanings, and in most texts the scripts are too ambiguous to make it possible to determine which word is intended. The P.N./A. usually means ‘having the rank, or status of beg', less often it means ‘having a chief, or a husband’. The A.N. originally meant ‘the rank or status of beg', or ‘fit to hold such a rank’. Later it came to mean ‘a district governed by a beg'. Beglig now seems to be obsolete, but beglik with various phonetic changes (see beg) s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with some changes of meaning, e.g. in NC Kir blylik is the normal word for ‘a government’ and SW Osm. beylik often has that sense. Türkü vııı tavğač bodunka: beglik uri: kul bolti: (corrected in II to kilti:) ‘they made your sons who were fit to be chiefs slaves to the Chinese (Tabgach Türkic) people’ I E 7, II E 7; similar phr. I E 24, II E 20: vııı ff. nelük ölgey ol begli:g ol ‘why should it die? It is fit for a chief’ IrkB 57 (see kanığ): Yen. beglik kası [gap] ‘his family of chiefs’ Mai. 26, 9: Uyğ. vııı ff. Hud. beglig (or -k?) erenler ‘men with the rank of chief’ U III 45, 8: Xak. xı tavar kimig üklise: beglik agar kcrgc:yür ‘if a man’s wealth accumulates, he is more worthy of the chieftainship than the others’ (hınca aula bi'1-imera min ğayrihŋ Kaš. I 362, 24; n.m.e.: KB beglik ‘the rank, or position, of chief’ is common, e.g beglik bulur ‘he attains the rank of chief’ 301; o.o. 430, 552, 819, etc.; (the king had his eyes and cars fixed on the whole realm) ačıldı agar barča beglig (sic?) kapug ‘all the doors of the government ?) were open to him’ 436; similar phr. 554 (in this passages Arat reads beklig and translates ‘closed’, but there is no evidence that such a word existed and a P.N./A. of an Adj. would be very unusual): xııı (?) Tef. (a Christian came from the Christians of Rum and) anda beglig (or -k?) maliketke olturdi ‘and sat in the seat of government there’ 94; xıv Muh. (?) al-mttzatvtvaca ‘a married woman’ begli:g Rif. 149 (Mel. 53, r erlenmİš). '

D beklik (firmness) A.N. fr. bek; ‘firmness’, etc. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı KB 2132 (tutruk).

D bögül- (dammed) Pass. f. of bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)); ‘to be dammed up’, etc. Survives only (?) in NC Kır. bögel-, Xak. xı su:v bögüldi: ictama'a'1-me' min sakr uttuxida lahu tva katura ‘the water was collected by a basin (or dam ?) which was made for it and grew in volume’ Kaš. II 132 (bögülür, bögülme:k; mis-spelt with j-, which is an impossible initial in this chapteŋ.

D bükül- (bent, folded) Pass. f. of 1 bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted); ‘to be bent, folded, etc.’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı butik büküldi: inqata'ati'l-xufn ‘the bough broke’, also used when it is bent ('ufifat); lntrans. and Pass. (yata'adde tva le yata'adde); also used of anything when it is doubled over or folded (idantane u'a'na (afa) Kaš. II 132 (bükülür, bükülme:k); o.o. I 437, 5; II 285, le: Čag. xv ff. bükül- (spelt, also bükrey-) xamidan tva tali šudan ‘to bend (hitrans.), to be folded’ San. i37r. 22 (quotns.): Kom. xıv bügül- ‘to bow, bend’: Kip. xıv bügel- (sic; ‘with -g-’) sacada tva rafa'a 'acizatahu ‘to prostrate oneself, raising one’s buttocks' İd. 35: xv 1nhadaba ‘to be bent, convex’ (bükrey-; in margin) bükül- Tuh. 6b. 13.

DF begle:- Hap. leg., but see beglen-; Den. V. fr. beg. Xak. xı ol am: beglerdi: nasabaltu ilö'1-imera tva sammehu amir ‘he appointed him to be a beg and named him beg' Kaš. III 292 (begle:r, begle:me:k).

D bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure, беречь) Den. V. fr. bek. S.i.s.m.l. in NE, NW and SW with various phonetic changes, and wide developments of meaning, esp. in SW where t is consistently bekle-, not pekle-. Originally it meant ‘to fasten, make fast, secure’; thence ‘to keep secure’ and so ‘to watch over (guard)’; thence more indefinitely ‘to watch for, expect’, and finally merely ‘to wait’. Cf. berkle:- (firm, stable, solid, strong, secure, imprisoning, protecting). Uyg. vııı ff. Hud. yantut beleg beklep ‘packing up a return present’ Hiicn-ts. 1858-9; o.o. PP 63, 5-6 (adak); TT V p. 16, note A54, 8: Civ. kuduğ ičin bekledi ‘stopped up (fastened) the interior of the well’ TT I 103-4; beklep ‘fastening’ (the dharani to the gusset of the wife’s drawers) VII 26, 11: Xak. xı ol ne:ŋin bekle:di: hafaza nıelahu ‘hr stored his property in a safe place’; and one says ol kapuğın bekle:di: ‘he fastened (sadda) his door’; also used when one ties up (autaqa) something Kaš. III 292 (bekle:r, bekle:me:k); o.o. I 504, 10; III 445, le: KB biHg birle bekle bu bulmıš ödiİg ‘by means of knowledge secure this opportunity that you have found’ 161; (if the man who finds me) tutup beklese ‘seizes and fastens me up (holds)’ 700; o.o. 712, 1703, 20le: xııı At. tilin beklegende ‘for the man who holds his tongue’ 144; Tef. bekle- ‘to keep (oneself from miserliness)’ 9e:xiv Muh. (?) hafiza bekle:- Rif. 107 (in margin sakla-): Xwar. xıv bekle- ‘to hold fast (traditions)’ Nahc. 207, 9: Kip. xıv bekle- harasa ‘to watch over, guard’ İd. 34: xv qafala ‘to store up’ bekle- Kav. 74, 4: Osm. xıv and xv bekle- (1) ‘to keep (a secret)’; (2) ‘to protect (someone Acc., from something Abl.) \\ in several texts TTS I 87; IV 90: xvııı bekle- (spelt) in Rumi, pes deštan ‘to guard, protect’ San. ner. zz (quotn.).
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D beklet- Caus. f. of bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure); survives in SW Osm. with extended meaninps. Oğuz xı beg oğrı:m: bekletti: 'the beg ordered that the thief should be bound and imprisoned’ (bi'stiteqi'l-lišš tva habsihŋ; and one says men at beklettim ‘I ordered that the horse (etc.) should be fastened up’ (bi-hifz) Kaš. I1 341 (bekletü:rmen, bekletme:k).

D boklel- Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure); occurs in a scries of clauses/lescribing sufferings of various kinds; no ordinary meaning of čığ/čık suits the context, and it is prob. a Chinese l.-w. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if they are flogged with all kinds of whips and willow rods and) bekte čtğta beklelmiš erserlcr ‘bound in...’ Suv. 117, 13-14.

DF begten- Refl. f. of begle:-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ura:ğut beglendi: tazaivaccati'l-mar a ‘the woman was married’ Kaš. II 239 (beg-lenli:r, beglenme:k); a.o. II 254, 3: KB in 3535 ^a passage relating to the activities of the fickle worlej the Cairo MS. reads birig beglenür kör takı bir begin okiyu turur tegme künde ögin ‘he make one man a beg and summons a different beg every day’; the Vienna MS. has begleyür which looks the better reading; the Fergana MS. is quite different and probably corrupt.

D beklen- (shortness of breath) Refl. f. (sometimes used as Pass.) of bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure); survives in SW Osm. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tifn bjeklenmefkig] ‘shortness of breath’ H I 12: Xak. xı beklendi: ne:g istahkama'1-šay’ ‘the thing was firm, solid, secure’; and one says er evinde: beklendi: ‘the man barricaded himself (tahaššana) in his house’; also used if he was imprisoned (httbisa) in it Kaš. II 239 (Oğuz follows): Oğuz xı beklendi: ne:g hufisa ’l-šay\ yata'adde tea la yata'adde ‘the thing was stored up’ or ‘the thing was in store’ (?) Kaš. II 239 (beklenü:r, beklenme:k): Osm. xvı beklen- ‘to be solid, hard’ in one text TTS III 78.

D böglün- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of bögül-, Xak. xı su:v böglündi: istanqa'a'l-me’ ‘the water was stagnant’; and one says sü: böglündi: ‘the army assembled’ (ictama'a) Kaš. II 239 (böglünü:r, böglünme:k).

D büklün- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of bükül-, Xak. xı büklündi: ne:g in'atafa'l-šay' toa yutanne ‘the thing was bent (or folded) and doubled over’ Kaš. II 239 (büklünü:r, büklünme:k).

D bekleš- Co-op. f. of bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure); survives only (?) in SW Osm. ‘to keep watch together; to wait for one another’. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: beklešdi: 'ehada ma'i ‘he made a compact with me’; and one says ol marja: kapuğ beklešdi: ‘he helped me to fasten (ft tasfiq) the door’ Kaš. II 203 (Oğuz follows): Oğuz XI ol maga: at beklešdi: ‘he helped me to fasten up (fi hifz) the horse’ Kaš. II 203 (beklešü:r, beklešme:k).

D bögülüg (bögölög) P.N./A. fr. bögü; ‘magic, mystical’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bögülüg etöz (a spotless, clean) ‘mystical body’ TT V 8, 52; bögülüg erdem ‘mystical virtue’ TT VI 354 (and 350 v.l.); Kuan. 188-9.

D bögüle:- (bögöle:-) (bewitch, колдовать) Den. V. fr. bögü:; n.o.a.b. but see bögülen-, (Xak.) xıv Muh. Sahara ‘to make magic, bewitch’ bö:gü:le:-Mel. 27, 3; Rif. 110 (bögü:le:-); al-sihr bö:gülemek (in error mak) 37, 12; 124.

D bögülen- (bögölen-) (wise, ) Refl. f. of bögüle:- (bewitch, колдовать); ‘to have mystical wisdom’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (I have told you about these three divine kings’ coming, descent, virtue) bögüsin bögülenmekin ‘wizardry and mystical wisdom’ M III 15, 6 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A vıdya bögülen-mekin ‘its wisdom (Sanskrit l.-w.) and mystical wisdom’ M I 2i, 1 (in: Man. [teŋri burxan] bögülenmek kutığ kıvığ bulmıš bolğay ‘he will have attained the good fortune (Hend.) of the mystical wisdom [of the divine burxan]’ M II 5, 3-5 (in: Bud. (Kuan-ši--im Bodhisattva by his mystical knowledge) alkunı körür bögülenür ‘sees all things and has mystical knowledge of them’ Kuan. 207-8.

D büküm (hank, skein, моток) N.S.A. fr. bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted); survives only (?) in SW Osm. for ‘a fold; a skein (of wool)’, and the like. Oğuz xı büküm etük ‘the slipper (al-xuff) worn by women’; the other (Turks) call it mükim/mükin, substituting m- for b- and -n for -m; I reckon that this is incorrect (laysa bi-šamîm) but the Kıpčak and other confederations (ahlef) call it by these names Kaš. I 395 (Atalav, loc. cit., suggests correcting to aelef and translating ‘tribes’, but aelef does not mean ‘tribes’; in the passage quoted, I 280, 13 (equals I 334, 21 under sik) aelefu'l-turk means ‘the vulgar uneducated Turks’).

?C bekmes (p-) ‘syrup of fruit juice’. Survives only in Osm. pekmez. Prob. a compound of bek and a corruption of some foreign word, prob. Ar. (and Pe.) muzz ‘rather acid’. See Doerfer II 756. Oğuz xı bekmes al-rubb ‘syrup of fruit juice’ Kaš. I 459; a.o. I 440, 21 (s.v. talkan in a verse not specifically described as Oğuz): Tkm. xııı al-dibs ‘syrup’ bekmes (MS. bekmeš) Hou. 16, 1: xıv (? Kip.) al-dibs bekmez (s) (sic) Bui. 8, 7: xv al-dibs bekmers Kav. 63, r.

DF begimsin- Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. beg; (irregular, see atakimsm-).

Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. begimsinmeyük beg bolsar 'if someone not fitted to be a beg becomes a beg' TT VII 42, 5.

VUD büken (? bükin) Kaš. lists this word w. three meanings, except in the third the kef is unvocalized; it is noted only once elsewhere. All meanings seem to be appropriate for an Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted); ‘melon’ only if it is one with a folded, corrugated surface. Xak. xı büken al-'innin ‘impotent’: büken al-mumarrağa (? read al-mimrağa) mina'l-am'e’ ‘part of the entrails, the coecum’: büken al~ -bittixu'l-hindi 'the Indian melon’ Kaš. I 399: Xwar. xıv (the Prophet went to pray; then that accursed man threw) t^venif) nacesatlığ bükenlerini (sic) bağırsuklarını ‘the filthy bowels and entrails of a camel’ (all over him) Nahc. 12, 4.

?F begni: ‘beer’; n.o.a.b. There is no widely distributed Turkish word for ‘beer’, and this word and buxsum, q.v., are perhaps l.-w.s. See Doerfer II 759. Türkü vııı ff. bir kün bir kon iki: küp begni: ‘for one day one sheep and two jars of beer’ Tutt. IV 9-10 (ETY II 96): Uyğ. vııı ff. borka: begni:ke: (spelt beknike:) tokıtmıš kiši ‘a man who lets himself be overcome by wine or beer’ TT VIII /.ii ; bor begini H I 52 (mis-spelt begilŋ and 53; bor begni TT VII 25, 14: Xak. xı begni: šarebu l-hinta wa’l-duxn wa’l--ša'ir ‘a drink made of wheat, millet, and barley’ Kaš. I 434; o.o. III 60, 15 (yuš-); III 8r, 7 (yivil-): xıv Muh. (?) nabidu'l-duxn ‘millet beer’ begni: (-g- marked) Rif. lel(only).

D bögün- Refl. f. of bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)) ; survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. böven-/bügen- (of a stream) ‘to be dammed’; (of water) ‘to collect and become higher’; (of people) ‘to assemble’ SDD 228, 237. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ürlüksüz nomlarığ bögünüp ‘discarding’ (or opposing?) transitory doctrines TT III 142-3 (spelt pöküniip): (Xak.) xııı (?) At. (if two qualities are combined in a man) bögendi ol erke muruwwat yoh 'the road to nobility is blocked for that man’ 150.

VU bögür (? bögör) ‘the kidneys’; hence, more generally, the part of the body near the kidneys, ‘the loins’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as bo'ere (Haenisch 16). Survives in NW Kaz. böyer, but generally displaced by bögrek, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a tantric text; the tenth letter is called [gap]) iki bögür üze urğu ol ‘he should place it over the two kidneys (or loins?)’ TT VII 41, 1-2: Xak. xı bögür al-kulya ‘kidney’ (and bögür (the same word used metaph. ?) ‘the name of a castle on a high mountain between Kuča and Uygur, one of the frontier posts’) Kaš. I 361: Čağ. xv ff. bögr tahigeh tva gurdageh ‘the loins, the place where the kidneys are’; also called bögür, in Arabic xešira San. i38r. 2; bögür the same as bögr tahigeh do. 7.

D bekrü: Ger. of *beker-, Intrans. Den. V. fr. bek, used as an Adv.; ‘firmly, tightly’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bekrü (spelt begriŋ kizle yašurğıl ‘hide (Hend.) it carefully’ M III 29, 1 (in: Bud. bekrü kizlep PP 56,1: Civ. yerde kazğuk bekürü tokayın teser ‘if he says “I will fasten a peg firmly in the ground”’ TT I 185-e: Xak. xı KB (if you find fickle fortune) İdi bekrü tut ‘grasp it very firmly’ 725; küdez bekrü til ‘keep a close watch on your tongue’ 4344.

D bükri: presumably Dev. N./A.S. fr. *bükür- Caus. f. of bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted); 'bent, bowed, hunchbacked’, and the like, primarily of persons; survives in SC Uzb. bükri; NW Krim bükrü/bügrü and SW Osm. only in the phr. egri bügri; some NC, NW languages use cognate forms like bükür; other languages use other words, generally egri: (crooked). See Doerfer II 804. Xak. xı bükri: al-ahdab min kull šay' 'humpbacked, convex of anything’ Kaš. I420; bükri: bolup muhdawdib zahruhu 'with a bent back’ (in submission, not through infirmity) I 219, 2e: Xwar. xıv arkası bükrü ermiš 'his back was bent’ Nahc. 274, 17: Kom. xıv bükrü ‘humpbacked’ CC7; ‘bent’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv bükrü al-ahdab (and büker al-muxne 'cut down, destroyed’ (?)) Id. 34: xv ahdab bükri Tuh. 4a. 10.

DF begrek Comparative f. in -rek fr. beg; irregular since beg is a N.; 'superior, more than an (ordinary) beg'. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (in a hymn ?) teyrim alpım begrekim M II 7, 6 and 8: Bud. siz kišide adruk begrek er közünürsiz 'you appear to be different from and superior to other people’ PP 66, 4-5.

VUD bögrek Dim. f. fr. bögür and syn. w. it; not noted before the medieval period. S.i.a.m.l.g.; NE several dialects pügrek/pürek RIV 1396-7; Khak. pügürek/pürek; Tuv. bü:rek; SE Türki burak (with kef) Shatv; börek BŠ, Jarring: NC Kır. böyrök; Kzx. büyrek; SC Uzb. buyrak; NW Kk., Kumyk, Nog. büyrek; Kaz. böyerek: SW Az. böyrek; Osm. (bögrek)/böbrek/böyrek; Tkm. bövrek. See Doerfer II 807. Čağ. xv ff. (VU) bügrek qulwa wa gürda 'kidney’; bügrekči ‘bodies of troops which are kept in reserve’ on the right and left flanks when dispositions are made on the field of battle; that on the right is called sak (sa:ğ) bügrek and that on the left sol bügrek San. i38r. 3: Kip. xııı al-kulya ‘kidney’ (VU) bügrek Hou. 21, 17: xıv ditto Id. 34: xv kuhva bürek (in margin bügrek) Tuh. 30b. 9; al-kulwa bü:rek Kav. 61, 10: Osm. xıv ff. bögrek is common down to xvı and noted as late as xvııı-xix but seems now to have been displaced by böbrek TTS 1117; II167; IV 125.

VUD bögrül Hap. leg.; there is obviously a semantic and structural parallel between this \329\ word and boğrul (a sheep) ‘with a white neck (boğuz)’, which can be explained morphologically by regarding this as a Den. N. fr. böglir and boğrul as a similar Den. N. fr. *boğur, an L/R form of boguz. Xak. xı bögrül at al-farasıı'l-axšaf tva kadalika'l--ğanamu'l-aškal tvağayruhtt ‘a horse with white flanks, or dappled’; also used for a sheep, etc., which is 'parti-coloured’ Kaš. I 481 (aškal, too, has semantic connections with šekila ‘side, flank’).
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PUD bekrlš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of *beker-, see bekrü:; the first letter is undotted and the word completely unvocalized, but the translation suggests that a word of this form must be assumed. Xak. xı (winter says to summer: ‘under my influence men and horses become active; diseases, too, abate’) et yin takı: bekrišü:r wa yašluba abdenıt'l-nes wa luhii-muhum ‘and people’s bodies and flesh become hard’ Kaš. III 278, 14; n.m.e.

VUD bögürle:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. bögür. Forms of a parallel Den, V. fr. bögrek have similar meanings in some modern languages. Xak. xı ol anı: bögürle:di: ‘he hit him over the kidneys’ (kalehu); and one says ol yağı:nı: bögürle:di: ‘he broke into the enemy’s ranks (daxala šajja’l- aduww) on the right or left, so that he routed him without meeting him face to face’ Kaš. III 332 (bögürle:r, bögürle:me:k); a.o. III 345, 28.

DF begsig Dev. N./A.S. fr. *begsi:-, Simulative Den. V. fr. beg; ’fit to be a beg'. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı bu: er ol begsig hede racul yušbih xuluquhu xuluqa'I-umara 'this man’s character is like the character of begs' Kaš. III 128, 25 (s.v. -sığ): KB adirmazmen begsig yü kulsığ kišig ‘I do not differentiate between a man fit to be a beg and one fit to be a slave’ 809.

bökseg ‘the upper part of the chest; a woman’s breasts.’ As such n.o.a.b., but prob. the origin of Mong. bökse (Haenisch 17; Kow. 1252). This word is said to mean ‘the buttocks’, but retains its original meaning as a reborrowing in Čağ. and also in NC Kır., Kzx. böksö, and in at least one passage in the Secret History this meaning suits the context better than ‘buttocks’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the 500 maral deer were terrified by the fear of losing their lives and lay flat on the ground and) [gap] išin böksigin (sic!) Ömgeklediler ‘cowered on their... and chests’ UIV 34, 70: Xak. xı bökseg taribatu'l-mar'a ‘a woman’s breasts’: bökseg al-nahr ‘the upper part of the chest’ Kaš. I 47e: Čağ. xv ff. bökse (‘with -k-’) ‘the part of a human or animal body above the waist- Vel. 153 (quotn.); bökse (spelt) beletar \\\ az kamar ‘ (the part) above the waist’ San. i38r. 6 (same quotn.).

D beksiz Hap. leg. ?; Priv. N./A. fr. bek. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (this girl Mamike’s body) beksiz megüsiz ol ‘is unsubstantial and impermanent’ TT X 545.

D bökseglen- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bökseg; the word is consistently spelt bök-süglen-, but this must be an error. Xak. xı kı:z bökseglendi: nahada tadyu l-ceriya ‘the girl’s breasts became rounded’ Kaš. II 277 (bökseglenü:r, bökseglenme:k).

D bögüš (concentration) Dev. N. fr. bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)); ‘concentration (of thought)’ and the like. N.o.a.b. This word has been taken as meaning ‘wisdom’ or the like and connected with bögü:, but this is morphologically impossible and does not suit the contexts. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the Bodhisattva thought ‘from what origin and under what impulse does lust come into existence?’) antağ ögeli bögüš urup odğuratı ukar ‘thus thinking and concentrating (on the problem) he vividly understood’ U II 9, 11-12; sakınč üze išletip kögülürjüzni yüz ögi šastrlarda, bögüš üze kılıp sakıncırjızm tokuz bölük nomlarda ‘setting your minds to work on thoughts about the hundred odd ieslras and concentrating your thoughts on the nine sections of doctrinc’ Hüen-ts. 2056-9.

D beküš- Hap. leg.; Co-op, f. of bekü:- (firmly, stable, confirmed); this is clearly the right form; in the MS. the damma is struck out in tw^ro places and replaced by kasra. Xak. xı beküšdi: ne:ŋ istahkama'1-šay' ‘the thing was thoroughly firni’ Kaš. II 105 (beküšü:r, beküšme:k).

D bögüš- Co-op. f. of bög- (collect, gather (water etc.)); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol mağa: su:v bögüšdi: ‘he helped me to dam and collect the water’ (fi sakri'l-ma wa qarwihi); also used for competing Kaš. II 105 (bögüšü:r, bögüšme:k).

D büküš- Co-op. f. of bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol maga: ta:l büküšdi: ‘he helped me to bend (ft ’atf) the branch’ Kaš. II 105 (büküšü:r, büküšme:k biköf šulba ‘with -k-’).

PUD bükšül- (bent, gnarl, burst, split) Hap. leg.; spelt everywhere with -s- but this is morphologically impossible and clearly an error for -š-; the word is obviously a Pass. f. and its position in Kaš. between borbel- and türpil- makes the initial b- certain, but it has no obvious semantic connection with any other verb in this section. It should prob. be taken as a Pass. f. of büküš- in the sense of ‘to be bent to breaking point’. Xak. xı ka:b bükšüldi; \330\ tafazzara'l-ziqq ‘the water-skin burst’; also used of any container when it bursts or splits (tafazzara tea tašaqqaqa) Kaš. II 229 (bükšülü:r, bükšülme:k).
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F bekiz (manifest) n.o.a.b., only in the phr. bekiz belgülüg ‘clearly manifest’. As pointed out in TT IX, p. 20, note 29 a l.-w. fr. Persian pekiza ‘pure, clear, correct’, and the like, or some cognate Iranian word. Xak. vııı ff. Man. bekiz belgülüg bolzun translates Tokharian (Agnean ?) pekri tekovy ‘may it be manifest’ TT IX 29: Dud. Sanskrit suprakesita ‘well explained’ uz bekiz belgülüg (spelt pekiz pelgülüg) kılılmıšlar TT VIII A. 16; o.o. TT VI 383 (v.l. 1. 9);4i7 (v.l.)

F ba:l (honey) 'honey'. Cf. mir (honey). It is generally agreed that this is a very early l.-w. fr. some Indo-European language, dating fr. a period when m- was so inacceptable as an initial that it was replaced by b-, cf. burč for murč ‘pepper’ q.v. The closest IE parallel is Latin mel; the Sanskrit form is madhu. Kaš. describes the word as Western, but the 4 o.o. are all in quotns. of pure Xak. words. S.i.a.m.l.g. Suvarin, Kıp., Oğuz xı ba:l al-'asal ‘honey’; the Turks call it arı: yağı: Kaš. III 156 (verse); o.o. II 267, 3 (suvığlan-); 354, 8 (yalğat-); III 103, 16 (yalğaš-); 338, 15 (kašıkla:-); xııı (?) Tef. bal ‘honey’ 90:xiv Muh. al-'asal ba:l Mel. 18, 3; 66, 1; Rif. 96, 165: Čağ. xv ff. bal 'asal (quotn.); also ‘a kind of intoxicant’ (müskirat) made of honey water Satt. 126V. 20 (the latter perhaps a Pe. usage, illustrated by a Pe. quotn.): Xwar. xıv bal ‘honey’ Qutb 2e: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. (and ‘bees-wax’ balauz; auz fr. Russian vosk ‘wax’): Kip. xııı al-'asal ba:l Hou. 16, 1: xıv ba:l (‘with back vowel’) al-'asal (and balawus al-šama' ‘ (bees-)wax’) Id. 35; al-'asal ba:l Bul. 8, 4; xv mutlaq al-'asal ‘honey in general’ ba:l; 'asalu'l-nazif ‘bee’s honey’ ar:u (mis-spelt uru:) ba:lı that is ‘pure honey’ ('asal nazif; arı: ‘bee’ being mistaken for arığ ‘pure’); 'asalul-qašab ‘cane sugar’ in all its varieties is called kara: ba:l Kav. 62, 18-20; 'asal ba:l Tuh. 25a. 6; (šama' (mum wa) balawuz do. 21a. 5).

be:l (waist) (belt) ‘waist’, with some extensions of meaning like ‘mountain col’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 37 (bič-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. belče boğuzča suvda ‘in water up to their waists and necks’ PP 36, 4-5; o.o. U II 24, 1 (ulm-); TT V 4, 4; 4, 7 (egin): Civ. say yazıda bel yok ‘there are no mountain cols on level stony ground’ TT VII42, 8; o.o. do. 24, 23 (kolbıč) 25, 3 etc.; O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 3, 2 (ke:š); ^IO» 5^: (^î,c) b&l al-xešira ‘the waist’; hence one says am: be:linde: tut ‘seize him by the waist’; and one says ol agar anča: aš be:rdi: be:l kıldı: ‘he gave him so much food that his waist was filled’ (imtaja'at *<7iW- \\\ siruhu); similarly if anyone gives someone more food than he wants one says of him bö:l kıldı: Kaš. III 133: KB bölin badı ‘he girded his waist’ 5824; a.o. 2360 (yarıklan-): xııı (?) Tef. bel ‘waist’ 9e: xıv Muh. bandul--wast ‘waist-hand’ be:l ba:ğı: Mel. 67, 7; Rif. 167: Čağ. xv ff. bel kamar ‘waist’ San. I4gr. 29 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 12-13; 33 (altunluğ): xıv bel ‘waist’ Qutb 30; MN 107: Kom. xıv ‘waist’ (lit. ‘kidneys’) bel CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hiyeša ‘belt’ (ku:šak, ku:ŋ be:l ba:ğı: that is ‘waist-hand’ (ribetu'l-xašŋ IIou. 19, 3: xıv bel al-wasat Id. 35: xv al-xašr bel also used for al-zahr ‘back’ and al-tvasj Kav. 60, 18: Osm. xv ff. böl (so spelt) ‘waist’ in several texts TTS IV 102.

VU bol (white, with white, белый, бланк, stale, spoilt, deteriorated ) (blank, blanch, blanched) Hap. leg.; although (VU) oğar, q.v., may well be an Ar. l.-w., the resemblance between this word and Ar. baliya, which Kaš. mentions, is purely fortuitous. Xak. xı bol at al-farasu'l-muhaccal ‘a horse with white stockings’ and al-ağarrıı l-muhaccal ‘one with a blaze and white stockings’ is called (VU) oğar bol; and stale wheat that has lost its taste is called bol tarığ; the same phr. is used when it has been spoilt by rain or moisture; and anything that has deteriorated (baliya) with age is called bol; there is a phonetic and semantic resemblance between baliya and bol Kaš. I 335.

D bal- (ba:l-) (fastened, tightened) Pass. f. of ba:- (bind); ‘to be fastened, tightened’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (our thoughts, love, and longing for you) kün künige üstelür balur ‘increase and are intensified from day to day’ Hüen-ts. 1870-3: (Xak. xı Kaš. II 27 (ban-j; the language suggests that Kaš. did not think that bal- still existed).

bil- (know, ignorant, able, wittingly, unwittingly, understand, perceive) ‘to know’; c.i.a.p.a.i. Can be used both by itself and for ‘to know (something Acc.)’; in the early period the phr. bilig bil- ‘to have knowledge, be wise’ is common both in the positive and negative form (‘to be ignorant’). Also used as an Aux. V. with the main verb in the Ger. in -u:/-ü: meaning ‘to know how to, to be able to (do something)’. Türkü vııı bil- is common both by itself, e.g. agar körü: bilig ‘look at it (my memorial stone) and know (what it contains)’ IS 11, II N 8 and in such phr. as bilig bilmez kiši: ‘ignorant people’ I S 7, II N 5: vııı ff. anča: bili:ŋ (or bili:ŋler) ‘know thus’ precedes the last sentence of every para, in IrkB'. Man. bilip bilmetin ‘wittingly or unwittingly’ Chuas. 196; eki yıltızığ üč ödki nomuğ biltimiz ‘we knew the two roots and the doctrine of the three times’ do. 159; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bilmez kiši teg ‘like an ignorant man’ MI 9, 18: Man. (if a man) bu munča savığ adıru bilmeser ukmasar ‘cannot distinguish and understand words like this’ M / 18, 4 (ı); a.o. TT II 16, 38: Bud. bil- is common both by itself and with an Object, e.g. bir bilge nom bilir er ‘a man who \331\ knows wise doctrine’ PP 14, 2-3, and in such phr. as tuyğuluk bilgülük yol ‘the road which one should perceive and know’ TT V 24, 79: Civ. bil- is common in the same usages as in Bud.: Xak. xı ol bilig bildi: 'arafa'l-'aql wa'l-'ilm wal-hikma wa ğayrahe ‘he knew wisdom, knowledge (etc.)’ Kaš. II 22 (bili:r, bilme:k; the people of Arğu: say bilü:r, but the other (Turks) do not agree with them about this); bil- is common both with an Object, and by itself, e.g. kula:k ešitse: kö:gü:l bili:r ‘if the ear hears, the mind knows it’ (ya’rifuhu) / 212, 1, and as an Aux. V. e.g. III 20 (yipgil): KB bil- common in all three usages: xıı (?) At. ditto; Tef. ditto 100: xıv Muh. fahima ‘to understand’ bil- Mel. 30, 3 (Rif. 113 agla:-); 'arafa bil- 43, 9 and 14; 135; al-ma'rifa bilmek 35, 9; 121: Čağ. xv ff. bil- (-megmü, etc.) bil- Vel. 142; bil- (‘with -I-’) ‘to know’ (denistan); and in combination (with another verb) it expresses the meaning of ‘to be able’ (qudrat wa tawana'ŋ San. i48r. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv bil- ‘to know’ Qutb 32, MN 173, etc.: Kom. xıv bil-‘to know’ and as Aux. V. CCI, CCG; Gr. 57 (quotns.): Kip. xııı 'alima ‘to know’ bil- Hou. 33» '5 (misvocalized bel-)\ 'arafa wa ‘alima bil- do. 38, 6 (ditto): xıv bil- 'alima Id. 35; 'arafa wa 'alima bil- Bui. 6ov.: xv ditto Kav. 9, 21; 74, 5; Tuh. 25b. 11; a.o.o.
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bol- (to be) originally 'to become (something)’, implying a change of state, in contrast to er- ‘to be (something)’ with the contrary implication. From a fairly early date, however, bol- began to lose its distinctive character and verge, at any rate sometimes, towards ‘to be’, and when some tenses of er- became obsolete they were usually replaced by tenses of bol- (but see 1 tur- (be, do, stay, remain, stationary, halt, aux. verb “do”, copula)). C.i.a.p.a.i. For unknown reasons the b- was elided in some Western languages at an early date, prob. through an intermediate form with w-. Today ol- is the only form in SW Az., Osm. (but not Tkm.) and occurs sporadically elsewhere, but only under the influence of Osm.; otherwise the form is bol- with minor phonetic changes. Türkü vııı bol- is common and always implies a change of state; e.g. (the xagan died and) bodunı: küg kul bolti: ‘his people became maidservants and slaves’ I E 20, II E 17; it also occurs in the phr. yok bol- ‘to cease to exist’, e.g. türkü bodun yok bolmazum ‘may the Türkü people not cease to exist’ I E 11, II E 10: vııı ff. (the sun rose) kamağ üze: yaruk bolti: ‘it became light everywhere’ IrkB 26; bir tavilku: yüz bolti: yüz tavılku: mig bolti: ‘one spiraea became a hundred, and a hundred spiraeas became a thousand’ do. 32; a.o.o.: Man. nığošak boltumuz 'we have become Hearers (l.-w.)’ Chuas. 176; nede ötrü yok bolğay ‘why will he cease to exist?’ do. 169; an tada kösre ne bolğay ‘what will happen after that?’ do. 172; a.o.o. Uyğ. vııı the title of the author of the Šine-usu inscription was teıjriıde: bolmıš el etmiš büğe: xagan ‘the wise xagan who came into existence in (or from?) heaven and \\\ organized the realm’ N 1; both bol- and yok bol- are common: ıx oğlanım erde: man-mmča: bol ‘my sons, come to be like my teacher among men’ Sttci 9: vııı ff. Man.-Â (if a lamb or a calf changes its body and is reborn) arslan oğlı böri oğlı bolup ‘becoming a lion cub or a wolf cub’ MI 8, 5-6; a.o. do. 12, 10-11 (ortukluğ) etc.: Bud. bol- ‘to become’ is very common; when used in the Imperat. form in phr. like kutluğ bolzun ‘good luck’ the drift from ‘to become’ to ‘to be’ is already apparent; also used idiomatically, e.g. (a monarch has need of three things, an army, food-supplies, and loyalty; if he has to lose the first two) bolur ‘he can survive’ (?) (but if he loses the third) bolmaz ‘he cannot’ TT V 26, 109-10: Civ. bol- ‘to become’ is common; in such phr. as maga... bor kergek bolup ‘since I needed, or came to need, wine’, USp. 1, 3, the drift in meaning is beginning: O. Kır. ıx ff. üč yašımda kagsız boltum ‘I became fatherless at the age of three’ Mai. 6, 1; o.o. do. 45, 2-3 etc.: Xak. xı bol- is very common, two or three times commoner than er-, but as there is n.m.e. for either it is impossible to decide whether Kaš. distinguished between the meanings of the two verbs; bol- with a Predicate is normally translated by a single Ar. verb, but where this is not the case, e.g. / 446, 20 (bošurğu:) and 23 (tuša:ğu:) it is usually translated šera ‘to become’; in I 26, 15 and 16 it iš translated kena ‘to be’, but the context requires ‘to become’ (bolu:r, bolma:k): KB bol- is very-common and seems to mean ‘to become’ rather than ‘to be’, see e.g. 66, 113, 116, 119; er- is equally common or commoner; in the list of planets, 131 ff., bol- and kel- alternative, both indicating a change of circumstances, e.g. amgda basa boldı ikinč ogay ‘after it Jupiter, the second planet, became (visible)’ 132: xııı (?) At. bol-, about equally common with er-, sometimes clearly means ‘to become’, but sometimes hardly more than ‘to be’; Tef. ditto but bol- seems to be less common; bolur ‘it is (possible)’ 107: xıv Muh. in the introductory section (Mel. 7-8; Rif. 79-80) on the differences in pronunciation between the Turks of Turkistan and those of ‘our country’ (Iraq or Azerbayjan?) it is said that some of the latter elide b- before (vocalic) waw and for ayš kena ‘what was it?’ say ne: woldi: for ne: boldt: and for ayš yakûn ne: wolğey for ne: bolğay; in 19, 13 ff.; 99 it is said that kena is translated by er-/6 only in the Perf., the other tenses being supplied by bol-; al-kawn bolmak 35, 7; 120; šera wa tamma ‘to become, to be complete’ bol- 27, 13; 111; o:l- occurs in 24, 4; 25, 1 (107); 29, 10; 30, 7 but was prob. not in the original text: Čağ. xv ff. bol- (-ali, etc.) ol- Vel. 154-5 ! ol~ judan wa biidan ‘to become; be’ also pronounced bol- San. 8or. 15 (quotns.); bol- ditto 138r. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bol-/ol- ‘to be’ 'AH 47: xıv bol- ‘to be’ Qutb 35; MN 17; Nahc. 29, 3 etc.: Kom. xıv bol- ‘to become; to be’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 63 (quotns.): Kip. xııı šera bol- (‘with back vowel’) Hou. 41, 9; kena /332/ bol- do. 43, xi: xıv ol- šera Id. ig; bol- (\vith back vowel’) šera do. 35; kena ol- Bul. 77 (šera not listed): xv bol- kena aw šera aw care (‘to happen’) Kav. 10, 5; šera bol- Tuh. 22b. 10 a.o.o. (kena not listed): Osm. xıv ff. ol- in various conjugational forms; c.i.a.p. TTS I 540 ff.; II 724 ff.; III 540 ff.; IV 604 ff.; bol- occurs sporadically i.a.p. I 113; II 159; III 108; IV 119.

It is not clear if this extended dissertation advocated the genetic connection between the Türkic bol-/buol-/ol- “to be” and the English be “to be”. All indications are that the connection had been noted, but the advocacy was left to the future scholars. At least no effort was made to conceal the connection, the bol- and to be are juxtaposed at nearly every occasion, unlike other cases where were used phonetically non-sonorous synonyms, like ground for yer instead of explicitly identical earth, and cognates were used only when English had no other synonymous word, like the singular “tooth” tiš, tiše:- (d-) “lose the milk-teeth”.

bul- (find, obtain) ‘to find’ with some extensions of meaning, ‘to obtain’ and the like. The relationship between this word and the synonymous 2 tapis discussed in Clauson, Türkče sözler üzerinde araštırmalar, Jean Deny Armağanı, Ankara, 1958, p. 68; briefly bul-, though common in the earlier period, now survives only in SW Osm., all other languages, even Az., Tkm. having tap-. As bol- and bul- are normally indistinguishable graphically some occurrences of bul- may have been missed. Türkü vııı (I looked for a guide and VU) čülgi: Az eri: bultim ‘found a man of the čülgi: (P, q.v.) Az (tribe)’ T 23; inim Kül Teğin er at bultı: (so read) ‘my younger brother Kül Tegin acquired his adult name’ IE 31; the honorific term for 'to die’ should prob. be read kergek bul-, e.g. (my younger brother Kül Tegin) özirnče: kergek bulti: ‘met his destined (P) fate’ I E 30; o.o. do. 4; Ix. 23: vııı ff. oğlan kekük tezeklın bulti: ‘a boy found the dung of (some kind of) falcon’ IrkB 23 ; a.o.o.: Man. yılkıka banmka bulup ‘acquiring cattle and property’ Chuas. 200, 250; a.o. M III 21, i (i) (ağı:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. üküš telim tınlığlar bultı erti ‘many (Hend.) mortals have found’ [the three evil ways ?] TT III 21: Bud. bulmaki tapmaki bolur ‘it results in finding (a pure rebirth)’ U II 36, 43; (fear of) ayığ kılınč bulğuluk ‘finding (i.e. acquiring) evil behaviour’ do. 39, 92; ağıčılarm bulmadı ‘he did not find his treasurers’ PP 10, 5 ; o.o. U III 67, 1 (iii) etc.: Civ. TT VII 42, 5 (atakimsm-): Xak. xı ol yarma:k buldi: ‘he found (toacada) the coin’ (etc.) Kaš. II 22 (bulu:r, bulma:k); and about 20 o.o.: KB uluğluk bile bul üküš elke erk ‘by might acquire authority over many realms’ 942; o.o. 940 (erk), etc.: xııı (?) At. bulur bir net) ičre dalillar mirj-e ‘he finds within one thing a thousand proofs’ 8; a.o.o.; Tef. bul- ‘to find’ 110: xıv Muh. hasiba ‘to think, deem’ bul- Rif. 107 (only); zvacada wa lahiqa ‘to find, attain’ bul- Mel. 32, 1; 1le: Čağ. xv ff. bul- yeftan tea dark kardan ‘to find, reach’ San. i38r. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bul- ‘to find’ 'Ali 31: xıv ditto Qutb 37; MN 50, etc.; Nahc. 20, 7 etc.: Tkm. xıv bul-wacada (Kip. tap-) Id. 36; laqe’l-deyi' ‘to find something that has strayed’ bul- Bul. 79r.

böl- (divide, separate, distinguish) ‘to divide, separate’, etc. Poorly attested in the early period but s.i.a.m.l.g. Cf. adır-. Türkü vııı in T 5-6 (ira:k) the last word in the sentence has been read bilser (by Radloff and Thomsen) and büıjser (by Ramstedt), but the photograph shows quite clearly bölser ‘if one (tries to) distinguish between’ (a lean ox and a fat ox in the distance): Čağ. xv ff. böl- qismat wa hišša kardan wa cude kardan ‘to divide into shares, to distribute; to separate’ San. I38r. 14 (quotns.): Kip. xıv böl- 'azala ‘to remove, set apart, discharge (from office)’ Id. 36.

D bul (steamy), fr. 2 bu: (steam); Noun/Adjective nominal suffix -l (after vowels) forms usually Intransitive or Passive derivatives; rare (i.e in eastern languages)

bala: (nestling, puppy, baby, птенец) originally ‘a young bird, nestling’, a meaning which seems to survive only in SW Osm.; thence, by extension, ‘the young of an animal’, and in modern times even ‘a human child’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı bala: farxu'l-fayir ‘a nestling’; this word is also used metaph. for ‘the young of any predatory animal (zvalad sahu), etc.’, so long as it is small (prov.): (balu: follows here): bala: ‘a helper (a'wen) for a man in his work’, esp. used in regard to agricultural work Kaš. III 232 (the second word is presumably the first used metaph.): Čağ. xv ff. bala bača-i cenzver ‘the young of an animal’ San. 126V. 25 (quotn.); under enük ‘puppy’ do. n8r. 11 ff. it is said that bala is the word used for the young of elephants, wild beasts, and reptiles: Xwar. xıv bala ‘a young animal’ (gazelle, cat, etc.) Qutb 2e: Kip. xııı bala: occurs in the names of slave girls, ak bala: farx abyad and ay bala: farx qamar Hou. 30, 12: xıv bala: (‘with back vowels’) al-farx Id. 3e: xv farx bala (tuğu, yawn, (PU) mamrax) Tuh. 27b. 12.

VU balu: (lullaby, lull) Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı balu: balu: ‘an Exclamation (harf) with which a woman puts her child to sleep in its cradle’ Kaš. III 232.

D 1 bele:- (be:le:-) (bleat) Den. V. fr. 1 be:; pec. to Xak. Xak. xı ko:y bele:di: ta’aca l-da'n ‘the sheep bleated’ Kaš. III 270 (bele:r, bele:me:k); a.o., spelt be:le:- III 206 (1 be:).

2 bele:-/be:le:- (bale, swaddle, wrap) ‘to swaddle (a child)’ and the like. Survives, with the same meaning in NE Khak. pole- and NW Kaz. bile- R IV 1761; perhaps the origin of Russian pelenat' same meaning. Xak. xı ol kenčin bele:di: ‘he laid (bound) (adca'a) his child in the cradle and fastened him (awtaqahu) in it); and one says ol am: ka:niga: be:le:di: (sic) ‘he laid (bound) him in his blood’ Kaš. III 270 (bele:r, be:le:me:k sic): Kom. xıv ‘to swaddle’ bele- CCG; Gr: Osm. xvı ditto in one text TTS II 127.

D?F bile:- (sharpen) Den. V. fr. 1 bi:; ‘to sharpen’ (a knife, etc.). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some extended meanings; cf. kondı:-, kik- (collide, clash, сталкивать) (kick), yitit-, yanu-. Xak. xı ol biček bi:le:di: amhe tea asanna'l--sikkin 'ale'1-misann ‘he sharpened and whetted the knife on the whetstone’; and one says ol tı:š bile:di: ‘he sharpened (ahadda) his teeth’ Kaš. III 270 (bile:r, bile:me:k): xıv Muh. (?) ahadda bi:le:- Rif. 102 (only): Xwar. xıv bile- ditto Qutb 32: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv bile- sanna Id. 35; xv ditto Tuh. 20a. 2: Osm. xvııı bile- in Rumi \\ to whet on a whetstone, to sharpen’ San. 1491-. 27.
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D bula:- (boil, cook, cook in steam) (boil) Den. V, fr. 2 bu: (steam); ‘to cook’, more precisely ‘to cook in steam’ (see bulat-). As bulğa:- became bula- in many modern languages, it is not clear to what extent this verb has survived, but it certainly survives in NE Khak. pula- (of steam) ‘to rise in clouds’ and NW Kaz. bu:la- ditto R IV 1836. Cf. bıšur- (cook, maturate), Xak. xı kuzi: bula:di: fabaxa'l-hamal kada-lika (? read wa ğayrahu) ‘he cooked the lamb’ (etc. ?) Kaš. III 270 (bula:r, bula:ma:k): xıv Muh. (l) tabaxa bula- Rif. 111 (Mel. 28, 8 has bušur- (sic), and Rif in' margin bıšur-).

Dis. BLB

balbal (monument, pillar) ‘a stone pillar erected on a grave in token of an encmv killed by the deceased and occasionally inscribed with the name of the enemy’. N.o.a.b., but survives as a l.-w. in Russian (kamennaya) baba ‘ (a stone) balbal’. Türkü vııı (my father the xağan died) kagim xağanka: bašlayu: baz xağanığ balbal tikmiš ‘we erected stone pillars, with (one symbolizing) Baz Kağan at the head of them, for my father the xagan' I E 16, II E 13; o.o. I E 25; II S 7, 9; Ongin 3; Tölis Šadıg balbalı: balbal near II (ETY I 190); (VU) Išvara: Tarkan balbalı: balbal near Ongin (do. 131): vııı ff. Yen. türk xan balbalı: Mal. 32, 10 (the other supposed occurrences in Mai. are very dubious).

Dis. BLC

balčık (mud) ‘mud’. Kaš.'s description of the word a9 Oğuz is odd; it occurs in a Xak. quotn. in Kaš. and in later Xak. languages and s.i.a.m.l.g., w. various phonetic changes, and metatheses of -č- and -k. Cf. 3 balık, 2 titig. Oğuz xı balčık al-wahl ‘liquid mud’ Kaš. I 467; a.o. in a verse certainly Xak. I 248, 3 (yuğrul-): xııı (?) Tef. balčık ‘clay’ 90: xıv Muh. al-tin ‘mud’ ba:lčık Mel. 59, 9; Rif. 158; al-tin balčık; tinu'l-ra’s ba:š balčık; al-ušnen ‘alkali’ (? , MSS. al-asyen, unvocalized) kara: balčık 75, 1; 178: Čağ. xv ff. palčığ (so spelt) gil ‘mud’; in Ar. tvahl San. i2jr. 1: Kom. xıv ‘mud’ balčuk CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-fin ba:lčık (-c-) Hou. 24, 13; balčık (-p-) do. 42, 1: xıv balčık al-tîn İd. 36; Bul. 4, 10: xv al-tin balšık Kav. 58, 14; Tuh. 23b. 6.

Dis. BLD

bulit (cloud, облако) ‘cloud’ ; s.i.a.m.l.g., usually as bulut. See Doerfer II 771. Türkü vııı ff. (men were bad-tempered and the sky cloudy) buliti: (so read) a:ra: kün tuğmhš ‘the sun rose among the clouds’ IrkB 52; a.o. 53: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. boz bulit ‘a grey cloud’ M II 11, 19; a.o. do. 16 (tolılığ): Bud. kaltı bulittin \\ ünmiš ay teŋri teg ‘like the moon-god rising from the clouds’ TT IV 4, 8; a.o. VIII B. 14 (ün-): Civ. TT I 5 (ün-): Xak. xı bulit al-saheba ‘a cloud’; kara: bulit ‘a black cloud’; a:k bulit ‘a rain cloud’ (al-muzn) Kaš. I 354 (prov., verse); over 20 o.o., three times vocalized bulut: KB bulit kökredi ‘the cloud thundered’ 8e: xııı (?) At. aniQ bax-šlšındın bulit uvtanur ‘the clouds are put to shame by his generosity’ 57; two o.o. (some MSS. have bulut); Tef. bulut ‘cloud’ in: Xiv Muh. al-ğaym ‘cloud’ bu:lu:t Mel. 79, 10; Rif. 184 (mis-spelt): Čağ. xv ff. bulut abr ‘cloud’ San. 141 v. 13: Xwar. xıv bulit/ bulut ‘cloud’ Qutb 37, 38; MN 11; Nahc. 38, 9 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘cloud’ bulut CCI; Gr.: İtip, xııı al-saheb buli:t Hou. 6, e: xıv bulut ditto Id. 36; Bul. 2, 15: xv ditto Kav. 58, 4; Tuh. 18b. 19; ğamem ‘thin white clouds’ bulut do. 26b. 2.

baltu: (balto:) (axe) ‘an axe’; in the early period more specifically ‘a battle axe’, later more generally. S.i.a.m.l.g., in SE Türki paldu/paltu Shaw, Jarring; palta BŠ; elsewhere balta. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (then the god Hormuzd split the fiend’s head) ot teŋrig baltuča kılıp ‘using the Fire God as an axe’ MI 20, 13: Bud. Suv. 544, 6 (bedzet-): Xak. xı baldu: (sic) al-fa’s ‘axe’ Kaš. I 418; a.o. III 421, 25: KB kayusı čerigde kılıč baldu yer ‘some men suffer sword and axe (wounds) in the ranks’ 1736; a.o. 2141: xııı (?) Tef. balta ‘axe’ 90: xıv Muh. (?) al-fabar ‘axe’ balta: Rif. 169 (only): Čağ. xv ff. baltu balta tabar ma'nasina Vel. 133 (quotn.); baltu tabar, in Ar. fa's San. 126V. 7 (same quotn.): Oğuz xı otu:g kese:si: baldu: ‘an axe (fa’s) for cutting firewood’ Kaš. I14, 2; n.m.e.: Xwar. xıv balta ‘axe’ Qutb 2e: Kom. xıv ‘small axe’ balta CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv balfa: ‘an axe (al-fa's) used for chopping firewood’ Id. 3e: xv al-fa's balta: Kav. 64, 1; Tuh. 28a. 2.

baldır, etc. Preliminary note. Kaš. mentions five different words with these consonants variously vocalized, of which the last two present no particular problems. The first is mentioned twice, the second twice, and the third three times followed by the sentence wa hedihi’l-arba'a bi--išbeTl-be’ 'and these four have back vowels’; the problem is which four? The first word seems to be identical with the well-known word beltir, there is no difficulty about the difference between -d- and -t-, cf. baltu:, Kaš. baldu:; the ‘four' therefore which have back vowels seem to be the second word, the two mentions being taken as identical, and the three occurrences of the third. These two words therefore, which are pec. to Kaš., can be taken as baldır. There is another well-known word baltir not mentioned by Kaš.

1 baldır (step-son, step-daughter, fosterchild) Hap. leg.; cf. baldız. Xak. xı baldır oğul al-rabib ‘step-son’ (or ‘fosterchild’?); baldır ki:z al-rabiba ‘step-daughter’ (ditto) Kaš. I 456.
334

2 baldır (early, яровой) Hap. leg., but perhaps a mis-spelling or Sec. f. of bıldır, which seems to be connected semantically. Xak. xı baldır tarığ al-zar'u’lladi hurita ft ibtida i'l-rabV wa delika azke lahu ‘a crop which is sown in the beginning of the spring, and that is the most thriving sort’; and anything that is done it the first possible opportunity (fi ibtide’ awanihŋ is called baldır; and one says baldır kuzi: for ‘a lamb born at the beginning of the lambing season’ (ft ibtida i’l-natec) Kaš. I 456.

baltir (calf (leg)) properly ‘the calf of the leg’; in some modern languages other adjacent parts of the leg. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SK (?) with some phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (on the second day it is in the heel) üč yağıda baltır-da ‘on the third in the calf’ TT VII 20, 5-e: (Xak.) xıv Muh. (?) lahmu'l-saq ‘the fleshy part of the (loweŋ leg’ ba:ltir Rif. 142 (only): Čağ. xv ff. baltir gûšt-i narm ki dar qalam-i pe bešad ‘the soft flesh on the shin-bone’; Naširi mistranslated it as ran ‘thigh’ San. 127r. 2: Kip. xııı al-seq baldır (misvocalized baltar) Hou. 21, e: xıv baldır lahmatu'l-saq Id. 3e: xv al-seq balfır Kav. 61, 7; Tuh., 18b. 13.

beltir (confluence) ‘the junction of two or more roads or rivers’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as belčir (Haenisch 14, Kotv. 1116, the -č- implies -t-not -d-). Survives in NE several dialects peltir R 7^x246; Khak. piltir; Tuv. beldir. Uyğ. vııı (I spent the summer there, west of Iduk Baš) yavaš (VU) tokuš beltirhnte: ‘at the junction of the Yavaš and Tokuš (rivers)’ Šu. E 9; a.o. .S 10 (örgi:-): vııı ff. Bud. balık ortusinda beltirde ‘at a cross-roads in the middle of the town’ PP 70, 5; o.o. U IV 8, 3 and 13 (U I 39, 3 and 13); Hüen-ts. 1939: Civ. tört beltirindeki toprak ‘earth from the junction of four roads’ H I 114; (if a man unfit to be a beg becomes a beg) beltir sayu berge salur ‘he lays on the whip at every cross-roads’ TT VII 42, 5: Xak. xı beldir ra'nu’l-cabal ‘the crest or a mountain’ (i.e, the point where the slopes on each side meet); one says ta:ğ beldiri: Kaš. I 456.

bıldır (last year) ‘’; Radloff’s suggestion that it is a crasis of the purely modern phr. bir ytl dir is, of course, preposterous. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. pıltır RIV 1315; Khak. pıltır; NC Kır., Kzx. bıltır; SC bultur NW Kaz. biltir; SW Az., Tkm. bildir, Osm. bıldır. It is an open question whether SE Türki baldir/baldur, etc. Shaw 45; BŠ 55; Jarring 47 ‘before, formerly, earlier’ is a survival of this word or 2 baldır but suggests that they may originally have been identical. Xak. xı bıldır al-'emu’l-mJdt ‘last year’ Kaš. I 45e: Čağ. xv ff. bıltur per-sel ditto Satt. 149V. 13 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-emu'l-medi bıltır Hou. 28, 7: xv ditto Id. 36; al-'amtt’l-atvwal bal-fur (d) (sic) Bul. 13, 14: xv al-sanatu’l--mediya bıldır yıl Kav. 36, 12; sana (yıl wa) bilfir Tuh. 19b. 11; mödi bıltır do. 35a. 9: Osm. xıv buldur in one text; xv ff. bıldır in several dicts. TTS II 136; III 89; IV 99.

VU buldur (glittering, rapidly, noisily) a reduplicated onomatopoeic of type common in Turkish languages; the only direct parallel seems to be NC Kzx. buldur buldur ‘glittering’ or 'rapidly, noisily’ R IV 1853 (not in MM); cf. also SW Osm. güldür. Xak. xıı a:š kuduğka: tüštİ: buldur buldur etti: ‘the stone fell ; down the well and the noise of its fall rose like this onomatopoeic’ (miti hedthi'l-hiheya) Kaš. I 456. ’ ’

baldız (younger sister, brother-in-law) ‘a man’s wife’s younger sister’. Survives in this meaning in NW Kaz. and SW Az., Osm., Tkm., and also in NC Kır., Kzx. but according to MM 68 in Kzx. it also means ‘younger sister’ and even ‘brother-in-law’. The last usage must be quite modern, but the use of the phr. eke baldız in Uyğ. directly parallel to eči ini suggests that it was also sometimes used in the sense of ‘younger sister’ even in Uyg. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 554, 15 16 (eke:): Xak. xı baldız uxtul-mar'ati'l--šuğre ‘a (man’s) wife’s younger sister’; a man’s (sister is called sigil, not baldız Kaš. I 457; a.o. III 7 (yurč): xııı (?) Tef. 72 (eke:), 90: xıv Mtth. (l) uxtu'l-mar’a ba:ldu:z Rif. 144 (only).

D?F bilet- (sharpen) Caus. f. of bile:- (sharpen). Survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı ol biče:k biletti: asarına (MS. here amarra, but asanna in a.o.) 'l-sikkhi wa amara bi-imhayihi 'alal-misann ‘he had the knife whetted and ordered that it should be sharpened on the whetstone’ Kaš. I1 310 (biletu:r, biletme:k); a.o. II 325, 16.

D bulat- (steamed) Caus. f. of bula:- (boil, cook, cook in steam); Hap. leg.? (see bula:-); the translation shows that this is a Caus. f. and the statement that the form was originally bu.lad- arises fr. a false analogy with Den. V s in -d-. Xak. xı ol ku:zı: bulattı: amara bi-tabxi’l-hamal *fi buxari'l-qidr ‘he ordered that the lamb should be cooked in the steam of the cooking pot’; also used of anything that is cooked in the steam of the cooking pot; bu:la:dtı: ašl^uhtı) fa-hudifati'l--tvaw tahfifa (n) was the original form; then the (long) tvaw was elided to shorten it (fa--ttdğima ‘and it was contracted’ is added between the lines, perhaps later. Kaš. II 310 (bulatu:r, bulatma:k).

D bulduk- (bultuk-) (been, was: found) ‘to be found’, etc.; Pass. f.s of bul- (find, obtain). N.o.a.b. *Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the passion of love) olarda ariti bultukmaz ‘is never found among them’ TT V, p. 16, note A39, 1. 4; a.o. VI 386 (etigsiz): Civ. enčgüg megiŋ bultukmaz ‘you do not find peace or joy’ TT I 21-2: Xak. xı buldukti: ne:ŋ tvucida'1-šay' ‘the thing was found’ Kaš. II 227 (bulduka:r, buldukma:k).

D biltür- (know) Caus. f. of bil- (know); ‘to make (something Acc.) known (to someone Dat.)'; to , • inform (someone of something). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes. Cf. bildüz-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. avıš tamu emgekin biltür-tUgüz ‘you have made known the pains of the avici (Sanskrit) hell’ TT III 58-9: Bud, _\\biltUrmedin ‘without informing’ v.l. in TT VI 355 (blldiiz-): Xak. xı ol maga: ı:š biltürdi: 'arrafani'l-amr wa a'lamanihi ‘he made the matter known to me and informed me of it’ Kaš. II 176 (biltürür, biltürme:k): KB bilig bildürür ‘he disseminates knowledge’ 398: xııı (?) At. bilig bildürür 107; Tef. bildür-/biltür- ditto 101-2: Čağ. xv fî. blldUr- Caus. f.; fahmemdan wa ma'lfan kardan ‘to inform, make known’ San. 148V. 10 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bildür- ditto ’Ali 37: xııı (?) ditto Oğ. 104 (biti:-); 323: Kom. xıv ‘to make known’ bildir- CCG; Gr. 58 (quotns.): Kip. xv biye bildirdim atm eyerleniptir ‘I informed ihc beg that the horse was saddled’ Tuh. 70b. 10.335

D bultur- (find, obtain) Caus. f. of bul- (find, obtain); ‘to make, or let (someone Dat.) find (something Acc.)’ (lit. make be). N.o.a.b.; the parallel Caus. f. of bol- (to be) s.i.s.m.l. but is not noted before Kip. xıv Id. 35 and perhaps Čağ. xv IT. San. 140V. 6, the translation given here, however, does not really suit either word. The entry in Bul. seems to belong here. Cf. bulduz-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (you have shown us... you have erected...[gap]) bulturtuguz ‘you have made us find (lit. made us make be)’ TT III 55: Bud. tmlığ oğlanıma bulturaym nir-vanığ ‘let me cause (or help?) the children of men to find nirvana’ TT VII 40, 142: Kip. xıv kaffe ‘to give enough’ (?) buldur- Bul. 77V.

D bildüz- (know) Caus. f. of bil- (know); syn. w. biltür- (Oguz/Ogur divide), N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (they go about doing good to mankind) biltizmedin tuyuz-madin ‘without letting it be known or noticed’ TT VI 335: Oğuz xı ol maga ı:š bildüzdi: a'lamanVl-amr ‘he informed me of the matter’ (blldUzUr, bildiizme:k); this Oğuz word is irregular (xarica 'ani'l-qiyas), the Turks do not use it Kaš. II 202.

D bulduz- (find, obtain) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bul- (find, obtain); cf. bultur-. Xak. xı bulduzdi: ne:gni: awcada-hu’l-šay’ ‘he made him find the thing’ Kaš. II 202 (bulduzur, bulduzma:k).

?C bulıtčulayu Hap. leg.; prob. a crasis of bulıtča Equative f. of bulit and ula:yu (continuously, one after the other, all together, en bloc):, cf. ančulayu. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (PU) yagalığ sü bulıtčulayu yığğaymen ‘I will collect an army of elephants (as massive) as a cloud’ Hüen-ts. 319-20.

D bulıtlığ P.N./A. fr. bulit; ‘cloudy’. S.i.m.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. er busu:šlu:ğ teŋri: bulı:tlığ 'people were anxious and the sky was cloudy’ IrkB 52.

PUF buldum: Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w., perhaps Iranian (see kendük). Gancak xı buldum: ‘the name of a milk dish (al-rattya) in which fresh grapes and raisins are mixed, it is then eaten’ Kaš. I 492 (the fourth consonant is certainly wrong; the word occurs in a small section headed fu'luli, with four crossrheadings -N-, -R-, -L-, -N-; the first, under which this is the only word, is obviously an error, prob. for -T- or possibly -B-).

D bulitsiz Priv. N./A. fr. bulit; ‘cloudless’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. anabrak atlığ bulıtsız teŋri yarinde ‘in the cloudless heaven called Anabhraka’ (Sanskrit ‘cloudless’) Suv. 143, 11-12.

D bulıtlan- Refl. Den. V. fr. bulit; ‘to be cloudy, overcast’. Survives in SW Osm. bulutlan-, Xak. xı kö:k bulıtlandı: ğema-ti'1-samü’ ‘the sky was cloudy’ Kaš. II 264 (bulıtlanu:r, bulıtlanma:k): Kip. xv ğay-yama bulutlan- Tuh. 27a. 8.

(D) ba:lığ (wounded) ‘wounded’; P.N./A. fr. *ba:, which is also the basis of 2 ba:š and ba:lik-. Survives in NE, most dialects, palığ/palu: ‘wound, swelling’ R IV 1168; Khak. palığ; Tuv. baliğ. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (our souls, fighting with sin and devilry) baliğ bašlığ bolti ‘became wounded (Hend.)’ Chuas. I 910: Xak. xı ba:lığ al-carih ‘wounded’ Kaš. I 407 (verse); o.o. 7 242 (emleš-); 7 252 (ağrın-): KB bu ödleg okı birle kögli baliğ ‘this man whose mind is wounded by the arrow of time’ 5430. (baš, qart, wound, рана)

1 balık ‘fish’. S.i.a.m.l.g. including Yak. balık; Čuv. pule/pole Ash. IX 278. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kaltı balak (sic) suv ičre yüzerče ‘just as a fish swims in the water’ M117, 13-14; o.o. do. 35, 16; 36, 20-1: Man. taluy ögüzteki balıklar ‘the fishes in the sea’ TT III 90: Bud. PP 17, i (udik); 58, 7 (ağna:-); Suv. 601, 11; 603, 10: Civ. balık ötin ‘the gall-bladder of a fish’ H I 155; kuduğ suvında balık yok ‘there are no fish in the water of a well’ TT VII 42, 7; a.o. do. 28, 46; in VIII P.3 and 9, a calendar text, balık (spelt with />-), is prob. ‘the constellation Pisces’ (a sign of the zodiac): Xak. xı balık al-samak ‘fish’ Kaš. I 379 (prov.); a.o.o.: KB balık kudruğındın ‘from the tail of Pisces’ 66; a.o. in the list of signs of the zodiac 141: xııı (?) Tef. balık ‘fish’ 90: xıv Muh. al-samaka ba:li:k Mel. 14, 18; 77, 6; Rif. 91, 180; al-hût ‘Pisces’ ba:lığ 79, 8; ba:li:k 183: Čağ. xv ff. baliğ mehi ‘a fish’ San. i2jr. 9 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘fish’ baluk CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-samak ba:lik Hou. 7, 4: xıv balık al-samak; balık bey al-bûri ay amtru'l-samak ‘the mullet’, that is ‘the chief of the fish’ Id. 36; al-samak ba:lik Bul. 5, 1:xv ditto balık Kav. 63, 2; Tuh. 19a. 8.

2 balık ‘town’; the standard Turkish word in the early period, but n.o.a.b. except as a component in place-names. A very early l.-w. in Mong. as balağasun, Plur. balağad (Haenisch \\ 12, Kotc. 1077). In the medieval period displaced by l.-w.s, usually Pe. šahr. Cf. kent. See Doerfer II 712. Türkü vııı (VU) Toğu: balıkda: / AT 4; Kam. balikka: Ongin 9; a.o. IE 12 (en-): vııı ff. Suğču: balıkda: Miran A.14 (ETY II 65); Kočo: balıkda: do. 13.11: Man. (he does not stay long) bir balik-da ’in one town’ M III 20, 10 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A balik (da?) tegzindi ‘he wandered about the town’ MI 32, 11 : Bud. Kančana-batı balıkta U III 29, 12; (the people) meniŋ balıkımtakı ‘in my town’ U IV 8, 26; balık ‘town’ is common in PP and elsewhere: Civ. (a man whose head twitches on the right) ırak balikka barır TT VII 34, 5; balık also occurs in USp. usually as 3 component in place-names: Xak. xı balık al-hisn tea’ l-madtna ‘a stronghold, tow-n’ in the language of the pagans (li-luğati’1-cehiIiyatVl--cuhaln) and Uyğur; hence Be:š balık, the biggest Uygur town, meaning ‘Five towns’; and another of their towns is called Yağı: balık, that is ‘New Town’ Kaš. I 379: xıv Chin.-Uyg. Did. ‘walled town’ balık Ligeti, p. 138; R IV 116e: Čağ. xv ff. baliğ šahr tea ıvileyat ‘town, province’, as in Xanbalığ, Besbalığ San. i2jr. 9: Xwar. xııı (?) baluk (sic) ‘town’ occurs 8 times in Oğ.
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3 balık ‘mud’; pec. to Kaš.; the morphological connection between this word and balčık, q.v., is obscure. Arğu:, some Oğuz XI balık al-tin ‘mud’; some Arğu: pronounce it ba:lk with three consecutive unvowelled consonants (satcekiîi, i.e. counting the alif as a consonant); in Turkish only two consecutive unvowelled consonants are permissible, but in the language of the people of the Arğu: there is an incorrect practice (rikka) Kaš. I 379; a.o. I 248, 3 (yuğrul-).

1 bulak (spring (water), fountain) ‘a spring (of water)’; s.i.a.m.l.g. See Doerfer II 809. Cf. bıga:r, yul. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kuduğ kazsar bulak ögen kazsar 'if a man digs a well or digs out a spring or brook’ TT VII 29, 2; a.o. do. 20: Xak. xı KB aka tınmaz artar bulaklar ara ‘it does not cease to flow, but increases among the springs’ 662e:xiv Muh. al-ayn ‘a spring’ bula:ğ Mel. 77, 1 (Rif. 180 hatceliyu'1-’ayn ‘the surroundings of a spring’ yu:la:k (sic); the words are more or less syn. but bulak is prob. the original text): Čağ. xv ff. bulağ ‘a spring (piyar) which bubbles out of the ground’ Vel. 156 (quotns.); bulağ/bulak čašma-i eb ‘a spring of water’ San. i4ir. 15: Xwar. xıv bulak ‘spring’ Qutb 37; MN 134: Kom. xıv ‘spring’ bulak/ bulax CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ğadir ‘a pool’ bu:la:k Hou. 6, 19.

VU 2 bulak (large-assed, large-rumped) n.o.a.b.; an Adj. applied to a horse; Kaš.'s translation is the same as that of büktel; the word in Muh. may be 3 bulak. Xak. xı bulak at al-adakk mina'l-xayl ‘a broad-backed horse’ Kaš. I 379: KB bulak semrlse kör munar ham azar ‘if a broad-backed horse gets fat, it goes wild and bolts’ 3600: xıv Muh. (l) (among the words applied to horses) al-šumûs ‘restive’ bu:la:k Rif. 171 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bulağ/bulak asbi hi binl-yi en ček bešad ‘a horse with cleft nostrils’ San I4ir- 15S 3 bulak See bulğak.

D boluğ Hap. leg., but see boluğluğ; apparently Dev. N. fr. bol- (to be); ‘a state of (coming into) existence’ (?). Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 19 (I ağan).

D bulğa:k (confusion, disorder; confused, disorderly) N./A.S. fr. bulğa:-; ‘confusion, disorder; confused, disorderly’. Survives as pulğak/pulğa:k in NE several dialects R IV 1376 and Khak.; NC Kzx. bulğak and with some extended meanings in NC Kır. bulak and prob. in the phr. alak bulak ‘confused’, noted in Čağ. xv ff. San. 49V. 9 and SW Osm. fr. xıv onwards 7'TS II 24; III 13. See Doerfer II 768. Türkü vııı (the Tokkuz Oğuz were my people) teŋri: yer bulğakı:n üčü:n yağı: bolti: ‘because of disorder in heaven and earth they became hostile’ / AT 4; a.o. II E 29: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 9, 17 (iŋ, etc. (telgek): Bud. 61 bulgakiga katılıp ‘being involved in civil disorders’ U II 78, 35; o.o. do. 87, 53 (telgek); TT IV 10, 17: Xak. xı bulga:k 'the panic (al-hazehiz) which breaks out in a tribe on the approach of their enemy’: Bulğa:k a masculine Proper Name (verse bulğa:k translated al-fiten ‘disorders’) Kaš. I 467; in a grammatical para. III 320, 15 bulğa:- is derived fr. bulğa:nuk but the commentary suggests that this is an error for bulğa:k: KB bu bulğak künl ‘on this day of (political) disorder’ 4121: XIIl (?) Tef. fitna bulğak 110: xıv Muh. al-fitna bulğarğ Mel. 50, 12; bu:lğa:k Rif. 14e: Čağ. xv ff. bulğağ orgülük ne tafriqa ve tarac ve talan ve xarab ‘disorder, disintegration, pillage, devastation, ruin’ Vel. 156 (quotns.); bulğağ/bulğak inqilab tea ešnftagî ‘revolution, disorder, confusion’ (quotn.) also used for munqalab wa ešııfta (Pe. quotn.); various Pe. authorities quoted regarding the use of this word in Pe. San. 141 v. 1: Kom. xıv bulğak ‘confusion’ (?) CCG; Gr. 68 (quotn.): Tkm. 'ikir (sic, ? read 'akiŋ ‘turbid, muddy’ bulğak (Kip. bulanak) Tuh. 25a. 8.

?E bulğanč (disorder) this word is restored in the passage below as a parallel to tarkınč; it is a possible Dev. N. fr. bulgan- but would be Hap. leg.; the right reading is prob. bulğak. Türkü vııı [gap] bulğ[anč o]l [gap] oğuzı: yeme: tarkınč ol ‘[his Türkü people?] are in disorder, and his [Tokkuz?] Oğuz in a difficult mood’ T 22.

D bulğa:š N./A.S. fr. bulğa:-; syn. w. bulga:k but perhaps with a hint of joint action. NE Šor pulgaš ‘a stick for stirring liquids’ R iV 1378 is prob. not a survival of this word; Šor -š normally corresponds to an earlier -č (see Radloff, Phonetik der hordlichen Türksprachen, Leipzig, 1882, p. 188), so this word prob. represents *bulğağač, N.I. in -ğač. Xak. xı bulğa:š ‘the disorder (alrfitna) which breaks out in a tribe because of the approach of an enemy’ Kaš. I 460.
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D balık- morphologically obscure; perhaps Emphatic f. of *bala:- Den. V. fr. *ba:, cf. ba:lığ and 2 ba:š. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı er balıktı: curiha' l-racul ‘the man was wounded’ Kaš. II 119 (balika:r, bahkma:k:; in a para, saying that verbs in -k- fall into two classes: (1) verbs in which the Suff. is attached to add emphasis to verbs connoting defeat, e.g. bassik- (this seems to be a misunderstanding of the suffix -sık-), (2) verbs, of which this is one, in which the -k- is an integral part of the verb (yakün ašl li’l-bnb)): KB balıkmıš bar erse ‘if there is a wounded^nian’ (make sure that he is medically treated) 2402.

bulğa:- (stir) acc. to Kaš., q.v., basically ‘to stir’ (a liquid, etc.) and metaph. ‘to confuse, disturb (someone), produce a state of disorder’, but the second is the older and commoner meaning. S.i.a.m.l.g., in SE, sometimes, and SW Az., Osm., Tkm. always as bula-, elsewhere as bulğa-. Türkü vııı (in an account of a battle) bulğayu: ‘putting (the enemy) in disorder’ Ix. 11: vııı ff. Man. M III 45, 2-3 (ögüŋ: Uyğ. vııı (he said) ičre: ben bulğayı:n ‘I will cause internal disorder’ Šu. S 4: vııı ff. Man.-A (if the wind blows from the west it drives) ol bulğamakığ yaykanmakığ ‘those disturbances and storms’ (eastwards) M III 10, 5-6 (ı): Bud. bulğadım erser ‘if I have caused trouble’ (to the innocent) U II 78, 32; o.o. do. 87, 50 (mis-spelt); TTIV 10, 14; 10, 17 (1 e:l (country, land)); Tiš. 48a. 2; USp. 60 lb. 11: Civ. (crushing red salt with camel’s dung and) bor birle bulğap ‘stirring it up with wine’ III 99; a.o. TT I 63 (1 ö:g): Xak. xı su:vuğ bulğa.'dı: ‘he stirred (kaddara) the water’; and one says ol tutma:č bulğa:dı: ‘he vigorously stirred (harraka) the tutmatč in the cooking pot (etc.)’; also when one vigorously stirs anything, e.g. gruel and the like, so that the top and bottom (of the mixture) are both cooked; and one says ol er amŋ köglin bulğa:dı: ‘that man annoyed him and made him angry’ (adcarahu wa ağdabahu); the origin of the phr. is that the man’s physical condition is upset (yatakaddaru’l-tab') by eating food not properly cooked so that he nearly vomits (yataqayya) Kaš. III 289 (bulğa:r, bulğa:ma:k); o.o. III 291, 2 (telge:-); 320, 13: Čağ. xv ff. bulğa (-dı) tolašdur- ve bürü- ‘to cause to be confused (etc.); to wrap up’; bula- (-p)/bulğa (-p) bula-ve bulašdur- Vel. 157 (quotn.)-8; bulğa-/ bulğat- (Caus. f.) eliida kardan wa šuramdan wa amixtan ‘to confuse, to stir up (mud), to mix’ San. i4or. 27 (quotns.); bula- abbreviation of bulğa- 139V. 15: Xwar. xıv bulğa-‘to put (an army) in disorder’ Qutb 37: Kom. xıv ‘to disturb, trouble’ CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv bulğaytı: («V)/bulğandurdı: kaddara İd. 36; Tkm. bula- xabbata ’l-mayi' ‘to beat a liquid’ (one MS. adds ya'ni harrakahu); Kıp. bulğa-td. 35. '

D bulğan- Refl. f. (normally used as Pass.) of bulğa:-; s.i.m.m.l.g. with the same range of meanings. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (seeing himself) kop kanka bulğanmıs (sic) ‘completely saturated with blood’ MI 6, 6; a.o. TT II 6, 9; Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bulğanmakı yaykanmakı M III 10, 12 (i) (? error for bulğa:-, q.v.): Bud. bulğanmıš yavlak tüllerig 'disturbed and evil dreams’ U II 58, 1 (ii); a.o. do. 2 (iii); (the demons, hearing these stern words) artukrak bulğamp ‘becoming still more agitated’ U IV 8, 35; o.o. TT V 26, 101; VIII A.31 (1 e:l (country, land)): Civ. (the bile) küz ftuda bulğa:nur ‘is stirred up in the autumn season (Sanskrit l.-w.)' TT VIII I.23: Xak. xı su:v bulğandı: ‘the water was stirred’ (takaddara); and one says kögül bulğandı: zalamati 1-fabVa ‘his physical condition troubled him’ because he had eaten something with filth (qadar) in it; also when he vomited (qa'a) one says körjül bulğandı:; and one says beg agar bulğandı: 'the beg was angry (gadiba) with him’ (bulğanu:ŋ and one says e:l bulğandı: ‘the realm was in disorder’ (tašawvjašat) (bulğanma:k) Kaš. 7/238; o.o. II 242 (telgen-); /// 21 (1 yarın) : xııı (?) Tef. (of a wounded head) kanka bulğan- ‘to be covered with blood’ 110: Čağ. xv ff. bulğan- (and bulğaš-) ehlda šudan wa štırîda šudan wa ba-ham amixtan ‘to be confused, stirred, mixed together’ San. 139V. 18 (quotns.; translations of other forms rightly substitute amlxta šudan for amixtan)'. Xwar. xııı bulğan-/bulwan- ‘to be confused’ 'Ali ii, 48: xıv kanka bulğan-/bulğaš- Qutb 37: Kom. xıv ‘to be troubled, confused’ bulğan- CCG; Gr. 68 (quotn): Kip. xv 'akira (of water) ‘to be turbid’ bulan- (and tolan-); Tkm. bulğan- (and tolğan-) Tuh. 26a. 3 (these descriptions should be reversed ?).

D balıkčı: N.Ag. fr. 1 balık (fish); ‘fisherman’. The only early occurrences are in translated Bud. texts, and not evidence that the Turks themselves fished in this period. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of disreputable occupations) balıkčı PP 1,8; TT IV 8, 56; Suv. 602, e: xıv Muh. šayyedu'1-samak ba:-lıkčı: Mel. 58, 1; Rif. 15e: Kip. xıv ‘fisherman’ balukčı CC7; Gr.

D balıkčın Den. N. fr. 1 balık (fish); ‘heron’, lit. ‘fish-eating bird’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. where Red. translates balıkčın ‘tern, Sterna hirundo' and balıkčıl ‘heron; egret; bittern’ Ardea, Botaurus. In SE Türki xvııı (the ‘Five Language Mirror’) kök balıkčı (sic) was ‘the common heron, Ardea melano-cephala', and ala balıkčı (sic) ?‘the purple heron, A. purpureasee E. D. Ross, A Polyglot List of Birds in Turki, Manchu and Chinese, Calcutta, 1909, Nos. 32 and 33; and xx bılıkčı (sic) ‘heron’ Jarring 47. Xak. xı balıkčın the name of a white bird called meliku’l-hazin ‘heron’, which hunts fish Kaš. 7512: Osm. xıv balıkčır (sic?) prob. ‘heron’ in two texts TTS 7 72; 77 101: xvııı balığčıl (spelt)/ballğčin in Rûmî, paranda-i mehi ‘a fish-eating bird’, in Pe. bü-tinıer (‘heron’) and \\ ğam-xıvıırak (ditto), in Ar. abû hazin, and in Greek šağnîn (? corrupt, cf. saginetes ‘net-fisherman’) San. i2yr. i i. 33»
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D 1 balıklığ P.N./A. fr. 1 balık (fish); ‘full of fish’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı balıklığ the name of a river Šu. S 10 (örği:-): Xak. xı balıklığ ögüz tvedi dû samak ‘a river full of fish’ Kaš. I 498.

D 2 balıklığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 3 balık. Arğu: xı balıklığ is also (used for) al-ardu'llati fîhe tvalıl ‘muddy ground’ in the language of Arğu: Kaš. I 498.

D boluğluğ P.N./A. fr. boluğ; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (the doorkeeper must decide) yarağlığ kayu ol asığlığ kayu boluğluğ kayu ol tusuluğ kayu ‘which (of them) is useful, which advantageous, which likely to develop (?), and which beneficial’ 2544.

D bulğama: Pass. Dev. N. fr. bulğa:-; ‘gruel’, lit. ‘something stirred together’. In the medieval period replaced by parallel Dev. N. in -ma:č (for a kind of food); survives in SW Osm. bulamač; Tkm. bulama/bulamak. See Doerfer II 770. Xak. xı bulğama: ‘gruel (al-'asida) which contains neither sweetening nor oil’ Kaš. I 491: (xiv Muh. harira ‘gruel’ bulama:č Mel. 65, 14; bu:l-ğama:č Rif. 165: Čağ. xv ff. bulamač/ bulamak ‘a kind of thin gruel (eš-i raqiqŋ made with flour’ San. i4ir. 19: Xwar. xıv bulamak (sic) ‘gruel' Nahc. 107, 14; 108, 1-2; Kip. xıv bulğamač (-e) al-ašıda Id. 35; Bul. 8, 11 (MS. yalğamac): xv xabis tva me fl ma'nehu 'sweetmeat made of dates, cream, etc.’, and the like bulamač (-c) Tuh. 14a. 12).

PUF bulguna: Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w. Malğûtıa is a perfectly regular, but rare, Ar. Pass. Particip. meaning ‘tangled’ (of trees, etc.), but it is unlikely that this would be converted into balğuna: in Xak., since in that language the assimilation to nasals is usually the other way; such a change might, however, occur in an Oğuz language. Xak. xı bulğuna: (so vocalized) ‘a red, pliant (rixw) tree the shape of a tamarisk (al-tarfe') eaten by camels’; malğuna: (so vocalized) dialect form of it (luğa fihŋ Kaš. I 492.

D bulga:nuk N./A.S. fr. bulğan-; although the -ii- is in this word a compound sound and not an original -fi- it followed the usual course of evolution to become -y- in Kaš. and usually -n- elsewhere; ‘mixed, turbid, confused’, and the like. Survives in SW Osm. bulanık ‘turbid, cloudy’; Tkm. ditto (and bulančak). Uyg. vııı ff. Man. bulkanyuk (jic) kogüllüg tınlığlar ‘mortals with confused minds’ TT III 162: Bud. bulğanyuk köoüllüg TT VI 65; vııı 0.8 (spelt pulğa:nyuk)\ a.o. U I 14, 3 (čöbik): Xak. xı bulğayuk su:v al-ma'ul--kadir ‘turbid water’ Kaš. III 179 (reading certain, in a chapter for words containing -y-); bulğa:nuk III 320, 15 (see bulğa:k): KB tiiztildl siizüldl kamuğ bulğanuk ‘all disorders were adjusted and clarified’ 5951; o.o. 2131 (süz-), 3632: Čağ. xv ff. bulğanuk eh-i gil-efüd ‘muddy water’ San. 14ı v. 10: Kıp. xv 'ikir (sic, ?read ’ahiŋ ‘turbid, muddy’ bulanak Tuh. 25a. 8 (later marginal note saying that bulanuk is more correct; and see bulğa:k).

D bolğusuz (to not be, not become) Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. Particip. in -ğu: fr. bol- (to be). Xak. xı KB bilig baylık ol bir Čiğay bolğusuz ‘knowledge is wealth, it is (a guarantee of) not becoming poor’ 313.

D 1 balıklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 balık (fish). Xak. xı kö:l balıklandı: ‘the lake was full of fish’ (de samak) Kaš. II 265 (see below).

D 2 balıklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Dev. N. fr. 2 balık. Uyğ. xı (balıklandı:) is also used of a place (al-mawdi') when it ‘has a stronghold’ (hišn) in the Uyğ. language Kaš. II 265 (baliklanu:r, baliklanma:k).

D 3 balıklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 3 balık. Arğu: xı (balıklandı:) is also used of a place (al-mawdi') when it is ‘muddy’ (de tin) in the language of Aığu: Kaš. II 265 (see above).

D balıksa:- Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. 1 balık (fish). Xak. xı er baliksa:di: ‘the man longed for fish’ Kaš. III 334 (baltksa:r, baliksa:ma:k).

D beleg (wrapped, gift) (bulge) Dev. N. fr. 2 bele:- (bale, swaddle, wrap); lit. ‘something wrapped up’, in practice ‘a gift’, with the specific implication that it is one wrapped up to be transported (bale). Survives in several minor NE and NC languages and NW Kaz. bülek. The word is a l.-w. in Mong. as beleg (Kotv. 1115, Haltod 282) and some NE occurrences may be reborrowings fr. Mong. See Doerfer II 833. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (I have ventured to present) beleg ötügüm ‘my humble gift’ Hüen-ts. 1843 (see note thereon); o.o. 1859 (bekle:-), 1883, 2054: Xak. xı beleg ‘a gift (hadiya) which a traveller brings (back) for his neighbours, or one sent from one place (buq'a) to another’ Kaš. I 385; beleg al-hadiya I 408: xııı (?) At. beleg ıdtım ‘I sent as a gift’ 79: xıv Muh. al-hadiya beleg Mel. 51, 2; Rif. 149 (mis-spelt as al-hudna tüle.'g, -g marked): Čağ. xv ff. beleg hadiya wa naw-beıca (‘first fruits’); the author of the Farhang-i Jalıengiri described this word as Persian and quoted a verse illustrating it San. 149V. 3: Osm. xıv to xvı beleg ‘gift’, not noted later than xvı TTS I 87; II 125; III 79; IV 90.

bilek (wrist) ‘the wrist’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes and extensions of meaning. Uyğ. vııı f?. Bud. (then the king’s right hand) \339\ bilekindin kesilip ‘being severed from his wrist’ U IV 38, 135; a.o. U II 25, 15 (sığın-): Xak. xı bilek mi'šamu’l-yad ‘wrist’ Kaš. I 385; o.o. I 325, 9; 518, 12 (kavır-); II 148, 6; 214, 20 (sıtğaš-): KB 2310 (esri:): Čağ. xv ff. bilek said ‘forearm’ San. 149V. 3 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv bilek ‘wrist’ Qutb 32: Kip. xııı al-said bile:k Hou. 20, 12: xıv bilek al-said Id. 35: xv al-mafšal 'joint’ bilek Kav. 61, 2; zand ‘wrist, forearm’ (kol wa) bilek Tuh. 17b. 11.
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D bilig N.Ac. fr. bil- (know, ignorant, able, wittingly, unwittingly, understand, perceive); ‘knowledge’ (knowledge, feeling, advice, instruction, guidance). Very common in the early period .as the standard word for ‘knowledge’, and also in a much wider range of meanings, some of which are very indefinite; the underlying connotation is perhaps ‘mental process’ or the like (feeling). In modern times almost completely displaced by other Dev. N.s fr. bil- (know) or l.-w.s, but survives in NE Alt, Tel. pilik R IV 1339; Tuv. bilig (but Khak. bilis); SE Türki bilik Shaw 56 (but BŠ bilim; Jarring bilmeklik); NC Kzx. bilik exists but bilim preferred (Kır. only bilim); SC Uzb. as for Kzx.; NW Kk. bilik (but also bilim, which alone seems to be used in other NW languages); SW Tkm. as for Kzx.; bilik also exists in one or two xx Anat. dialects SDD 207. See Doerfer II 835. Türkü vııı bilig bilmez kiši: ‘ignorant people’ / S 7,11 N 5; anığ bilig (II biligin) antn: öyü:r ermiš ‘they must then have thought up evil ideas’ I S 5, II N 4; (my eye which sees has become as if it could not see) bilir biligim bilmez teg bolti: ‘my mind (?) which knows has become as if it did not know’ I N 10; a.o. T 6 (but not T 7 where bilig eši: is a mistranscription of bilgesi:): vııı ff. mig kiši: yüzi:n biliginče: bir kiši: a:tı: (sic) bilig ol ‘compared to knowing a thousand people by sight, (knowing) one man’s reputation is (real) knowledge’ Tun. III a. 4-6 (ETYII94) : Man. anığ yavlak biligin ‘with very evil intentions’ Chuas. 50-1; bilge bilig ‘wisdom’ do. 183; biligimizni kögülümüzni ‘our minds and thoughts’ do. 184-5; teŋri aymıš ötče biligče ‘in accordance with the guidance given to us by God’ do. 326-7; o.o. M III 19, 16 (i) (2 üz), etc.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A bilge bilig M I 23, 3 etc.: Man. bilge bilig TT III 32; in az bilig ‘lust’ and öpke bilig ‘anger’ TT II 16, 26 and 34 bilig is really superfluous but might mean ‘mental process’ or 'emotion' (feeling): Bud. bilig is very common with the same wide range of meanings as in the Man. dialects; it often represents Sanskrit vijnena ‘consciousness’; see TT VI Index for a long list of usages: Xak. xı bilig al-ilm ‘knowledge’; hence one says bilig ögren ta'allami'l-'ilm ‘acquire knowledge’: bilig al-hikma ‘wisdom’; hence one says oza:ki: bilge:le:r (sic, correctly) ‘wise men (al-hukama) of old’: bilig al-'aql ‘understanding’; hence one says oğla:n biligsi:z ‘boys lack understanding’ Kaš. I 385; I 2el (ögret-); II 243, 8 (ük-) and many o.o.: KB bilig is very common with the same wide range of meanings as in Kaš., e.g. 1493 \339 b\ (ögret*): xııı (?) At. bilig ‘knowledge, wisdom, understanding’ is common; Tef. bilig (also bilmek, bilmeklik) ditto 102: (xiv Muh. see biliglig): Čağ. xv ff. bilig (‘with -g’) bilmek ve idrek (‘understanding’) Vel. 142 (quotns.); bilig 'ilm wa deniš ‘knowledge’ (Hend.); and metaph. pand wa ta'lim wa iršed ‘advice, instruction, guidance’ San. i5or. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv bilig 'knowledge, wisdom’ Qutb 32; MN 274: Kom. xıv ‘knowledge’ bilik CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv bili/bilü: (MS. belü:) al-'ilm Id. 35: Osm. xıv ff. bilü, less often bili ‘knowledge’, etc., is common till xv and occurs till xvıı TTS I 99; II 42; 111 95; IV 100.

bilik (? p-) ‘a wick’. Survives as pilik in SE Türki Shaw, BŠ, Jarring; SC Uzb. and NW Kk., and as bilik in NC Kır. Some other modern languages have bilte/pilte/melte, but it is doubtful whether this word, which seems to be Pe. (Steingass pilta) is etyrrro-logically connected. Xak. xı bilik (mis-vocalized belik) fatîlatu’l-sirec ‘a lamp wick’: bilik (be' unvocalized) al-misber ‘a surgeon’s probe’ Kaš. I 385; o.o. I 267, 22 (i:ttür-; unvocalized); II 323, 13 (kokit-; bilikni:).

D bölük (bölök) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. böl-; usually a N., ‘section, part’, and the like, sometimes, later, w. extended meanings, like ‘separate, different’. S.i.a.m.l.g. as bölük, less often bölek; l.-w. in Mong. as bölek (Haenisch 17), in Pe. as bölük, and in other languages, see Doerfer II, No. 772. Türkü vııı ff. Man. beš yefgirmi bö]lüg xwaswan^ft ‘the Xwastwaneft, fifteen sections’ colophon of main text in von Le Coq, Chuastuanift, AKPAW, Berlin, 1910, p. 25, 11: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the doctrine of the three treasuries and) iki yegirmi bölük yarlığ ‘the decree (sutra) in twelve sections’ TT VI 201; Sanskrit bod-hyaftge ‘the constituent parts of enlightenment’ tuyu:nma:k bölökle:ri TT VIII A. 15, 21, 22; atnsa ‘part, share’ bölök (spelt p-) do. C.17; a.o. İJ III 55, le: Civ. taštın kač bölük y^rnig ‘of some sections of land outside (the town)’ USp. 12, 4; a.o. do. 29, 10: Xak. xı bölük al-tdyifa min kull haywan ‘a (detached) group of any kind of living creatures’, hence one says bir bölük ko:y ‘a flock (qafi') of sheep’, and bir bölük kiši: 'a group (teyifa) of men’; this is a collective noun (ism cam’) like al-qawm and al-ibil in Ar. Kaš. I 385: xııı (?) Tef. bölük bölük ‘in groups, flocks’

108 (and see buluğ): Čağ. xv ff. bölek firqa wa gurtih ‘group, band’, etc. (Rumi quotn.) also pronounced bölük San. i4ir. 17; bölk same translation do. 141 v. 11; bölük (1) same translation (quotn.); (2) ‘a district’ (mahellŋ composed of several towns and villages (parallel terms in India, etc. mentioned); but in Babur bölek is always used for firqa wa gurtih and bölük for ‘villages’ and ‘province’ (dihet wa wilayat) do. 141 v. 17: Kip. xıv bölük al-fariq mina'1-nes ‘a large group of people’: bölük (misvocalized belük) al-dafira mina'1-ša’r ‘a lock of hair’ Id. 35: xv cam' ‘crowd, flock’, etc.
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bölek (in margin bölük) Tuh. 12a. 1; (fr. bӧl- divide, separate (делить, разделять)) ïρ dafxra (mis-spelt zafira; note in margin mina'1-šar tva ğayrihŋ bölük do. 24a. 13. (OTD p.117, 118 bölük group, herd, flock (группа; стадо, табун, стая))

belgü: (? belgö:) (sign, mark) ‘sign, mark’ occasionally in a concrete, but usually in an abstract sense; ‘distinguishing characteristic’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as beige (Haenisch 14; see also Doerfer I 96 with a long list of modern Turkish and Mong. forms). S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as belgü/belgi; Čuv. pale/palle Ash. IX 82-6; Yak. belle Pek.429, and perhaps bilge do. 464. Türkü vııı fî. kamurğ ta.šlarıg kentü: kentü: erdemi: belgü:si: bar ‘all (precious) stones have their individual virtues and distinguishing characteristics’ Toy. 12-14 (ETY 11 58): Uyğ. vııı belgü:min bitiğimin anta: yaratıtdım 'I had my sign and inscription erected there’ Šu. E 8; a.o. E 9: vııı ff. Man.-A ınča kalti Xormuzta teŋri belgüsinče ‘like the distinguishing characteristics of the god Hormuzd’ M I 24, 10-11; a.o. do. 35, 2: Man. [beljgüsi ratni 'his sign is a jewel’ M II 7, 3-4; a.o. M III 39, 1-3 (adınčığ): Chr. (then the Magi seeing) ol taŋlančığ irü belgü ‘that marvellous sign’ U I 8, 14-15: Bud. belgü is commonest in the phr. irü belgü ‘omen, sign’ (see irü:), but also occurs by itself corresponding to Sanskrit lakšana ‘distinguishing mark’ TT VI 190; a.o. Suv. 73, 20 (adart-): Civ. busuš kadğu belgüsi ‘a sign of anxiety and distress’ TT I 79; o.o. do. 62 (enčgülüg), 71 (adırtla:-); (now I will describe) sıčğan belgüsin ‘omens from mice’ VII 36, 1: Xak. xı belgü: al-amera tva'l-alema ‘sign, indication’ Kaš. I427 (proverb): KB ukuš kimde bolsa bu ol belgüsi ‘whoever acquires understanding, this is his distinguishing characteristic’ 1864; (chosen among men) kiši belgüsi ‘and an example to others’ 5791; o.o. 180, 4284, 5108: xııı (?) Tef. belgü ‘a sign’ 97: Čağ. xv ff. belgü (‘with -g-’) nišen ve 'alema ve bilinecek šey ‘sign, mark, something recognizable’ Vel. 142 (quotn.); belgü (spelt) tamğe tva nišen tva 'alemat (see tamğa:; quotns.); and metaph. (1) nišena-i tir ‘an archery target’; (2) taxallus ‘poetic pseudonym' (quotn.) San. 149V. 18: Volga Bulgar xııı-xiv the word often occurs on tombstones in this language in the form be' lem tvetvye’; the ye’ is the 3rd Pers. Poss. Suff.; it is an open question whether this should be transcribed belwi: or belwilyi or belü:yi but the meaning in any case is ‘his memorial’; the best edition of these texts is G. B. Yusupov, Vvedenie v bulgaro-tatar-skuyu epigrafiku, Moscow-Leningrad, i960; on this word see K. Thomsen, ‘Zur wolgabol-garischen Epigraphie’, Acta Orientalia XXVI 3-4, p. 189: Xwar. xıv belgü ‘sign, mark’ Outb 27: Kip. xıv belgü: zahir ‘conspicuous’ Id. 36 (mistranslation, deduced from preceding entry belgür- zahara).

D bilge: (wise man) Dev. N./A. fr. bil- (know); primarily ‘a wise man’, but in the early period apparently sometimes a specific title of office, ‘Counsellor’ or the like; also used as an Adj. N.o.a.b. See Doerfer II 836. Türkü vııı bilge: xagan lit. ‘wise kağan’, but prob. often regarded rather as a regnal title I E 3, II E 4; I E 23; bilge: Tonukuk prob. ‘Counsellor Tonukuk’ rather than ‘wise T.’ T 1, etc.; bilgesi: cavušı: ben ök ertim ‘it was I that was his Counsellor and his Army Commander’ T 7; a.o. of this phr. Ix. 17 (čavuš); bilge: kiši:g ‘wise men’ I S 6, II N 4; a.o.o.: vııı ff. yagi:lma:zu:n tep bilgeg urti: ‘he appointed a Counsellor who would not make mistakes’ Tun. III a. 7; a.o. do. 9 (ETY II 94-5): Man. bilge bilig ‘wisdom’ Chuas. 183: Yen. uz bilge: čarjšı: Proper Name Mai. 31, 1 (see čagši:); a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-Â bilge bilig M I 23, 3; 24, 26; bilge beg do. 12, 19: Man. bilge bilig TT III 32; bilgeler ‘counsellors’ M III 34, 6-7; 36, 5 (ii) (elči:): Bud. bilge ‘wise; a wise man’ is very common PP 74, 2; 74, 4- 6 etc.; elči bilgeler Kuan. 129, 130: Civ. futsi bilge ‘the wise master’ (Chinese fu tzfi, prob. Confucius) TT I 106-7; tetik bilge kiši erser ‘if he is a quick-witted, wise man’ VII 28, 53-4: O. Kır. ıx ff. Bilge: in P.N.s Mai. 13, 3; 24, e: Xak. xı bilge: al-hakim ‘wise’: bilge: al-'dlim ‘knowing’: bilge: al~'eqil ‘intelligent’ (verse); hence a man is called bilge: beg ‘a w^rise, knowing, intelligent chief’; and there was an Uyğur xen called Kü:I Bilge: Xa:n that is ‘his intelligence is (as big) as a lake’ ('aqlulm ka'1-ğadir; prob. a false etymology, see 2 kül) and one says bögü: bilge: al-'eqil Kaš. I 428; about 20 o.o.: KB bilge is common 158, 191 (bögü:), 263, 1678 etc.: xıv Muit, imen 'elim bi:lge: er Mel. 12, 14; Rif. 87: Xwar. xıv bilge ‘wise, wise man’ Qutb 32: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv bilge: al-'elim Id. 35: Osm. xıv and xv bilge ‘wise man’ in several texts TTS 1 99; II 142. (cf. sağun (wise man))

D bölük- Hap. leg.; Intrans. f. of böl-. Xak. xı ko:y bölükti: šera’l-ğanatn qut'et ‘the sheep göt into (separate) flocks’; also used of any living creatures which get into (separate) flocks and assemble in them (ta'allabat) Kaš. 7/ 118 (bölüke:r, bölükme:k).

D bilge:d- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. bilge: (not, as Kaš. says, bilig). Xak. xı oğla:n bilgetti: 'aqala l-šabi tva fafana ‘the boy was intelligent (Hend.)’; originally bilge:dtı:, but assimilated (udğima). Know that (-a:dtı:)/-e:dti: is a Suff. (harf) which is attached to nouns connoting natural qualities (al-tabeyi’) and thus verbs are formed. For example ‘beauty’ (al-husn) is körk and if you (want to) say that he was beautiful you add the Suff. e:dti: and sav körke.’dti: hasuna; and al-'aql is bilig, then you say oğlan: bilge:-dti: that is ‘the boy was intelligent’ ('aqala)-, then the -a:- melts away (tadiib) and the -d-is assimilated in the -t- and -tt- comes out of it Kaš. II 340 (bilge:tü:r, bilgetme:k; sic, ? in error).

D belgür- (known, appear, manifest) Intrans. Den. V. fr. belgü:; ‘to appear, become manifest’. Survives in NW Kaz. bilgir- R IV 1768 and SW Osm. belir-. In other languages the same meaning is given by belgülen- (not an old word) or other words like körün-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (buds) tugar belgürer ‘sprout and appear’ Wind, ri: Chr. U I 8, 8-9 (antača:): Bud. oğlum savı edgü yavlak belgürginče ‘whether my son’s word appear good or bad' PP 63, 2-3; Uygur 611 ^e, (*)l$ (?) ortun ulušta tüšüp belgürüp ‘arriving and appearing in the royal central country (or in the royal palace and country?) of the Uygur realm’ USp./43, 3-4; o.o. TT. VIII K.3 (ükün, spelt bhedkuor-)- X 486; Suv. 75, 1: Civ. TT I 62 (enčgülüg): Xak. xı ı:š belgü:rdi: zahara’l-amr ‘the affair became manifest’ Kaš. II 172 (belgüre:r, belgürme:k); a.o. I 387, 10: KB (if you hide musk) yıdı belgürer ‘its smell becomes manifest’ 312; tüzünlük senigdin kellr belgüre ‘goodness comes and becomes manifest from Thee’ 6638: xıv Muh. (l) zahara belgür-Rif. 112 (Mel. 28, 13 görün-); al-zuhûr bel-gürmek 37, 15; 124: Čağ. xv ff. beİgür- (-ür, etc.) belür- Vel. 141 (quotn.); belgür- (‘with -g-’) Intrans. V. meaning ma'lüm šudan ‘to become known’ (N.B. false etymology fr. bil- (know)); the two Rumi authorities and Tali’-i Harawi took it to be a duplicate (muredif) of blldür- meaning fahmenidan ‘to inform’, and Naširi followed them; they were in error San. 148V. 25 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv belgür-‘to appear, become manifest’ Qutb 29; Nahc. 16, 16; belgür- Qutb 30; belür- do. 32; belür-/beIgür- MN 116, etc.: Kip. xıv belgür- zahara Id. 3e: XV naba'a ‘to emerge’ bülgür- (sic) Tuh. 37a. 7: Osm. xıv ff. belür- ‘to appear’ common till xvı TTS III 81; IV 93.

D belgürt- (manifest, display) Caus. f. of belgür-; ‘to make manifest, display’. Survives in NW Kar. L. belglrt- R IV 1613; Kaz. bilgirt- 1768; SW Osm. belürt-/beHrt>. Türkü vııı ff. Man. taštırtı belgürt (t)ller ‘they displayed openly’ (the inner ... of the mind) M III 19, 12 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 11, 5 (l ač-); 21, 3 (in: Bud. tözümin uğušumm belgürt! sözleser ‘if (D openly declare my origin and clan’ PP 67, 1-2; (my dear son) kögüzümdin belgürtmiš ağzımdın tuğ-mıš ‘brought to light from my breast and born from my mouth’ U III 36, 21-2; o.o. UIV 16, 169 and 173; TT V 6, 34, etc.; X 365; Xak. xı KB (this world adorns itself and displays itself) itinmiš kelin teg kögül belgütür ‘as a bride adorned displays her inmost thoughts’ 3540 (so the Fergana MS., the other two MSS. have yilkitür here and in 3567, but this verb does not exist; the Fergana MS. omits 3566-7, and they are prob. spurious): xııı (?) Tef. belgürt- ‘to display, make manifest’ 97: Čağ. xv ff. b^lgürt- (spelt) Caus. f.; ma'lûm kardan ‘to make known’ (false etymology, see belgü:r-) San. i49r. 22 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv belgürt-/ belgüt- ‘to show, display’ Qutb 30; b^Igürt- \\ do. 32: Kom. xıv belgirt- ditto CCG; Gr.-. Osm. xıv to xvı belirt-/belürt- ditto in several texts TT II 127; III 81; IV 93.
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D?F bile:gü: N.I. fr. bile:- (sharpen); ‘whetstone’. S.i.m.m.l.g. (not NE, SC). Cf. kadrak, nıjda:ğ. Xak. xı biletgli: al-misann ‘whetstone’ Kaš. I 447: Čağ. xv ff. bilew (spelt) sang-i fasan ‘whetstone’ San. 149V. 9; a.o. 281 v. 3 (kadrak): Kom. xıv ditto bilev CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-misann bile:wü: Hou. 23, 19: xıv bilewü al-misann; Tkm. bilegü: Id. 35.

D bilekliğ P.N./A. fr. bilek; ‘having a... wrist’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı kü:člüg bilekliğ kiši: inšen qawwi dü se'id ‘a man with strong wrists’ Kaš. I 509.

D biliglig P.N./A. fr. bilig ‘possessing knowledge’, etc. Survives only (?) in NE Tuv. biliglig ‘educated’ (but this may be a recent reconstruction). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. biligligim tüzünüm ‘my wise one, my good one’ M II 8, 11 (ı); [bilge] biliglig šatu tiktiniz ‘you have set up the ladder of wisdom’ TT III 47: Bud. bilge biliglig ‘wise’ Suv. 127, 19; 354, 2: Xak. xı al-elimu'l-eqilu'l-hakim ‘a knowledgeable, intelligent, wise man’ is called biliglig ldši: Kaš. I 510; KB biliglig, ditto, is common 168, 254, etc.: xıv Muh. šehib 'ilm bi:li:gli:g (-g-s marked) Mel. 5, 7; Rif. 76; al-'elim 6, 9; 55, 8; 77; 152 (mis-spelt bi:li:g); šehibu'1-ra’y ‘with sound judgement’ bi:li:g (sic, in error 50, 9; Rif. 145 ö:ge:): Čağ. XV ff. biliglig 'elim wa denišmand (‘wise’); also used for denišmandi ‘wisdom’ (i.e. the A.N. in -Hk is); they also use billmlig in these senses San. i5or. 8: Xwar. xıv biliglig ‘w’ise’ Qutb 32: Kip. xv 'erif ‘knowledgeable’ biligli Tuh. 24b. 13.

D biliklik Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. bilik. Xak. xı biliklik (misvocalized beliklik) kebe:z qutna mu'adda li'l-fatila ‘cotton prepared for (making into) a wick’ Kaš. I 510.

D belgü:lüg (manifest, significant, possessing distinguishing characteristics) P.N./A. fr. belgü:; ‘manifest, significant, possessing distinguishing characteristics’, etc. Türkü vııı ff. erde:mi: belgü:-lü:g savlar ‘statements regarding the virtues and distinguishing characteristics’ (of various jewels and (precious) stones) Toy. 4 (ETY II 57): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (they are) beš törlügün belgülüg ‘significant in five wavs’ MI 24, 8: Man. M III 26, 11 (i) (odğuratı:); TT IX 29 (bekiz): Bud. TT VI 296 (od-ğuratı:); VIII A. 16 (bekiz): Xak. xı belgülüg ne:g al-šayu ’l-bediyu l-zehir ‘anything manifest and conspicuous’ Kaš. I 528 (prov., spelt belgü:lüg); o.o. spelt belgü:lüg I 384, 20 (bitig); II 40, 11; III 160. 20: KB biligsiz karağu turur belgülüg ‘the ignorant man is manifestly blind’ 179, 271; o.o. 2286 (ayıklığ), 2458 (ünlüg), etc.: xııı (?) At. bilig bildi boldı eren belgülüg ‘a man acquires knowledge and becomes \342\ conspicuous’ 93 ; Tef. mubin ‘manifest, obvious’ belgülüg 97: Čağ. xv (T. bölgülüg tam-ğeder wa nišender ‘branded, conspicuous’ San. 149V. 24 (quotn.) : Xwar. xıv belgülüg ‘manifest, visible’ Qutb 29.
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D bilgerlig (wise) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. bilge:. Türkü vııı ff. bilge:li:g yagi:lma:z ‘a man who has a (wise) counsellor does not make mistakes’ Tun. Ilia. 11 (ETY II 95).

D belgürtme: Pass. Dev. N. fr. belgürt- (manifest, display); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. belgürtme: etöz translates the Bud. technical term nirmenakeya ‘the manifestation body’, one of the three bodies or natures of the Buddha TT VIII C.20 (spelt pedgürtme:); Sttv. 38, 13 ff. (a long passage on this subject).

D biligsiz Priv. N./A. fr. bilig; 'ignorant, devoid of understanding’, etc. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı blligshz xağan olurmıš ‘xoğans who did not understand (how to govern) ascended the throne’ I E 5, II E e: vııı ff. Man. billg-sizin ‘through ignorance’ Chuas. 73; o.o. do. I 20 (ögsüz); Mis, 4^: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 31-2 (üdür- (choose, part, separate, scatter)): Bud. biligsiz bilig ‘ignorance’ Suv. 133, 18; 136, 16; a.o. do. 384, 21-2 (tümge:): Xak. xı oğla:n biligsiz It1 'aqf fi'1-šibyen ‘boys lack intelligence’ I 119, 24; 386, 1; n.m.e.: KB biligsiz ‘ignorant’ 179, 271 (belgü:lüg); a.o.o.: xııı (?) Tef. bi-gayr 'ilm biligsizin 102: xıv Midi, biie 'ifm bili:gsi:z Mel. 10, 14; Rif. 84; al-cehil ‘ignorant, foolish’ bilhgsiz 55, 7; 152: Xwar. xıv biligsiz ditto Qutb 32.

D belgü:süz (unmarked) Priv. N./A. fr. belgü:; 'without a sign, mark, etc.’. Survives in NC Kır., Kzx. belgisiz. Uyg. vııı ff. Bııd, körksüz tuyuğ-suz belgüsüz ‘without form, perception or distinguishing characteristics’ TT VI 460; a.o. 7Yj. 24b. 3: Xak. xı kanča: bari:r belgü:sü:z translated fa-le yudre ile ay ciha tattacih ‘and one does not perceive in which direction it (the cloud) goes’ Kaš. I 354, 26; n.m.e.: KB bu tüš teg tiriglik kečer belgüsüz ‘this life passes away like a dream, leaving no trace’ 1396; common as a rhyme 1532, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. bi’l-ğayb ‘secretly’ belgüsüzün 97.

D bilegüsüz Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. bile:gü:. Uyğ. vııı Man. bilegüsüz yiti vacir ‘the thunderbolt (Sanskrit vajra) that is sharp without (being sharpened on) a whetstone’ M II 7, 8; 8, 9 (1).

D biligsizlik A.N. fr. biligsiz; ‘ignorance’, used to translate Sanskrit avidhye, same meaning. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. biligsizlik karaŋgu üze kögülüm örtülü ‘my mind being clouded by the darkness of ignorance’ Suv. 101, 16-17: Xak. xı biligsizlik kete:r adfa'i’I-safah ‘an nafsik ‘drive ignorance away from yourself’ Kaš. I 440, 20; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. biligsizlik ditto 102: Xwar, xıv ditto Qutb 32.

D belegle:- (gift, present) Den. V. fr. beleg; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol maga: belegle:di: ‘he gave me a gift (gifted)’ (hadiya) Kaš. III 340 (belegle:r, belegle:me:k); a.o. I 307, 17 (misvocalized).

D belgüle:- (manifest) Den. V. fr. belgü:; ‘to make manifest’ and the like. Survives in NW Kk., Kumyk, Nog. belgile-; Kaz. bilgele-. Cf. belgürt-. Xak. xı KB 611g aydı uktum sözüg belgülep ‘the king said “I have understood your statement which (you) expounded”’ 792.

D bilgelen- (intelligent) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bilge:. Xak. xı er bilgelendi: ta’aqala'l--racul ‘the man pretended to be intelligent’; the better word for this (al-ahsan fi hede) is bilimsindi: (mis-spelt bilgrimsindi:) Kaš. III 202 (bilgelenü:r, bilgelenme:k).

D biligse:- (intelligent)Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. bilig. Xak. xı oğla:n biligsc:di: ‘the boy longed to be intelligent’ (al-’aql) Kaš. III 334 (biligse:r, biligse:me:k).

D be:lel- Pass. f. of 2 be:le:-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı er terke: be:leldi: ‘the man was bathed (ğariqa) in sweat’; and one says oğla:n be:lel-di: ‘the boy was fastened (šudda) in the cradle’; the first is Intrans. (lazim), and the second Pass. (muta'add); and one says at ka:nka: be:leldi: ‘the horse was bathed in blood’, that is because of the great slaughtering Kaš. III 196 (be:lelü:r, be:lelme:k).

D bilil- Pass. f. of bil- (know); n.o.a.b. Cf. bilin-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (immediately after he had left) özin kentü bililür ‘the matter became known spontaneously’ Hüen-ts. 2097: Kip. xv (in a grammatical section) bilildi ki biy keledir ‘it became known that the beg was coming’ Tuh. 48b. 5.

D bulul- Pass. f. of bul- (find, obtain); n.o.a.b. Cf. bulun-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit sramayyaphalam adhigatdm ‘the fruits of asceticism are obtained’ toyın tüši bululmıš (spelt p-) erür TT VIII G.48.

D bala:la:- () Den. V. fr. bala:; ‘to give birth to or produce young’. S.i.s.m.l. R IV 1492. Xak. xı (in a grammatical section) ‘a nestling’ is called bala:; and if you wish to say that a bird hes hatched out young (afraxa) you say kuš bala:la:dı: Kaš. III 92, 1; n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. balala- (-p, etc.) kuš ve hayvan yavrula-‘of birds and animals, to produce young’ Vel. 132 (quotns.); balala- bačča gudeštan wa tawdlud kardan 'umûm haywanat ua canwaran ‘to produce or give birth to young, a general term for animals and living creatures’ San. 126V. 5 (quotns.): Kip. xv afraxa balala- Tuh. 7a. 2.

D??" bilemsin- Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. *bilem, N.S.A. fr. bile:- (sharpen). Xak. xı ol biče:k bilemsindi: ‘he pretended to whet (yasunn) the knife without actually doing so’ Kaš. II 260, 1; 262, 9 (in a grammatical section); n.m.e.

V. fr. bilim (see bilig). Xak. xı <ol> ı:š bilimsindi: ‘he pretended to know (ya'rif) about the matter’ Kaš. II 262, 13 (in a grammatical section); a.o. III 202 (bilgelen-); n.m.e. ^

beliŋ (panic, terror) 'panic, terror’. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. peliŋ ‘a simulated disease’ R IV 1244 and SW Tkm. beliŋ ‘repugnance’ and, until recently, Osm. beliŋ ‘terror’; elsewhere displaced by der. f.s of kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona) or ürk- (startled, scared, frightened). Uyğ. vııı ff. (Bud. beliŋ teg in U II 25, 16 is a misreading of beliŋdek, q.v.): Civ. er quwwati (so read for kutı) beliŋ suv quwwati terig ‘the strength of a man is (his power to inspire) panic, the strength of water is its depth’ TT VII 42, 4: Xak. xı beliŋ ‘the panic (al-haze-hiz) which breaks out in a tribe on the approach of their enemy’ Kaš. III 370 (cf. bulğa:k).

bula:n ‘the elk’. Survives in NE several dialects pulan R IV 1374; Khak. ditto; Tuv. bulan; NC Kır., Kzx bulan all meaning ‘elk’; SC Uzb. bulan a folk-lore word for ‘a wild horse’ Bor. 89; NW Tat. bolan ‘stag’. Čuv. pelan Ash. X 105 normally means ‘stag’ but in some dialects ‘elk’. See Shcherbak, p. 141, Doerfer II 810. Xak. xı bula:n ‘the name of a large wild animal which is hunted; it is in the Kıpčak country. It has one horn in the form of a vessel (al-hubb) with a hollow top like a roof (al-same’) in which snow and water collect; the female kneels down to let the male drink out of her horn, and the male kneels down to let the female drink out of his horn’ Kaš. I 413 (obviously ‘elk’): Kip. xv yahmtir ‘wild ass, onager’ (sic) bulan Tuh. 39a. 7 (xiv bulnak (v.l. bulanak) yahmfir td. 35 is perhaps a Dim. f. of this word).

F bulaŋ (veranda) Hap. leg.; l.-w. fr. Chinese pu lang ‘verandah’ (Giles, 9,485 6,778). Cf. yaylık. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in instructions for building a house; at the front and the back and on both sides) bulaŋ ‘verandahs’ TT VI 85.

D bulun (captive, prisoner, raid (for booty), booty, gain) ‘prisoner’; Intrans. Dev. N. fr. bul- (find, obtain), but the semantic connection is not very close. N.o.a.b. Cf. tutğun. Türkü vııı oğlırn kisi:si:n bulun kı[lıp] ‘making his children and wife prisoners’ Ix. 5; a.o. do. 22 (F): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. sizig men sizinte bulun boltum ‘I am yours; I have become your prisoner’ M III 24, 10-11 (ı); a.o. do. 25, 9 (iii): Xak. xı bulun al-axid tva'l-asir ‘captive, prisoner’ Kaš. I 399 (verse); o.o. II 307, 7 (bošat-); III 63, 21 (yul-); 85, 20 (yulun-); 97, 12. (yultur-): KB bulun ‘prisoner’ is \\ common 1438, 2388, 2723 (umdu:či:), 3636 (yul-), etc.: Xwar. xıv bulun ‘prisoner’ Qutb 36; Nahc. 70, 6; 82, 15; 117, 4; 161, 4 (ak-): Tkm. xıv bulun al-ğera ‘a raid’; in Kip. al-barru'l-muttašil bi'l-cazira tua'1-ğanima toa'l--kasb ‘land adjacent to an island; booty, gain’ td. 3e: Osm. xıv bulun in four texts TTS I 123; \\ 175.

buluŋ (corner, angle, cardinal quarter) ‘corner, angle’; and, in the early period only, ‘a cardinal point, a quarter of the world’. Survives in NE several dialects R I 1375 (p-) (puluŋ); Khak. (p-) (puluŋ); Tuv.; SE Türki; NC Kır. Türkü vııı tört buluğ kop yağı: ermiš ‘the four quarters of the world were all hostile’ IE 2, IIE 3; tört buluğdaki: bodunığ IE 2, II E 3, etc.: vııı ff. tört bulu:gtakı: eŋgü:si: uyu:rı: ‘his good and capable men in all directions’ IrkB 28 (the reading bulu:pin in do. 13 is an error for bulu:pan): Man. tört buluŋuğ (spelt bulunuŋuğ) yarutir ‘he illuminates the four quarters’ Chuas. 11-12: Yen. tört buluŋka: Mai. 31,3: Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. U I 7, 16-17 (bešik); Bud. Sanskrit disam ‘point of the compass, quarter’ buluŋ yiga:k TT VIII A. 1; o.o. of this phr. U I 12, 6-7; IV 20, 251; in the Tantric text TT VII 15 buluŋ means ‘a segment of the sky’ and yigak ‘direction, compass bearing’ (see note thereon, p. 68); tört buluŋ PP 7, 2; o.o. U III 65, 4~S (ii) (segiŋ, etc.: Civ. ögdün kündün buluğda... kĞdin tağdın buluğda ‘in the east and south quarters ... in the west and north quarters’ TT I 142-3 (buluŋ in H I 19 is the (Chinese?) name of some drug and not connected with this word): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘the four quarters’ tört buluŋ Ligeti 146 R IV 1375: Xak. xı buluŋ al-zawiya ‘a corner’ Kaš. III 371: xııı (?) Tef. buluŋ ‘corner’ 110 (in 108 a phr. transcribed bir bölüg... bir bölüg explained as ba'di... ba'di ‘some (believed) and some (did not)’ is prob. amisreading of bölük ... bölük): Xwar. xııı (?) kündünki buluğda ‘in the southern quarter’ Oğ. 295: Kom. xıv ‘corner’ buluŋ CCG; Gr.

D bulunč (booty, gain, acquisition) Dev. N. fr. bulun- (captive, prisoner, raid (for booty), booty, gain); ‘gain, acquisition’, and the like. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (whoever endures suffering for the sake of his body) anag utlısı etözke ölmek artamak bulunčı ol ‘his reward is the acquisition of death and decay for his body’ M III it, 12-14 (”)^: Bud. nom bulunčıga tegürüp ‘achieving acquisition of the doctrine’ Suv. 154, 8; o.o. do. 195, 20; 596, 8; TT VIII E.3 (aîmčlığ), 9 (učuzla:-), 10: Civ. bulunč [gap] TT VII 35, 70.

D bilin- (know) Refl. f. of bil- (know), often used as Pass.; ‘to know oneself, to know one’s own (something Acc.); to be known’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as Pass. and with some extended meanings. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. altı: yašımta: kag adırdım bilinmedim ‘in my sixth year I was parted from my father, I did not know him’ Mai. 32, le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. bilinmedin \344\ (in a damaged passage) ‘inadvertently (?)’ TT III 49: Hud. kentü bilingey erinč ‘he will surely know for himself’ (without being told) PP 10, 1 ; bilin- is commonest in the sense of ‘to realize that (one has sinned)’, e.g. yazukumni bilinürbiz ‘we realize that we have sinned’ TT IV 8, 64-5; o.o. Suv. 137, 23 (ačın-); 140, 1 and 11 (kakın-) and many in TT IV, U II 85, 17 ff.: Xak. xı er ı:šın bilindi: ‘the man knew and understood ('arafa tva fatina) his (own) business’; and one says er ya:zukın bilindi: ‘the man acknowledged (i'tarafa) his sin’ Kaš. II 143 (bilinü:r, bilinme:k); bilinü:r 'nrifa ‘it is known’ II23, 18; a.o. 228, 19: KB bilingü munı ‘he must know (знаться) this’ 727 ; a.o. 969: xııı (?) At. bilig birle bilnür törütgen idi ‘the Lord, the Creator, is known by wisdom’ 121; Tef. bilin- ‘to be known’ 102: Čağ. xv ff. bilin- denista šudan ‘to be known’ San. 148V, 6 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 33: Kom. xıv bilinmegen ‘not known (hitherto)’ CCG; Gr.
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D bulun- (found) Refl. f. of bul- (find, obtain); usually in Pass. sense ‘to be found’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. with several meanings including ‘to be found’ and, simply, ‘to be’ (cf. French se trouveŋ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. senig satmıšıg yer bulunup ‘finding the land which you had sold’ USp. 24, 4-5 (dubious, this text is unsatisfactory): Xak. xı yitük bulundi: ‘the stray (etc.) was found’ (ivucida) Kaš. II 143 (buînu:r, bulunma:k); bulnur yücad III 374, e: KD bayusa tileki bulunsa tükel ‘if a man grows rich and acquires all that he desires’ 1423; o.o. 2066, 2332, 4235, etc.: Čağ. xv ff. bulun- (-sa) olun- ‘to be’ Vel. 154; bulun- budan rra tnmvaid tva yöft šudan ‘to be; to be found’ (Hrnd.) San. 139V. 7 (Rumi quotn.): Xwar. xıv bulun- ‘to find for oneself; to be (?)’ Qutb 36 (Zaj. transcribes hoi tin-).

D bulna:- Den. V. fr. bulun; ‘to capture, take (someone Acc.) prisoner’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı er yağv.m: bulna:dv. ‘ (the man captured the enemy’ Kaš. III 301 (bulna:r, bulna:ma:k); o.o. / 6o, 4 (ö:le:s); II 153, 8, (mistranslated tvacada ‘to find’): KB kögül bulnasa boldı erksiz kiši ‘when his mind is captured, a man ceases to be his own master’ 3855: Xwar. xıv bulna- ‘to take prisoner’ Qutb 37.

D bulnat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bulna:-. Xak. xı ol am: bulnatti: amara bi-iserihi fa-usira ‘he ordered that he should be captured, so he was captured’ Kaš. II 350 (bulnatu:r, bulnatma:k).

D beliŋči: (frightened, scared) N.Ag. fr. beliŋ; survives only (?) in NE liar, piliŋdzi R IV 1340. Xak. xı (after beliŋ) and ‘a man who is scared’ (al-naftiŋ of something is called beliŋči: kiši: Kaš. III 371; n.m.e.

D bilinček Hap. leg.; Conc. N. fr. bilin-. Xak. xı bilinček ne:g ‘the word for anything \\\ stolen which is subsequently found in the possession of the thief or someone else’; hence one says bilinček bildi: ‘he recognized and found ('arafa tva tvacida) the stolen object in the hands of the thief’ Kaš. I 510.

D bulunčsuz Priv. N./A. fr. bulunč; ‘un-discoverable, unattainable’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (my God...) bulunčsuzum ‘my unattainable one’ M II 8, 18: Bud. bulunčusuz (sic) čıntamanı ertini ‘the unattainable jewel cintemani' PP 14, 7; bulunčsuz occurs several times in TT VI, see p. 65, note 140.

D beliŋdek (terrifying, frightful) Den. N./A.S. fr. beliŋ; ‘terrifying, frightful’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. beliŋdek Ililinibi yek ‘the frightful demon Hidimba’ U II 25, 16 17; beliŋdek yavlak ün ‘a terrifying evil sound’ U IV 20, 235; a.o. Suv. 188, 12.

D buluŋsuz (cornerless) Hap. leg. ; Priv. N./A. fr. buluŋ; ‘without (remote) corners’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 427 (bučğaksız).

D beliŋle:- (terrified, frightened) Den. V. fr. beliŋ; ‘to be panic-stricken, terrified’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NE Alt., Tel. peliŋde- ‘to suffer from an imaginary disease’ R IV 1244 ^an<J SW Osm. beliŋle-/beHnle- ‘to be startled, to wake with a start’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. beliŋledi anığ korkuti (sic) ‘lie was panic-stricken and very frightened’ MI 6, 9: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit vyambitatvam me (?) ‘mv terror’ (?) pe:liŋle:me:k me:nig TT V1Iİ C. 15; o.o. U II 29, 17 etc. (ürk-); U IV 38, 137; Suv. 5, 10 (korkup beliŋlep); 141, 7: Xak. xı er beliŋle:di: ‘the man woke with a start (wataba) because he had been terrified’ (bi-faza' a sabahtı); also used of any animal when it is frightened (faza'a) of something suddenly and shies away and is scared (nafara) Kaš. III 409 (beliŋle:r, beliŋle:me:k): KB beliŋlep odundi ‘he woke with a start’ 4963; a.o. 4950: Xwar. xıv beliğle- ditto Qutb 26 (mis-spelt bahijla-).

D bilsik- (known) Emphatic (?) Pass. f. of bil- (know); ‘to be known’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit jnetapurušo ‘a well-known man’ bilsikmiš kiši ya:lguk TT VIII F.j; Xak. xı anig yašut ı:šı: bilsikti: ‘his private affairs became known’ (’urifa) Kaš. II 228 (bilsike:r, bilsikme:k); a.o. / 21, 12.

D biliš (acquaintance, friend, knowledge) Dev. N. (with some connotation of mutuality) fr. bil- (know); ‘an acquaintance, friend’. S.i.a.m.ll. in this sense, and sometimes more generally for ‘knowledge’ and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yathe sarjtstutikaye ‘like praisers’ (perhaps taken to mean ‘like those who praise you’) kaltı: büišigizle:rče: TT VIII A.3 (spelt pliš); etaj jnetve yathebhütam ‘as if this man was known (to you)’ (?) anı biliš [gap] do. E-5: Xak. xı biliš al-ma'rifa wahtva hehune šifa wa laysa mašdar ‘acquaintance’; (al-marıfa) is here a common Noun and not an Infinitive Kaš. I 367 (i.e. ‘acquaintance’, not ‘knowledge’); -š is a Suff. in such words as biliš li-man yakün ma'ahu ma'rifa ‘for one with whom you are acquainted I 12, 15: KB (a new-comer always meets with difficulties) biliši yok erse ‘if he has no acquaintances’ 492; kišike kerek tegme y^rde biliš ‘a man needs acquaintances everywhere’ 497; o.o. 524, 2251: Xwar. xıv biliš ditto Qutb 33: Kip. xııı (in a list of various kinds of people) al-ma'rifa biliš Hou. 32, 9: xıv ditto Bul. 9, 5: Osm. xıv ff. biliš ‘an acquaintance’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 100; II 144; III 94; IV 105.

D boluš (help, helper) ‘help, helper’; Dev. N. fr. bol- (to be); the semantic connection is tenuous, but cf. boluš-. \\ S.i.a.m.ll. Xak. xı boluš al-i'ena bi'l-kalem ‘helping with words’; hence one says ol maga: boluš kıldı: a'enani bi'l-kalem Kaš. I 367: Kom. xıv ‘helper’ boluš CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xv in a grammatical section under istiğet ‘calling for help’ the recommended phr. are ma: (fr. maga:) bolušuguz/boluš eyleylgiz/madad eyleyigiz Tuh. 85b. 6.

D buluš (invention, discovery) Dev. N. fr. bul- (find, obtain); survives in SW Osm. in such meanings as ‘invention, discovery’. Xak. xı buluš al-manfa'atu'llati yaciduhe'l-racul 'ale fi' I fa' alahu ‘the advantage which a man gets from something that he has done’ Kaš. I 367.

D biliš- (know, acquainted) Recip. f. of bil- (know); ‘to know one another; to be acquainted with (someone, birle: (with)).’ S.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. ol megig birle: bilišdi: ta'erafa ma'i ‘he was acquainted with me’ Kaš. II 107 (bilišü:r, bilišme:k); o.o. III 71, 17; 188, 19 (verse, Object in Dat.): KB bilišmez kišiler karağu sanı ‘people without acquaintances are like blind men’ 493; bilišti yeme ol kišiler bile ‘he became acquainted, too, with people’499; a.o. 2251: Xwar. xıv biltiš- (sic) ‘to be acquainted with (someone, birle)’ Qutb 33.

D boluš- (gether, help) Recip. f. of bol- (to be); lit. ‘to come together’, but usually ‘to help (someone Dat.)'. S.i.a.m.ll. in NE, SE, NW in one or both meanings. Xak. xı ol maga: bolušdı: ta'aššaba lî tva ared 1 hatue'i tva šecara li-acali ma' man yunetvini ‘he allied himself to me and desired my friendship and fought on my side against anyone who rose up against me’ Kaš. II 108 (bolušu:r, bolušma:k); a.o. II no, 3 (tügüŋ: Čağ. xv ff. boluš- Recip. f.; ba-ham šudan tva biidan ‘to come or be together’ San. 139V. 11: Kip. xııı defara mina'l-mudefira ‘to help’ boluš- Hou. 41, 19: xıv boluštu: a'ena ‘to help’; boluš a'in tea se'id ‘help (me)!’; the origin is bol meaning sir ‘become’, fr. boldı: šera, and the -Š-indicates reciprocal action, that is šeyara; and it was transferred (nuqila) to the meaning sd-'ada; the essence of the transfer of meaning is that whoever is with you makes it his business to give you his help Id. 35: xv Tuh. 85b. 6 (boluš).
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D buluš- (find, obtain) Co-op. and Recip. f. of bul- (find, obtain); ‘to find (something Acc.) together; to find one another’, and the like. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. Türkü vııı ff. Toy. III 2v. 3-5 (1 a:l): Xak. xı ola:r ikki: bi:r bi:rig buluštı: ‘those two found (tvacada) one another’ Kaš. II 107 (bulušu:r, bulušma:k): Čağ. xv ff. buluš- Recip. f.; ham-dîgar-re dar-yeftan ‘to find one another’ San. 139V. 11: Kıp. xıv buluš- ittafaqa ‘to make an agreement with one another’ Id. 35.

?C bile:zük (bracelet) ‘bracelet’. Radloff’s suggestion that this is a crasis of bilek yüzük is plausible; the connection with bilek is obvious, and the word is hard to explain in any other way. The existence of forms with medial -r- is disconcerting, but they are all late (the Uyğ. occurrence is in an xvııı MS.) and are prob. Sec. f.s. Survives in SE Türki bilezük: NC Kır. bilerik (sic); Kzx. bilezik: SC Sart bilerzik R IV 1763; Uzb. bilaguzuk (sic): NW bilezik (Kaz. bdlezdk); SW Az. bilerzik; Osm., Tkm. bilezik. In some modern languages ‘bracelet’ is represented by other der. f.s of bilek, NE Khak. pilektes; Tuv. bilekte:š; NC Tob. bileklik R IV 1762. See Doerfer II 765. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (people find gold ore and smelt and refine it; and with the gold manufacture) bilerztikte (text bilerzüvte) ul[atı] esrigü adruk adruk etiglerig ‘various particoloured ornaments, bracelets and the like’ Suv. 71, 18-19: Xak. xı bile:zük al-mi'šam ‘bracelet’ Kaš. I518, 12 etc. (kavır-); n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. bilezük ‘bracelet’ 101: xıv Muh. al-siwar ‘bracelet’ bi:le:zü:k Mel. 53, 6; Rif. 150 (adding al-xalxal ‘anklet’ aya:k bi:le:züki:): Čag. xv ff. bilerzik («c) ‘a bracelet (dastina) that women wear on their arms’ in Pe. dast-barancan, in Ar. sitver San. 149V. 2: Kip. xııı al-siwar bile:zü:k Hou. 17, 20: xıv bilezik ditto Id. 3e: xv ditto bile:zük Kav. 64, 12; Tuh. 19b. e: Osm. xv bilezik in a phr. TTS III 94.

D bile:züklen- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bile:zük. Xak. xı išle:r bile:züklendi: 'the woman wore a bracelet’ (al-sitveŋ Kaš. III 205 (bile:züklenü:r, bile:züklenme:k).

F bamuk (mamuk) (cotton) ‘cotton’; ultimately der. fr. Greek bombux ‘silk worm’, but prob. acquired through some Middle Iranian language, cf. Pe. panba. \346\ S.i.s.m.l., often much distorted and meaning ‘bird’s down’ as well as ‘cotton’, e.g. NC Kır., Kzx. mamik/mamuk; SC Uzb. momik; NW mamik/mamuk; SW Az. pambığ; Osm. pamuk; Tkm. pa:mık. Oğuz xı bamuk (? p-) al-qutn ‘cotton’ / 380; o.o. ba:muk (? p-) III 346 (uruğla:-, not described as Oğuz): xıv Muh. naddef ‘cotton carder’ ma:muğ ča:Iıči: Mel. 59, 1; ba:muk ča:lıčı: Rif. 158; al-qutn mamuğ 67, 12; (and al-hallec ‘cotton dresser’ pambu:kčı: 57,3): Čağ. xv ff. mamuğ panba ‘cotton’ Vel. 381 (quotn ); mamuğ/mamuk panba San. 3i8v. 18 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv mamuk ditto Qutb 109: Kip. xıv mamuk al-qutn; Tkm. panpuk (with p- -p-) Id. 88.
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F 1 ban (pan, writing tablet) ‘a wooden writing tablet’; l.-w. fr. Chinese pan (Giles 8,588 or 8,589); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vı 11 ff. Bud. (write it on (birch) bark or (palm) leaf, or paper or linen or) banda U II 70, 5 (ii).

F 2 ban ((tu)man, ten thousand) ‘ten thousand’; l.-w. fr. Chinese wan (Giles 12,486; pronounced something like mban in medieval NW Chinese). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (the murmur of pure water echoes) tümen ban yerde ‘in ten thousand thousand places’ TT I 134-5; (you will meet people) miŋ banča ırak barmıš ‘who have gone thousands and thousands (of miles) away’ vıı 30, 7.

1 baŋ (sob, shout) Hap. leg.; an onomatopoeic. The combination b- -ŋ is very unusual in Xak., and this might be a l.-w. fr. Pe. bang ‘noise, clamour’. Xak. xı ogta:n baŋ sığta:dı: ‘the boy sobbed’ (baka buke') Kaš. III 355.

1 ben (men) (I, me) (man) the 1st Pers. Sing. Pron. ‘P. C.i.a.p.a.i. The vocalization is irregular, the Dat. having apparently always had back vowels. In the other cases the vowel was almost certainly -e- (men), but spellings with -e- (man) are fairly common in some languages; it is possible that in some languages, as in the case of sen, the vowel became -e- when the word was used as a Predicate. The word was originally ben, but except in the Oğuz dialects became men by assimilation at an early date; it is one of the criteria for differentiating between Türkü vııı ff. Yen., and O. Kır. Ben now survives only in SW Osm., in all other languages, including SW Az., Tkm., it is now men. The original sound is preserved in Čuv. ep/epe ‘I’ (or it is a result of later areal palatalization in the E. Europe, peculiar to Sarmats), Ash. III 20-1, but here too the base of the oblique cases is man do. (sic!) VIII 190. Türkü vııı ben (beni:, benig, baga:) is common, and the only form in T, and perhaps occurs in Ix. 27 (damaged); men (menig) is the only form in / and Ii: vııı ff. men is common in IrkB; maga: Toyok IVv. 3 (ETY II 180): Man. men (? redicate) Chuas. 135-e: Yen. men Mai. 28, 7; 29, 1; 32, 7: Uyğ. vııı ben occurs \\\ seven times in Šıt. and men once: ıx men three times in Suci: vııı ff. Man.-A, Man. Bud., Civ. men, often spelt men, meni, menig, maga are common and mendide (sic?) occurs once in U IV 48, 86 as Abl.: O. Kır. ıx ff. ben is common in Mai. (excluding the Türkü inscriptions); baga: do. 12, 11: Xak. xı men Pron. (harf) meaning ‘I’ in the language of the Turks Kaš. I 340; men, meni: (menı: twice in error?) menig, maga:, mende:, menden/mendin are all common: xııı (?) At. men, occasionally men, and oblique cases of both are common; Tuh. the forms are men, meni, menig/menim, mende, mendin 221: xıv Muh. the Turks of our country (i.e. Azerbayjan) change m- into b-, e.g. for ‘I’, men, they say ben (Azeri man gəldi “man (has) arrived” vs. bən gəldim “I arrived” ) Mai. 8, 2; Rif. 80; a.n o.: Čağ. xv ff. the 1st Pers. Sing. Pron. is men, Pe. man, Ar. ana; they say men men manam ‘I am I’, olğaymen bi-šawatiı ‘I shall be’ San. 15r. 2e: Oğuz, Kip., Suwarin xı convert every initial m- into b-, e.g. the Turks say men bardım and those tribes (al-firaq) say ben bardım Kaš. I 31, 15; ben Pron. (harf) meaning I; one says ben bardım in Oğuz, and the Turks say men bardım I 339: Xwar. xııı both ben and men with corresponding oblique cases occur 'Ali 13-14: xıv men Qutb no, MN passim: Kom. xıv men with oblique cases is common CCI, CCG; Gr. 163: Kip. xııı men Hou. 50, 9; menüm 52, 10; maga: 52, 15: xıv b- and m-often interchange; for men ana they say ben in Tkm. Id. 36; men ‘I’ do. 88; m«'imenim bile Bid. 14, 13; 'indi menüm katında: do. 14, 15; li benim/beni: do. 15, 4; ana men do. 16, e: xv men Kav. 21, 1; oblique cases do. 32, 6-8; 45, 6-14; in Tuh. the forms, which occur several times, are men, meni, menden, ma’a: Osm. xvıı i (after Čağ. entry) the Rumi spell this Pron. with b- but use -m as a Suff. they say benem for manam and benim sultan for ‘my Sultan’ San. 15r. 27.

2 ben (men) (man) Azeri man gəldi “man (has) arrived” vs. bən gəldim “I arrived”

1 beŋ (meŋ) (mole (face)) ‘a mole on the face’ (originally beŋ (meŋ) (bird-seed, small grain)?). S.i.a.m.l.g., as beŋ in SW Osm. and meŋ elsewhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. meŋ ‘mole’ is common in TT VII, 37 (USp. 42): Xak. xı meŋ al-xal fi'l-wach ‘a mole on the face’ Kaš. III 359 (verse): xııı (?) At. ye olar kızıl eg bu egke meŋ-e (glossed beŋ in one MS.) ‘or they are the red cheek and he the mole on the cheek’ 26; Tef. meŋ ‘mole’ 222: xıv Muh. al-xal meŋ Mel. 46, 9; Rif. 140: Čağ. xv ff. meŋ (spelt) xal San. 321 v. 4 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) meŋ ‘mole’ Oğ. 58: xıv ditto Qutb 110, m (meŋ ); MN 6, etc.: Kip. xıv meŋ (-ŋ, marked) al-xel İd. 89: xv ditto Tuh. 14a. 4.

*2 beŋ See 1 meŋ. (bird-seed, small grain) (food)
(MEŊ II. пища, корм для птиц (МК III 359); добыча ловчей птицы (food, bird feed, wild game of raptors) [OTD p. 174, 341]) [EDT p. 346, 766]

biŋ (big, thousand) ‘a thousand’. A l.-w. in Mong. as mingan (Haenisch 109) which confirms the fact that the vowel was originally -ı- although it became -i- at a very early date in all languages. S.i.a.m.l.g., in SW Osm. biŋ; in Čuv. pin Ash. IX 215; elsewhere miŋ or the like, Tkm. müg. Türkü vııı biŋ T 16, 18; biŋ II S ı; T 14: vııı ff. (a hundred Spiraca) mig bolti: ‘became \347\ a thousand’ (big, thousand) IrkB 32; a.o. Tun. IIIa. 4 (ETY II 94): (Man. miŋlig tümenlig kuvrağ ‘communities of a thousand and ten thousand (people)’ TT II 8, 57): Uyğ. vııı biŋ certainly occurs in Šu. Eg, 11; N. 6 and prob. S 2; the reading big in the much damaged line between N and W is very dubious: vııı ff. Bud., Civ. mig is fairly common: O. Kır. ıx ff. big certainly occurs in Mai. 3, 5; 42, 2 and biŋ in 45, 8; other supposed occurrences are dubious or errors: Xak. xı miŋ ‘a thousand’ Kaš. III 360 (prov.); a.o.o.: KB miŋ is common in, 112, 284-5, etc.: xııı (?) At. miŋ is common 8, 36, etc.; Tef. miŋ 224: xıv Myh. ‘a thousand’ is mi:ŋ in Turkistan and bi:ŋ in ‘our country’ Mel. 8, 2; Rif. 80 (cf. ben); a.o. 82, 1; 187: Čağ. xv ff. miŋ biy 'adad ma’nesına Vel. 384; mig ‘thousand’, in Ar. alif San. 321 v. 5 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv mig Qutb in; MN 70 etc.: Kom. xıv miŋ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı mi:n Hon. 22, 19: xıv min id. 88; bin Bul. 13, 1: xv min Kav. 38, 20; mig Kav. 60b. 13: Osm. xıv ff. biŋ c.i.a.p.: xvııı biŋ (spelt) in Rumi ‘a thousand’, in Čağ. pronounced mig San. isor. 26.
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F bun (basic) l.-w. from Sogdian pivn ‘basis, foundation’; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kün teŋri bun sanı ‘the basic number of the sun’ TT VII 9, 13-14; a.o. do. 18.

VU boŋ (big) prob. a mere onomatopoeic; it is hard to explain the combination of b- and -ŋ in Xak. in any other way. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı al-raculu’l-ca'zarîyn'1-abl ‘a thickset, big man’ is called boŋ kiši:: boŋ abbreviation (qašŋ of (VU) šabag al-mirzabba ‘sledgehammer’; and one says of the sound of a heavy object falling to the ground boŋ etti: Kaš. III 354-

1 buŋ (distress, calamity, suffering, grief, sorrow, melancholy, compulsion, need) ‘grief, sorrow, melancholy’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW only (?) in xx Anat. bun SDD 231. Türkü vııı elte: buŋ yok ‘there is no distress in the realm’ I S 3; a.o. do. 8; ne buŋi: bar ertečİ: ermiš ‘what (cause for) distress would he have had?’ T. 57: vııı ff. Man. (if we have broken these commandments) muŋumuz takımız teglp ‘because distress or compulsion (?) affected us’ Chuas. 200; muŋ üčün ‘because of (our) distress’ do. 230; a.o. 251: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ne muŋ tak bolti ‘what irresistible compulsion came into existence ? ‘ (so that you had to send your son on a dangerous journey) PP 26, 1 (this seems the best translation here); a.o. Suv. 7, 11 (ogar-): Xak. xı muŋ ta:ğ dirm'l-hulum ‘wisdom tooth’ (idiom); hence one says muŋ ta:ğ ündi: ‘the wisdom tooth (idiom) has erupted’ (this looks like the same phr. used metaph.): muŋ al-mihna ‘distress, sorrow’ Kaš. III 360 (prov.); (do not cross the Kara: Yalğa: pass) kara: mu:ŋ (sic) kelmekinče: ‘unless an overwhelming calamity (al-dehiyatu'l-mıızlima) approaches’ III 33, 2; two o.o.: KB (all suffering mortals were created by Him) muŋı yok idi ‘the Lord who has no sufferings’ 5; IsiznFg künige mig artar muŋı ‘the sorrows of the wicked man increase at the rate of a thousand a day’ \\\ 349; muŋum ham takım 391; o.o. 3503, 3854: x 111 (?) At. 30 (egir-): Čağ. xv ff. muŋ bale ve mihna... butjlu ve mihnatlu ‘misfortune, sorrow... unhappy, sorrowful’ Vel. 386; muŋ (spelt) dard wa ğam ‘sorrow, grief’ San. 320V. 22 (quotn.): Kip. xıv bun (‘with back vowels’) al-raculu'1-ğimr ‘ignorant man, simpleton’ (idiom) td. 37; muŋ (-ŋ marked) al-heca toa l-darüra ‘need, distress’ Id. 88: xv balid 'silly, foolish’ (VU) muŋ Tuh. 7a. 9; sec wa muŋaffal ‘simpleton’ (VU) mug do. 19a. 1 (if it were not for the statement ‘with back vowels’ all these words except one might be taken to belong to 1 bü:n): Osm. xıv to xvıı buŋ ‘pain, distress’; common till xvı TTS I 123; II 175,111 n6; IV 131.

2 buŋ, muŋ, bun (simpleton, ignorant man, silly, foolish, wisdom tooth (silly tooth, idiom))

VU 1 bü:n (1 mü:n) (defect, vice) ‘defect’ and the like. In this meaning survives only (?) in NC Kır. mün; Kzx. min. It seems prob., however, that the Osm. word bön ‘simpleton’, in xix spelt, or misspelt, boŋ, is the same word with a rather different meaning, and the long vowel in Kaš. points more to -ö:- than -ü:-. Uyğ. vm. ff. Man.-A M I 23, 32 (bača:): Bud. Suv. 135, 5-7 etc. (kadağ): Xak. xı mü:n al-de' taa l--ayb ‘illness, defect’; one says mü:n (šüz) kiši: al-raculıı l-selimu’l-qalb ‘a sound-hearted man’ Kaš. III 140 (prov. containing mü:nsüz which should obviously be restored in the preceding phr.): KB mün is common in antithesis to erdem (virtue, goodness, manliness, bravery); e.g. the king said ‘I have grasped these virtues of yours (erdemlerig), now tell me münüg bar mu have you any defects?’ 683; tirigliknl mün kıl ‘live to the full’ 232; o.o. 533, 686 (ersellik), 720, 908: xıv Muh. al-'ayb mü:n in Turkistan, bü:n in ‘our country’ Mel. 8, 2; Rif. 80 (cf. ben); a.o. 52, 5; 148: Kip. (? Tkm.) xıv bün al-'ayb Id. 36 (and see bug): Osm. xıv ff. bön ‘simpleton, idiot’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 118; II 168; III 112; IV 126.

2 bün (2 mü:n) (soup, broth) (bullion) ‘soup, broth’. Survives only (?) in NE, several dialects min/mün R IV 2152, 2221; Khak., Tuv. mün; most modern languages use Pe. šurba (i.e. also used in Persian) often changed to čorba. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. mün birle ičgü ol ‘he should drink it with soup’ HI 111*2; o.o. do. 43; II 32, 17: Xak. xı mün al-maraqa ‘soup, broth’; I have heard a Yağma: sav mün keldür ‘bring the soup’, and it was brought with noodles (bi’l--itriya), because that is what they meant. In writing the words (in this section) in Turkish script (i.e. Uvğuŋ it is necessary to insert a vowel letter (harfa'l-layn), but in speaking they are pronounced as I have written them (i.e. with a short vowel) Kaš. I 340; about a dozen o.o., usually spelt mü:n: Oğuz, Kıp., Su warm xı the Turks call ‘soup’ mü:n; and this group (al-tabaqa) call it bü:n Kaš. I 31, 18: xıv Muh. (}) al-šurbe ‘soup’ mü:n Rtf. 165 (only): Kip. xııı al-maraqa müyin (sic; also called šu:rba: Pe. word) Hou. 15, 15.

D 1 ba:n- (bound, tie, put on) Refl. f., sometimes used as Pass., of ba:-; ‘to bind on oneself; to be bound’. \348\ N.o.a.b. O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 3, 2 etc. (ke:š): Xak. xı ko:y bandı: ‘the sheep was bound’ (rubi/a); also used of anything that is tied with a rope (šudda bi-wateq); the -n- was changed from -l- Kaš. II 27 (ba:nar (?sic, the second consonant carries no vowel sign and has one dot above and two below), banma:k); er tulum mandi: labisa’l-raculu'l-silah ‘the man put on weapons’ do. II 30 (see 2 ban- (dip, sink, season, baptize)): Xwar. xıv ban- ‘to bind (tie) (something Acc.) on oneself’ Qutb 26.
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2 ban- (dip, sink, season, baptize) 'to dip (something Acc., in a liquid, etc., Dat.)'. Survives as man- in SE Türki R IV 2015 (only) and NW Kaz., and as ban- in SW Osm. There is a cognate word mal-, with the same meaning, in SE Türki, Shaw, Jarring, and NC Kır., Kzx. Xak. xi... and one says er etme:k slrke:ke: mandi: 'the man dipped (šabağa) the bread in vinegar and seasoned (i'tadama) it with it’; also used of anything that is dipped and seasoned Kaš. II 30 (mana:r, manma:k): Čağ. xv ff. man- (spelt) ‘to dip’ (furü burdan) bread and the like in water, sour milk, etc. San. 318V. 19 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv man- ditto Nahc. 301,4: Kom. xıv ‘to baptise’ man- CCG; Gr.: Kip. (? Tkm.) xıv banlamadı ‘to dip’ Id. 35: Osm. xvııı ban- in Rumi furü raftan ‘to go down, sink’, in Čağ. man- San. 127T. 21 (mistranslation due to the fact that in Osm. both ban- and bandur-, q.v., mean ‘to dip’).

*bañ- See mayil (over-ripe), mayil- (over-ripe), mayıš- and ? *bañak.

bin- (min-, min-/mün-) (mount, ride (a horse)) ‘to mount, or ride (a horse, etc., Acc.)'. C.i.a.p.a.i.; in SW Osm. bin-, elsewhere min-/mün-. Türkü vııı boz atığ binip ‘riding the grey horse’ IE 32; 10 o.o. in I and two in Ix.: vııı ff. (a thief) tutu:pan minmi:š ‘caught and mounted it’ IrkB le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. müngü iki at ‘two riding horses’ USp. 53 (ı), 5: O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 41, 9 (altmıš): Xak. xı er at mündi: ‘the man rode (rakiba) the horse (etc.)’ Kaš. II 30 (müne:r, münme:k); a.o.o.: KB atın mündi keldi ‘he mounted his horse and came’ 576; o.o. 1388, 1608, etc. (v.l. min- in some cases): xııı (?) Tef. min-/mün- ‘to mount, ride’ 223227: xıv Muh. (Zayd came) 'Amrü afini: münğač (j*c) ‘riding 'Amrû’s horse’ Mel. 14, 5; Rtf. 90 (but binğač); münip/mü:nip 15, 12; minip 92; n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. min- (‘with -i-’) sutver šudan ‘to ride’ San. 32m 14 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bin- ditto 'Ali 3e: xııı (?) min- Oğ. 16, 226; xıv min- Qutb 112, MN 49; mün- Qutb iiz; Nahc. 23, 15; 39, 3-4: Kom. xıv ‘to mount’ min- CCG; Gr. 165 (quotn.): Kip. xııı rakiba min- Hou. 33, 17: xıv min- ditto Id. 88 (and 36); Tkm. bin- do. 36 (and 88): xv Kip. ditto min- Kav. 22, 20; Tuh. 17a. 13; a.o.o.

bun- (deranged, disturbed, senile, feebleminded, mad) ‘to be mentally deranged or disturbed’, in the sense either of ‘being senile, feebleminded’ or of ‘losing control of oneself, going fighting mad’. N.o.a.b., but the Hrst vowel is fixed hy munduz, q.v. Some connection is also possible with SW xx Anat. bonul- ‘to be feeble-minded’ SDD 218 and bun- ‘to be dissatisfied’ do. 232. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 29, 3 — 4 (ii) (a:z-): Hud. TT VI 215 (ta:n-) (deny): Xak. xı karı: er mundi ‘the old man (etc.) was senile’ Kaš. II 30 (muna:r, munma:k): KB ukušluğ kiši kör karıša munar ‘an intelligent man when he grows old becomes senile’ 294; a.o. 3600 (2 bulak): xııı (?) At. azu kutsuz ajun kanpmu munar ‘or is this unhappy world old and senile?’ 448: xıv Muh. (?) cunna ‘to be possessed by evil spirits, mad’ mu:n- (and delü: ol-) Rif. 107 (only): Kip. (? Tkm.) bun- xarifa ‘to be senile’ Id. 3e: Osm. xvııı bün- (sic) in Rumi xarif wa fartût ‘senile, a dotard’ San. 141 v. 19 (there is no other trace of this verb in Osm.; it is translated as a Noun, and may be an error for 1 bü:n).

bun- (mun-) (this) fr. 1 bu: (this) oblique stem bun- changing in most languages to mun-

beŋi: (joy, pleasure) ‘joy’ and the like. N.o.a.b.; to be carefully distinguished fr. beŋgü: (eternal) with which it is easily confused in some scripts. Türkü vııı elteriš xagan elinte: karıp edgü: beŋi: körti: ‘he grew old in the realm of Elteriš Xagan and experienced great joy’ Ix. 3: vııı ff. Man. etöz meŋisi ‘bodily pleasures’ TT II 8, 43: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 12, 10-11 (ortukluğ): Man. ertimlig meŋike ilišmiške ‘to one attached to transitory pleasures’ TT III 50; a.o. 123: Bud. meŋi teginmek emgek teginmek ‘to experience joy and sorrow’ U II 10, 29; vıšaylığ meŋiler ‘sensual (Sanskrit l.-w.) pleasures’ do. 28, z (ii); o.o. U III 41, 13; TT IV rz, 60; Pfahl. 8, 8: Civ. TT I‘21-2 (bulduk-): Xak. xı KB meŋilig turur kör meŋi yok čığay ‘the joyless poor man is joyful’ 6370.

*beñi: (meni:) (brain) (meningitis etc.) ‘brain’. This word occurs in a puzzling variety of forms which are best explained by assuming that they ultimately go back to *beñi:. Cf. bañak. Survives in NE Alt., Kumd., Šor, Tel. me: R IV 2066; Khak. mi; SE Türki miŋe/miŋi/miŋ Shaw, BŠ, Jarring; NC Kır. me:; Kzx. miy; SC Uzb. miya; NW Kaz. mi Kk. miy; Krim meŋ R IV 2079; Kumyk may/miy; Nog. miy; SW Az., Osm. beyin; Tkm. beyni. Čuv. mime Ash. VIII 242 shows a complicated picture of crossassimilation. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. ularnig mayisin ‘the brain of a partridge’ III 63; a.o. do. 89: Xak. xı meŋi: dimağ ‘brain’ Kaš. II 299 (sačıt-); n.mTe.: KB meŋesi tolu ‘with a full brain’ (i.e. intelligent) 57; ukuš ornı üstün meŋede (v.l. meŋide) turur ‘the seat of understanding is up in the brain’ 183e: Čağ. xv ff. meyin/meyn mağz-isar ‘the brain’ San. 3i9r. 29; meye (spelt) ditto 321 v. 10: Xwar. xıv meŋi ‘brain’ Qutb in: Kom. xıv ‘brain’ meŋ CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı muxxu’l--dimeğ ‘the fleshy part of the brain’ beyin Hou. 2i, n: xıv meyi al-dimeğ; Tkm. \349\ beyni Id. 89: xv ummu'l-ra's 'the brain’ (töpe; in margin) beyini Tuh. 4a. 13; duhmi l-dimeğ ‘the soft material of the brain’ meyini (in margin beyini) do. 15a. 12: Osm. xıv ff. beyni ‘brain’ in several texts down to xvıı and one later TTS I 94; II 133; III 87; IV 98.
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D büne:- (müne-) (defective, remove defect) Den. V. fr. 1 bü:n; rare but found with two different meanings: (1) ‘to be, or find, defective’; (2) ‘to trim’ (in the sense of removing defects). Survives only in the latter sense in NC Kzx. mine-. Uyğ- vııı ff. Bud. (because he held these views) uzati yerer müneyür ertigiz ‘you blamed and found fault with him at great length’ Hüen-ts. 1798: Xak. xı ol to:nuğ müne:di: ‘he cut the sides (qafa'a'1-afref) of the garment in order to save in from unevenness (al-inhiref), etc.’ Kaš. III 274 (müne:r, müne:me:k): xıv Muh. (?) 'eba min nafsihi ‘to have a personal defect’ müne:- Rif. 112 (only): Kip. xıv (after bün al-'ayb) hence one says büne- (and bünile-, sic?) 'eba Id. 36.

D bunča: (munča) (many, bunch) Equative f. of 1 bu: (this); ‘as many, or as much, as this; so many, or much’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. as munča and the like, and in SW Osm. as bunca. Cf. anča: (some, as much as that, thus, just as). Türkü vııı bunča: is fairly common, e.g. bunča: yerke: süledim ‘I made expeditions to as many countries as this’ / S 4 (they had just been enumerated); II S 12 (bič-); vııı ff. Man. munča üküš tmlığka ‘so many living creatures’ Chuas. 119; a.o. do. 91: Uyğ. vııı bunča: bitiğig ‘so many (?) inscriptions’ Šu. Sb.: vııı ff. Man.; Bud.; Civ. munča is fairly common, e.g. M I 18, 3 (i) (adir-): Xak. xı KB munča bediz ‘so much adornment’ 9e: xııı (?) At. nelîik melka munča kögül bamakig ‘why do you set your mind so much on wealth? 183; a.o. 429: Čağ. xv ff. munca (spelt) inqadr ‘this amount, as much as this’ San. 320V. 10 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv munča ‘so many’ Qutb in: Kom. xıv munča ‘so much’, etc. CCG; Gr. 165 (quotns.): Kip. xv 'for so many years past’ munca yıldan beri Tuh. 90b. 12: Osm. xıv ff. bunca (in twoxiv and xv texts munca) 'so much, etc.; (occasionally) thus’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 124; II 178, 698; III 116; IV 131.

bončuk (? bončok) (bead, bead necklace) ‘bead, bead necklace’; in some early occurrences perhaps, more generally, ‘jewel’. The modern forms suggest strongly that the second vowel was originally -o-. Survives in NE Khak. moncik; SE Türki mončak: NC Kır. mončok; Kzx. monšak: SC Uzb. munčok: NW Kk. monšak; Kumyk mİnčak; Nog. moyšak (sic): SW Az. muncuk; Osm. boncuk; Tkm. moncuk. Türkü vııı ff. (a statement regarding the virtues) törlüg monču:ku:g tašları:g ‘of various jewels and (precious) stones’ Toy. 2-3 (ETY II 57): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yinčülüg mončuklar ‘pearl necklaces’ TT II 15, 11-12: Bud. manı mončuk ertinl ‘the Mani (Sanskrit) necklace (?) jewel’ U II 37, 55; morvant (fr. Greek margarites) mončuk ‘a pearl necklace’ U III 15, 4 (ii); (my dear son I love you) ayadaki yinčü mončuk teg ‘like a pearl necklace in the palm of the hand’ PP 6, 8; o.o. TT V 20, 14 (in Note A 117); 26, 100: Civ. (if one burns and pulverizes) yılan bašı mončuknı meaning obscure, ‘a necklace of snake’s heads’, or ‘the beads in (or on) a snake’s head’ HI 130: Xak. xı mončuk kull xaraza mina'l-huli ‘any bead used as a personal ornament’: mončuk ‘any kind of jewel, lion’s claw or amulet (mina'l-cauıehir aw baretini'l--asad awi' l-tamayim) hung on the neck of a horse’ Kaš. I 475 ; o.o. II 123 (sürül-); III 121 (to:d (bustard) ): x 111 (?) Tef. mončuk ‘necklace’ 226 (munčuk): Čağ. xv ff. mınčağ (sic, spelt) xar-muhra ‘bead’ San. 321 v. 3 (quotn.): Kip. xıv mončuk al-xaraz wa'l-fušûš ‘bead, the bezel of a ring’; also called bončuk (? in Tkm.) Id. 89: XV xaraz bonšuk Tuh. 14b. 2: Osm. xvııı bončuk in Rumi, ‘bead’ in Ar. xaraza San. 141 v. 20.

C buntağ (like this, at this time) Crasis of bu: and te:g; ‘like this'; cf. antağ with which this word is practically synonymous. As pointed out by T. Tekin in On Kök Türkic büntegi, CAJ VIII 196, there is one occurrence of this word with regressive instead of progressive vocalic assimilation. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW as muntağ with minor phonetic changes ( (-u-/-ı-; -t-/-d-; -ğ/-k/-y). Türkü vııı neg yerdeki: xağanlığ bodunka: büntegi: bar erser ‘if a people ruled by a xagan in any country had a (xagan) like this’ T 56-7: vııı ff. Man. bu muntağ törlüg alp ada ‘these kinds of grievous dangers’ TT II 6, 22; o.o. 8, 38 and 45: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. mundağ sakınč kılıp ‘thinking thus’ TT V 8, 68-9; 10, no; a.o.o.: Xak. xı Kaš. I 36 (1 oš); I 64 (osuğ); I 160, 3; III 154 (sa:v); n.m.e.: KB kali mundağ erse yonk ‘if his conduct is like this’ 175; o.o. 292, 727, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. mundağ ‘thus, like this’ 225: Čağ. xv ff. mundak bunčtlaytn wa bunurj gibi Vel. 385; mundak (1) inčuntn ‘thus’ (quotn.); (2) in waqt ‘at this time’; mundakta dar in waqt (quotn.) San. 320V. 13: Xwar. xııı mundağ/mundak ‘thus’ 'Ali 12: xıv mundağ ‘thus’ Nahc. 237, 3; 413, 5-6.

D buŋad- Intrans. Den. V. fr. buŋ (distress, calamity, suffering, grief, sorrow, melancholy, compulsion, need); ‘to be distressed’ and the like. Survives in SK Türki muŋay- Shaw 184 (only); NC Kır., Kzx. muŋay-; and presumably SC Uzb. munkay-‘to be bowed, bent’; and SW Osm. buŋa- but all authorities agree that this means ‘to be senile’ and the like, which suggests a false etymology fr. bun-. Türkü vııı (the guide lost the way and was strangled) bugadip xagan ‘the xagatt, being worried’ (said ‘advance at a trot’) T 2e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 31, 47, etc. (2 adın-); UIII 72, 22 etc. (2 taŋla:-): Xak. xı (in a prov.) er oğlı: mu0a:dma:s ‘a son of man is not permanently at a loss’ (la yadtarr idfirer yabqfi fihi; but uses his ingenuity and so gets out of his difficulty) Kaš. II 84, 25; n.m.e.: KB (he came to the town but found no lodgings) mugadti muyanlikta tüšti barip ‘he was at a loss, and went to a charitable institution and lodged there’ 489; o.o. 29 (elig), 492, 572, 3767 (ötüğči:):xiv Muh. (?) iftaqara ‘to be poor, destitute’ mu:ga:- (? , the entry is a muddle) Rif. 104 (only); al-fuqr mu:ga:ymak 125: Čağ. xv ff. mugay- (spelt) mahzun tuağamnök šudan ‘to be sorrowful, distressed’ San. 319V. 27 (quotns.).

D 1 bandur- (1 mandur-) (dip, sink, season, baptize) Caus. f. of 2 ban- (dip, sink, season, baptize); survives only (?) in SW Osm. bandır-, which is however syn. w. 2 ban- and has no Caus. connotation. Xak. xı ol maga: etme:kig ya:ğka: mandurdi: ‘he told me to dip (ašbağant) the bread in oil’ Kaš. II 197 (mandurur, man-durma:k): Osm. xvııı bandur- furü burdan ‘to dip’ San. 12-jr. 22 (Rumi quotn.).

D bintür- (mintür-) (mount) Caus. f. of bin- (min-, min-/mün-) (mount, ride (a horse)); ‘to make (someone Dat.) mount’ (a horse, etc. Acc., or üze:). S.i.m.m.l. with the same phonetic changes as bin-. Türkü vııı at üze: blntüre: ‘telling (the men) to mount their horses’ T 25: Xak. xı ol maga: at mündürdi: ‘he told me to mount (arkabanŋ the horse (etc.)’ Kaš. II 197 (mündürür, mündürme:k): xııı (?) Tef. mlndür- ditto 224: XIV Muh. (l) ardafa ‘to mount (someone) behind (someone else on the same horse)’ bi:ndü:r- Rif. 103: Čağ. xv ff. mlndür- Caus. f.; suu'er kardan ‘to make (someone) ride’ San. 32m 23: Xwar. xıv mindür- ditto Qutb in.

*banak (dung) ‘dung’, perhaps specifically 'animal dung’. For the phonetic evolution cf. *befü:. Survives onIy (?) in SE Türki mayak ‘sheep’s and camels’ droppings’ Shaw, Jarring. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ud mayaki ‘cow-dung’ LJ I 29, 6 (u:d): Civ. mayak ‘dung’ occurs several times in HI and II the animals concerned being pigeons, cows, camels, and wolves: Xak. xı mayak ‘dung’ (ba'ŋ, specifically of the camel; thence the word is used more generally (yusta'eŋ, and one says ko:y mayaki: ‘sheep’s dung’; it is not used of horses, for which the word is yundak Kaš. III 167 (prov.): mejek (‘with -]-’) ca'rul-kalb ‘dog’s dung’; hence one says it mcjeki: I 392 (presumably a further corruption of this word): Oğuz xı baynak al-fart ‘dung’ Kaš. III 175: Kip. xııı al-ba'r mayafk Hou. 15, 5.

E binik- Hap. leg.; there does not seem to be any doubt that this is a misreading of *tinik- Den. V. in -ik- fr. ti:n although this Suff. normally forms Intrans. verbs. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then that rich man’s son Kaftcanadeva) bodunın karasın emlep ögedtiler bınık-tilar (read tınıktılar) ‘treated the common people (in the realm of King lndriyaprabhe) and cured them and gave them rest’ Suv. 598, 16-17.

?F benek almost certainly l.-w. fr. Pe. banak ‘a small seed, pimple’, and the like. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. benek ‘spot, speck, freckle’. Arğu and a few dialects (wa ftba'di’l--luğa) xı benek al-habba ‘seed, berry, pimple’: benek al-fals ‘a small copper coin’ Kaš. I 38e: Čağ. xv ff. benek ‘blotches and spots’ (gul wa nišen) which appeač on the face as the result of drinking (and in Pe. (1) ‘a forest fruit’ also called ban; (2) a kind of fabric with a background of brocade and gold spots on it) San„ i27r. 2e: Kip. xıv benek al-nuqta ‘a spot’ td. 36.

beŋgü: (? beŋgö) (eternal, everlasting) (menhir, mengir) ‘eternal, everlasting’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as nwyke (Haenisch 112 müŋke, but the modern pronunciation (Haltod 508) is mriŋke). S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW. The NE forms möŋkü R IV 2131 and Tuv. \351\ möŋgc are reborrowings fr. Mong., elsewhere normally meŋgi or the like; to be carefully distinguished fr. begi: with which it is easily confused in some scripts. Türkü vııı beggü: taš ‘memorial (lit. ‘everlasting’) stone’ I S u, II NS .I S 12 (biti:-), II N 15; a.o. / S 8, II N 6 (1 e:l): vııı ff. Man. megigü teŋri y^rin ‘the country of the eternal gods’ Chuas. I 15; a.o. do. I 29; M III 15, 2 (ı); mengü Zrwa ‘the eternal god Zurwan M III 5, 8; Yen. beggü:min tike: berti: ‘he erected my memorial’ Mai. 28, 4; same phr. but begü:si: do. 30, 3; o.o. 27, 8; 33, 3; 36, 3 (all beggü:); 39, 1; 48, 6 (both begkü:); megkü: 39, 5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A megigü Mi 11, 19, etc. (ögrünčlüg); o.o. do. 11, 16; 12, 11: Chr. mengü teŋri U I 7, 5: Bud. y^rtinčüdeki özüg yašığ mengü sakındıgızlar ‘you thought that life (Hend.) in (this) world is everlasting’ T M IV 252,4; Mengü as a P.N. Pfahl. 12, 19: O. Kır. tx ff. begü:sü: (sic?) Mai. 9, 3; n.o. 42, 5 (?); beggü:m do. 13, 5; a.o. 24, 2; beŋkü:min 20, 1: Xak. xı meŋgü: al-šay’u l-xdlid iva'l-xuliid ‘anything eternal; eternity’; both common N. (ism) and Dev. N. (mašdaŋ; one says meŋgü: aju:n deru'l--xuliid ‘the eternal (i.e. future) world’ Kaš. III 378 (verse): KB mengü (so spelt) ‘eternal’ is common 10, 113, 115, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. mengü ditto 223: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb no; MN 121; meŋgü Nahc. 281, 2-3: Kom. xıv meŋgü/mengü/mengi CCG; Gr. 164: Kip. xııı dama ‘to continue, endure’ mengü kal- (mis-spelt kol-) Hou. 40, 3: xıv mengü: šu: me'u'l-hayat ay mau'l-clawam ‘the water of life, that is, the water of eternity’ Id. 89.
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D binil- (mounted, ridden) Pass. f. of bin- (min-, min-/mün-) (mount, ride (a horse)); (of a horse, etc.) ‘to be mounted, ridden’. S.i.s.m.l.g. as minil-/münül-; SW Osm. binil-, Xak. xı at münüldi: ‘the horse (etc.) was ridden’ (rukiba) Kaš. II138 (münülür, münülme:k).

D *beñi:le:- See 2 meŋi:le:-. (consume brain, honored with brain dish, prize, spoils)

bıŋa:r (p-) (pıŋa:r) (spring (water)) 'a spring of water'. A purely Oğuz word surviving only in SW Osm. piŋar/puŋar. Cf. 1 bulak (spring (water), fountain), yul (spring, fountain). Oğuz xı miga:f aynul-ma ‘a spring of water’ Kaš. III 376; 'aynu'1-me' is called mıgar III 363; a.o. III 280 (čokra:-, not an Oğuz word): xııı (?) Tef, migar ditto 224: Tkm. xııı al-'ayn, 'aynu'l--»je’ (köz; in Tkm.) bi:ga:r (spelt bt:ğa:ŋ Hou. 6, 20: xıv minar al-'ayn mina'l-ma Id. 88; manba'u'l-ma ditto biga:r (unvocalized) Bul. 4, 13: Osm. xııı to xvı bigar, less often bugar (? pigar/pugaŋ ‘spring’ is common TTS I 96; II 137; III 89; IV 100; xvııı pugar (spelt ‘with p- and -g-’) in Rumi, (eh-i eb čašma-i eb ‘a well, or spring, of water’; and metaph. gûša-i čašm ‘the corner of the eye’ San. 141 v. 23.

?D *baŋra:-, etc. See maŋra:-. (make noise, shout, bellow) (bang, banging)

D bensiz (without me) Priv. N./A. fr. ben; survives in SW Osm. normally meaning ‘without me, in my absence’. It is possible that it occurs in the passage below with the meaning ‘without selfinterest’. Alternatively the word might be read as a Priv. N./A. fr. *man taken as a l.-w. fr. Sanskrit mena ‘pride, insolence’. The meaning of the phr. is fixed by the context. Uyğ; vııı ff. Man. asra mensiz (or mansiz ?) sakmčlarığ ‘humble (Hend.) thoughts’ TT II 17, 68-9.

D buŋsiz (without care, anxiety, grief) Priv. N./A. fr. buŋ; ‘without care, anxiety, grief’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (the Chinese give gold, silver, etc.) bugsiz ‘without stint’ I S 5, II N 4; (you will live in comfort and) bugsiz boltači:sen 'will become carefree’ IIN 14; o.o. II E 29 (2 er-); T 48: vııı ff. Yen. tamkalığ (sic) yilki: bug[siz] er[ti:] ‘his branded cattle were innumerable’ Mai. 26, 6; a.o. do. 7 (bakıŋ: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (you will live in that country at your ease and) mugsuzun ‘without a care’ M III 30, 6 (in: Bud. (rich men, paying no taxes and) mugsuz taksiz ‘not feeling anxiety or constraint’ TT VI, p. 57, nöte 11, 5: O. Kır. ıx ff. bugusuz ulğa:t (t)ım ‘I grew up without a care’ Mai. 7, 2; a.o. do.

6, 3: Xak. xı KB (oh all-powerful, eternal) mugsuz bayat ‘carefree God’ 6; a.o. 28: xııı (?) Tef. mugsuz ‘careless’ 22e: Xwar. xıv (my son has become rich and I poor; my son) mugsuz ‘carefree’ (and I mugluğ) Nahc. 286, 6; (I have become a king) ortak-larmg ortakhkindin mugsuz ‘not dependent on the companionship of companions’ do. 401, 3.

beŋiz (meŋiz) (complexion) ‘the complexion’. Survives only (?) in SE Tar. meŋzi R IV 2084; Türki ditto BŠ 698 and S\V Osm. beŋiz. Türkü vııı ff. Man. tiši kišilernig körkin meŋizin ‘the shape and complexion of women’ M III 22, 7-8 (ı); a.o. Chuas. 46 (2 öl)): Yen. [gap] üz er yüzi: begler begizi: beglik ‘the faces of the . . and the complexion of the begs is worthy of begs' (?) Mai. 26, 9 (a very obscure and damaged inscription): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.- A kork meŋiz tegšürmek ‘to change one's shape and complexion’ M I 25, 29-30: Bud. körki meŋzi U III 23, 2 (ii); Suv. 60, 3; a.o. U IV 8, 15-17 (toga:): Xak. xı meŋiz ‘the colour (lawn) of a man’; hence one says kızıl meŋizlig ‘with red cheeks’ (al-wacna); the word is usually applied to (the colour of) the cheeks Kaš. III 363; o.o. I 60, 5; 65, 9 (ağduk); 486, le: KB meŋiz is common; (plain and mountain high and low ground) yašıl kök meŋiz ‘become green (Hend.)’ 96 (exceptionally not used of the human face); (the king was angry) artuk kararttı meŋiz ‘and made his face even blacker’ 629; o.o. 733 (körk meŋiz), 1116 (ditto, following the Vienna MS.), 892, 3840 (ertinŋ: xııı (?) Tef. meŋiz ‘look, appearance’ 222: xıv Rbğ. meŋiz ‘complexion’ R IV 2081 (quotns.): Čağ. xv ff. begiz (spelt, ‘with -g-’) gtina wa bašara ‘colour, skin’ San. isor. 25; meŋiz the same as begiz ‘skin and complexion’ (sima) do. 321 v. 8: Xwar. xıv meŋiz (1) ‘colour, complexion’; (2) ‘resembling’ Qutb 110: Kom. xıv ‘face’ meyiz CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı lazon sahna zcachi’l-insen ’ale ayy šifa kenat ‘the colour of a man’s face, however it is described’ meŋiz (spelt megiz); Tkm. be:giz (be:ngiz) Hou. 31, 9; a.o. (meŋiz) 19, 17: xıv ineniz ‘the colour of the face’ td. 88: Osm. xıv ff. begiz ‘complexion’ in several texts TTS II 128; III 83; IV 94: xvııı begiz in Rumi ‘colour, skin’, in Čağ. bögiz San. ızyr. 29.

*bünüz (horn) ‘horn’. The various forms in which this word appears point clearly to an original -n-, cf. *b^ni:. Survives in NE mü:s R IV 2225 and Khak.; mıyıs R IV 2140 and Tuv.: SE Türki mügüz Shaıv, BŠ; muguz Jarring: NC Kır. müyüz; Kzx. müyiz; SC Uzb. muguz; NW Kk., Kumyk, Nogay müyiz/ müyüz; Kaz. mögez: SW Az., Tkm. buynuz; Osm. boynuz: and Čuv. meyra/ meyraka Ash. VIII 292. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A müyüz M I 16, 11-12 (kač): Bud. müyüz UII35, 21 (baka:) Civ. kilen keyik müyüzi teg ‘like the horn of an unicorn (Chinese l.-w.) TT I 42; ingeknig koynnig (? so read) migizin ‘the horn of a cow or sheep’ H I 42; a.o. mügüzin Jo. 55 (ögi:-): Xak. xı mügüz ‘the horn (al-qarn) of any kind of animal’; mügüz mügüz ‘the name of a children’s game’ 'described at length) Kaš. III 363 (prov.); o.o.

/ 37 (3 oš); III 226 (baka:): Čağ. xv ff. bügüz (spelt, ‘with -g-’) šex-i hayıvenet ‘an animal’s horn’; also called buynuz and mügüz San. 141 v. 22; same entry reversed 142V. 26 (buynuz); 32ir. 2 (mügüz): Kom. xıv ‘horn’ müz CCG; Gr.: Kip./Tkm. xııı qarnu’l--baqar tva ğayrihi ‘horn of cattle, etc.’ buynuz Hon. 14, 21: xıv müyüz al-qarn; Tkm. buynuz Id. 89; Bul. 8, 8 (ečkü:); xv qarn müyüz (in margin buynuz luğa fthŋ Tuh. 29b. 2; a.o. 14a. 10 (ečkü:).

VUF banzi: Hap. leg.; no doubt, like other Gancak words a l.-w. Gancak xı banzi: baqayal-'inab ba'da'l-qitSf 'ale'l-'arîš ‘stray grapes left on the trellis after the bunches have been picked’ Kaš. I 422.

D beŋze:- (meŋze:-) (resemble) Den. V. fr. beŋiz (complexion) but with little semantic connection; ‘to resemble’. Survives only in SW Az. benze-; Osm. begze-; Tkm. meŋze-. Cf. 1 oxša:-, yagza:-. Xak. xı bi:r ne:g bi:rke: meŋz:e:di: ‘one thing resembled (tašabbaha) another’ Kaš. III 403 (meŋze:r, meŋze:me:k): KB mugar meŋzeyü keldi še'ir till ‘the poet’s tongue (i.e. statement) is like this’ 441; o.o. 1306, 6147: xııı (?) Tef. meŋze- ditto 222: xıv Rbğ. ditto R IV 2084 (quotn.): Čağ. xv ff. begze- (spelt) šabih wa menand šudan ‘to resemble’ San. isor. 10; meŋze- (spelt) same as begze- do. 32m 24: Xwar. xııı begze- ditto 'Ali 32: Kom. xıv ditto begze- CCI; Gr.: Kip. Tkm. xıv menze- ašbaha ditto td. 88; lafzu’l-mušebiha ‘a word for comparison’ benzer Bul. 16, 4: xv in paras, on comparison begzer and okšar in Kav. 28, 13 ff. and menzer, owšar, and okšar in Tuh. 44b. 6 ff. are said to be synonymous: Osm. xv begzer ‘it is as if...’ TT IV 95; xvııı benze- (in Rumi) šabih tea manand štıdbn San. \2~jx. 21.

D beŋzet- (compare) Caus. f. of beŋze:- (resemble); ‘to compare (something Acc., to something Dat.)'. Survives in the same languages. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Hüen-ts. 1889-90 (abamuluğ): Xak. ol bi:r ne:gni: bi:rke: meŋzetti: ‘he compared (šabbaha) one thing to another’ Kaš. II 358 (meŋzetü:r, meŋzetme:k): KB mugar meŋzetü ‘making the following comparison’ is a stock phr. 273, 319, 412, etc.: Čağ. xv ff. begzet- Caus. f. tašbih kardan ‘to compare’ San. 1 $or. 24; meŋzet- ditto 32m 25 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv meŋzet- ditto Qutb 111: Osm. xvııı begzet- (spelt) in Rumi ‘to compare’, in Čağ. begzet- San. i27r. 18 (quotn.).

ba:r (var-, war-) (be, is, exist, non- conjugatible verb) (was) Kaš's definition of this word as a Particle (harf) connoting existence, or presence in a particular place, and as the opposite of yo:k, q.v., is very apt. It is in fact nearly always used as the predicate of a sentence, the subject being either stated or inferred. In this usage, therefore, it is of the nature of a Verb, but it cannot be conjugated and must be supplemented by an Aux. V., 1 er- (are, were, was) or the like, if a mood or tense form is required. Its use as a Noun meaning ‘existence’ or ‘property’ (the latter meaning uncertain, if authentic, ? an abbreviation of barım) is unusual. C.i.a.p.a.i.; one of the three basic word» in which the initial has become v- in SW Az. and Osm. (but not Tkm.), cf. bar- (var-, war-) (go, leave, outward, behave), ber- be:r- (bear, give) (bear). Türkü vııı (because heaven so ordained and) özüm kutim bar üčü:n ‘because I myself had the favour of heaven' I S g, II N 7; similar phr. I E 29, II E 23; ol eki: kiši: bar erser ‘since there are those two men’ T 10; similar phr. T 3°. 57; o.o. I S 10, II N 8; T 14: vııı ff. IrkB 18 (connoting existence; 1 bağıš); o.o. do. 32, 57; Toy. 14 (with Gen. connoting possession, belgü:): Man. (we knew) ne bar ermiš ‘what existed’ (before there was a heaven and earth) Chuas. 163; o.o. do. 273, etc.: Yen. bar üčün Mal. 48, 1 and 2: Uyğ. ıx bay bar ertim ‘I was rich’ Stici 5: vııı ff. Man.-A evimde yeme üküš takığu kušlar bar erür ‘in my house, too, there are many fowls’ M J 27, 14-15; a.o.o.: Bud. (ever since heaven and earth were created) bay yeme bar yok čığay yeme bar ‘there have been rich and poor’ PP 6. 1-2; and many o.o.: Civ. bar is common in its usual meanings, and, in contracts, in phr. like bıSrginče bar yok bolsar-men ‘if I die before repaying it’ USp. 1, 7-8: O. Kır. ıx ff. tört oğlu:m bar üčün ‘because I had four sons’ Mai. 20, 1: Xak. xı ba:r a Particle which connotes the existence (wuciid) of a thing and its being present in its place (kawnihi hedir fi mahallihŋ; hence one says sende: yarma:k ba:rmu: ‘have you any money?’ and the other says ba:r, ‘I have’; it is the opposite (naqtd) of laysa in Ar. and yo:k in Turkish: be:r yigde: al-ğubayre'l--kiber ‘the greater jujube tree, Zizyphus rubra’ Kaš. III 147 (the semantic, connection of this phr. is not obvious, ba:r here may be a different word, perhaps a l.-w. fr. Pe. ber ‘fruit’); about a dozen o.o.: KB törütgen barirja törümiš tanuk ‘the created is witness to the existence of the Creator’ 15; fide kıldı barm negin ham özin ‘he sacrificed his being, his property, and himself’ 56; sözüg barı tök ‘pour out the essence of your words’ 195; o.o. in the normal usage 201, 207, 735, etc.: xııı (?) At. (I did not exist and you created me) yana yok kılıp ikinč bar kilursen ‘you then destroyed me and brought me into existence a second time’ 10; a.o.o.; Tef. bar ‘existent’, etc. 90: xıv Muh. a lak faras} ‘have you a horse?’ senin afin ba:rmu: Mel. 18, 2 etc.; Bif- 97 5 hedir ba:r 54, 7; 151; na'am ‘yes’ ba:r 56, 9; 154: Čağ. xv ff. bar var hast ma'nasina \\\ ‘there is’ Vel. 126; bar (1) mawcud ‘present, existent, etc.; (2) hast San. 120V. 27 (quotn. and several phr. bar plus Conjuga-tional f.s of d- (1 er-)): Xwar. xııı war ‘there is’, etc. 'Alt 32, etc.; bar do. 47: xıv bar bol- (to be)‘to exist’ Qutb 27; barım yokum ‘what I have and what I lack’ do. 86 (s.v. yuku); bar ‘there is’ MN 34, etc.; Nahc. 3,11, etc.: Kom. xıv bar in the full range of meanings CCI, CCG; Gr. 50 (quotns.): Kip. xıv bar ntaw-cüd, its opposite (muqabaluhu) is yok ma' düm, neither is conjugated as a Verb Id. 29: xv bar/ba:r mawald Kav. 27, 14-15 (phr.); maivcud bar Tuh. 35a. 12; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. var (with 3rd Pers. Pos. Suff. varısı) c.i.a.p. with a wide range of meanings, ‘there is; existence; property; all’, etc. TTS I 756 ff.; II 964 ff.; III 742 ff.; IV 815 ff.

bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother) originally the Cardinal Number ‘one’; later attenuated, through such phr. as bi:r ne:g... bi:r ‘one thing... another’ to little more than an Indefinite Pron. Adj. ‘a, an’. C.i.a.p.a.l Türkü vııı bir is common, always as a Numeral, e.g. bir kiši: yagilsar ‘if one man goes astray’ (they exterminate the whole family) I S 6, II N 5; bir todsar a:čuk ömezsen ‘once you are satisfied, you do not remember being hungry'’ I S 8, II N e: vııı ff. bir common as a Numeral IrkB 25 (bokursi:), etc.: Man. in a list of four seals in Chuas. 177 ff. they are enumerated as bir, ekinti, üčünč, törtünč; bir ikintike savlašıp ‘conversing with one another’ TT II 8, 55-6; a.o.o. as a Numeral: Uyğ. vııı bir iki atlığ ‘one or two horsemen’ Šu. E 5; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Man., Bud., Civ. bir as a Numeral is common: O. Kır. ıx ff. bir otuz yašımda: ‘in my twenty-first year’ Mai. 15, 1; a.o.o.: Xak. xı bi:r al-wahidfVl-'adad the Numeral ‘one’; hence one says bi:r yarma:k ‘one dirham’ Kaš. III 121; very common as a Numeral and in the phr. bi:r... bi:rke: e.g. III 403 (beŋze:-) and bir ikindi: ‘one another’: KB bir is common (1) as a Numeral, e.g. uğan bir bayatka ‘to the one almighty God’ 2; (2) more indefinitely meaning ‘a man’ e.g. 339 (1 bo:r): xııı (?) At. bir is common as a Numeral, and in such phr. as udu biri birke ‘one after another’ 14; bir anča bodun ‘a few people’ 123; Tef. bir (with 3rd Pers. Poss. Suff. biri/birisi is common as a Numeral and in phr. like biri biri and bir anča 102: xıv Muh. al-wahid mina'l-'adad bi:r Mel. 5, 14 ff.; Rif. 76; ahad bi:r 81, 7; 186; afrada ‘to isolate’ bi:r ketü:r- 104 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bir bir, 'adad ma'nesina Vel. 137; bir (and birer) yak ‘one’ San. 145V. 10: Xwar. xııı (?) bir ‘one; a’ is common in Oğ.: xrv bir ‘one; a; once’ Qutb 33; MN, 5, etc.; birin birin ‘one by one’ Qutb 33: Kom. xıv bir ‘one; a’; bir... bir ‘one... the other’; common CCI, CCG; Gr. 58 (quotns.): Kip. xııı wehid bi:r Hou. 22, 2; ba'du'1-ğad ‘the day after to-morrow’ birisi: kün do. 28, 12; al-'awar bir közlü: that is ‘with one eye’ do. 26, 9: xıv bir wahid Id. 29; Bid. 12, 10; waraqa ‘a page’ in the phr. \354\ (‘every time you write) bir waraqa (I will give you a dirham') Kav. 21, 21; bir ‘one, a’ is common in Tuh.
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F 1 bo:r (wine) ‘wine’; l.-w. fr. Middle Persian bör, see Doerfer I, p. 2; 11 780. An early l.-w. in Mong. as bor (Haenisch 19); n.o.a.b. Cf. čağır, süčig. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if a man has a headache let him soak this dheranŋ borka 'in wine’; o.o. TT VIII 1.11 (begni:); H II 22, 26 (iğle:-); TT VII 24, 12; 25, 4; 27, 12, and many in II I and IT. Xak. xı bo:r al-xamr ‘wine’ Kaš. III 121 (prov.): KB bir bor ičse sevse ‘if a man drinks wine and likes it’ 339! °-o. 708, 1334, 1434, 2091, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘wine’ bor CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-xamr bor (also süčü:, ča:kıŋ Hou. 16, 3.

bür (bud, sprout) ‘a bud’. The only early occurrence is in a conjectural restoration, but see bürlen- (budding, sprout). Survives, sometimes with somewhat changed meaning, in NE Alt., Sag., Tel. pür ‘leaf of a tree’ (in Tel. also ‘bud’) R IV 1397 (ditto pürčük ‘bud’ do. 1400); Khak. pür ‘leaf’; Tuv. bürü ‘leaf’; NC Kır. bür ‘bud’; Kzx. bür/büri ‘pine-needle’ (büršik ‘bud’). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (plants spring up; their branches grow and spread out) [büri conjectured] bokuklanur ‘[their buds] swell’ Wind. 9-10; Kom. xıv ‘bud’ bür CCG; Gr.

bar- (var-, war-) (go, leave, outward, behave) ‘to go’, often more specifically ‘to go away’. For its use as a Descriptive V. see v. G., ATG, para. 256; Brockelmann, para. 237 (4). C.i.a.p.a.i.; one of three basic words of which the initial has become v- in SW Az., Osm.; cf. ba:r (be, is, exist), be:r- (bear, give) (bear). Cf. 2 ket- (g-) (go, leave, depart, disappear). Türkü vııı bar- ‘to go’ is very common, e.g. yer sayu: bardığ ‘you went to every country’ I S č, II N 7; uča: bar- Honorific phr. for ‘to die’, see uč- (fly, die, pass away, speeding, disappear, fail, twitch, flutter, fade, dissolute); er- bar- ‘to behave in an independent fashion’ see 2 er-: vııı ff. beg er yunti:garu: barmi:š ‘a beg went to his stud’ IrkB 5; a.o.o.: Man. teŋri yerigerü baru umatin ‘because they could not go to the heavenly country’ Chuas. 85 (in v.l. C.’s edition of this text berü is often mistranscribed baru); yügürti bardı ‘he ran away’ M I 7, 17: Yen. adnlu: bar- ‘to be parted (from one’s friends, etc.) and go away’, i.e. ‘to die’ Mai. 28, 6; 29, 3; erdemin üčün el ara:da: kara: xanka: barıpan yalavač banpan kelmedigiz ‘because of (your) high qualities in the realm you went to Kara Xan (i.e. the Karakhanid court), you went as an ambassador but did not come back’ do. 30, 4-5: Uyğ. vııı (the Karluk with evil intentions) teze: bardı: ‘ran away’ (from my rule) Šu. N 11: vııı ff. Man.-A (the 522nd year since the holy prophet Manŋ teŋri yerigerü bardukta ‘went to the heavenly country’ M I 12, 14; a.o.o.: Man. barku (sic) k[öni] yol ‘the straight road to go’ TT III 72 — 3: Bud. bar- is very common both for ‘to go’, e.g. keli barı kılıp ‘making (the index finger) go to and fro (seven times)’ TT \\\ V 8, 58; and ‘to go away’ e.g. ltoltğučılar yığhıytı barsar 'if the beggars go away weeping’ PP 10, 5 e: Civ. bar- is very common in both senses: O. Kır. ıx ff. adrilu: bar- Mal. 16, 2; 18, 2; a.o.o.: Xak. xı ol cvke: bardı: ‘he went (dahaba) to his house’ (or somewhere else) Kaš. II 6 (barı:r, barma:k); over 100 o.o.: KB bar- is very common for ‘to go’ and ‘to go away’; e.g. (the tongue depreciates a man and) barır er bašı ‘off goes his head’ 163; a.o. 375 (öč-), and occurs as a Descriptive V. e.g. (if he has done my work and) körü bardı erse ičim tašlarım ‘and has seen my inner (thoughts) and my outward (appearance)’ 425: xııı (?) At. bar- ‘to go (away)’ 184, etc.: Tef. ditto 91: xıv Muh. mada ‘to go away’ ba:r- Mel. 12, 5; 21, 7; Rif. 86, 115; al-mešî ‘walking’ ba:rğa:n 13, 1; 88; a.o.o.: Čağ. xv ff. bar- (-ay, etc.) var- git- Vel. 126; bar- (1) raftan ‘to go’; (2) sülük kardan ‘to behave’ (cf. barıš-) San. i2or. 2 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı bar- ‘to go’, etc. 'A/i 26; var- do. 27: xııı (?) bar- ditto Oğ. 129, etc.: xıv ditto Qutb 27; MN 111, etc.; Nahc. 15, 16, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 50 (quotns.): Kip. xııı reha ‘to go away’ bar- Hou. 40, 12: xıv bar- čfahaba Id. 29; kančo: barursen ayna tadhab, also one says (by implication in Tkm.) warursen do. 75: xv bar- dahdba Kav. 8, 16; reha do. 9, 18; (to illustrate \\ 2 ok (emphasis particle: no other, exactly, very)) barğın ok Tuh. 90a. 12 (in Tuh. dahaba and reha ket-): Osm. xıv ff. var- ‘to go, go away’, and in one or two idioms; c.i.a.p. TTS I 757; II 965; III 743; IV 817.

be:r- (ber-) (bear, give, convey) (bear) ‘to give’; also used as a Descriptive V. connoting action for the benefit of someone else (bear), see v. G. ATG, para. 255; Brockelmann, para. 239b. C.i.a.p.a.i.; one of the three basic words of which the initial has become v- in SW Az., Osm.; cf. ba:r (be, is, exist), bar- (go, leave, outward, behave). Türkü vııı (the Chinese) berü:r ‘give’ (bear) (gifts of gold, etc.) 7 5 5, II N 4; (Kül Tegin killed nine men and) ordu:ğ bermedi: (bär-) ‘did not surrender (bear) the camp’ I N 9 — (my ancestors Bumın Xağan and Eštemi: Xagan ascended the throne and) türkü bodunıg eli:n törö:si:n (Torah) tuta: bermiš (bär-) eti: bermiš (bär-) ‘took control of the realm and unwritten law of the Türkü people (Torah) and organized them’ IE 1, IIE2; many o.o.: vııı ff. kut bergeymen ‘I will give (bear) you the favour of heaven’ IrkB 2; a.o. do. 47: Man. pušı berdimiz (bär-) erser ‘if we have given alms’ Chuas. 140-1; o.o. do. 231-3: Yen. beŋgü: (mengir) tike: ber- ‘to erect a memorial (mengir) (to someone)’ Mai. 28, 4; 30, 3; 48, 9: Uyğ. vııı yiče: išig küčig bergil (bär-) ‘give me (your) services as before’ Šu. E 5; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Man.-A esengüsin berdi ‘he gave (bore) him well-being’ MI 12, 2 — kapağın ača berdi ‘he opened (bore) his door’ (for them) do. 13, 12; a.o.o.: Man. (PU) karmašuhn berü yarlıkazun ‘may he deign to give absolution (l.-w.)’ TT III 176; evin tüš berür ‘gives seed and fruit’ Wind. ■ 11: Bud. ber- is very common, both for ‘to give’, e.g. (the beggars came and asked for more gifts) yeme berdi ‘and he gave (them) again’ PP 7, 4; and as a Descriptive V. e.g. \355\ (the notables) ögl ogi kazğanč kılmak ayu berdiler ‘described (for him) various ways of making money’ PP 13, 1-2; do. 60, 6 (ünde:-): Civ. ber- is very common in USp., esp. in the sense of ‘to repay’ (a loan) 1, 5, etc.: Xak. xı ol maga: yarma:k be:rdi: ‘he gave me (a (ant) n dirham’ (etc.) Kaš. III ı8o (be:rür, be:rme:k); over 50 o.o. most spelt be:r- but a few ber-; KB ber- is very common both for ‘to give’ and as a Descriptive V. e.g. ayu berdi yol ‘he told (bore) (them) the way (to salvation)’ 37: xııı (?) At. (all created things) senig barlikigka tanukluk bertir ‘bear witness to Thine existence’ 5; ayu ber maga 314; a.o.o.: Tef. ber- is common in both usages 97: xıv Muh. (as an example of ye pronounced -e:-) a'fi be:r Mel. 5, 7; Rif. 76; al-'a (a bermek (mis-spelt with mak) 36, 11; 122: Čağ. xv ff. ber- (-güni, etc.) vir- (in what language?) Vel. 136-8; ber dadan ‘to give’; also one of the verbs attached to other verbs to give emphasis or embellishment (mubelağa ye tazyin) as in tuta ber- giriftan ‘to take, grasp’ and koya ber- raha kardan ‘to concede’ San. 144r. 16 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ber- (bär-), less often ber- ’Ali 26-7: xııı (?) carlığ berdi (bär-) ‘he gave orders’ Oğ. 96; Oğuz xaganka soyurkap berdi ‘he showed favour to Oğuz Xagan do. 121-2; a.o.o.: xıv ber- in both usages Qutb 31; MN 2 ff.; Nahc. 21,8 etc.: Kom. xıv berin both usages CCI, CCG; Gr. 55 (quotns.): Kip. xııı a'te ber-/ber- (bär-) Hou. 56, 11; talaqa ‘to hand over’ sa:li: ber- 34, 18; a.o.o.: xıv bĞr- a'te Id. 29; Bul. zır: xv ditto Kav. 9, 18; 28, 20; a'fa ber- Tuh. 5b, 13; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. ver- (vär-) (less often ver-) is not listed as such in TTS but various compound Verbs are, the oldest veribi- (verıp id-) ‘to send’ TTS I 760; II 968 (once, xiv, beribi-); III 747; IV 819.
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D bu:r- (evaporate, smell, fire, bake, boil) Intrans. Den. V. fr. 2 bu: (steam); ‘to steam; to be fragrant’. Survives only (?) in SE Tar. pura- ‘to smell’ (Intrans. and Trans.) R IV 1365; Türki puru- BŠ; bura-/buru- Jarring ditto. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Iliien-ts. 145-6 (köti:-): Civ. (the cooked meat’s) yidi yıparı bura turur ‘sweet odour (Hend.) is fragrant’ TT I 193: Xak. xı yipa:r burdi: fehat reyihatu'l-misk ‘the fragrance of the musk diffused itself’; also used of anything sweet-scented which is diffused (yatadawwa'); and one says su:v burdi: irtafa'a buxeru'l-trte' wa ğayrihi ‘steam rose from the water (etc.)’ Kaš. II 6 (bura:r, burma:k); yipa:r bu:rdi: same translation; and one says su:v bu:rdi: same translation; also used of any fragrant odour (fib daki) which diffuses itself or steams III 180 (bura:r, burma:k sic): KB ajun barča bütrü yipar burdi kin ‘the whole world thoroughly diffused the fragrance of musk’ 71; a.o. 1937: Kip. xıv burı- (so vocalized) feha'1-misk Id. 29.

bür-, bur- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert) (bore) ‘to twist, wind round, screw together’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. The vowel was originally a front one, but there is great inconsistency in modern languages, several having forms both with front and with back \\\ vowels, usually with slightly different meanings. The modern forms are: NE Tel. (R IV 1397) and Khak. pur- (Tuv. bürge-); SE Türki bura- Shaw, bur- BŠ; bürü- Jarring; NC Kır., Kzx. bür- and bura-; SC Uzb. bur-; NW Kaz bör-; Kk., Nog. bur-/bura- and bür-; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. bur- and bürü-, Cf. tür- (roll up). Xak. xı ol yančuk ağzı: bürdi: zawe ra’sa’l-xarifa ‘he twisted up the mouth of the leather bag’; also used of anything similar like the waist-band of a pair of trousers (nayfaqati’l-sarewil) Kaš. II6 (büre:r, bürme:k): KB kišenin bür-e ‘twist his hobbles tight’ 66x5: Čağ. xv ff. bur- (sic) pičidan wa teb dedan ‘to twist, wind up’ San. 131 v. 4: Xwar. xıv (VU) bür- ‘to twist’ Qutb 38 (bur-): Kom. xıv ‘to twist’ (VU) bür- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı fatala min fatli'l-habl wa ğayrihi ‘to twist (or spin, a rope, etc.)’ bür- (Imperat. -gül) Hou. 37, 9: xıv (VU) bür- waca'a batnuhu (‘to have a stomach-ache’) wa fatala Id. 29; fatala wa faraka (‘to rub in the hands’) bür- (Imperat. -gil) Bul. jot. : xv bür- fatala aw lawe (‘to twist’) Kav. 9, 18; fatala (ey- (eg-) ; in margin) bür- Tuh. 28b. e: Osm. xıv ff. bur- (Infin. xvı -mak) ‘to twist; to have a stomach-ache; to divert’ in several texts TTS I 126; II 180; III 118; IV 134; bürü- ‘to wrap up’ in several texts II 187; III 24.

F bere: (farsah, mile) a measure of length; n.o.a.b., but a l.-w. in Mong. as bere (Koiv. 1126) where it is taken as equivalent to Sanskrit yojana ‘a mile of 8,000 yards’ (farsah). Obviously a l.-w. (farsah), which, as it is certainly not Chinese and does not look Iranian, is prob. Tokharian. Phonetically the only suitable equivalent is B prere; A perra ‘an , arrow’, which if taken to mean ‘a bow shot’, which is a unit of length at any rate in Čağ. (see atım), might have such a sense. This explanation is not, however, self-evident. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yetmiš tümen bire sügü teg 'like a lance 700,000 bere long’ M I 20, 15-le: Bud. (on the bank of that river there is an iron tree) bir bere edlz ‘one bere high’ TM IV 253, 64; o.o. do. 129, 131; TT IX, p. 22, note 77, 5 tümen bere in Hüen-ts. (unpublished fragment) translates Chinese ‘10,000 li'\ a li is about 600 meters.

?D berü: (? berü:) (here) an Adv. used both of time and of space, meaning broadly ‘to this side, on this side’. The phonetics of this word are obscure. So far as the first vowel is concerned the Türkü spellings of cognate words point more to -e- than -e-, and there are sporadic spellings with -e- later, but the evidence for -e- is not conclusive. The word does not occur in Türkü vııı (the word sometimes so read in T 26, 28 is evlrü:) and the spellings of cognate forms in Türkü and Uyğ. are more easily derived fr. *ber (? ber) (here) than this word. It is, therefore, prob. that berü: is itself a der. f., a crasis of *berrü:, that is *ber (? ber) (here) with the Directional Suff. -rü: and this is corroborated by the fact that it is often used in antithesis to \356\ agaru: (there), q.v. S.i.a.m.I.p., usually as beri. See berdin (situated, south), (? E) bırğaru: (to here, сюда), bergerü: (to here, сюда), berü:ki:, VU berye:. Türkü vııı ff. Man. berü occurs several times of time in Chuas.; antadata (sic) berü ‘since then’ 1 16-17: kertü teŋrig arığ nomuğ biltükümüzde berü ‘ever since we got to know the true God and the pure doctrine’ 158; o.o. 19, etc. (sö:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (sufferings which we have endured) üküš ödte berü ‘for a long time past’ MI 11, 17-18; a.o. do. 10, 5-e: Man. munčada berü ‘for so long’ M II 5, 8 (ii); a.o. M I 30 24-5 (adak): Bud. Sanskrit [an]egatapürvam ‘not having come before’ ögre:tin be:rü (spelt p-) ba:rma:tukuğ (ditto) TT VIII A.i; berü used of time is fairly common, TT IV 4, 19; 6, 23; 8, 53; PP 56, 7 etc. — barča berü kelzünler ‘let them all come hither’ U II 21, 6; o.o. Suv. 625, 10 etc. (agaru:): Civ. burunki bu xanlar čağındın berü ‘ever since the reigns (lit. times, Mong. l.-w.) of these former Xans’ USp. 22, 39; o.o. do. 31, 3; 120, 3; 77, 5 (read ozadın berü ‘for a long time past’): Xak. xı keldi: berü: ce'a ilayne ‘he came towards us’ I 219, 23; kögül berü: yaymadig (why) have you not turned your heart towards us ? III 245, 18; o.o. I 35 (2 ač); II 259, 7 (kelimsin-); III 212, 12 (ki:); n.m.e.: KB berü is common, both of time, e<g. tümen yılda berü ‘for the last ten thousand years’ 84, and of space, e.g. berü kel 106; o.o. 486, 923: xııı (?) Tef. tamı berüsi ‘the front (top and bottom) of the wall’ 91 (baru); berü of time 99: Xwar. xıv berü (with Abl.) ‘since, because of’ Qutb 27 (baru)-, berü ditto 31: Kom. xıv beri (with Abl.) ‘since’ CCG; Gr. 56 (quotn.)
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böri: (wolf, bear) ‘wolf’. C.i.a.p.a.i. except in SW Az., Osm. where ‘wolf’ is kurt; in Tkm. bö:ri (sic) is known, but is not the standard word. See Doerfer II 784. Türkü vııı (the army of my father the xağan) böri: teg ermiš ‘was like a wolf’ (and his enemies like sheep) I E 12, II E 11: vııı ff. (a rich man’s sheep) böri:ke: soku:šmi:š ‘encountered a wolf’ IrkB 27: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A böri oğlı ‘a wolf cub’ M18, 6; a.o. M III 11, 9 (i) (öpün-): Man. (a lamb which) börike kedilip ‘is dressed (i.e. reborn) as a wolf’ MI 18, 5; Er Böri Proper Name TT IX 114: Bud. (evil creatures such as) bars irbiš böri ‘leopards, panthers, and wolves’ TT VI 1le: Civ. böri as an animal whose gall, bones, tongue, etc. are used in medicine is common in H I: O. Kır. ıx ff. yeti: böri: ölürdim ‘I killed seven wolves’ Mal. II, 10; Čočuk Böri: Sagu:n Proper Name do. 12, 1: Xak. xı böri: al-di’b ‘wolf’ Kaš. III 220 (prov.); ten o.o. KB (he organized the realm, enriched the people and) böri koy bile suvladı ol ödün ‘the wolf then drank water with the lamb’ 449; a.o. 1040: Čağ. xv ff. böri kurt, gurg ma'nestna ‘wolf’ Vel. 148 (quotn.); böri gurg, in Ar. di’h San. i33r. 22 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) erkek böri ‘a male wolf’ Oğ. 141; a.o.o.: xıv böri Qutb 36, AIN 76; Nahc. 112, 10; 343, 7 etc.; börü Qutb 37: Kom. xıv wolf börü CCI; böri CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-di’b borü: (Tkm. kurt) Hou. 11, 3: xıv börü al-di’b Id. 30; a.o. do. 70 (kurt); ai-di’b börü: Bul. 10, e: xv ditto bö:ri: Kav. 62, 7; Tuh. 16a. 12.

Cognates: Anglo-Sax. bera “bear”, ONorse björn, MDu. bere, Du. beer, OHG bero, Gmn. Bär; Scythian bory (Dnieper ~ Borysthenes in Heroditus' spelling, from bory “bear” + than “body of water, water space, river” ~ “Bear River”), Türkic Bulgarian buri (Dnieper ~ Buri-chai “bear” + “river”); Lat. ferus “wild” for “large wild animal of northern woods” (like feral cat). No IE cognates. The Lat. ferus is probably a Turkic loanwords via archaic Celtic or directly from the Scythians. The böri “bear”, in all its allophonic forms, came to Europe a millennium earlier than its böri ~ Boris “wolf” counterpart, the latter coming from the Hunno-Bulgar circle and time. A late conflation of both meanings can't be excluded, a result of blending in the Northern Europe of few remote Türkic tribal vernaculars. Related Boris, papa.

VU?D büri: (screwed) Hap. leg.; the underlying concept seems to be ‘something screwed into something else’; if so, Dev. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert), Xak. xı büri: ’ayru’l-sahm ft madxali’l-ruz ‘the head of an arrow shaft in the entry to the socket (of the arrow head)’; hence one says bašak büri:si:: büri: xašab musnada fi fûhüti’l-širb mnğriiza murakkaba ba’duhe bi- -ba'd kayle yanšaqq fiihet ku/l širb ‘pieces of wood placed in the mouths of vessels and pushed in and fitted together so that the mouths of the vessels shall not be damaged’ Kaš. III 220.

D borba:ğ (inert, slow) Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. borba:- (inert, slow). Xak. xı borba:ğ al-mafl zva'l-taszvif fi'l-utnilr ‘dallying and dilatoriness in dealing with affairs’ Kaš. I 461.

D borba:š (inert, slow, soft, yielding, confused) N./A.S. fr. borba:- (inert, slow). Survives only (?) in NC Kzx. borbas (of a man) ‘flabby, inert’; (of ground) ‘soft, yielding’. Xak. xı borba:š ı:š al-amru’l-muxtalitu ' ’Uadi la yuraf tnaxracuhu ‘a confused affair of which the issue is unknown’ Kaš. I 459 (MS., in error, yorba:š).

borba:- (inert, slow) this V. and its der. f.s, except borba:š, where a survival fixes the first vowel, are all Hap. leg. Cf. boyba:-. Xak. xı er ı:šığ borba:di: sazvzvafa’l-raculu’l-avtr zva lam yubrimhu ‘the man was dilatory over the affair and did not handle it efficiently’ Kaš. III 275 (borba:r, borba:ma:k).

D borbat- (inert, slow, muddled) Caus. f. of borba:- (inert, slow). Xak. xı ol anıg ı:šın borbatti: azvqa’a amrahu fi tašzviš zva tasiuif'he got his (someone else’s) affair into a muddle by dilatoriness’ Kaš. II 327 (borbatu:r, borbatma:k).

D borbal- (inert, slow, muddled) Pass. f. of borba:- (inert, slow). Xak. xı anıg ı:šı: borbaldı: tašazvzvaša amruhu ‘his affair got into a muddle’ Kaš. II 228 (borbalu:r, borbalma:k).

D borbaš- (inert, slow, muddled) Co-op. f. of borba:- (inert, slow), with a connotation of action affecting the whole of the Subject. Xak. xı ı:š borbašdı: ixtalafa’l-amr - ; ‘the affair (etc.) got (thoroughly) confused’ Kaš. II 203 (borba:šur, borba:šma:k).

D barča: (all, be, is, exist) Equative f. of ba:r (be, is, exist); ‘all’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW only Tkm. One of several words with this meaning, cf. tolp, kop, F kamağ, köp, etc. See Doerfer II 683. Türkü vııı ff. (and whatever evil blasphemies that wicked demon \357\ thought of) barča: [gap] ‘all of them’ Toy. III i v. 7 (ETY II 179): Uyğ. vııı barca: Šu. Sa. (damaged passage): vııı ff. Man.-A (after a list of gods) bular barča ‘all these’ MI 21, 3 (ı); a.o. do. 6 (ı): Man. ıšın barča kodur ‘he puts down his work completely’ MI 17, 2; (whatever things distress mankind) barča ‘they all’ (arise from anger and perversity) TT II 16, 46; olar barča kamığun ‘they all together’ III 125; o.o. do. 75, 104: Chr. (whatever children are under two years old) barčanı ölürüŋler ‘kill them all’ U I 10, 3: Bud. olarnı barča U 111 28, 5; (giving alms) barčasın berür erdi ‘he gave them all away’ do. 40, 31; and many o.o.: Civ. (the wishes in your mind) barča kandı ‘are all satisfied’ TT I 115; (if one mixes hoopoe’s bones and musk) yiizke barča sürtser ‘and rubs it thoroughly into the face’ TT VII 23, 6; and many o.o.: Xak. barča: a Particle (harf) meaning al-kull ‘all’; one says barča: keldi:le:r ‘they all came’ Kaš. I 417 (verse); seven o.o.: KB kamuğ barča mugluğ törütlilmiši ‘all those created by Him are oppressed with care’ 5; o.o. 266, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. barča ‘all’ 91: Čağ. xv ff. barča (and barı) cümlesi ‘all of them’ Vel. 128 (quotn.); barča (1) hama ‘all’ (quotn.) (and (2) ‘while it exists’) San. i2ir. le: Xwar. xııı barča ‘all’ ’Ali 51; xıv ditto MN 119; Nahc. 379, 2: Kom. xıv ditto in several usages CCI, CCG; Gr. 50 (quotns.): Kip. xıv barča: al-kull Id. 30: xv al-nes kulluhum barša: (mc) kiši:Ie:r Kav. 39, 19; barča/barša in grammatical section Tuh. 82a. 4 ff.
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VUD borča: (storm) Hap. leg.; Equative f. of 2 bo:r (?), which from the context must be something violent. V. Thomsen (Turcica 94, note 2) suggested that there was an old word bor meaning ‘a storm’, of which NE, NC bora- ‘to be stormy’ R IV 1662 was the Den. V.; and it has been suggested that SW Osm. bora ‘a violent wind’ is a later form. This is not wholly impossible, but it is more probable that Osm. bora is a corruption of Greek boreas ‘north wind’, and it is very odd that, if there really was a word bor meaning anything as ordinary as ‘a storm’, there should be no other trace of it. It is more likely that this is the Equative f. of 1 bo:r (wine) ‘wine’ with the implication that too much wine leads to disorder. Türkü vııı Türgeš xagan süsi: Bolču:da: otča: borča: kelti: ‘the Türgeš xağan's army advanced from Bolču: like a fire or ... (storm)'IE 37; II E 27.

D borčı: (vintager) N.Ag. fr. 1 bo:r (wine); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı (?) Civ. borčı Salğar ‘the wine merchant (or wine grower?) Salğar’ USp. 53, 4, 3-4: Xak. xı KB (in a list of the kind of people the king dislikes) yava erse borčı ye kıyğan elig ‘if a man is a-reckless wine-bibber or crookedhanded’ 850; bor ičme aya borčı ‘do not drink wine, you wine-bibber’ 209e: xııı (?) At. (in a passage lamenting the decay of present-day morals) kim ol borčı erse kiši yegi ol, kerek erse yeğlik yon borčı bol ‘if a man is a wine merchant (or wine-bibber?) he is (reckoned) the most superior of mankind, if you \\\ must be superior, go and become a wine merchant (or wine-bibber ?)’ 409-10 (two MSS. read borčı, in one glossed may-fur uš ‘wine merchant’, and this is clearly the better reading whichever the meaning of borčı; the other two read yüzči, in one glossed yüz alarj (?); Arat preferred to read yüzči translating it ‘two-faced’, but the word would be Hap. leg. and this would not be the normal meaning of such a word).

?D burčak (fragrant object, bean, pea, hailstone, sweat, ) perhaps Dev. N. fr. bu:r- (evaporate, smell, fire, bake, boil) in the sense of something fragrant; various kinds of pulse, usually ‘bean’, sometimes ‘pea’; and metaph, ‘a hailstone, a bead of sweat’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with minor phonetic changes. See Doerfer II 730. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. burčak ‘beans’, sometimes specified as black, green, or red TT VII 14, 60 ff.; 16, 10 ff.; tuturka:nla:r burča:k (spelt p-) šeke:r ‘rice, beans, and sugar’ VIII 1.13; burčakča ‘the size of a bean’ H I 197; a.o. H II 8, 32 (išle:-): Xak. xı burčak al-lübiye ‘beans’: burčak habbetu'l- araq ‘beads of sweat’ Kaš. I 46e: Čağ. xv ff. burčak a kind of pulse (hulntbet) like chick-peas (nuxud) of a greenish (ebr) colour; in Ar. xullar (‘pea, bean, lentil’); and metaph. tagarg-i küčtk ‘a small hailstone the size of a chick-pea’ San. 132V. 15: Kom. xıv ‘hail’ burčak; ‘vegetables’ bırčak (sic) CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-barad ‘hailstone’ burčak, which also means al-himmaš ‘peas’ Hou. 5, 8; al-himmaš burčak do. 9, le: xıv burčak al-barad td. 30; al-kirsinna ‘chick-peas’ burčak Bul. 6, 16 (but al-himmaš nuxut!): xv heše ‘pebble’ buršak Tuh. 12b. 11: Osm. xvııı burčak (after Čağ.) and in Rumi, gaıvdena ‘cattlefood’, in Pe. mulk (‘black beans’) and in Ar. culuben (‘peas, vetch’) San. 132V. 15.

D bürček (twisted, curly) Dev. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert) in the sense of something twisted and curly; ‘forelock’ and the like. Survives in SW Osm. bürček/bürčük (also spelt with p-) ‘curly hair’, and perhaps elsewhere; but NE pürčük; NC Kır. bürčük; Kzx. büršik ‘bud’ are Dim. f.s of bür and SE Türki burcek/bürcek: NC Kır. bürčök ‘corner, angle’ seems to be a Dim. f. of Ar. burc. See Doerfer II 731. Xak. xı bürček nešiyatu' l-insen iv a sabibatu'l-faras ‘the forelock of a man or horse’ Kaš. I 47e: xııı (?) Tef. bürček ditto 108 (börček): Čağ. xv ff. pürčük (so spelt) ‘a small flag ('alema) in the shape of a ribbon (mangala) made of brocade (ibrišim)' San. 132V. 17: Kip.xııı ru'ustt’l--ağšen ‘the tips of branches’ bürček which also means ‘tufts (al-šurreba) of silk, etc.’ Hou. 7, 13:xiv bürček al-nešiya İd. 30: Osm. xıv ff. bürček/bürčük (? p-) ‘curl, forelock’; c.i.a.p. TTS1133; 11187; m 579 (P-); IV 643 (p-) (pürček).

F perčem See bečkem. (horse’s tail, tuft of hair, forelock, mane) (чуб)

?F barčın (silk brocade) ‘silk brocade’. N.o.a.b., but the standard word for ‘silk’ in Čuv. where it is spelt purčın, purčin, purčum, purčun, \358\ porčöm, purčen, porčın, purčgn Ash. IX 309-10 (Čııv. -č- is a sound like -sy-). One of several words with this meaning; cf. ağı: (treasure, silk brocade), ešgü:ti:, či:t, čıxansi:, 2 čikin, čuz, tor-ku:, ka:fğar, kačač, kutay, xuliŋ, loxtay, züngüm. The Turks did not manufacture silk brocade, and it is unlikely that there were many, if any, native words for it. Morphologically čıxansı:, kutay, xulig, loxtay, and züngüm look Chinese. ešgü:ti: looks Tokharian (Agnean ?), since sk-, šk- are characteristic initials in that language. Barčm may be a l.-w. fr. Tokharian A (Agnean) paSirn ‘treasure’ (van Windekens, op. cit. s.v. bokursi:, p. 88). For the use of the same word for ‘silk brocade’ and ‘treasure’ cf. ağı: (treasure, silk brocade). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. barčttı Maitrisimit fragment 98 (TT VI, p. 80, note 391, 17): Xak. xı barčın al-dibec ‘silk brocade’ occurs 15 times, I 153 (ešüklik); 175 (l OIJ-), etc.; n.m.e.: KB (the words of a wise man are) barčın tözi ‘like brocade’ 555: xııı (?) Tef. istabraq ‘a silk garment embroidered with gold’ barčın 91: xıv Mtıh. (î) al-dibec ba:rčm Rif. 167 (only): Xwar. xvı ditto Nahc. 33, 1-2; Kip. xıv barčın dibec İd. 30.
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D burčaklan- (in drops, condense) Rett. Den. V. fr. burčak (fragrant object, bean, pea, hailstone, sweat, ); pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ter burčaklandı: tahab-baba'l-'araq ‘the sweat formed drops’; also used of other liquids when they form drops Kaš. II273 (burčaklanu:r, burčaklanma:k); o.o. I 466, 9; II 279, 20.

D bürčeklen- (grow locks, отрастить локоны) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bürček (twisted, curly). Xak. xı at bürčeklendi: nabatat šabibatu'l-faraš ‘the horse grew a forelock’; also used when a man’s forelock (nešiya) grows Kaš. II276 (bürčeklenü:r, bürčeklenme:k).

E burčıntur- (distress, hurt) occurs in Suv. 136, 11 in a string of verbs meaning ‘to distress, hurt’ Irintürdüm burčınturdum örletdim emgetdim; comparison with other similar phr. shows that it is an error for busandur-.

VU bart (mug (cup)) n.o.a.b. Xak. xı bart naytahi’l--šareb tea mikyel kull meyı ‘a vessel for measuring wine or any other liquid’ Kaš. I 341; a.o. I 93 (arjut): Oğuz xı bart al-küzu'lladi yušrabıı'1-me' fihi ‘a mug for drinking water’ I 341 (mis-spelt yart in the MS.).

VU 1 bert bürt (bruise) a quasi-onomatopoeic; the nearest parallel seems to be SW Osm. pert pert/pert mert ‘bruised’. Xak. xı one says bert bürt tuttı: axadahu miti kull cenib faca'ata (n) ‘he took him by surprise from all sides’ Kaš. I 341 (mis-spelt yert yürt).

D 2 bert (given, tax, head tax, подать) Pass. Dev. N. fr. be:r- (bear, give) (bear); lit. ‘something given’, in practice some kind of a tax, prob. ‘a head tax’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI II (ert): Civ. in USp. 73, an agreement between two persons whose slaves had married without permission, it is provided that each party should receive the tax (bert al-) of his \\\ own slave; a.o.o.; ert bert USp. 88, 41-2 etc. (ert): Xak. xı bert ‘the tax (al-dartba) which a master receives from his slave each year’; it is more correct (al-acwad) to say be:rt with -e:- Kaš. I 341.

VU ?D bürt (contort, convulse, sprain) perhaps Dev. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert) in the sense of something that twists (contorts, convulses) the victim. Xak. xı bürt al-cetûm ‘nightmare’, and one calls it (VU) köti: (unvocalized) bürt Kaš. I 341; a.o. 11 10 (bas-).

bert- (? p-) (injure, hurt, bruise, sprain, break, cut, hack, incise, wound) ‘to injure, hurt (someone, etc. Acc.)’ more particularly without breaking the skin. Survives only (?) in SE Tar. bert- ‘to cut, hack, incise’ R IV 1604 and SW Osm. pert- ‘to bruise, sprain’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (if through ignorance or wickedness) beš teŋ-rig... neče sıdımız bert(t)imiz erser ‘we have somehow injured or hurt the five gods’ Chuas. 49-52; tepriler kögülln bertzimiz erser do. 328-9: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kögülin bertmekler ‘do not break his heart’ PP 8, 5; a.o.o. in PP: Civ. (gap) sıdı seni bertgeli ‘it injures (Hend.) you’ TTI17: Xak. xı ol anıg eliğin bertti: ‘he bruised (awta'a) his hand’; also used of anything which wounds or breaks it without inflicting a visible injury (carahahu aıv kasara kasr ğayr mubitı) Kaš. III 425 (berte:r, bertine:k).

VU bürt- (touch) ‘to touch’ and the like. In Bud. terminology bürtmek translates Sanskrit sparsa ‘touching, feeling’ one of the five senses. In TT VIII spellings with -ö- and -ü- both occur. N.o.a.b.; modern verbs of this form cannot be connected semantically. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit sprsati ‘he touches’ börte:r (spelt p-) TT VIII A27; sanihrtya ‘having collected’ bürtüp (spelt p-) yığıp do. C.8; (then I considered how perception arises, and after deep reflection I fully understood that it arises) bürtmekte ötkürü ‘because of touching (sparsa)' U II 7, 18; o.o. U III 17, 15 (karva:-); TT V 24, 66; VI 178; A^r 445 (yumša:k); Suv. 349, 2; 367, 13 etc.

bertü: (tunic) Hap. leg., but cf. bertülen-, Xak. xı bertü: al-qurtaq ‘a tunic’ Kaš. I 416.

VU borta: (sheet (metal)) Hap. leg., but cf. bortala:-; prob. a l.-w. Xak. xı borta: ruqaqatu'l-dahab ‘thin sheets of gold’ Kaš. I 416.

D birtem (undivided, single, entire, completely, wholeheartedly) Den. Adj./Adv. fr. bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother); lit. ‘like one’, it seems to mean something like ‘completely, wholeheartedly’. N.o.a.b. Uyg. vııı ff. Man.-A M 11İ 32, 2 (v) (damaged passage): Bud. birök... birtem ketgeli umasar ‘if he is quite unable to depart’ U III 76, 20; birtem ozup kutrulup ‘being completely saved (Hend.)’ TT IV 12, 50; o.o. do. 59 (üzmele:-); V 24, 78 (egrik); Suv. 49, 1; 618, 4 etc.: Xak. xı one says ol yumuška: birtem bardı: ‘he went on the errand (IV l--risela) devotedly and for a long time \359\ (munqafi'a (tt) tawlla (n)), as if he did not wish to return’ Kaš. 7484: KB (ii,\ man takes pleasure in drinking wine) s^ziksiz bu er boldi birtem yava ‘undoubtedly this man becomes completely irresponsible’ 339.
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D berdin (? berdin). (situated, south) Adv. fr. *ber (here), see berü: (here) lit. ‘ (situated) on this side’, but normally used for ‘south’ as one of the cardinal points. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı T 11 (ögdün): Uyğ. vııı (west of the Seleqe river and) Yılu:n Kol berdin sigar ‘south of Yilu:n Kol Šu. E 3: vııı ff. Man. M III 8, 8 (ii) (yirtm): Hud. berdin TT VI 291 (ögdün).

PUF borduz (park) Hap. leg.; l.-w. through some unidentified Iranian language, prob. Middle Pe., fr. Greek paradeisos ‘a park’. Xak. xı borduz al-fdlfz ‘kitchen garden; melon patch’; this is not a native Turkish word (ğayr ašllya) Kaš. I 457 (Ar. feliz fr. Pe. peliz, also fr. Greek paradeisos).

D burut- (steam, fart) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of bur- (bore) (fr . 2 bu: (steam)) Xak. xı o:t ešični: burutti: ‘the fire made the pot (etc.) steam’ (baxxarat); and one says oğla:n burutti: radama'1-šabi munthia (n) ‘the boy let a malodorous fart’; buntti: (sic?; only re' vocalized) alternative form Kaš. II 302 (burutu:r, burutma:k; re’ not vocalized).

VUD bürtül- (touched) Pass. f. of bürt- (touch); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı fF. Bud. (then the Buddha washed the sick man and) teŋri burxan yumšak kol[ın] tügi bürtülmiške ‘when his (body) hairs were touched by the soft hands of the Buddha’ U III 38, 33-4.

D bertin- (? p-) (injured) Refl. f., generally used as Pass., fr. bert- (injure, hurt); ‘to be injured’, etc. Survives in NE Alt., Bar., Leb., Tel. pertin- ‘to be dislocated; to have a miscarriage’ 7? IV 1237; Tuv. bertin- ‘to be injured’ and SW Osm. pertin- ‘to be bruised, sprained’. Uyğ. vııı (T. Civ. (a remedy for a man who owing to a fall from a horse or a roof, or a flogging) iči bertinmiške kan tomurmıška ‘suffers from internal injuries or loss of blood’ II1181: Xak. xı elig bertindi: ‘the hand was bruised’ (wata'at, sic) by a blow (šadma) and the like, and weakness and limpness (wahtt wa futûŋ appeared in it Kaš. II 237 (bertinü:r, bertinme:k): Kip. xıv (bertük al-udim’l--mafkftk ‘a dislocated limb’, hence one says) bertindi: wati'a Id. 30: Osm. xıv to xvı bertin- ( ?pertin-) ‘to be dislocated or sprained’ TTS II132; IV 97.

D bartur- (send, expell) Caus. f. of bar- (go, leave, outward, behave) ; ‘to cause (someone Acc.) to go, or go away’. Survives in several NE languages as pardır-; SW Osm. vardır-, Xak. xı ol meni: evke: barturdi: ‘he made me go (adhabanŋ home (etc.)’ Kaš. II 171 (barturur, barturma:k).

D bertur- (extract, squeeze, ream) Caus. f. of be:r- (bear, give) (bear); ‘to cause (someone Dat.) to give (something Acc.); to cause (something Acc.) to be given’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. börtürü yarlikadimiz ‘we \\\ have deigned to order that (this binding written command) shall be given’ USp. 88, 47-8: Xwar. xııı (?) bördürsün ‘may he order that (the whole world) shall be given (to your descendants)’ Oğ. 327.

D bertiš- (? p-) (injure, hurt) Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of bert- (injure, hurt), Xak. xı ola:r bi:r ikindi:nig köglin bertišdi:le:r ‘they exasperated one another (taxešane) and wounded (caraha) one another’s hearts’ Kaš. II 203 (bertišü:r, bertišme:k).

VUD bürtüš- (touch, contact) Recip. f. of bürt- (touch); ‘to come into contact with (something, birle)’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT V 24, 71 (adruk).

VUD bürtüglüg (touching) P.N./A. fr. *bürtüg (touch) N.Ac. fr. bürt- (touch), N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king touched us) lmxwa teg yumšak bürtüglüğ oğlağu eliğin ‘with his delicate hand which is as soft as a lotus to the touch’ U III 17, 14.

D berdinki: (? berdinki:) (situated, south) N./A.S. fr. berdin (situated, south). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. berdinki yirdinki (sic) yer suv ‘the countries to the south and north’ M III 8, 8 (iŋ.

VUD borta:la:- (plate (sheet metal)) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. borta: (sheet (metal)); mis-spelt with initial t- (torta:la:-) on all three occasions. Xak. xı ol börk borta:la:di: ‘he fastened plates of gold (alsaqa ruqeqeti’l--dahab) on the cap’ (etc.) Kaš. III 351 (borta:la:r, borta:la:ma:k; corrected fr. me:k).

D bertülen- (in tunic, “tuniced”) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bertü: (tunic). Xak. xı er bertülendi: ‘the man wore a tunic’ (al-qurtuq) Kaš. III 200 (bertülenü:r, bertülenme:k).

VUD bortalan- (plated, gilded) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of borta:la:- (plate (sheet metal)). In one place the initial is t-, in another b-, in the third it is undotted. Xak. xı börk bortalandi: ‘the cap was gilded (dahhabat) with plates of gold’ Kaš. III 200 (bortalanu:r, bortalanma:k).'

?D 1 bark (movable property, household goods, belongings) perhaps Den. N. fr. ba:r (be, is, exist); ‘movable property, household goods’; hardly ever used by itself, nearly always in the phr. ev bark ‘dwelling and household goods’. This phr. survives in SW Osm. and Jarring records it in SE Türki as öybarka/öyvaka ‘household’, and also the phr. balabarka/balavaka ‘family’, but otherwise bark seems to be extinct. Türkü vııı in the accounts of the erection of Kül Tegin’s and Bilge: Xagan’s tombs bark ‘grave goods’ is mentioned several times in association with bediz ‘ (painted) ornamentation’ (of the walls, etc.), e.g. agar admčı:ğ bark yaratu:rtım ‘I had various kinds of grave goods made for it’ 7 S 12; o.o. 7 N I3 (e:t-)_; 7 NE; II N 14; II NE — sıga:r süsi: evig barkığ yulığlı: bardı: \360\ ‘one wing of his army went to pillage (our) tents and household goods’ IIE 32; o.o. do. 34 and 37: v'Hl ff. Man. (if we have found the light of the five gods) evke barkka ‘to our dwelling and household goods’ Chuas. 235; o.o. do. 249; TT II 8, 41-2: Uyğ. vııı evin barkın Šu. E 2, 12 (?): vııı ff. Man.-A kalti yağı yemišlik cv bark yaratırča ‘as one makes a new orchard or house and household goods’ M I 14, 8-10: Man. (meditating on the transitoriness of the body) evtin barktın üntiler ‘they left house and home (belongings)’ TT III 137-8; o.o. Wind. 32, 34; TT IX 62: Bud. evde barkta ada kılgučı (devils) ‘who cause danger in the house and home (belongings)’ TT V 10, 84; o.o. VI 61, 63 etc.: Civ. (various kinds of property) evümdeki barkımdaki USp. 98, 14: Xak. xı one says ev bark bayt wa der ‘house and home’; bark cannot be used separately (yufrad), but only in (this) combination (muzdazvica (n)) Kaš. I 348; (the enemy wished to sell) evin barkın dûrahu wa 'aqarahit ‘his houses and property’ III 333, 9: KB ev bark 4536, 4545, 4727: xııı (?) Tef. ev bark ‘home’ 91: Čağ. xv ff. bark is used coupled (ba-tanq-i tnuzezvaca) with öy in the phr. öy bark xanuman zva xdna wa atat al-luiyt ‘house and furniture' San. i2ir, 21.

?D 2 bark (construction, constructed object); ev bark “habitat” (BARQ I здание, сооружение, ev bark “жилище”, OTD p. 84)
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barak (dog) ‘a long-haired dog’. Survives in NC Kır., Kzx.; some NW languages and SW Osm. in its original meaning and sometimes more generally for ‘shaggy, long-haired’ of other animals, rugs, etc. See Doerfer II 728. Xak. xı barak ‘a long-haired (ahlab) dog’; the Turks believe that when a vulture (al-nasr) gets old it lays two eggs and incubates them; and out of one of them there hatches this dog which is called barak, and is the swiftest and the best hunter of all dogs, and out of the other a chick, and this is its last brood ’ Kaš. I 377: Kip. xv kalh ‘dog’ translated inter alia barak glossed in the margin ‘sheep dog’ Tuh. 30b. 10. (No etymology offered, barak ~ bark, barking)

D bariğ (swing, deviate) N.Ac. fr. bar- (go, leave, outward, behave); except in the phr. erig bariğ (see 2 erig (swinging)) n.o.a.b., but see burığ. Xak. xı one says ol bariğ bardı: dahaba daheba (n) zva lam yu attic 'ale šay' ‘he went straight ahead and did not turn aside (swing) for anything’ Kaš. I 371.

D burığ (smelly) Hap. leg.; N./A.S. fr. bu:r- (evaporate, smell, fire, bake, boil); mis-vocalized bariğ (swing, deviate) in the MS. Xak. xı burığ al-šay'u'l-muntin ‘something malodorous’; it is used in the Hend. (fi’l-izdizvec) sasığ burığ Kaš. I 372.

?D burkı: (wrinkled) ‘wrinkled’; n.o.a.b. The morphological relationship between this and other connected words is obscure; burkığ and burkıt- look like Dev. N. and Caus. f. of *burk- and burkur- (wrinkled, shrunken) like a Den. V. fr. this word. The two groups can be joined only by assuming that this word is a Dev. N. fr. *burk- ‘to be wrinkled'. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. koxša:k bu:rkı (spelt pu:rke) bolor ‘he be \\\ comes weak and wrinkled’ TT VIII 1.4: Xak. xı anything which has wrinkles (ğudûn) in it is called burkı: (wrinkle) ne:g, for example a frowning face (al-zvachu'l-'abus) with a wrinkled forehead Kaš. 7427; a.o. 7 18, 15.

S borğu: See bo:rğu:y (trumpet).
bieme (e, i, y) f. trumpet, CP, WW : tablet, billet, ['beme'], byme, < blow < bu
blaedhorn m. trumpet, M.
blaeshorn m. blowing-horn, trumpet, II. 194(8).

D bırkığ (snort) Hap. leg.; (of a horse, etc.) ‘a snort’. Presumably Dev. N. fr. *birk- or *bırki:-; the only cognate word is bırkır-, q.v., and there are the same morphological problems as in the case of burki: (wrinkle) q.v. NE Tuv. bılğı ‘snort’ is presumably a corruption of this word. Xak. xı bırkığ ‘the snort (naxir) of a horse or donkey’; one says at bırkığı: Kaš. I 461.

D burkığ (wrinkle) Hap. leg.; completely unvocalized and the b- undotted (but, being between bırkığ and bašla:ğ, must be b-). See burki: (wrinkle), presumably Dev. N. fr. *burk-. Xak. xı burkığ inzizce'ul-cild zva ğayrihi ‘a wrinkle in the skin, etc.’ Kaš. 7461.

D barkın (? barkı:n) (tenacious, persistent) Dev. N./A. fr. bar- (go, leave, outward, behave) ; the word is in a section of which the heading ‘fulenjfi'Uin variously vocalized’, requires a long vowel in the Suff., which seems to be unique but is presumably a Sec. f. of *ğı:n. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı barkın kiši: ‘a traveller (al-raculu'1-mıısefiŋ whom nothing turns aside from his objective (tenacious, persistent)’ Kaš. I 440: KB (I treat all people alike, whether they are my son, or a neighbour, or stranger) kerek barkın erse kečigli konuk ‘or a guest passing through and determined to push on (tenacious, persistent)’ 817; kiši barkını ‘a man who has travelled widely’ 4326; a.o. 4727.

CF burxan (burğan) (Buddha, prophet, idol, God, messenger) compound of Chinese fu (Giles 3,589) and presumably xan. The Chinese character was the one chosen to transcribe Buddha, and was pronounced approximately bur in NW China in vıı-vııı. This word, corresponding properly to some phr. like Buddhareje, was the one chosen to represent Buddha in the earliest Turkish translations of Buddhist scriptures, which must have ante-ceded the appearance of Manichaeism among the Turks, and was taken over by the Manichaean missionaries to translate words like ‘prophet’ applied e.g. to Mani himself. In the Moslem period, like 2 but, q.v. it came to mean ‘idol’ and still survives in one or two NE languages purkan R IV 1386; Tuv. burğan ‘God’ and in NC Kır. epics burkan ‘idol’. See Doerfer II 732. Türkü vııı ff. Man. burxan, usually in the Plur., is common in Chuas., e.g. teŋri yalavačı burxanlar ‘God’s messengers, the burxans' 64-5, 69; ‘the burxans and the pure Elect’ 133; the god Zurvan, the sun and moon gods, the mighty god and the burxans 173-5; teŋri Mam burxan M III 15, 7 (ı): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A teŋri Mam burxan M I 12, 13: Man. kagım Mam burxan TT III 2 (and note); M III 36, 1 (i) (teŋriken): Bud. burxan Buddha is very \361\ common: Civ. buyanlığ kiši burxanlar birle tiiz erür ‘a virtuous man is equal to the Buddhas’ TT VII 42, 2: Xak. xı burxa:n al-šanam ‘idol’; and ‘a painted idol’ (al-dnmya) is called bediz burxan Kaš. I 436; furxan (j/c) evin yıktımız burxan üze sıčtımız ‘we destroyed the idol house and defecated on the idols’ I 343, 26; a.o. III 84 (yükün-): KB sığıl burxanin ‘break his idol’ 548e: xııı (?) Tef. burxan/but burxan ‘idol’ 112: Kip. xv zawba'a 'devil' (yek and) burğan Tuh. 17b. 11.
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VU bo:rğu:y (trumpet) ‘trumpet’; the phonetics are chaotic and it may well be a l.-w. Kaš. alone has final -y; Muh. may point to -o- and Kom. points to -u- in the first syllable, but it survives in some NE and NW languages as bırğı/pırğı and in SW Az., Osm. as boru. See Doerfer II 735- Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. borğu ‘trumpet’ in Maitrisimit, see 'Ali 51: Xak. xı bo:rğu:y (in a section for words ending in a long vowel followed by -y) ‘the trumpet’ (al-šabbüŋ which is blown Kaš. III 241: xııı (?) Tef. borğu/ borku ‘trumpet’ in: xıv Muh. in Mel. 5, 9 ff., Rif. 75-6 there is a para, about three pronunciations of vocalic ware, the first pronunciation is -u:- as in u:z, u:r ‘strike’ and bu:z; the second is apparently short -u-, illustrated by al-ğarh (corruption of al-darb ‘a blow’) u:rğu:, al-biiq ‘trumpet’ borğu: and ahdah (? corruption of al-axd) alğu: and seems to refer to the final -u:; the third is apparently -o- or -o:-, and is illustrated again by al-ğarh (sic) o:rgu:; al-biiq bo:rğu:; alladı: o:š and ‘arrow’ o:k. The text is obviously corrupt in places, but does seem to suggest a pronunciation bo:rğu:; a.o. 51, 3; 14e: Cağ. xv ff. VU borğu ‘a hollow twig (jfl.v) which they blow like a fife’ (nafiŋ San. 132V. 25: Xwar. xııı (VU) borğu ‘trumpet’ 'Ali 51: xıv ditto Qutb 38; Nahc. 177, 3: Kom. xıv burğu ‘trumpet’ CCI] Gr.: Kip. xıv (VU) borğu: al-biiq Id. 29; al-büq borğa: (sic)] al-büqu'l--nafir tuč bırğu: (sic; lit. ‘brass trumpet’) Bul. 6, 7: xv bûq borğa (in margin in SW (?) hand borŋ Tuh. 8a. 1; (Osm. xvııı burğu in Rumi followed by several translations in San. 132V. 25 has nothing to do with this word but is a Dev. N. fr. bur- (bore) for bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert) which is still current with the same range of meanings).

Dis. V. BRĞ-

D burkit- (wrinkle) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of *burk- (?); see burki: (wrinkle). Xak. xı ol yü:zin burkitti: kalaha (sic) wachahu ‘he made his face stern’ Kaš. II 339 (burkitu:r, burkitma:k).

?D birkir- (snort) (of a horse, etc.) ‘to snort’; morphologically obscure, see bırkığ. This and other cognate Verbs occur in several modern languages, NE Koib., Sag. pırğır-; Khak. ditto.; SE Türki purxura-/puxra- Shaw; purku-BŠ; burkura- Jarring; NC Kır. burkulda-, Kzx. birkilda-; SC Uzb. piškir- (sic); NW Kaz. bırğılda-; Kk. pırkıra-/pıskır-; Kumyk pıšğır-; Nog. pırxılda-/pıskır-, Xak. xı at birfejrdi: wxara’l-faras ‘the horse \\\ (etc.) snorted’ Kaš. II 171 (bırkıra:r, birkirma:k).

D burkur- (wrinkled, shrunken) Intrans. Den. V. fr. burkı: (wrinkle); ‘to be wrinkled’. Pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı išle:r yü:zi: burkurdi: ‘the woman’s face was wrinkled and drawn together’ (inzaıce... tca’nqabaša); also used of skin when it is wrinkled Kaš. II 171 (burkura:r, burkurma:k); essiz yüzi: burkara:r (sic) ‘alas for his shrunken (sehim) face’ II 188, 12.

D baraklığ (dog) P.N./A. fr. barak (dog); pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı baraklığ kiši: ‘a man who owns a long-haired (ahlab) dog’ Kaš. I 497; a.o. 501, 13.

?E bırğaru: (? bergerü:) (to here, сюда, southwards) Hap. leg.; Directive f. of *ber (here); this is the only der. f. fr. this word with back vowels and is prob. mis-spelt. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (in a passage about the effect of winds blowing from various quarters) bırğarudun sigar yel tursar ‘if a wind rises blowing from the south’ M III 10, 14-15 (ŋ.

D barığsa:k (leave) N./A.S. fr. barığsa:- (leave); ‘wishing to go away’. Pec. to Kaš. and mentioned only in grammatical examples. Xak. xı Kaš. I 24, 19; II 55, 11; 57, 2-3.

D barığsa:- (leave) Desid. Den. V. fr. bariğ (swing, deviate). N.o.a.b. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. (then he said ‘I am going away (leaveing)’; and the oxherd said) negülük barığsadıgız ‘why did you want to go away (leave)?’ PP 68, 8 (mistranslated by Pelliot): Xak. ıx ol evke: barığsa:dı: ‘he wished to go (leave) (tamanna'1-daheb) to his house’ (etc.) Kaš. III 333 (barığsa:r, barığsa:ma:k); a.o. / 281, 7: xıv Muh.Cŋ areda'1-mudîy ‘to wish to go (leave)’ ba:rığsa:- Rif. 134 (only).

berk (firm, stable, solid, strong) ‘firm, stable, solid’; the original form of the word which also appears as bek (q.v.) fr. an early date. An early l.-w. in Mong. as berke (Haenisch 15) where it means rather ‘difficult, severe (strong)’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except perhaps NE where Tuv. berge is a reborrowing fr. Mong.; in some languages berik/berik. In some languages berk and bek have developed rather different meanings, berk being only (of a door) ‘shut, fastened’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. berk TT IX 109 (damaged): Bud. Sanskrit dfka ‘firm, stable’ berk (spelt />-) ya:rp TT VIII B.3; sthira ditto, ditto but yarp do. 15; berklerde arığlarda (gap) ‘among firm, pure men’ TT IV 6, 48-9 (in a parallel passage U II 84, 2 the first word is mistranscribed (?) beglerde): Civ. (let him hold this amulet) ayasında berk ‘firmly in the palm of his hand’ TT VII27, 8: Xak. xı berk neg ‘something solid, firm’ (muhkam) the original (form) was bek and ihe -r- was added (zeyida) Kaš. I 349; a.o. III 445 (berkle:-): KB azığlığ eren berk tügünler yazar ‘a \362\ man with long teeth can loosen tight knots’ 283 ; bu erk birle beglik uli bolsu berk ‘.with this authority may the foundation of the province become solid’ 942; o.o. 361, 701, etc.: xıı (?) KB VP berk bu mulknı tııtuğlı kiši ‘a man who holds this kingdom firmly’ 40: xııı (?) Tef. berk ‘strong’ (cord) 99: xıv Muh. al-muhkant berk Mel. 83, 14; Rif. 189: Čağ. xv ff. berk (‘with -k’) berk ve muhkam Vel. 138 (quotn.); berk muhkam ten ustuwar ‘firm, solid’ San. 145V. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) yaxšı berk (or berik?) baluk ‘a good strongly defended town’ Oğ. 176 — with Mong. form and meaning berke emgek ‘severe pain’ do. 24: xıv berk ‘firm, firmly’ Qutb 30; berk kıl- ‘to fasten’ (a door) Nahc. 19, 12: Kom. ‘firm, rigorous’ berk CCI, CCG; Gr. 56 (quotns.): Kip. xıv berk at-qawwi ‘strong’ Id. 30: xv šadîd ‘steady, firm’ berk Tuh. 20b. 4; qawwi (kafi and) berk, the latter also al-šidda do. 29b. 9: Osm. xıv ff. berk ‘firm, solid’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 91; II 131; III 83; IV 95.
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börk (cap) ‘a cap’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes, e.g. NC Kır. börük. See Doerfer II 737. Xak. xı börk al-qalamuwa ‘a cap’ Kaš. I 349 (prov.); III 200 (bortalan-); 351 (borta:la:-) a.o.o.: KB neče baš bedüse bedük börk kedür ‘the bigger a man’s head gets, the bigger the cap that he wears’ 435: xııı (?) At. burun baška börkni keder baš kerek ‘you must first have a head before you put a cap on it’ 300: xıv Muh. al-qalamuwa bö:rk Mel. 66, 12; Rif. 16e: Čağ. xv ff. börk kuleh ‘cap’ San. 132V. 27: Xwar. xıv börk ditto Qutb 36; börük Nahc. 349, 12: Kom. ‘cap’ börk CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv taqiya ‘skullcap’ börk Tuh. 23b. 8: Osm. xıv börk ‘cap’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 118; II 168; III 112; IV 126.

C birök (birük, pirök) (if, once, lone, well, but, however) Adv. or Conjunction; bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother) with ök (2 ok (emphasis particle: no other, exactly, very)) attached. A word of very indefinite meaning used at or near the beginning of sentences; v. G. (ATG, para. 417) translates it ‘nun, aber’ (‘well, but, however’); but it is doubtful whether it had even as precise a meaning as this. Except for one occurrence in Türkü, it seems to occur only in Conditional sentences, sometimes in the phr. apam birök (see apag (if)). It is therefore often translated ‘if’, but this sense is inherent in the Verb even if birök is absent. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. birök follows a finite Verb and seems to qualify a Ger. in -üp followed by another finite Verb M I 6, 1; it begins a Cond. sentence TT II 6, 20; 10, 93: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. apam birök followed by Cond. sentence TT III 64: Bud. birök introducing a Cond. sentence is common TT IV 6, 25; V 26, 92-3; 28, 121; VII 40, 22 etc.; VIII B. 1, etc.: Civ. every major para, in TT I begins birök... atlığ irk kelser 'if the hexagram named... appears’; a.o.o.: xıv Chin. — Uyğ. Dict. ju huo ‘if’ (Giles 5,668 5,316) birök me U I 56 (s.v. birök).\\\

D bürük (pucker, gather, circular drawstring) Pass. Conc. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert). Survives in SE Türki bürük 'pucker, gather’ Shaw 48 (only). It is an open question whether börek, ‘a stuffed pancake’, is also a later form of this word. It has no other obvious etymology, but is consistently spelt with -ö- in SC xix Xiva Vatn. 246; several NW languages: SW Osm., Tkm. Xak. xı bürük ‘any circular drawstring’ (xayf mudawwar) like that in the mouth of a leather food bag or the top of the trousers and the like Kaš. I 385: (Kip. xıv börek ‘pieces of dough stuffed with meat’; and when it is eaten on a skewer it is called siš börek Id. 30; similar entry, adding ‘if stuffed with sugar called čeker börek’ Bul. 8, 12).

berge: (whip, rod) ‘a whip’; an old word ending in -ge:. It is suggested in TT IV, p. 18, note B47 that it is a l.-w. fr. Latin virga ‘a rod, stick’ obtained through Middle Pe. but there does not seem to be any trace of the word in Pe., and the theory is improbable. N.o.a.b., completely displaced by the syn. word kamčı:, q.v. Cf. kağıl. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. temir berge ‘an iron whip’ TT V 10, 93; o.o. TT IV 10, 7 (and see note thereon) etc. (bedük), Suv. 5, 23 (biregü): Civ. kamčı berge yep ‘being flogged’ USp. 55, 34; a.o. TT VII 42, 5 (beltiŋ: Xak. xı berge: ‘a rod or whip (al-qadtb wa’l-sawt) used to flog thieves or drive donkeys’ Kaš. I427; a.o. III 323, 7 (čatırla:-): KB ayama oğul kizka berge yedür ‘have no mercy, whip your son and daughter’ 1494; o.o. 893 (2 kı:ıŋ, 2296, 2580 (sön-), 2988: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 24-5 (emge^).

D be:rgü: (should, ought, given, gift, tax, debt) Dev. N. fr. be:r- (bear, give) (bear); ‘something which ought to be, or is, given’. Survives in SW Osm. vergü/vergi ‘gift, tax’; Tkm. bergi ‘debt’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (I bought a skin of wine) sekiz sitır kümüš börgüke ’at a price of 8 sitir in cash’ Fam. Arch., 1. 114: Xak. xı be:rgü: al-dayn ‘a debt’; one says anıg maga: bi:r at be:rgü:si: ba:r ‘he owes me one horse’ Kaš. I 427: Xwar. xıı (?) (he made friends) yaxšı bergü birle ‘with goodly gifts’ Oğ. 122; a.o. 195.

bürge: (flea) an old word ending in -ge:; ‘flea’. An early (xiv) l.-w. in Mong. (see Haenisch, Sino-tnongolische Glossare I (ADAW, 1957), p. 13, No. 179); survives as bürge and the like in SE Türki; NC Kır., Kzx.; SC Uzb.; NW Kk. and in SW Osm. pire, Tkm. büre. There is an irregular form NW Kaz. borča; Krım. Kumyk bürče; Nog. btirše, and see below, perhaps an abbreviated Dim. f. Xak. xı bürge: al-bargüt ‘flea’; and a light-hearted fickle (al-tayyeš) man is called bürge: kiši: Kaš. I 427: xıv Muh. al-barğût bürge: (-g- marked) Mel. 74, 6; Rif. 177: Čağ. xv ff. bürge (‘with -g-’) kayk ‘flea’, in Ar. barğût San. 132V. 28: Kip. xııı al-barğût bürče:; Tkm. büre: Hou. 12, 2: xıv bürče: ditto Id. 30; ditto büre/bürče: Bul. 11, e: Osm. xıv to xvıı büre ‘flea’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 133; II 187; III 133; IV 140.

PUD bürgü:č (overturner (device)) Hap. leg.; spelt yergü:č in the MS. but its position between bodrač (P.N.) \363\ and bösgeč indicates initial b- and the meaning shows it to be a N.I. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert). There are many words in SW xx Anat. with this meaning and termination der. fr. syn. verbs, see e.g. evirgeč SDD 559. Xak. xı bürgü:č ‘a piece of wood (xašaba) shaped like a sword used to turn bread in the oven’ Kaš. I 452.
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D börkči: (hatter) N.Ag. fr. börk (cap); ‘a maker or seller of caps’. Xak. xı börkči: al-qalenisî ‘a capmaker’ occurs in a prov. quoted in Kaš. I 26, 20; II41, 15; 52, 18; n.m.e.: xıv Muh. kuledûzi ditto börkči:' Mel. 58, 9; bö:rkči: Rif. 157: Kom. xıv ditto bör(k)či CCI; Gr.

D bürkek (pour, spray) Hap. leg.; spelt w. y- in the MS. but between tolkuk and bezge:k. Etymologically connected w. bürkür- (spurt, gush, pour down), q.v. Xak. xı one says kö:k bürkek boldi: dacanati'l--sama' ‘the sky poured down rain’ Kaš. II 289: xııı (?) Tef. bürkük (sic) 'spray’ 113.

D berklig (firm, stable, solid, strong, closed, shut) P.N./A. fr. berk (firm, stable, solid, strong) and practically syn. w. it. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. berklig yek ičgekler el tutğalır ‘devils (Hend.) with firm grips grasp the realm’ TT 1 16e: (Xak.) xııı (?) At. birimdin baxxl elgi ked berklig ol ‘the miser’s hand is very unyielding (firm, closed) in the matter of giving’ 254; Tef. berklig (of a cell) ‘closed, shut’ 99: Xwar. xıv cemmğa berklig ‘with a firm grip on my soul’ Qutb 31.

D birik- (unite) Intrans. Den. V. fr. bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother); ‘to come together, be united’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. Türkü vııı see biriki:: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. terig yinčge savlarda bilge biligleri birikmiš ol, teŋridem kögülke birikmekde kök teŋri yağın kılmıš ol ‘their wisdom has been concentrated in deep subtle sayings; by uniting themselves with the divine mind they have acted like heaven itself’ Hüen-ts. 126-30: Civ. iki ktfgül birikdi ‘the two minds have come together’ TT 1 136; o.o. VII 30, 4-5: Xak. xı KB aya bir birikmez saga bir adın ‘oh! Thou One (God), no other is joined to Thee’ 8; bu İki birikse bolur er tükel ‘if . these two qualities are joined together a man becomes complete (or perfect)’ 225; o.o. 343, 862, 1664: xııı (?) At. iki neg birikse bir erke kali ‘if the two things are joined in one man’ 149: Čağ. xv ff. birik- (spelt) mııttahid šudan ‘to be united’ San. i45r. 26 (birikil- is syn. w. birik- do. 145V. 9): Xwar. xıv birik- ditto Qutb 33: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv ittahada wa'lla’ama ‘to be united (Iiend.)’ birik- Tuh. 5b. 7.

D berkit- (fasten, make firm, consolidate) Caus. f. of berki:- (not listed) Den. V. fr. berk (firm, stable, solid, strong) (which is not noted earlier than Čağ. xv ff. Vel. 138; San. 144V. 29; Xwar. xıv Qutb 30 and Kip. xıv Id. 30, 34); ‘to fasten, make firm, consolidate’, and the like. Syn. w. beküt- (fasten, make fast, consolidate, secure, establish); survives in SE, SC, where it is the preferred form, NW and SW. Xak. xı ol berkitti: ne:gni: ‘he fixed (ahkama) the thing (or affaiŋ’ Kaš. II 340 (berkitü:r, berkitme:k): KB bu söz berkitü ‘confirming this statement’ 661; a.o. 794: xııı (?) Tef. berküt- \\\ ‘to fasten’ (a door) 99: Čağ. xv ff. berkit- (‘with -k-’) berkit- Vel. 138; berkit- (and bеrkištür-) Caus. f.; muhkam kardan ‘to make firm’ San. i45r. 23 (quotn.): Xwar. berkit- xııı ‘to strengthen’ 'Ali54: Kom. xıv ‘to make fast, strengthen’ berkit- CCI; Gr. : Kip. xııı qawrva min taqwîyati’l-šay'i mašnu ‘to fasten (a manufactured article)’ berkit- Hou. 43, 8: xıv (under bek and following the entry of berki:-(not listed)) and in the Caus. f. berkit-/bekit- Id. 34.

D bergek- (whipped) Hap. leg.?; Pass. Den. V. fr. berge: (whip). Xak. vııı ff. Uyğ. berge kağal üze bergekip ‘being flogged with whips and willow rods’ Suv. 117, 12-13.

D berkle:- (firm, stable, solid, strong, secure, imprisoning, protecting, беречь) Den. V. fr. berk (firm, stable, solid, strong); morphologically alternative to, and more or less syn. w. bekle:- (pack, guard, expect, wait, fasten, make fast, secure). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol tawa:rin berkle:di: ahraza melahu wa hafazahu ‘he guarded his property closely and protected it’; also used for imprisoning (habasa) a man, etc. or protecting (hafaza) a thing; originally bekle:di: or possibly taken fr. the phr. berk ye:r ‘a secure (al-hariz) place’ Kaš. III 445 (berkle:r, berkle:me:k); berkle: ne:gni: istawtiqi’l-šay’ ‘keep the thing secure’ 446, 8: KB negü teg kišen ol seni berkleyü ‘what kind of a hobble is it that fastens you?’ 701 (but in 700 bekle:-): xııı (?) Tef. berkle- ‘to fasten (secure)’ (a door) 99: Kom. xıv berklep ‘firmly’ CCG; Gr.

D berklet- (firm, stable, solid, strong, secure, imprisoning, protecting) Caus. f. of berkle:- (firm, stable, solid, strong, secure, imprisoning, protecting); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı (as a grammatical example of a Caus. f. of this shape) ol ne:g berkletti: ‘he gave orders for the protection (bi-hifz) of the thing’ Ka§. III 424, 4; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. berklet-‘to order (someone) to imprison (someone Acc.)' 99.

bürkür- (? p-) (spurt, gush, pour down) ‘to spurt, gush’. Etymologically connected with bürkek. Morphologically difficult; it is possible that this is an Intrans. Den. V. and bürkek a Den. N. fr. *burk (? p-) which might be an onomatopoeic for the sound of spurting. The modern forms mostly lack the final -r-. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. pürkü- pürkür- ‘to splutter’ R1V 1399; Khak. pürgür-; SE Türki pürkü- B$; pürk- Jarring; NC Kır., Kzx. bürk-; SC Uzb. purka-; NW Kaz. börk-; Kk., Kumyk bürk-; Nog. bürkü-. Xak. xı kö:k bürkürdi: dacanatıl-same' ‘the heavens poured down rain’; and one says yuğučı: to:nka: su:v bürkürdi: rašša'i-qaššerul-me' 'alö'l--tawb li-yabullahu ‘the fuller sprayed water on the garment to moisten it’ (irregular; the Verb is Intrans., perhaps an error of the author’s for *bürkürtti:); and one says ka:n bürkürdi: ‘blood gushed (na'ara) from the wound' Kaš. II 170 (bürküre:r, bürkürme:k): KB (some flowers stretch out their hands holding incense) kayu bürkirer (MS. in error büvkireŋ kin ajun yıd kopar ‘some spray musk on the world and the fragrance rises’ 98; (the night was dark) 'abîr bürkirer teg ‘as if perfume was being sprayed’ 4892: Kom. xıv bürkür- ‘to splutter’ CCG; Gr.
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D berüki: (? berü:ki:) (towards this side) N./A.S. fr. berü: (here); '(situated) towards this side’. N.o.a.b. Cf. (VU) beryeki:. Türkü vııı T 45-6, which is much damaged, contains a list of peoples who submitted to İnel Kağan; 45 perhaps ends Saka: Tejlk Toxar sayu: (?) and 46 certainly begins anta: berüki: (PU) Suk bašlığ Soğdak ‘all (?) the Saka, Persians and Tokha-rians and on this side of them the Sogdians headed by (PU) Suk’ (the previous reading yerüki: is certainly wrong and meaningless): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (faith) yiliktln sügüktln berüki ‘from the (inmost) marrow and bones outwards’ (i.e. all-pervading) Suv. 153, 2-3; a.o. TT IV 14, 62 (ilkisiz).

D biregü: (sole, lone, single) Collective f. of bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother); properly ‘one by itself, single’, occasionally ‘one (of several).’ S.i.s.m.l. in NE and NC only (?). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (several demons approached me) bire-güsi bedük berge tutmıš ‘one of them held a great whip’ (ikintisi... iičunči... törtünčŋ Suv. 5, 22: Xak. xı KB bu kač neŋ birikse biregü üze ‘if these few things come together in a single individual’ 343; kamuğ dıınye bolsa biregüke tüz ‘even if the whole world is equal to (i.e. no more important than) a single individual’ (the world’s share remains, his is no more than two cloths for a shroud) 1238: xııı (?) Tef. biregü ‘a single (man)’ 103: Čağ. xv ff. birew bir kimse ‘one person’ Ve!. 139 (quotns.) (also ew bir kimse-, also used in the phr. bir ew do. 32 (quotns.)): birew (spelt) yaki ‘one (man)’ San. 145V. 15 (quotn.) (also ew šaxs ‘a person’ do. 53r. 27 (one of the same quotns.; the word had heen completely forgotten, and was taken to be a compound with the purely imaginary word ew)): Xwar. xııı birew ‘single’ 'A/i 23: Kip. xıv in Id. 114, 21 ff. there is a list of collective numerals from ikegü: to seksegü, followed by ‘the same suffix appears in biregü: meaning “solitary, by himself” (al-münfarid bi-detihŋ'.

D biriki: (united) ‘united’; n.o.a.b.; Dev. N./A. fr. birik- (unite). Türkü vııı (listen all of you, my younger brothers, my sons) biriki: uğušım bodunım ‘my united clan and people’ I S 1, II N 1; a.o. İ E 27, II E 22 (1 o:t).

D bergerü: (?bergerü:) (to here, сюда, southwards) Directive f. of *ber (here); see berü: (here), (? E) bırğaru: (to here, сюда). Pec. to Türkü and used only for ‘southwards’. Türkü vııı (I campaigned) bergerü: ‘southwards’ (as far as the Tokuz Ersin, and almost as far as Tibet) IS 3; o.o. I S 2, II N 2, (ortu:); I E 28, HE 23; II N 11.

D birgerü: (at, in one place) Directive f. of bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother); ‘at (or into) one place’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 96 (üčün): Bud. ytğıltılar birgerü ‘they assembled at one place’ U I 23, 4; TT VIII C. 12 (olur-); a.o.o.

D berge:len- (whiped) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of berge:le:- (whip), Den. V. fr. berge: (whip) (which is first noted in \\\ xıv Muh. šafa ‘to slap’ Rif. 111 only). Xak. xı tamar hergelendi: (misvocalized bür-) ‘the man’s veins were distended (i?nta!a'at) with blood’ (i.e. so that they looked like a whip thong); and one says er bergelendi: ‘the man owned a whip (sarut) to drive cattle’ Kaš. III 201 (bergelenü:r, bergelenme:k).

D bürgelen- (flea-like) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bürge: (flea). Xak. xı er bürgelendi: ‘the man jumped with rage (tuataha min gadabiliŋ as if he were a flea’ Kaš. III 202 (bürgelenü:r, bürgelenme:k).

D berigse:- (bear, give) Hap. leg., Desid. Den. V. fr. *berig, N.Ac. fr. be:r- (bear, give) (bear); ‘to wish to give’. Xak. xı ol maga: tawa:r berigse:di: ‘he intended and tried to give me property (etc.)’ Kaš. III 334 (berigse:r, berigse:me:k).

PUD bergese:- (whip) Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. berge: (whip); ‘to wish to flog’. This word possibly occurs in a rather obscure and damaged Man. document describing the sufferings of the wicked in hell. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (the demons in hell seize them; the... demons come) min... -k... perken (sic) urupan plrke-seyür (sic) ‘they wish to whip them, beating them with a... whip’ M II 13, 8-9.

?D birle: (with) ‘with’; Gronbech in Der türkische Sprachbau, p. 35, describes this and üčün, iize:, and teg as the four old Turkish Post-posns. also used as Advs.; he analyses it as bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother) with ‘emphatic’ Particle -la:, but there is no other trace of such a Particle. The word is obviously very old, and it seems more reasonable to analyse it as an abbreviated Ger. of a Den. V. fr. bi:r, birle:- which occurs as a V. meaning ‘to unite’ (Trans.) in Xwar. X1II (?) a.o.o. The -r- began to be elided at an early date, producing the f. bile, but in some modern languages this has been further abraded and words quite unlike the original have resulted; a long list of these forms will be found in N. F. Katanov, Opyt issledovaniya uryattkhaiskogo yazyka, Kazan, 1903, p. 151. Broadly speaking in NE the word survives more or less unchanged as in Tuv. bile or grossly deformed as in Khak. nünan; in SE Jarring records birle/bile/vile/birlen/ bilen/vllen; NC Kır. men/menen; Kzx. ben/pen/men; SC Uzb. bilan; in NW all the forms found in NC as well as more conventional ones; SW Az., Osm. lie; Tkm. bile/bllen. As a Postposn. blrle: has much the same meanings (comitative, instrumental) as English ‘with’. At some unknown date, but as early as Xak. it came to be used as an Adv. meaning ‘even’, and in Osm., while as a Postposn. it is ile, as an Adv. it is still bile, see Deny, Grammaire de la langue turque, Paris, 1920, para. 437. Türkü vııı birle: Svith’ occurs in a simple comitative sense, e.g. ečim xagan birle: ‘with my uncle the xagan' I E 17, HE 15, or with the indirect Obj. after verbs like ‘to come to an agreement’ IS 4, \365\ II N 3 (tüzül-) and sügüš- ‘to fight’ IE 35; IN 1: vııı ff. Man. sizni birle ‘with you’ (note the Acc., which suggests that blrle: was still regarded notionally as a V.) TT II 6, 1; o.o. Chuas. I 2 etc.: Yen. İki: oğlı:n birle: ölti: ‘he died with his two sons’ (note Acc.) Mai. 31, 5: Uyğ. vııı Tatar birle: katı: tokı:dım ‘I fought fiercely with the Tatar’ Šu. E e: vııı ff. Man.-A (however many physicians come) otın birle ‘with their drugs (Acc.)' M I is, 6 — 7; a.o.o.: Bud. birle, and in late texts bile/bilen is very common both in a comitative and an instrumental sense e.g. men el-tüzmiy birle ‘I and Ğ1--tüzmiš’ TT IV 4, 15, etc.; and (bend the two index fingers and) uluğ ergek učı bilen tegür ‘touch them with the tip of the thumb’ TT V 8, 57: Civ. birle/birlen/bile/bilen all occur as Postposns. in both senses, e.g. erdemlig kiši ertini bile tiiz erür ‘a virtuous man is comparable with a jewel’ TT VII 42, 1, and ečkü süti birle yunsar ‘if it is washed with goat's milk’ do. 23, 1; in do. 28 yekler bir[le] in 2, kiši bile in 5: Xak. xı birle: a Particle (harf) meaning ‘with’ (ma'); one says ol meniŋ birle: erdi: ‘he was with me’ (note Gen.); and the -r- is elided from it for the sake of lightness (li'l-hiffa) and one says bile: Kaš. I 430; over 100 o.o. of birle: and nearly 40 of bile all (?) as Postposns.: KB birle/bile (as the metre requires) are very common as Postposns. in both senses; bile ‘even’ (Adv.) 2722 (arsik-): xııı (?) At. birle is common, and bile less common as a Postposn. in both senses; Tef. birle/bile as Postposn. in both senses 201, 103: xıv Muh. ‘the Preposns. ma' and bi- are represented in Turkish by bi:le:’ e.g. ‘I went with so- and-so’ te:wü:k bi:le: bardım and ‘I struck so- and-so with a sword’ te:wukni: kılı:č bi:le: u:rdum; ‘I went with so- and-so’ te:wü:k bi:rle: (sic) ba:rdim Mel. 13, 7; Rif. 94: Čağ. xv ff. birlen/birle mean ‘with’ in conjunction with other words (ma' dar rawabif) San. 145V. 29 (quotn. for each word); bile means (1) hamčumn ‘likewise’ at the beginning of a sentence, in Ar. kadelika; (2) when used after another word ma' (quotn.); (3) be yak-digar ‘with one another, together’ (quotn.) do. 149V. 25; another (Postposn.) is ile/ilen/ bilen/birle/birlen meaning Ar. ma' do. ier. 20: Xwar. xııı birle Postposn. in both senses 'Ali 7: xııı (?) ditto Oğ. common: xıv birle/bile ditto Qutb 32, 33; MN 6, etc.; birle Nahc. 2, 8, etc.: Kom. xıv blrle CCI; bile CCI; CCG common as Postposn. in both senses Gr. 59 (quotns.): Kip. xııı ‘the Ar. word ma' is bile: in Turkish’ Hou. 54, 3 (quotns.): xıv bile:/birle: ma' Id. 36; ma' bile: Bul. 14, 4 (quotns.): xv ma' bile Tuh. 3b. 3; ‘they elide -r- and say bile for birle’ do. 83a. 6; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. the normal Postposn. in both senses was always ile, occasionally ilen TTS I 371; II 523; III 361; IV 415; birle was common xıv to xvı and sporadic later I 107; II 152; III 101; IV in; also bile I 97; II 139; III 91; IV 102; bile by itself and even in Hend. with ile occurs as an Adv. meaning \\\ ‘together’, and less often as an Adv. meaning ‘also’ or ‘even’.
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D ba:rlığ (rich, loaded, moneyed, prosperous) P.N./A. fr. ba:r (be, is, exist); ‘possessing (much) property', rich’. Syn. w. ba:y and almost completely displaced by it, but survives in some NE dialects as parlığ/parlu: R IV 1156. See Doerfer II 687. Xak. xı ba:rlığ er al-raculu'l-mutrt (MS. in error mušrî) dul-mel ‘a rich man owning property’ Kaš. III 438: xıv Muh. Mel. 55, 9 (ba:y): Čağ. xv ff. barlığ varlu ahčalu ma'nesma ‘rich, moneyed’ Vel. 127 (quotn.); barlığ melder tea ğanî ditto San. i2ir. 23 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘a rich man’ barlu kiši CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-mutri dü’l--cadda ‘rich, prosperous’ (opposite to ‘destitute’ yoklu:) ba:rlu: Hou. 26, 14: xıv barlu: ğanî ay dü mavıcüd Id. 29: Osm. xıv and xv varli/varlu ‘rich’ in three texts TTS I 757; IV 817 (and see Vel.).

DF borluk (vineyard) A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. 1 bo:r (wine); ‘vineyard’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. borlukimni közedzün ‘let him guard my vineyard’ PP 73, 3; o.o. do. 79, 1; TT IV 10, e: Civ. borluk ‘vineyard’ is common in USp., e.g. 2,4 (utru:): Xiv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘vineyard’ bağ borluk, see 2 ba:ğ.

D barıl- (go, leave, outward, behave) Pass. f. of bar- (go, leave, outward, behave); used in Kaš. to illustrate the point that a Pass. f. of an Intrans. V. can only be used Impersonally. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. varıl-; Tkm. barıl-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit (gap) yeto eyen barılmıš TT VIII A. le: Xak. xı evke: barıldi: duhiba ile'1-bayt ‘a move was made to the house’ Kaš. II 230, 28; similar phr. 139, 3; n.m.e.

D beril- (born, given) (bear) Pass. f. of be:r- (bear, give) (bear) ‘to be given’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı aga:r yarma:k berildi ‘the dirham (etc.) w^ras given (dufi'a) to him’ Kaš. II 131 (berilü:r, berilme:k): KB (if a madman strikes a man and he dies) ölüm yok agar ham bĞrilmez šeši ‘there is no death (sentence) for him and no security is given for him’ 295: xııı (?) At. (there is a saying that) berilse agar adamı (sic) iki kol dinar ‘if a man is given two handfuls of gold coins’ (he asks for three) 311-12: Tef. beril- ‘to be given’ (in some cases the recipient is the Subject and the thing the Object) 99: Čağ. xv ff. beril- deda šudan ‘to be given’ San. 144V. 14 (quotn.): Kom. xıv beril- ditto CCG; Gr. 56 (quotn.): Kip. xv kulğa bir ötmek berildi (‘a loaf was given to the slave’) is quoted to illustrate the use of Dat. for the indirect Object after a Pass. V. Tuh. 48b. 3.

D bürül- (twisted, folded, bore, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert) Pass. f. of bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert); ‘to be twisted, folded’, etc. S.i.s.m.l. with the same phonetic changes as bür-, Cf. türül-, Xak. xı bitig bürüldi: inzazce'l-kiteb ‘the letter (etc.) was folded up’ Kaš. II131 (bürülür, bürülme:k): Čağ. xv ff. burul- (sic) pîčida šudan ‘to be twisted’ San. 141 v. 14: Xwar. xıv (VU) bürül- ditto Qutb 38: Kom. xıv burul- (sic) (of a snake) ‘to curl up’ CCG; Gr. 69 (quotn.): \366\ Osm. xv burul- (of a whirlpool) ‘to twist’ (Intrans.) TTS IV 135.
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D bürlen- (budding, sprout) Refl. Den. V. fr. bür (bud, sprout); ‘to come into bud’. Survives as pürleri- in several NE dialects R IV 1399 and Khak. Xak. xı yığa:č bürlendi: ‘the tree came into bud Ibar'amat) that is when it puts out its young shoots’ (axracat 'aselicahe) Kaš. II 237 (bürlenü:r, bürlenme:k): Kom. xıv bürlen-/borlen- ‘to sprout’ CCG; Gr. 71 (quotn.).

Tris. BRL

DF borlukčı (vine grower, vine cultivator) N.Ag. fr. borluk; ‘vine grower, vine cultivator’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Kadını xan borlukčısı ‘the king of Kadini’s wine cultivator’ PP 72, 5; a.o. do. 79, 2: Civ. borlukčı ‘a vine cultivator’ (not the owner of a vineyard) occurs 4 or 5 times in USp.

D börileyü: (wolf-like) Hap. leg.; Ger. of a Den. V. fr. böri: which is prob. used only in this form. Xak. xı (the men howled) bö:rileyü: (sic) ‘like wolves’ Kaš. I 189, 1; n.m.e.

D 1 barım (property, wealth) Den. N. fr. ba:r (be, is, exist); ‘property, wealth’. N.o.a.b. SW Osm. barım ‘at least, anyhow’, etc. is unconnected with this word, but is a Sec. f. of Pe. berı. Cf. bark. Türkü vııı (Kül Tegin’s gold, silver) ağı:sı:n barımun ‘treasure and property’ I »SW; (I captured their sons, wives) yilki:si:n barimirn ‘livestock and property’ II E 24; II S 3 (in I N 1 evi:n banmi:n is a misreading of evi:n barkım): vııı ff. Man. yılkıka barımka bulup ‘obtaining livestock and property’ Chuas. 200, 250: Uyğ. vııı (I carried off) yılkı:sı:n barımı:n Šu. E 3; vııı ff. Man.-A M. I 15, 4-5 etc. (ağı:): Bud. U II 76, 2 etc. (ağı:): Civ. TT VII 34, 3-4 (ağı:): O. Kır. ıx ff. tört adak<Iığ> yılkım sekiz adakltğ barımın ‘my four-legged livestock, and my eightlegged property’ Mai. 10, 10 (obscure, perhaps wagons or tents ?); similar phr. do. 11, 3; 42, 6.

2 barım (at least, anyhow) (bare (naked), barely (scantily, poorly)) Osm. barım ‘at least, anyhow’

D be:rim (debt (obligation), payment) N.S.A. fr. be:r- (bear, give) (bear); lit. ‘a single act of giving’, but normally in the early period ‘a debt’ (due to be paid) in antithesis to alım (debt, tax, payment) (alms) ‘a debt’ (due to be received). S.i.s.m.l. sometimes as ‘a form of tax’ (cf. bert), sometimes as ‘bribe’, in SW Osm. (verim) ‘output, yield, profit’, and sometimes in the phr. alım berim ‘commerce, exchange’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT II 17, 85-7 (öte:-): Bud. TT VII 40, 72-3, (ötek): Civ. berlm ‘debt, obligation’ occurs several times in USp.; it is commonest in relation to leases of land, vineyards, etc. in the phr. alım berim ‘receipts and outgoings’: Xak. xı be:rim al-dayn ‘debt’ Kaš. I 409; o.o. II 185, 2 etc. (alım): KB 309 (alım): xııı (?) At. 254 (berklig).

D bürme: (twisted, wound, tap (bore)) (bore) Pass. Conc. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert); lit. ‘something twisted or wound round something’. S.i.s.m.l. with the same phonetic changes as bür-. See Doerfer II 783. Xak. xı bürme: al-nayfaqa ‘waist-band’ Kaš. II 94 (bürüš-); n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. burma (sic) ‘a tie’ (band) which they put round the top of a purse, and when they pull it the top of the purse comes together and is gathered tight; also ‘a sheaf’ (dasta) of forage which they twist up and dry and feed to livestock in winter; also ‘a tap’ (šîŋ which they fix in baths and places for storing water, and when they turn it water comes out San. 132V. 29: Kip. xv mancaniq ‘balista, siege catapult’ (VU) burma Tuh. 34a. 1.

D berimči: (debtor) N.Ag. fr. berim; ‘debtor’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 309 (ötekči:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 57, 14 (alımčı:): Xak.xi Kaš. I 75,18 etc. (alımčı:); n.m.e.

D barımlığ (ownership) P.N./A. fr. barım; ‘owning property’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bay barımlığ tınlığlar az ‘rich men and men of property are scarce’ TT VI 024; a.o.o. of this phr. in TT VI.

D barimlık (storehouse) Hap. leg.?; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. barım; ‘storehouse’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (give alms to the poor Elect, hunger and suffer pain yourselves and) tolturug ol megUlUg baramlık ağılıkıgızka ‘store up (these alms) in that storehouse and treasury of happiness’ M III 11,3 (iŋ.

D be:rimlig (productive, profitable, indebted) P.N./A. fr. be:rim. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. verimli ‘productive, profitable’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. be:rimlig ‘indebted’ (?) TT III 160 (damaged): Xak. xı Kaš. I 240, 4 (üzlüš-); n.m.e.

D barımsın- (go, leave, outward, behave) Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. *barım (go, leave, outward, behave) N.S.A. fr. bar- (go, leave, outward, behave). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol evke: barımsındı: ‘he pretended to go (yadhab) to (his) home but did not actually do so’ Kaš. II 258 (barımsınu:r, barımsınma:k); o.o. II 260, 22; 261, 27.

burun (nose, beak, protuberance, headland, peak, in front, preceding, previous) lit. ‘the nose’ (of a human being or animal), ‘the beak’ (of a bird) and the like; hence ‘a protruding natural feature, headland, peak (of a mountain)’; hence metaph. ‘in front, preceding’,. and by a further development ‘preceding in times, previous’. S.i.a.m.l.g., but not everywhere in the full range of meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. burmnda boz bulit ünür ‘a grey cloud rises from her nose’ M II 11, 19: Bud. körtle burum ‘her beautiful nose’ U IV 30, 50; (the elephant) burun bilgin išletip ‘putting the hand of its trunk to work’ TT V 24, 51: Civ. bu kiši burunda etöz emğenmiš ‘this man at first had a painful body’ TT VII 28, 46; biznig burun börgüčt (a servant) ‘whom we gave previously’ USp. 14, 9: Xak. xı burun al-anf ‘the nose’; burun ra'mt l-cnbal ‘the peak of a mountain’; one says ta:ğ burum:: and ‘the first (al-awwal) of anything’ is called burun; one says ol mendin burun bardı: ‘he went ahead of me' (qudami) \367\ this word exactly corresponds to the Ar. (al-art/) in meaning but not in sound Kaš. I 398; about a dozen o.o.: KB (the sun has returned and will be again in his position) balık kudruğındın kozı burniga ‘from the tail of Pisces to the nose of Aries’ 66; teve burnt teg ‘like a camel’s nose’ 206; bu künde burun 'before to-day’ 220; o.o. 466, 1500 (Arat in error bürniŋ, 4077: xııı (?) At. 300 (börk); Tef. burun (1) ‘nose’; (2) ‘first, before (of time)’ 111: xıv Muh. al-anf buru:n Mel. 46, 16; Rif. 140: Čağ. xv ff. burun aivtval Vel. 148 (quotns. and other forms); burn (spelt) bini ‘nose’ (quotn.) also spelt burun San. i33r. 2; burun (1) awwdn wa ibtida wa mugaddim ‘first, beginning, preceding’ (quotn.); also called burna (for which there is a separate entry); (2) bini (quotn.); they call the nose metaph. burun because it is the outstanding (muqaddim) feature of the face, but the metaph. meaning is commoner than the real one; also called burn do. 12: Xwar. xıv burun ‘first’ (Adv.) Qutb 38; MN 63; ‘nose’ Nahc. 25, 11; 50, le: Kom. xıv burun ‘nose; formerly, first, before’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 60 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-anf burun Hou. 20, 4; qabl ‘before’ (opposite to ‘after’ sogra:) burun do. 26, 20: xıv burun al-anf, also qabl and awwal id. 30: xv qabl burun Kav. 36, 17; qabl tva awwal burun do. 53, 5; al-anf burun do. 60, 13; anf burn (sic) Tuh. 4b. 1; qabl burun occurs in do. 73a. 12 and elsewhere; it should also have appeared in 29a. 11 where the text now reads qušeša ‘nail-clippings <. . .; qabl> burun.
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VU ?D buruŋ (bow-shot distance) Hap. leg.; it is possible that this is merely another meaning of bürüŋ which follows it, though the semantic connection is not obvious, but the fact that the second is described specifically (and exceptionally) as ‘with front vowels’ suggests that they were pronounced differently. This word can hardly be derived fr. bu:r- (evaporate, smell, fire, bake, boil) Xak. xı buruŋ al-ğahva H'l-ramy ‘the distance of a bow-shot’; one says buruŋ attı: ‘he shot a (full) bow-shot’ Kaš. III 370.

D bürüŋ (cataract, порог) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Dev. N. fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert). Survives in NE Kumd. porog; Tel. porogi ‘turbid water’ R IV 1270. Xak. xı bürüŋ ‘with front vowels’ (bi-išmemVl-ra') tayhilru'l--ma ‘a wave in water’ Kaš. III 370.

D birinč (first) Ordinal f. of bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother); ‘first’. As Kaš. points out, relatively rare, since at all times other words have tended to be used in this sense, e.g. in . the earlier period ilk (ilk, first, former, former(ly), previous self, beginning, from the beginning) (ilk)/ilki:, baštınkı:, etc. and in modern languages the Ar. l.-w. awwal. It is, however, the only word for ‘first’ after a ten, i.e. eleventh, twenty-first, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g., except NE, in the longer form birinči: and the like, which displaced birinč before xiv. Xak. xı birinč ne:g ‘first’ of something; a regular form but rarely used (luğa qiyasiya qalilatu'l-isti'mal) Kaš. III 373: xiv Muh. al-awwal bi:rinči: Mel. 82, 7; Rif. 187: Čağ. xv ff. birinčı yakumin ‘first’ San. 1 jr. 20: Xwar. xııı (?) (she gave birth to three \\\ sons) birinčisike ‘to the first of them’ (she gave the name Kün) Oğ. 66; a.o. do. 85: Kip. xv (in the section concerning Ordinals) in the meaning of hedî ‘first’ (only with tens in Ar.) you say birinci:, and you also say birinči: for awwal when it is followed by ikinči: ‘second’; and one also says burunğı (mis-vocalized bırınğı:) and with a Poss. Suff. burunğısı: (bırıngısı:) Kav. 6j, 11 ff.; in a para, on the Ordinals in Tuh. 61b. 1 ff. it is said that neither birinci nor onuncı can be used by themselves because -inci means ‘following’ and neither ‘one’ nor ‘ten’ can follow a previous number, but birinci can be used in such expressions as on birinci; in 3b. 10; 62b. 1 awwal is translated ilk.

D barın- (barn, shelter) Refl. f. of bar- (go, leave, outward, behave) ; survives only (?) in SW Osm. barın- ‘to take shelter, to lodge’. Xak. xı ura:ğuttın ka:n barındı: (lit. ‘blood went (of its own accord) out of the woman’) translated ‘al-'adil gushed with blood; al-'edil is the vein from which menstruous blood emerges’ (barmu:r, bannma:k); and one says er evke: barındı: ‘the man pretended to go (yadhab) to the house (etc.)’ Kaš. II 141 (barınu:r, barınma:k): Osm. xıv (there was plenty of food on the table) am yeyüpen barınır idi ol ‘he managed to get along by eating it’ TTS II 104 (this seems to be the sense).
elig törüg ağı barını tutar ‘it is the treasury that maintains the realm and traditional laws’
sakıš-lığ bitip kodtı barča barın ‘made a written list, with figures, of all his property’
yanturu yana [one word] kodup barınak ‘to give up (this enterprise or the like) and go back?’

D bürün- (wrap, fold, pleat) Refl. f. of bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert); ‘to wrap (something Acc.) round oneself’. Survives only (e) in SW Osm. Xak. xı ura:ğut yoğurkarö büründi: ‘the woman wrapped herself (iltaha-fat) in the blanket and covered herself up’ (taqanna'at); also used of other things Kaš. II 141 (bürünü:r, bürünme:k): KB 236 should perhaps be read kamuğ edgülük kıl sen edgü bürün ‘do all kinds of good and wrap yourself in goodness’ (burun gives less sense): Čağ. xv ff. burun- (sic) ‘to wrap (pičidan) oneself in something’ San. 131 v. 15.

D bürünčük (cloak, veil) Conc. N. fr. bürün-; ‘a woman’s cloak, or veil’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. bürüncük. Xak. xı bürünčük ximaru'l-mar'a ‘a woman’s cloak’ Kaš. I 510; o.o. I 201 (urun-); II 151 (sarın-): xıv Muh. al-miqna'a ‘a woman’s cloak or veil’ bürünčük Mel. S3, 6; Rif. 149: Čağ. xv ff. bürün-cek (so spelt) (i) mi'car wa tniqna'a-i zanen ditto (quotns.); (2) zir-pičak ‘a small turban’ \368\ (quotn.) San. 133ı^-. le: (Xwar. xıv bürünčük-lüg ‘wearing a veil’ Qutb 39): Kip. xııı al-miqna'a bürünčük Hou. 17, 20.
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D burunduk (nose-piece, leading-rein, nose-ring) Conc. N. fr. burun; lit. ‘nose-piece’ or the like, in practice ‘leading-rein, nose-ring’, and other similar devices for controlling animals, esp. camels. Survives in NE Tuv. burunduk; NC Kır. murunduk; Kzx. murindik; NW Nog. burindik; (in SW Osm. burunduruk; Tkın. burunlık). See Doerfer II 738. Xak. xı burunduk al-zimem ‘leading rein’ Kaš. I 501; a.o. II 16, 26 (tak-, described as Oğuz): KB ukuš ol burunduk ‘understanding is the leading rein’ (if a man leads with it he attains all his desires) 159: xili (?) Tef. burunduk ditto 112: Muh. al-zimem burunduk Mel. 70, 9; buru:nda:k (îi'c)7?;/. 172: (Čağ. xv ff. burunduruk same meaning San. i33r. 20): Xwar. xıv burunduk ‘a camel’s leading rein’ Nahc. 162, 13: Kip. xııı xitamu l-camal ‘a camel’s leading rein’ burunduk Hou. 14, le: xıv burunduruk (one MS., more correctly?, burundu:k) al-bura ‘a camel’s nose ring’; and in the Kiteb Baylik burunduk zimemu'l--camal Id. 29; burundak (sic ?) al-zimem Bid. 7, 7: xv .rizem ‘a camel’s nose ring’ burunduk Tuh. 14b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. burunduruk (twice in xv and xvı burunduk) 'camel’s nose ring, leading rein’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 127; II 182; /// 119; IV 135.

D burunla:- (nose) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. burun. Xak. xı ol anı: burunlardı: ‘he hit him on the nose’ Kaš. III 341 (burunla:r, burunla:ma:k).

D birer (each one, every single) Distributive f. of bi:r (one, a, an, once, a man) (brother) ‘one each’; also used in the phr. birer birer ‘every single’. Common in SW Osm. but very rare elsewhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ol linxwa sayu birer nğuluğ yılan bar ‘there is a poisonous snake in each of those lotuses’ PP 38, 3-4; o.o. do. 9, 8; 79, 4-6 (as-); TT VIII C. 16 (uğuŋ — altun öglüg yinlgizde birer birer tü sayu ‘every single hair on your golden skin’ Suv. 348, 1-2: Civ. birer is common in USp., e.g. (I will faithfully repay the six sıtıŋ ay sayu birer yarım bakır kümüš ašığı birle ‘with interest at the rate of one and a half copper cash a month’ (i.e. 30 per cent per annum) 18, 4-5: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. birer birer ‘one by one’ 103 (s.v. biŋ: Čağ. xv ff. bir and birer have the same meaning, that is ‘one’ San. 145V. 11: Xwar. xıv birer ‘every single one’ MN 142, etc.: Kip. xv (in a note on the Distributive) a'ti ha'ule dînera (n) ‘give them a dîner (each)’ bu:la:rğa: birer altun ber Kav. 68, 2; firedi ‘by ones’ (teker and) blrer Tuh. 27b. 9; birer in the list of Distributives do. 61b. 13: Kom. xıv birerde ‘sometimes’ CCI; Gr.

F bars (p-) (pars) (leopard) a very early Iranian l.-w., but from which Iranian language it was taken is \\\ uncertain. Properly ‘leopard’ but in Turkish apparently also used for other large felines. One of the animals of the 12-year animal cycle and so, at any rate in this context, an early l.-w. in Mong. S.i.m.m.l.g., but when, as in SW Osm., the form is pars no doubt a recent borrowing fr. Pe. and not a survival. Yolbars ‘tiger’, which s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SW, is a compound of yo:l, here metaph. ‘streak, stripe’, and bars. See Doerfer II 685. Türkü vııı ff. bars yıl ‘the Leopard Year’ IrkB, Postscript; o.o. do. 10 (esne:-), 31 (3 eg), 49 (egle:-): Uyğ. vııı bars yılka: Šu. E 7: vııı ff. Man. Kutadmıš Bars P.N. TT IX 114: Bud. bir tlšl bars ‘a tigress’ U III 63, 4-5 etc.; Suv. 609, 17 (no doubt the only word available to translate Sanskrit ‘tigress’); Kut-luğ Bars Tegln P.N. TT IV, p. 20, note B69: Civ. in the calendar texts TT VII4, etc.; VIII P. bars is used both for the third of the ten ‘Stems’ (ping, Giles 9,295) and for the third of the twelve ‘Branches’ (yin, Giles 13,246); in USp. it occurs both in bars yıl and as an element in P.N.s: O. Kır. ıx ff. (1 killed seven wolves but did not kill) barsığ Mal. 11, 10; Küč Bars P.N. do. 14, 1; 17, 1: Xak. xı bars al-fahd ‘hunting leopard, cheetah’: bars ‘one of the twelve years in Turkish’; a long account of the twelve-year cycle follows: bars ‘any swelling (zvaram) on the body from the bite of a bug or flea or the appearance of an eruption’; one says anıg eti: bars boldi: tawarrama cilduhu ‘his skin was covered with swellings’ Kaš. I 344-8 (the last meaning presumably metaph. fr. the leopard’s spots): xıv Muh. sanatu'l-nimr ‘the leopard year’ ba:rs yi:li: Mel. 80, 19; Rif. 186 (al-nimr also means ‘tiger, panther’; al-fahhed ‘a man who hunts with hunting leopards’ pa:rsci: (sic) 58, 7; esri:ci: 157): Čağ. xv ff. bars ‘an agile (cahanda) animal rather smaller than a leopard (palang) which they tame and use like hunting dogs for hunting wild animals’, in Pe. yüz (‘cheetah’), in Ar. fahd San. I2ir. 18 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-fahd bars Hou. 11,6; bars is also an element in several names of al-mamelîk ‘Mamluks’ do. 29: xıv bars al-fahd Id. 30; al-fahd bars Bul. 10, 5: xv ditto Kav. 62, 6; Tuh. 27b. 13; Ak Bars P.N. do. 39b. 1.

S?F borsuk (? p-) (badger, барсук) (барсук) See borsmuk (badger, барсук) (барсук).

VU bursla:n (tiger) Hap. leg.; the text of Kaš. is rather incoherent but it seems prob. that this is merely a jingle to arsla:n and not an independent word. Xak. xı bursla:n al-babr fi haqiqati’l-luğa strictly speaking ‘tiger’, hence one says arsla:n bursla:n ‘lion and tiger’: bursla:n a masculine Proper Name; zva yacüz an yakilrt bursla:n taba'a (n) li'l--arsla:n li-annahume yudkaren ma'a (n) tva le yuf rad bursla:n ‘bursla:n may be used following arsla:n because they are mentioned together, but may not be used by itself; and the best explanation (al-asahh) is that it is “tiger”, li-annahu latv kana taha'a (n) laıne ceza tasmiyatu'l-racul bihi, because if it was (only) \369\ a jingle then it could not be used as a Proper Name, because one does not say hede'1-šay' basan as one can say hasa» basan (i.e. basan is a mere jinjjle and cannot be used otherwise)’ Kaš. III 418.
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?F borsmuk (? p-) (badger, барсук) (барсук) ‘a badger’. In this form the word occurs only in Kaš., where it appears in a chapter devoted to Dissyllables containing three consecutive consonants, but is mis-vocalized. Its form is quite un-Turkish and it is almost certainly a l.-w., perhaps fr. Tokharian (Agnean) where the initial would necessarily have been p-. S.i.a.m.l.g., see Shcherbak, p. 139. An unusually large number of modern forms start w. p- including NE Khak. porsix: NW Kk. porsık, Kumyk porsuk: SW Az. porsuğ; Osm. porsuk. The aberrant Tkm. form torsik also has an unvoiced initial. These are all consistent w. the theory that it is a l.-w. w. initial p-, and so suggest that the modern V. borsi-/porsi- ‘to smell foul’ is a back-1 formation fr. this word and not its origin. A l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 733. Xak. xı borsmuk (vocalized borsu-majuk) duwaybba mitlu’l-wark (sic), tva bihi yudrabu l-matal fi’l-siman ‘a small animal like the ?, used as a metaphor for fatness’ Kaš. III 417 (al-tvark means ‘hip-bone’ and seems to be corrupt, perhaps read al-wabr ‘marmot’, al-tvaral ‘large venemous lizard’, or al-tvadak which properly means ‘fat’ but may also have been used as the name of some fat animal): Čağ. xv ff. porsuk (so spelt) ‘an animal called in Pe. rûdak (‘an animal found in Tartary of whose skin fur garments are made’ Steingass), in Isfahnni (VU) xilxra and in Ar. (VU) wašaq ! and 1bn 'irs (normally ‘weasel’); it is about the size of a small dog and has black and white stripes on its face and parts of its skin; they make fur garments of its skin; whenever they kill it, it is fat, and so long as it has not eaten carrion its flesh is wholesome food; two • mitqal's of its flesh, salted, are a protection against unwholesome airs, and garments made of its fur beneficial in cases of gout, painful joints, and palsy’ San. 132V. 22 (clearly 'badger’; xfixra and wašaq are unidentified): Oğuz xı (after Xak.) the Oğuz omit the -m- and call it borsuk; but they insert -m- in bašmak ‘shoe’ (al-midas), which the Turks call bašak Kaš. III 417 : Kip. xıv borsuk ‘an animal like al-dabu' (the hyaena) with a foul smell’ Id. 29; al-nims ‘weasel, ferret, mongoose’ (küzen/) borsuk Bul. 10, 9.

FC bursaŋ (Buddhist congregation) the Chinese phr. fo seng (Giles 3,589 9,617) Buddhasangha ‘a Buddhist religious community’; generally used in Hend. w. kuvra:ğ, q.v. Pec. to Uyğ. Bud. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bursag and bursaŋ kuvrağ are common TT IV 6, 45, etc. (erksin-); Suv. 134, 4 ff.; TT VIII 11.2, 5, 9; bursoŋ dindarlar ‘the religious community and believers’ U II 77. 15.

D barsa:- (go, leave, outward, behave) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of bar- (go, leave, outward, behave). Xak. , XI in a description of the Desid. f. it is said that if one says barsa:di: for ‘he wished to go’, is permissible (ce'iz) but that the normal form (for Verbs ending in -r-) is barığsardı: Kaš. I 281, 11; n.m.e.

D barıš (mutual agreement, reconciliation, (mutual) going, social intercourse, peace) (barister) N.Ac. fr. bar- (go, leave, outward, behave); lit. ‘going’, but in the early period noted only in the phr. barıš keliš ‘going and coming, social intercourse’, and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g., usually only in the phr. barıš keliš. In SW Osm. the usual Dev. N. fr. var- (bar-) is varıš but barıš is used for ‘mutual agreement, reconciliation’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. in keliš barıš sav Hüen-ts. 293 (see note on p. 28) the first two words are an over-literal translation of a Chinese phr. hui hsiang (Giles 5,173 4,283) used to translate the Sanskrit word parinemane ‘the concept of transference (of merit)’, see Soothill and Hodous, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, p. 205a; barıš keliš arasında ‘between going and coming’ do. 2089: Xak. xı al-dahab tva'l-maci ‘going and coming’ is called keliš barıš Kaš. I 370: KB olarka katılğıl keliš ham barıš ‘make contact with them (the merchants) as they come and go’ 4421: Čağ. xv ff. barıš gidiš gitmek ma'nesina ‘going’ Vel. 162; barıš xiram ıva rafter ‘walking, going’ (quotn.); also barıš keliš raft u emad ‘going and coming’ (quotn.) San. 121 v. 5.

D beriš (selling, commerce, debt, payment of tax, giving) N.Ac. fr. be:r- (bear, give) (bear); lit. ‘giving’, but normally used in the phr. alıš beriš ‘buying and selling, commerce’. This phr. s.i.m.m.l.g. and beriš by itself ‘debt, payment of tax’, etc. in SE Tar. R IV 1600; Türki BŠ 67. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. m, 3 (alıš): Xak. xı Kaš. I 62; KB 4421 (alıš).

D büriš (wrinkle) Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı büriš ‘a wrinkle’ (al-inzitue) in the skin or a garment Kaš. I 367.

D barıš- (go, leave, reconciled, make peace, outward, behave) (barister) Co-op. f. of bar- (go, leave, outward, behave); ‘to go together’ and the like. S.i.s.m.l. in this meaning. In SW Osm. both varıš- ‘to visit one another’ and barıš- ‘to be reconciled, to make peace’ survive, cf. barıš. Xak. xı ola:r bi:r birrke: barıšdı: ‘they went (dahaba) to (visit) one another’; also used for helping and competing Kaš. II 94 (barıšu:r, barıšma:k); a.o. II 110 (keliš-): KB barıšğu kerek kab kadašlar bile ‘one must associate with one’s family and kinsmen’ 3209; a.o. 4569 (keliš-): xııı (?) Tef. baruš- (n'c) ‘to go together’ 91: XIV Muh. wafaqa ‘to agree’ barıš- (v.l. in error yarıš-) Mel. 32, 1 (wefaqa tva saluha serkleš- (Hap. leg.) Rif. 116): Čağ. xv ff. barıš-Recip. f. be yak digar šulh kardan tva suluk nik kardan ‘to make peace and improve relations with one another’ San. 120V. 22 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv barıš- ‘to come to an agreement, live in harmony’ Qutb 27: Kip. xııı ištalaha ‘to make peace’ ba:rıš- Hou. 34, 11: xv (‘to reconcile’ (two people) in the sense of removing the unfriendliness between them is barıštır-), and for ištalaha ma' ğayrihi you say banš-without the Caus. Suff. Kav. 76, 16.
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D beriš- (bear, give) (bear) Recip. f. of be:r- (bear, give) (bear); 'to give to one another’ and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 311 (ičger-): Xak. xı ola:r bi:r bi:rke: kı:z berišdi: ‘they gave (dafa'a) one another their daughters (in marriage)’; also used when they give one another (ta'etü) something Kaš. II 94 (beri-šü:r, berlšme:k): Kom. xıv ‘to help in giving’ beriš- CCG; Gr. 65 (quotn.): Kip. xıv b^rišmek al-mudtd ‘to exchange gifts’ Id. 29.

D bürüš- (wrinkle, top of a leather bag) Co-op. f. of bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert); s.i.m.m.l.g. sometimes with front and sometimes with back vowels; the modern V.s are often Intrans. and mean ‘to be wrinkled’ and the like, with a Caus. f. giving the Trans. meaning. The vowel shift must go back some way, since in the MS. of Kaš. there are two separate paras., the first giving the Trans, meaning with Infin. in -me:k and the second giving the Intrans. meaning with Infin. in -ma:k but the second must be a scribal error. Xak. xı ol maga: bürme: bürüšdi: ‘he helped me to wrap round the waist-band’ (/ikajffi I-nayfaqa); also used of anything which has a round opening and something surrounding it (la.hu tadwir tea istidera) like the top of a leather bag and the like (bürüšü:r, bürüšme:k); and one says bürüšdir nerrj inqabada’l-šay' wa huwa nahw kuhihi’l-wach ‘the thing was drawn together, wrinkled’, as the face in frowning (bürüšü:r, bürüšme:k, MS. ma:k) Kaš. II 94: Čağ. xv ff. buruš- (î/c) pîčîda šudan ‘to be twisted, wound up’; also used in the sense of ‘to be shrivelled’ (dar ham kašida šudan of the skin or hair owing to the heat of a fire, or ‘to be wrinkled’ (šikanc yaftan) of the face in old age San. 131 v. 15: Kom. xıv ‘wrinkled’ (VU) burušmıš CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv takarnaša (misspelt takarmaša) ‘to be wrinkled’ (in margin ‘and also inqabada’) (VU) buruš- Tuh. 10a. 10; 'abasa ‘to frown’ (VU burtur-); Tkm. (burfar- and) (VU) buruš- do. 26a. 1.

D barıšlığ Hap. leg. ; P.N./A. fr. barıš (mutual agreement, reconciliation, (mutual) going, social intercourse, peace) (barister). Xak. xı Kaš. I 370 (kelišlig).

VUD berye: (this side) Den. Adv./Adj. in -yer fr. *ber (? ber) (here); this Suff., which occurs only in this word, kunyar and (VU) yiryar, seems to be a Sec. f. of -rar/-rer attached to words ending in -r; lit. ‘on this side’, but in practice used only as a cardinal point ‘in the south’. Pec. to Türkü. The first vowel is -e- once in I and three times in II and -e- twice in I, in T 7, 14, and in Ongin 2. Türkü vııı berye:... yiryar I S 1, IIN 1; IE 14, IIE 12; Ongin 2; b^ryer I S 6; II N 5; II E 36, 40; berye:... ögre:

VUD beryeki: Hap. leg.; N./A.S. fr. berye:; the difference in meaning fr. berü:kir. rkü vııı beryekir bodun kurıyakı: (VU)

yiryaki: rtgreki: bodun ‘the people to the south, west, north, and cast’ T 17.

bas (p-) (pas-) (rust) ‘rust’. This seems prima facie to be an Oğuz word which survives only in NW Krım R IV 1185; SW Az. Osm. pas; Tkm. pos, but it seems possible that the Xak. word entered below, which has a similar meaning, is an earlier occurrence although it is quite clearly vocalized with a kasra; there is no other trace of a word bis or bis. Cf. 2 tat, 6 kU:g. Xak. xı (VU) bis tufdla kull nahy aw ziqq wa huwa šay’ mitlu’l-qh ‘the sediment in any bag for making butter or w’ineskin’; it is a substance like pitch Kaš. I 328: xıv Mıth (î) xabatu’l--hadid ‘iron slag’ bas (unvocalized) Rif. 160 (only): Kip. xıv pas (‘with p-’) al-šada’ ‘rust’ Id. 32: xv šada’ ((af and) bas Tuh. 22a. 11: Osm. (xv peslu ‘mouldy’ TTS III 575): xvııı pas (‘with p-’) in Rumi, zang ‘rust’, in Ar. šada’ San. 122V. 1.

bu:s (p-) (pu:s) (breath, mist, fog, steam, clouded dust) ‘mist, fog’, and the like. Survives, usually meaning ‘steam’ in NE Šor pus R IV 1384; Tuv. bus; SE Turki bus; NW Kumyk pus; SW Osm. pus. Cf. 2 bu: (steam) (not connected etymologically), tıımaın. Xak. xı körk burs boldı: dacanati’l-same mina’l-dubab wa nah-wihi ‘the sky became overcast with mist and the like’; and one says er kö:zi: bu:s boldi: ‘the man’s sight became clouded (azlama) by wind in his stomach’ Kaš. III 124: Kip. xv nafas ‘breath’, etc. (tin and) bus Tuh. 36a. 8; habdb ‘fine dust’ bus do. 37b. 12: Osm. xıv pus ‘mist, fog’, etc. in several texts TTS 1581; II 773: xvııı pus (‘with p-’) in Rumi, ‘a mist (buxdrŋ which rises from the mountains’; also hawd-i muhtabas ‘close weather’, and metaph, ‘a morose man’ (ddam-i munqabid) San. 134V. 6.

bas- (push, press, ambush) ‘to press, crush, oppress, make a surprise attack (on someone Acc.)’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. in a wide range of basic and extended meanings, e.g. ‘to print’. See basa:. Türkü vııı kırkız bodunığ uda: basdımız ‘we made a surprise attack on the Kırğız people while they were asleep’ IE 35; about a dozen similar occurrences: Uyğ. vııı yelmesin meniŋ er anta: basmıš ‘my men made a surprise attack on his reconnoitering patrol there’ Šu. E 12: vııı ff. Man. (the pure blessed ones) [ ?ayığ]larm bastılar ‘have suppressed their evil (desires)’ TT III 121; o.o. M II, 11, 12, TT II 17, 72-5 (iy-): Bud. (fold three fingers in the palm of the hand and) uluğ ergek üze bas ‘press the thumb on them’ TT V 12, 120; o.o. TT VI 254-5, etc. Civ. tamğalarımıznı basıp 'impressing our seals’ USp. 21, 10-11; a.o. TT I 97-8 (tig): Xak. xı anı: bürt basdi: catama 'alayhi’l--catürn ‘he had a nightmare’; and one says beg e:l basdi: ‘the beg oppressed (qahara) the province and treated it as if he were crushing it’ (catama 'alayhr); and one says begni: yağı: basdi: ‘the enemy (etc.) made a night \371\ attack on the beg' (bayyata'l-amir); and one says er kı:zığ basdi: 'the man copulated (raped) with (tasanuama) the servant girl’; and one says it keylkni: basdi: ‘the dog caught the wild animal and brought it down’ (axada... fa--šara'ahu) Kaš. II io (basa:r, basma:k); five o.o.: KD bodun basğuka ‘in order to keep the people in order’ 217; (it takes a lion) bu kulan basğuka ‘to bring down this wild ass’ 284; özin basğan er ‘a man who controls himself’ 965; o.o. 1053, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. tvafi'a ‘to tread underfoot’ bas- 91: xıv Muh. ğamaza wa desa ‘to press, trample on’ ba:š- Mel. 29, 9; bas- Rif ıi2\jal-daws bašmak 34, 12; 119: Čağ. xv ff. bas- baš- Vel. 128; bas- is one of the words used in phr. (alfdz-i muštaraka) with a special meaning in each case; e.g. kögül bas- dil-erem giriftan ‘to take away (a man’s) peace of mind’; düšman bas- ‘to conquer (ğelib šudan) an enemy’; may bas- and uyku bas- ‘to be overcome (mağlûb šudan) by wine or sleep’; ayağ bas- ‘to put (gudeštan) one’s foot on something’; muhr bas- ‘to impress a seal’; toz bas- ‘to lay (/wr« giriftan) the dust’; and kayğu: bas- ‘to overcome grief San. 121 v. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) Og. 24-5 (1 emgek): xıv bas- ‘to tread on’ MN 22e: Kom. xıv bas- ‘to crush’, etc. CCG; Gr. 51 (quotns.): Kip. xııı kabasa ‘to make a surprise attack’ baš- Hou. 30, 5:23,5; desa mina'l-daws baš- do. 40, 5: xıv baš- sara'a, and in the Kiteb Beylik baš- desa Id. 32: xv baš- bataha ‘to flatten’, aw desa aw kabasa Kav. 10, 9; o.o. do. 75, 4; 77, 16; desa baš- Tuh. 15b. 13; darasa ‘to annihilate’ (etc.) (yanš- and) baš- do. 16a. 9: Osm. xıv ff. bas- in a wide range of meanings, c.i.a.p. TTS I 75; II107; III 67; IV 75.
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bus- (p-) (pus-) (push, ambush, crouch) ‘to hide, lie in wait, lay an ambush (for someone Dat.)’. Survives in NW Kaz. pos-; SW Az., Osm. pus-; Tkm. bus-. See busuğ (ambush) Xak. xı beg yağı:ka: busdi: daxala' l-amir fi kamîni’l- aduww ‘the beg laid an ambush for the enemy’ Kaš. II 10 (busa:r, busma:k); (we attacked by surprise at night and) tegme: yagak busdimiz ‘laid ambushes on every side’ I 434, 7 (and see bös-): xııı (?) At., amal asrasında busuğlı acal ‘destiny lies in ambush beneath hope’ 294: xıv Muh. (l) axfd wa xaba’a ‘to lie hid, conceal oneself’ bu:s- (breath, mist, fog, steam, clouded dust) (mis-spelt bu:c-) Rif. 102 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bus- karnin kardan wa dar gûša-i pinhen šltdan ‘to lay an ambush, to be in a secret hiding place’ San. i34r. 19 (quotns.): Kip. xıv bus- kamana Id. 31: xv labida ‘to crouch’ buš- Tuh. 32a. 12: Osm. xıv ff. pus- ‘to lie in ambush’ in several texts TTS I 582; II773.

VU bös- (beat, severe beating, drag, волочить?) perhaps survives in SE Türki bös- ‘to drag (something) along the ground’, Jarring 59, but the semantic connection is dubious. In the section quoted below, the translation of which is imperfect, there is a confusion between bus- (p-) (pus-) (push, ambush, crouch) and this word. Xak. xı er kulın bösdi: ‘the man beat his slave severely’ (daraba... mubeliğa (tı)) Kaš. II 10 (böse:r, bösme:k); ol kulın bösüg bösdi: \\\ ittaxada’ I-katnîn tva kadelika ide daraba direba (n) ‘he laid an ambush, and also when he gave a beating’ (actually ‘he gave his slave a severe beating’) / 385, 10.

D basa: (and, also, in addition, once more, indeed, in fact, really, immediately thereafter, after that, more, increasingly) Ger. in -a: fr. bas- (push, press, ambush). In addition to its use as an ordinary verbal form, this word began at a very early period to be used as an Adv. or Conjunction, see v. G., ATG, para. 410. An early l.-w. in Mong. as basa ‘also, then, thereafter’ (Haenisch 13). Survives only (?) in NE several dialects R IV 1193; Khak. paza; Tuv. baza used (1) as a Conjunction between two words ‘and’; (2) as an Adv. at or near the beginning of a sentence ‘also, in addition, once more’ (perhaps a reborrowing fr. Mong.) and NW Kaz. basa R IV 1527 where it is used at the end of a sentence after the Suff. -la/-na, and means something like ‘indeed, in fact, really’. Türkü vııı üč Oğuz süsi: basa: kelti: ‘three Oğuz armies came to attack us’ II E 32; teŋri: Umay ıduk yer suv basa: berti: ‘the goddess Umay and the sacred land and water crushed them for our benefit’ T 38: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit anantaram ‘immediately thereafter’ basa: (p-) TT VIII A.46-7; (bend the two index fingers, press the two thumbs together and) anda basa ‘after that’ (meditate on this dheranŋ U II 47, 73; o.o. of anda basa do. 81, 69; TTX217; USp. 44, 1-2; 103, 13; yana munda basa ‘and after this’ links two quotns. fr. Bud. scriptures TT V 26, 85-6 — basa basa ‘more and more, increasingly’, e.g. basa basa seviglig közin ‘with increasingly loving eyes’ U IV 46, 49; o.o. TT V 24, 70 (odğur-); Suv. 17, 23 — iya basa (see iy-) has much the same meaning, e.g. kamağ kutlar waxšegler turkaru ıya basa köyü közedü tutarlar ‘all the benevolent spirits (Hend.) will always and more and more keep and protect them’ TT VI 48-9 — in the form basasinda it has so far lost its original character as to be declined as a N., e.g. elig beg basasinda yoriyu ‘walking after (pursuing) the king’ U IV 14, 141-2; (innumerable deities) teŋri burxan basasinda bardılar ‘followed the Buddha’ TT X 142-3; a.o. do. 562-3: Civ. anda basa TT VIII L.34: Xak. xı basa: a Particle (harf) meaning ba'd ‘after’; hence one says men anda: basa: keldim ‘I came after him’ Kaš. III 224: KB bu iki basa tutsa ‘if he keeps these two (the tongue and the throat) under control’ 993 — basa as a Conjunction ‘then, next’ is common, e.g. in the list of the Four Companions basa Faruq 53; basa 'Utman 55 — anıgda basa ‘after him’ 132 — (in a list of four things) basası bilig ‘the last of them is wisdom’ 308 — basa ‘afterwards’ 6140 (2 kı:n): xııı (?) Tef. anlarda basa 92: Kom. xıv basa occurs several times as a Conjunction meaning ‘but’ or ‘therefore, also’ rather than ‘and’, which is dağı CCI, CCG; Gr. 52: Kip. xıv baša: is used in asking for more news ('inda'1-istize-dati'l-hadit) like thi in Ar.; and the <Kitaby Beylik says ‘and among their Conjunction? \372\ (kaldmihim fešila) is the word basa:, which sometimes means “then” (tumma) and sometimes “if not” (Hid) and sometimes “likewise” (ayda (n)’ Id. 32.
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D basu: (sledge-hammer) Hap. leg.; as this is a dialect word, it is prob. a Sec. f. of some other Dev. N. fr. bas- (push, press, ambush) (cf. basığ (compressed, low, gait, kind of tax, timely)) rather than a Dev. N. with the unusual Suff. -u:. Xak. xı basu: al-mirzabba fi luğa ‘a sledge-hammer’ in one dialect Kaš. III 224.

?D *busa:- (grieve, печалиться) See busan- (grieve, be sorrowful, печалиться) etc.

VU basbal (thread) Hap. leg.; an unusual form, possibly foreign. Cf. bistek. Xak. xı basbal cadba mina l-ğazl 'a single-spun thread’ Kaš. I 481.

D basut (support, help, поддержка) presumably Dev. N. fr. bas- (push, press, ambush), although the semantic connection is not close; ‘support, help’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yGtlli iki yegirmili erklig küčlüglerden küč basut kelzün ‘may strength and support come from the seven and the twelve independent mighty ones’ M III 35, 20-1: Bud. Otll suvli bir ikintike küč basut bolup ‘when fire and water strengthen and support one another’ TT VI 326; art basut bol- ‘to back and support (someone Dat.)’ Suv. 127, 21; 409, 11: Xak. xı basut al-zahtr wal-mud-winu'l-mušfiq ‘a backer and sympathetic helper’; basut al-i'dna ‘help’; hence one says ol maga: basut berdi: adnani ‘he helped me’; the two meanings are closely related (qartban) Kaš. I 354; xa:ndin basut tilerler ‘they ask the xan for help’ I 459, 7: KB (he sought for outstanding people ) özige basut ktlsa ‘to give him support’ 419; bu iške basut barča andın kelir ‘all the support for this task came from him’ 2502.

VUPF bista: (quarter (town)) Hap. leg.; neither the form nor meaning of the word suggest that this is a native Turkish word; the urban context indicates rather that it is a l.-w., prob. Iranian. NW Kaz. biste ‘a small settlement, a quarter of a town’ R I V 1784 can hardly be the same word. Xak. xı (in a note on a verse quoted under yarıš- in which this word appears) bista: the word for ‘a person whose business it is to accommodate merchants’ (mudif li'l--teciŋ; the merchant puts up in his house, and he buys the merchant’s wares, collects his sheep ”>olies his other needs. Then, when his •\ he takes one in twenty of his sheep, 'stom in Tuxši:, Yağma:, and d it myself Kaš. III 71; syllable unvocalized) Hap. _v Cf. basbal and billk.

. uantity (qit'a) of carded cotton destined for spinning’: Arğu:xı bistek al-fatila ‘a wick’ Kaš. I 476.

D basit- (push, press, ambush) the oldest Caus. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush) with the less common quasi-Pass. meaning; ‘to allow oneself to be attacked, etc.’ N.o.a.b. Cf. bastur-, bassık-, basur- (press, depress). Türkü vııı (stay where you are; organize reconnoitring patrols and lookout posts properly) basitma: ‘do not let yourself be taken by surprise’ T 38: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (innumerable human beings) ig agrığka basıtıp ‘letting themselves fall victim to disease (Hend.)’ (lie without hope or confidence) Suv. 587, 1: Civ. kiši küčl korasar yat kišike basitur ‘if a man’s strength diminishes, he lets himself be oppressed by strangers’ TT I 56-7: Xak. xı KB kišig satğamasa küvezlik bile basıt-masa özde kičigke küle ‘he must not trample on people in his pride, or let himself be oppressed by unimportant people with a smile’ 707; (attack the enemy, do not let him take your property) uzatsa basittiŋ ‘if you procrastinate, you will have let yourself be beaten’ 2369.

D bastık- (push, press, ambush) Pass. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush) with the rare Suff. -tık- (cf. bulduk-) which should perhaps be explained as the Emphatic f. in -k- of basit- (push, press, ambush), N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (faith, because it has strength) tört törlüg šımnularka čalsıkmaz bastıkmaz ‘is not struck down or overcome by the four kinds of evil spirits (Ahrimans)’ TT V 22, 28-9; ig ağriğka bastıkmak ‘to fall victim to disease’ VII 40, 134.

D bastur- (push, press, ambush) the normal Caus. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush); with a similar wide range of meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı beg oğrırnı: basturdi: ‘the beg gave orders that the extremities of the thief should be seized and that he should be held down’ (bi-qabd atrdji'l-lišš wa bathihŋ; also used of pressing down (taqula) anything to prevent it from rising or turning over (al-mthnd xca'l-inqildb) Kaš. II171 (basturur, basturma:k): Čağ. xv ff. bastur- Caus. f.; erem dddan wa ğdlib sdxtan wa mağlûb sdxtan wa pd gudaštan wa furü girdndan tva muhr zadart; this incoherent list attempts (rather ineffectively) to turn the various meanings of bas- into Caus. f.s San. i22r. 23.

D basutčı: (supporter, helper, помощник) N.Ag. fr. basut (support, help, поддержка); ‘supporter, helper’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. basııtčısı kim erür ‘who is its supporter?’ U II 8, 21; o.o. do. 9, 5 (esin); 9, n; U III 14, 15 (ii) (edgürlük); TT V 22, 20 (artukrak): Xak. xı KB bu erdi basutčı könl dlnka kök ‘he (Füriiq) was the supporter and root of' the true faith’ 54; basutčı kerek erke yarıčılar ‘a man needs supporters and helpers’ 427; o.o. 428-31.

VU?F bustuli: (orach or mountain spinach (Atriplex hortensis)) entered twice in Kaš., in the first case the only entry under the heading \373\ fu'luli, in the second one of five words under a similar heading of which the second vowel is not marked but was perhaps -a- or -i~. N.o.a.b.; prob. a foreign word; there is no common word for this vegetable in the modern languages. Xak. xı bustuli: al-sarmaqu' Uadi yu'kal ‘edible orach or mountain spinach (Atriplex hortensis)' Kaš. I 451 ; 493.
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Dis. BSĞ

D basığ (compressed, low, gait, kind of tax, timely) Dev. N. fr. bas- (push, press, ambush); the Uvg. word is transcribed bastk in USp., but -lk is not an Uvg. Suff. Prob. n.o.a.b. SW Osm. basık ‘compressed, low’ is a survival oČ'the cognate form *basuk, Pass. Dev. N./A.; NE Kumd., Tel. pazik ‘gait’, Ii IV 1194. might come fr. either. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. basığ some kind of tax, the exact nature of which is uncertain (see Caferoğlu in T M IV, p. 36); it occurs in association w. salığ in USp. 14, 14, w. various taxes in do. 88, 44 (tütün), and by itself in do. 112, 5: Xak. xı basığ mahallu'l-tabyit [yuqal inserted in error] wa'l-axd 'aleğirra ‘the place of a night attack and taking by surprise’; one says ol anı: basığımda: (sic) tuttı: ‘he caught him at an opportune moment by a night attack’ (fi awdnihi bayeta (n)) Kaš. I 372.

D busuğ (p-) (busuğ) (ambush) Dev. N. fr. bus- (push, ambush, crouch); ‘ambush’. Survives oııly (?) in SW Osm. pusu; cognate f.s w. the same meaning are NW Kumyk pusğun; SW Az. pusğu. A l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 742. Xak. xı busuğ al-kamîn ‘ambush’ Kaš. I 372; a.o. I 407, 27: KB (the age of sixty now calls me saying ‘come here’) busuğ bolmasa bardım emdi naru ‘if it does not turn out to be an ambush, I am going there’ 366; o.o. 1381, 2370; 4826 (ödsüz): xıv Muh. al-kamîn busuğ (MSS. in error yaštığ) Mel. 47, 10; Rif. 145: Čağ. xv ff. busu kamîn San. 134V. 10 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-kamîn busu: Hou. 14, 9: xıv busu: ditto td. 31; busu: do. 33: Osm. xvi pusı koy- ‘to lay an ambush’ TTS IV 643D basğuk Conc. N. fr. bas- (push, press, ambush) connoting something massive and oppressive. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the four quarters of the world burst into flames) uluğ bedük tağlamıŋ basğukları yemrildi ‘the massive crests (?) of the great (Hend.) mountains were smashed’ U IV 40, 164-8; in TT X 366 (damaged) basğuk seems to mean ‘the club, or mace’ (of a demon).

D basık-/bassık- Kaš. is no doubt right in saying that the longer form is the original; Emphatic Pass. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush); ‘to be attacked by night, crushed, etc.’. N.o.a.b.; cf. basit- (push, press, ambush), Xak. xı kiši: yağı:ka: basıktı: translated bayyata'I-adutvw 'ald:d'l-qawm ‘the enemy attacked the people by night’ (properly ‘the people were attacked by the enemy by night’); originally bassıktı: with a tašdtd on the sin Kaš. II 116 (basıka:r, basikma:k); er yağı:ka: bassıktı: (written with two sins) bayyata'I- 'aduww 'ala'I- racul waaxada 'alayhi II 228 (bassika:r, bassikma:k ditto); a.o. II 165, 7: KB (oh slave of passion) ölümke basıkma kelir alğalı ‘do not be caught by surprise by death; it is coming to take you’ 5145; o.o. 679, 5196.

D busuk- (bussuk-; p- (pussuk-)) (ambush) Hap. leg.; Emphatic Pass. f. of bus- (p-) (pus-) (push, ambush, crouch). Xak. xı er busukti: uxida'l--racul fi'l-kamin ‘the man was caught in an ambushh’ Kaš. II1 i6 (busuka:r, busukma:k).

D basa:kı: N./A.S. fr. basa:; ‘next, following’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB ‘Al! erdi munda basaki "Ali was the next after him’ 57: Kip. xıv bašağı: kün ba'd ğad ‘the day after tomorrow’ Id. 33; ditto Bul. 13, 6 (vocalized bašğı:).

D busuğčı: (p-) (pusuğčı:) (ambusher) N.Ag. fr. busuğ (ambush); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (when your black hair and beard have turned white) anunğu busuğčı ölümke tükel ‘you must prepare yourself completely for death the ambusher’ 1103.

VUD bösüg (severe beating) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. bös-; ‘a severe beating’. Xak. xı Kaš. I 38s (bös-).

VUD bösge:č (flattened) Hap. leg.; Conc. N. fr. bös- (beat, severe beating), presumably with the connotation of something beaten flat. Cf. böšge:l (thin) . Xak. xı bösge:č al-rağif ‘a flat loaf’ Kaš. I 452.

D basımčı: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. basım, N.S.A. fr. bas- (push, press, ambush), which has not yet been noted in the early period but s.i.s.m.l. R IV 1531; presumably ‘oppressor’ or the like. Xak. xı KB (some are thieves, cheats, cut-purses, and swindlers) kayusı basımčı ölütcı kıruk ‘some are oppressors, murderers, and cripples (?)’ 1737-

VU basan (food for otherworld travel) Hap. leg.; this word must be a basic one, if vocalized correctly, and is not connected with the later forms of basğarn collected under bazğa:n. The difference between basan and yo:ğ is that the first means ‘food prepared for the deceased’ and prob. buried with him, while the second means a funeral meal or wake provided for the mourners. Xak. xı basan ta'em yuttaxad li'l--mayyit ba'd md dafanuhu ‘food prepared for the deceased after they have buried him’; and one says yo:ğ basan Kaš. I 398.

D basınč (oppression) N.Ac. fr. basın-; ‘oppression’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vıı ff. Man. TT II \\ 6, 6 and 15 (ıyınč): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M III 37, 14 (ii) (ıymč): Xak. xı KB (he lifted from people) kamuğ küč basınč ‘all high-handedness and oppression’ 1771.
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D busanč (grief) N./A.S. fr. busan- (grieve, be sorrowful, печалиться); ‘grief’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. (a man was sorrowful and the sky cloudy; the sun rose among the clouds and) busarnč ara: megi: kelmi:š ‘in the midst of grief joy came’ IrkB 52.

D basin- (push, press, ambush) Refl. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush); with a wide range of meanings comparable to those of bas-, some unusual for a Refl. f. S.i.s.m.l.g., but ? not in SE, SC, SW. Türkü vııı (why should we be afraid because (the enemy) are many?) az teyin ne basmalım ‘why should we be downcast because (we) are few?’ T 39: vııı ff. (a camel fell into a bog) basınu: yemi:š özi:n tilkü: yemi:š ‘while he was sinking he eat, but a fox eat him’ IrkB 4e: Man. (all the Türk people will sin against God) kanyuda dındarlarığ [gap] basınğay ölürgeyler 'and wherever [they find?] Elect they will oppress and kill them’: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 10 (iym-): Xak. xı ol erig basındı: istad'afa'l--racul wa qaharahu ‘he despised the man and oppressed him’ Kaš. II 142 (basinur, bastn-ma:k: KB (if the king calls for you, mend your ways, do him service and) basinma am ‘do not treat him with disrespect’ 1504; (the fame of an enemy whom you have not met face to face spreads far and wide) körüšse basinur körügli karak 'when you see one another, the seeing eve despises him’ 2368; o.o. 646, 4085: Xwar. xıv basin- ‘to treat with disrespect’ Qutb 28.

D busan- (grieve, be sorrowful, печалиться) Refl. of *busa:- (grieve, печалиться); ‘to grieve, be sorrowful’, and the like. Morphologically *busa-: might be a Den. V. fr. bu:s (breath, mist, fog, steam, clouded dust), but the semantic connection is not close. This word and the other Der. f.’s of *busa:- (grieve, печалиться) are pec. to Türkü and Uyğ. but the first vowel is fixed by TT VIII. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit na socate 'does not grieve, is not distressed’ bu:sa:nma:sa:r (/>-) TT VIII A.36; uluš barča tegin üčün busanur ‘the whole country grieves because of the prince’ PP 27, 1-2; o.o. do. 40, 4; 54, 3-4; TT X 524; USp. 97. 25 (amru:); 102b. 15; Hüe n-ts. 63, etc.; Suv. 624, 16 (bušrul-).

D basınčak (pushy, despised) N./A.S. fr. basin- (push, press, ambush); survives only (?) in NW Kaz. basımčak (sic) ‘importunate (pleading), troublesome’. Xak. xj basınčak er al-raculu’l-mustad'af ‘a man who is despised’ Kaš. I 501: KB 911-12 (satğa:ğ): xıv Muh. < ?) must ad'af basınčak (-c-) Ref. 149 (only).

D basindur- (oppressed, push, press, ambush) Caus. f. of basin- (push, press, ambush); syn. w. basit- (push, press, ambush), ‘to let oneself be oppressed’. N'o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 30, 3-5 (ii) (endür-): Bud. (if a son or daughter of good people) yekke ičgekke basındurmıš bolsar ‘lets himself be oppressed by demons (Hend.)’ TT VII 40,36-7.

D busandur- (grieve, be sorrowful, печалиться) Caus. f. of busan- (grieve, be sorrowful, печалиться); ‘to make (someone) grieve, be sorrowful’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ- vııı fF. Man. TT II 16, 42-4 (emget-): Bud. Suv. 136, 11 (E burčındur-).

basar (garlic) Hap. leg. and so perhaps a l.-w.; ‘garlic’ is normally sarmıısak. Cf. basarlığ (garlicky). Xak. xı basar tfunu 1-cabal ‘mountain garlic’ Kaš. I 360.

D basruk (pressed, burdened, cover, covered, tent gear) Pass. N./A.S. fr. basur- (press, depress); lit. 'pressed down’, but more commonly ‘something put over (something else)’. Survives only (?) in SW Tkm. basrik 'a horse cloth’ R IV 1535: Xak. xı basruk taqal kull šay’ ‘a burden on anything’ (with a prov. saying that the earth’s burden is the mountains and the people’s burden the beg s) Kaš. I 46e: Čağ. xv ff. basruğ xargah esbebi ‘tent gear’ Vel. 128; basruk (spelt) ‘a cover (pûšišî) which they put over a tent, but, or horse to protect it against the wind and rain’ San. I22V. 4.

D basur- (press, depress) morphologically a Caus. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush), but semantically syn. w. it; ‘to press down, weigh down (physically)’. Survives in NE pazır-, same meaning Alt., Šor, 'I'el. R IV 1196 and Khak.; SW Tkm. basir- 'to cover’ (etc). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A basurup M III 8, 17 (damaged): Civ. kartka basurğu ol ‘one must press (a substance just described) on the ulcer’ II I 180: Xak. xı teŋri: ta:ğ birle: ye:rig basurdi: ‘God pressed down (wattada) the earth with the mountains’; also used of anything which is put under something heavy (taqil) Kaš. II 77 (basurur, basurma:k): Kip. xıv bašur- ‘to heap coverings (kattara’l--tağtîya) on something, that is to cover it, to fasten the covering and press it down’ (balağa film) Id. 32.

D busar- (dust) (Sp. basura) Intrans. Den. V. fr. bu:s (breath, mist, fog, steam, clouded dust); Hap. leg. but Id. 32 records a Kip. xıv Dev. N. busarik translated ‘dust which comes from a long way off’. Xak. xı kö:k busardi: ğdmati'1-same tva qama’l-dabab ‘the sky became cloudy and the mist rose’ Kaš. II 78 (busa:rur (sic), busarina:k).

D basarlığ (garlicky) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. basar (garlic). Xak. xı basarlığ ta:ğ cabal di 1 turn ‘a"mountain with garlic on it’ Kaš. I 494.

D busuš (grief, sorrow) Dev. N. fr. *busa:- (grieve, печалиться); ‘grief, sorrow’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kop busušı sakınčı ‘all their grief and anxiety’ M III 26, 9 (ı): Bud. busuš kadğu emgek ‘grief, distress, and pain’ (representing Sanskrit soka parideva duhkha) U II 11, 6; busuš sakınč TT X 197; o.o. USp. 97, 22; Suv. 545, 14-15: Civ. eldin xandin busuš bar ‘there is grief from’ (? concerning) the realm and xan’ TT I 60; o.o. do. 79 (belgü:), etc.
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D basıš- (push, press, ambush) Co-op. f. of bas- (push, press, ambush); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol mapa: uyma: basıšdı: ‘he helped me to compress (ft talbid) the Turkmen felt out of which boots are made’; also used of anything that has to be squeezed (yuctam) to reduce its swollenness or hardness Kaš. II xoo (basıšu:r, basıšma:k).

D busuš- (p-) (pusuš-) (push, ambush, crouch) Hap. leg.?; Recip. f. of bus- (push, ambush, crouch). Xak. xı begle:r busušdı: ‘the begs laid ambushes for each other’ Kaš. I1 101 (busušu:r, busušma:k).

D busušluğ (grieved, sorrowful, unhappy) P.N/A. fr. busuš (push, ambush, crouch); ‘grieved, sorrowful, unhappy’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 52 (bulitlig): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. busušluğ is common in PP, both by itself and in the phr. busušluğ kadğuluğ ‘sorrowful and distressed’; busušluğ sakınčlığ ‘sorrowful and anxious’ UII21,4 (ata:); TTX 62-3 ; korkmčlığ busušluğ ‘frightened and unhappy’ Kuan. 43-4: Civ. busušluğ kadğuluğ TTIzıj. " D busušsuz Priv. N./A. fr. busuš; ‘free from grief and sorrow’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı fF. Man.-A (may our minds remain) turkaru busušsuzun kadğusuzun ‘completely free from sorrow and distress’ M I 29, 29: Man. ditto M III 36, 2 (in: Bud. busušsuz sakınčsız bolğıl ‘become free from sorrow and anxiety’ TT X 324-5: Civ. busušsuz (mis-spelt bususuz) bolur TT VII 34, 12.

baš/ba:š Preliminary Note. Although Kaš. spells both 'head' and 'wound' ba:š this is certainly an error. 'Head' is bas in Yakut, Pek. 388 and baš in SW Tkm. and 'wound' is ba:s in Yakut, Pek. 390, and ba:š in Tkm.

1 baš (head, leader, beginning, summit) properly ‘head’ in an anatomical sense, but also fr. the earliest period used metaph. in the sense of the ‘head’ (of an army), the ‘beginning’ (of something) and for geographical features. C.i.a.p.a.i. See Doerfer II 697-8, 704. Türkü vııı (more than a hundred arrows hit his armour and quilted coat) yjlzige: (? so read) bašıga: bir t[egmedi: ?] ‘but not one reached his face or head’ I E 33 — geographical; ıduk baš ‘the holy summit’ (?) HE 25; (PU) tamağ ıduk baš / N 1; II E 29; (PU) čuš bašı: I N 6; II E 30: vııı ff. kamu:š a:ra: bašım ‘my head is among the reeds’ IrkB 10; bu ırk bašı:nta: ‘at the beginning of this omen’ do. 57: Man. eki ağuluğ yol basığa ‘to the beginning of the two poisonous roads’ Chuas. 125-6; bastan (sic) adak (k)a tegi ‘from head to foot’ MI 5, 13; o.o. do. 6, 1; TT II 8, 67: Uyğ. vııı geographical; ıduk baš Šu. E 9; ötükčn yıš bašı:nta ‘at the summit (?) of the Ötüken mountain forest’ do. E 9; arkar bašı: ‘the mountain sheep’s head’ do. S ı; keyre: bašı: do. E. 6; N 6; sip bašı: ‘the colt’s head’ do. \\ E 3, 4: Vm ff. Man.-A (the poison which he emitted) öz bašıga tegdi ‘fell on his own head’ _s M I 20, 2-3; (he cut off) šımnu bašın ‘the demon’s (Ahriman’s) head’ do. 20, 14; a.o. do. 20, 17: Bud. baš is very common both in an anatomical sense, e.g. bašın tögitip ‘lying face downwards’ PP 19, 4; and in a metaph. sense, ‘the top (of a pole)’ USp. 104, 12-13 (ığač); A:cna:ta KaudinyG arhant ba:šın yüz arhantla:rığ ‘a hundred arhats with Âjneta Kaundinya at their head’ TT VIII \\ II.7; ağır iš küdüglerde ag bašı ‘the very first of (these) important acts’ TT V 20, 10: Civ. baš is common (1) anatomically e.g. kayu kiši bas ağrığ bolsa ‘whoever gets a headache’ TT VII 27, 12 and (2) metaph. e.g. ağrığdm bašı yötül ‘the beginning of the illness is a cough’ TT VIII M.26; and in a curious phr. (I have hired a plot of land for \\ 10 tatjs of cotton-seed) bu on tag kebezni küz yağıda bašı tašı birle Mrürmen ‘I will deliver these to tarjs of cotton-seed in full on the first day of autumn’ USp. 2, 7: O. Kır. the theory that there is a special letter representing baš in P.N.s in Mai. 2, 5 and 49, 2 is an error; the ‘letter’ is p ik or p ki, but the inscriptions in question are very corrupt: Xak. xı ba:š (sic, see Preliminary Note) al-ra's ‘a head’ Kaš. III 151; the word, often spelt baš with Suffs. occurs over 50 times, usually in an anatomical sense, but also metaph. in such phr. as ıvrık bašı: ‘the neck of a jug’ I 100, 6; erdem bašı: tı:l ra'stt'l-manqibati'l--lisen ‘the beginning of virtue is the tongue’ I 107, 9: KB baš is common (1) anatomically \376\ e.g. bašım kesmesünl keseyin tilim ‘I will cut out my tongue so that they may not cut off my head’ 166; (2) metaph. for ‘leader’ e.g. bašı erdi ögdün kamuğ baščıka (Muhammad) ‘was the leader in front of all (other) leaders’ 45; (3) metaph. for ‘beginning’, etc. (I cannot conduct all the business of the state myself) maga er kerek tir (? read biŋ bilir iš bašın ‘I need a man who knows how to start work (properly)’ 422: xııı (?) At. baš is common, e.g. ‘head’ 300 (börk) — kögül bamakıg bil xata’lar bašı ‘know that fixing your mind (on something) is the prime mistake’ 220; bašı berdı xayrnig sogı barğusı ‘the beginning of good fortune has (already) gone away, and the end of it will (soon) go’ 391: Tef. baš (1) ‘head’ (anatomical); (2) ‘leader’; (3) ‘summit’ (of a mountain); (4) numerative altı baš kiši ‘six (head of) men’; (5) in a phr. (let us see his army) bašımız közimiz birle ‘with our own eyes’ 93: xıv Muh. al-ra's ba:š Mel. 14, 18; 46, 2; Rif. 91, 139; o.o. (anatomical) 46, 2; 47, 12; S3, 6; 64, 12; 75, 3; 139, 141, 150, 163, 178; qullatu'1-cabal ‘the summit of a mountain’ da:ğ ba:šı: 74, 13; ta:ğ ba:ši: 178; al-rawwas ‘cattle dealer’ ba:š sa:tıcı: 57,9 (only): Čağ. xv ff. baš töben sar-e-ztr wa sar nigûn ‘head downwards’ San. 124T. 8: Xwar. xııı baš ‘head’ 'Ali 18: xııı (?) baš is common in Oğ. baš kesdl 39; tağ bašıda 174; kanğa bašıda ‘in front of the wagon’ 278: xıv ditto Qutb 28; MN49, etc.; Nahc. 98, 5 etc.: Kom. xıv ‘head’ (lit. and metaph.) baš CCI, CCG; \\ Gr. 52 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-ra's ba:š Hou. 19, 18: xıv ditto Id. 31; basbarmak (sic under -s) al-ibhem ‘the thumb’ do. 31; ra si ba:šum Bul. 16, to: xv al-ra's ba:š Kav. 43, u ; 60, 10; Tuh. 16b. 7 (and o.o.); al-ibhem ba:š barmak Kav. 61, 3.
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D 2 ba:š (wound) presumably Den. N. fr. *ba:, see ba:lığ; ‘a wound’ and the like. Survives only (?) in Yakut and SW Tkm., see above; elsewhere displaced by l.-w.s like Mong. yara and Ar. carahat, etc. Türkü vııı ff. Man. tört yegirmi törlüg baš kıltımız erser 'if we have inflicted the fourteen kinds of wounds’ Chuas. 52-3: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. baš kilsar ‘if one makes a (surgical) incision’ TT VII 21, 2 (see kana:- (bleed)): Xak. xı ba:š al-cireha ‘a wound’ Kaš. III 151 (prov ); III 301 (tügne:-) and nearly 20 o.o. translated al-cireha, al-curh ‘wound’, al-qarba ‘ulcer’: KB berge bašı ‘the wounds inflicted by a whip’ 2580; (do not be angry with me) köıjül kılma baš ‘do not wound my mind’ 3965; a.o. 6287: xııı (?) At. 140 (1 ok (arrow)): Xwar. xıv baš ‘wound, wounded’ Qutb 28; (he spoke with lamentations and tears and) bağrı bašı birle ‘with an ulcerated liver’ Nahc. 182, re: Kip. xııı (‘head’) ba:š wa hurca'l-curh tea htnca' l-dumtual also ‘wound’ and ‘boil’ Hou. 19, 18; a.o. do. 33, 5: xıv ba:š al-curh zva ba:š a!-xurec ‘abscess’ Id. 31; al-curh ba:š Bul. 10, 2: Osm. xıv ff. ba:š ‘wound, ulcer’; common until xvi, occurs rarely in xvıı TTS I 76; \\ 108, III 68; 1 V 76.

be:š (five) ‘five’; c.i.a.p.a.i. Türkü vııı beš is common (spelt beš in T49; Ix. 17 and once in ID; vııı ff. Man. beš teŋri ‘the five gods’ Chuas. I i, 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A, Man., Bud., Civ. beš, consistently so spelt, is common: O. Kır. ıx İT. beš, with the special letter for -e- occurs in Mai. 25, 4 beš kırk ‘thirty-five’ (years of age) and do. 45, 2 beš yašımta: ‘in my fifth year’; in do. 11, 9 the photograph shows that the line begins yegirmi: yašımda: ‘in my twentieth year’; the supposed preceding word beš (so spelt) is wrongly deduced from a flaw in the stone: Xak. xı be:š al-xamsa fi’l- adad ‘five’ Kaš. III 125; a.o.o.: KB beš 1432: xıv Muh. xarnsa be:š Mel. 81, 6; Rif. 18e: Čağ. xv ff. beš beš ’adad Vel. 139; beš/bešer 'adad-i pane ‘five’ San. 14/r. 14: Xwar. xıv beš (be' maftûha, ye', šîn) namaz ‘the five (daily) prayers’ Nahc. 240, e: Kom. xıv beš CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı xarnsa be:š Hou. 22, 5:xiv beš xantsa Id. 31; Bul. 12, 11: xv xamsa bi:š (fatha ye') Kav. 39, 4; 65, 6; beš Tuh. 60b. 7 a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. the spelling beš seems to be standard in xiv, and xv and occurs sporadically down to xvıı TTS II 154; III 104; IV 113. (Basque bost for ‘five’ might be related to the Irish bos ‘palm of hand’ (vs. besh))

boš/?bo:š (free, empty, soft) (boss) basically ‘not subject to external control, free’ (not very different fr. erklig). with extended meanings like ‘empty’ as opposed to ‘full’, and ‘soft’ as opposed to ‘hard’. The original length of the vowel is uncertain; Kaš. lists both forms, but it is short in SW Tkm.; it does not seem to exist in Yakut, S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 29 (ut-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M I 17, 2 ff. (išsiz): Bud. (then you must imagine that various cakras) bu burxan etözin boš kılmıšın ‘have set free this Buddha-body’ TT V 6, 46; o.o. TT IV 6,33 etc. (irinčürj: Civ. (if a man’s voice failsoŋ edgüti boš ünmeser ‘will not come out well and freely’ 11 I 14e: Xak. xı boš yılkı: al-debbatu l-musayyaha ‘an animal that is allowed to go free’ (cf. ıduk); hence one says ol išle:r boš (kıldı: omitted) tallaqa'l-mar'a ka-atmahu ahmalalul ‘lie divorced the woman, as if he let her go free’; and one says ol kul boš kıldı: ‘he emancipated (a'taqa) the slave’; and al-hurr ‘free’ is called boš, as in the prov. boš neujke: idi: bolma:s ‘a thing which is allowed to go free (al-muhmal) has no owner’ Kaš. I 330; bo:š kisi: ‘a free (hurŋ man’: bo:š ura:ğut ‘a divorced (teliq) woman’: bo:š elig yad feriğa mimi l- amal ıva'1-mel ‘a hand without work or property’: bo:š et ‘soft (raxzv) meat’, also used of soft ground: bo:š at ‘a loose (mutlaq) horse’: and one says bo:š ev ‘an empty (feriğ) house’, and vessels and tools that are not in use (al-feriğa mina'l-'amal) are called bo:š III 124: KB boš ezed kiši barča ecjgü kull ‘a free, independent man is the servant of all good (men?)’ 2307: xııı (?) At. till boš kiši ‘a man with an unbridled tongue’ 137: xıv Muh. al-xalt ‘empty’ (opposite to ‘full’ do:lu:) (nemesiz; one MS.) bo:š Mel. 54, 9 (Rif. 151 ata:siz); hurr (opposite to ‘slave’ kul) bo:š Rif. 151 (only): Čağ. xv ff. boš (1) a elî (quotn.); (2) sust ‘soft, idle’, etc. San. 135V. 17: Kom. xıv boš ‘empty’ (space) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-feriğ (opposite to ‘full’ tolu:) bo:š rca hmval-.velî iva'l-talaq (‘divorce’) Hou. 27, 17: xıv boš šafr (‘empty’) wa xali: bo:š (‘with back vowel’) muntaliq ‘released, set free’ Id. 32: xv xali boš Tuh. 14b. 6; xala, tafarrağa ‘to be unoccupied (bošan- and) boš bol- do. 14b. 12; xeba ‘to be disappointed’ boš kayıt- do. 15a. 8; fariğ boš do. 28a. 2; ‘soft’ (yaš and) boš do. 31b. 7: Osm. xıv ff. boš noted in several phr. 7'TS I 114; II 161; III 108-9.

biš- (p-) (piš-) (maturate, ripen) ‘to come to maturity, ripen’, with some extended meanings, both Intrans. and Trans.; vowel originally 1-, but - I- also occurs as early as Türkü. S.i.a.m.l.g.; the vowel is a back one in NIÎ, SE Türki (in suffixes) and NC Kır., but a front one elsewhere. The initial is p- in an unusually wide range of languages, NE (not significant); SE Türki BŠ. 120; NC Kzx. MM 276; SC Uzb. Bor. 328; NW Kaz., Kk., Nog.; SW Osm. and some Tkm. forms. See Doerfer II 845. Türkü vııı ff. (it rained) tarığ blšdi: (sic) ‘the crops ripened’ IrkB 53: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (VU) bıšıp M III 28, 6 (iii) (damaged): Bud. ögre ajundakı kılınč tüšl bıšmakın ‘the maturing of the fruits of things done in a former existence’ Tiš. 50a. 5-6; a.o. U IV 50, 124 (etil-): Xak. xı ešič bıšdı: ‘the pot boiled (adrakat) and the broth was cooked’ (tubixat); and one says ye:miš bıšdı: ‘the fruit ripened’ \\\ (nadicat); and one says er kımız bıšdı: ‘the man stirred (harraka) the kumis so that it should mature’ (li-yudrik) Kaš. II 12 (bıša:r, bıšma:k); et bıšdı: ‘the meat was cooked’ (infabaxa) III 321, 8; o.o. / 169 (1 ol-); II 120 (tıtıl-); III 382, 2: KB (hear the saying of) kögli bıšmıš kiši ‘the man with a mature mind’ 6165; (if one eats) eve bısmıš ašm ‘food cooked too quickly’ 632: xıv Muh. al-nedic ‘ripe’ (opposite to ‘unripe’ Čİ:g) bıšmıš Mel. 56, 7; Rif. 154: Čağ. xv ff. biš- (sic, see bıšur- (cook, maturate)) Intrans.; puxta šudart ‘to be cooked’ and tadakkur yaftan ‘to remember’ San. 146V. 24 (quotn.; the second meaning, otherwise unknown, is picked up by tl^ following entry bıškar- ‘to remind’, supported by two quotns. fr. Nawa’i, but also otherwise unknown): Xwar. xıv blš- (sic) ‘to be matured’ Qutb 34: Kip. xııı ‘cooked (al-mafbilx) meat’ bİšmiš et Hou. 15, le: xıv biš- intabaxa; one says aš bišti: ‘the food is thoroughly cooked’ (islawa) td. 32; tatabbaxa tva intabaxa biš- Bul. 8sr.:xv aš bišmišmi: dür ‘is the meat thoroughly cooked?’ (istaiva) Kav. 15, 19; a.o. do. 42, le: Osm. xıv ff. biš- (? piš-) 'to be cooked, to ripen’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 109; II 154; III 104; IV 154.

buš- (? p-) (irritated, annoyed) (push, ambush) ‘to be irritated, annoyed’. Survives in SE Türki puš- Shaw 59 (only, but BŠ. 129 lists the Refl. f. pušun- and Jarring 233 the Dev. N. pušuk). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VIII 1.6 (isirken-): Xak. xı men bu: ı:šdın bušdum ‘I was irritated (dacirtu) by this affair’ Kaš. II 12 (bušma:zmen (sic, error for buša:rmen), bušma:k); two o.o.: KB bušar ödte beglerke barma yağuk ‘do not go near begs when they are irritated’ 779, 783; o.o. 324, 335 (utunluk), 795 (Hen-), 3965, 4292: xııı (?) At. 52 (arsla:n): xıv Muit, al-dacar wa'l-ğayz ‘to be irritated, furious’ bušmak Mel. 34, 16; Rif. 120; (fcza'ra wa kasila (‘to be lazy’) buš- in margin Rif. 111 (only): Čağ. xv ff. buš- ğalzatla tand ol-, kak-... ve ittein-, bi-hudûr ol- ‘to be angry and rude, to push ... to be hurt and irritable’ Vel. 152 (quotns.); buš- siyan rasidati ‘to be injured, damaged’ San. 134V. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı puš- (sic) ‘to be irritable’ 'Ali 48; xıv buš- ditto Qutb 36 (boš-), 38: Tkm. xıv buš- iğteza ‘to become angry’; in Kip. yigir-* (Hap. leg. ?) Id. 32: Osm. xıv ff. buš- (once in xvı puš-) ‘to be irritated, angry’; common down to xvı TTS I 128; II 183; III 120; IV 643

The meaning push, native to the author's English, and hence its derivative ambush are skillfully hidden in the middle of re-recited minutiae. The Horezmian form puš- is roughly contemporaneous with the records on Anglo-Saxon.

D 1 bušı N./A.S. fr. buš- (irritated, annoyed); ‘bad-tempered, irritable’. Pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB bušı bolsa yalguk biligsiz bolur ‘if a man becomes bad-tempered, he loses his sense of judgement’ 334; buš» bolma 1414; o.o. 850, 906, 1997, 4292.

F 2 bušı (p-) () ‘alms’; the Chinese phr. pu shih (Giles 9,479 9,934), same meaning, borrowed by Turkish Buddhists and from them by the Manichaeans. Common in Uyğ., and sometimes spelt with the original p- but not noted later. Türkü vııı ff. Man. pušı fc^rdimiz erser ‘if we have given alms’ Chuas. 140-1; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A edgü kılmčığ bušı küčün kılzun ‘may they do good deeds by the strength of (giving) alms’ M III u, 1-2: Man. arığ bušı (sic, Man. Syriac script) berelim ‘let us give pure alms’ M III 29, 8-9; o.o. do. 10; M I 32, 12: Bud. barča bušı b^rİf) ‘give it all as alms’ PP 16, 6; o.o. do. 46, 6 etc.; USp. 103, 19-20 (1 idi (master, owner, Lord’ (God))); U III 12, 8; U IV 36, 92 etc. — ol bodisavat sizlerke korkunčsuz bušı bĞrgey ‘that bodhisattva will give you the gift of freedom from fear ’ Kuan. 52; a.o. 153.

D baša:- Den. V. fr. 2 ba:š; ‘to wound, make incisions’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol yığa:čığ bašardı: ‘he made incisions (ittaxada huzftz) in the wood’; also used of anything else when one cuts it (hazzahu); also used when one dovetails pieces of wood (wada'a'l-xašab musannada ba'dıhe 'ala ba'd) Kaš. III 265 (baša:r, baša:ma:k): Xwar. xııı (?) a word apparently spelt bašdı but transcribed by Arat bašadı occurs five times in Oğ. usually in the phr. Oğuz kağan bašadı ‘Oğuz kağan attacked’, or the like. It cannot bč a misreading of basdi since the phr. bašadı basdi occurs in 294, and seems to be a survival of this word.

D bošu:- (? bošo:-) (free, liberate) Den. V. fr. boš; properly ‘to free, liberate’, with some extended meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as boša-, with several Trans, and Intrans. meanings. Türkü vııı ff. Man. beš terjrig bošuğalı ‘in order to liberate the five gods’ Chuas. 9; yazuku-muzni... bošuğalı kolmadımız erser ‘if we have not prayed (God) to release (us from) our sins’ do. 287-9: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yazukumuznı bošuyu yarlikazunlar ‘may they deign to release (us from) our sins’ TT IV 12, 36; tsuyumda yazukumda bošuyu berzün same meaning Kuan. 200: Xak. xı amŋ ö:zi: bošu:dı: istatlaqat tabVatuhu ‘his bowels were opened’; and one says tügün bošu:dı: ‘the knot came untied’ (wahana); and one says at bošu:dı: inhalla'l-faras mina’l--wataq ‘the horse got loose from the tether’; and one says xa:n yala:wačığ bošu:di: adana'l-malik bi-rucu i’l-rasül ile mursilihi ‘the king gave the ambassador leave to return to (the king) who sent him’; and, in Arğu:, er ura:ğut»n bošu:dı: ‘the man divorced (tallaqa) his wife’; this verb is both Intrans. and Trans. Kaš. III 266 (bošu:r, bošu:ma:k): xıv Muh. a'taqa wa talaqa (? read tallaqa) wa taraka ‘to release, to hand over (or ?divorce), to give up’ bo:ša:- Mel. 23, 3; Rif. 104; halama fi naivmihi ‘to have a nocturnal emission’ bo:ša:- 108 (only); al-mutlaq ‘released’ bo:ša:mı:š 51,11; 147: Čağ. xv ff. boša- (and bošan-) sust šudan, xeli šudan ‘to be weak, lazy; to be empty’ San. I35r. 2 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv boša- ‘to release’ Nahc. 7, 17: Kip. xıv boša- tallaqa td. 32; Bul. 59v.
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D baščı: N.Ag. fr. 1 baš; ‘leader, supervisor’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı KB kali edgü bolsa bodun baščısı ‘if there is a good leader of the people’ 894; o.o. 45 (ögdün), 4439 (iğdišči:): xıv Mh/i. (?) (in a list of words for craftsmen, etc.) al-ra's 'foreman' ba:ščı: Rif. 155 (only): Čağ. xv ff. baščı balad tva dalil wa rehnume ‘guide, leader’ San. i24r. 10: Xwar. xıv baščı ‘leader’ Qutb 28.

DK bušıčı: (p-) N.Ac. fr. 2 bušı:; 'beggar, mendicant; one who collects, or lives entirely on, alms’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. toğa yok čığay bušıčı men ‘I am an infirm and destitute beggar’ PP 67, 3-4; bu bušıčı bra-man ‘this mendicant Brahmin’ U III 15, 18; o.o. do. 10, 4-5 (kolunğučı:); 22, 9.

?C baštak (leaderless) survives only in NW Kaz. baš baštak ‘leaderless’ and the like; otherwise n.o.a.b. The SW Osm. phr. tek bašıga, ‘all by oneself, all alone’, suggests that this is a Compound of l baš and 1 tele with phonetic assimilation. Xak. xı baštak (MS. bašnak, but as the word precedes bašmak this must be an error) er al-raculu’ l-hasir wa ğ ay ruhu ‘a bare (or unarmed) man’, etc. Kaš. I 46e: Kip. xııı al-'eri mina’l-ahl rva ğayrihim ‘a man without family ties’ ba:š da:k (two words) ya'ni bi-ra'sihi that is ‘on his own (head)’ Ilott. 25, 5.

VU baštar llap, leg.; possibly a l.-w. Arğu: xı baštar al-mincal ‘a sickle’ Kaš. I455.

D bašad- Intrans. Den. V. fr. 1 baš; ‘to be a leader, at the head of (a body of men)’. Occurs only twice, but clearly legible. Cf. bašla:-. Türkü vııı Ku Segü:n bašadu: tört tümen sü: kelti: ‘an army of 40,000 men came with Ku chiang-chün (Chinese ‘general’) at their head’ II N 8; (500 men) Lisün tay segü:n bašad[u:] ‘with Li Hsün-tay at their head’ do. 11.

D bošut- (? bošot-); Caus. f. of bošu:-; ‘to release’, etc. The spellings bošat- in the MS. of Kaš. are due to the scribe; it must originally have been bošut-, S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as bošat-, with the same range of meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (out of the six sıtır and six bakır due to the beg we have received five sıtır and five bakıŋ bir sıtır bir bakır kümüšni beg bošut (t)u ‘the beg has renounced one sıtır and one bakır’ USp. 125, 3-4: Xak. xı ol tağa:r bošattı: ‘he emptied (afrağa) the sack of its contents’, also used of any container (zarf) when it is emptied of what had been stored in it; and one says ol tügün bošattı: ‘he untied (awha) the knot’, etc.; and in Arğu: one says ol ura:ğut bošattı: ‘he divorced (tallaqa) the woman’; and one says ol bulunuğ \\ bošattı: ‘ho released (atlaqa) the prisoner’; also used of anyone who released (fakka) someone from fetters or bonds Kaš. II 306 (bošatu:r, bošatma:k, sic everywhere); bu: ot karın bošutğa.n (sic) ‘this drug purges (yashif) the stomach’; also used of anything when it frequently reduces the strength of a thing by loosening it (yühin quwtvata'l-šay’ bi'l-hall) I 514; a.o. / 210, 21 (ı:d-, rhyming with ašut-, tašut-): KB özi katmıš emdi bosutğu kerek 'he is constipated, we must now loosen his bowels’ 1059: Čağ. xv ff. bošat- Caus. f., sust kardan wa .xel? kardan 'to weaken, to empty’ San. 135V. 1: Kom. xıv 'to release; to forgive (sins)’ bošat- CGI, CCG’; Gr. 65 (quotns.): Kip. xv tallaqa bošaf- Kav. 78, 8; farraga bošu(- (sic) do. 78, 11 : Osm. XV ff. bošat- ‘to empty’ in one or two texts TTS II 161; IV 120.

D baštınkı (first) N./A.S. fr. Abl. of 1 baš; ‘first’. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. baštınkı asanki ičinde ‘in the first asamkheya' TTV 20, 7; a.o. Suv. 11, 1 i: Civ baštınkı yıl ‘first year’ TT VII 18, 7; a.o.o.

D 1 bašak Dim. f. of 1 baš; lit. 'a small head’, at first specifically ‘an arrow-head’, later ‘ear of corn’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g. with various phonetic changes (b-/m- ; -Š-/-S-/-J-). Xak. xı bašak našlu'1-sahm wa sinenu'l-rumh ‘the iron head of an arrow or lance’ Kaš. I 378; four o.o.: Čağ. xv ff. bašak ok devireni ‘arrow head’ Vel. 128 (quotn.); bašak (1) payken ditto (quotn.); (2) xûša ‘ear of corn’ (quotn.) San. i24r. 4: Xwar. xıv bašak 'ear of corn’ Qutb 28; 'arrow-head’ MN 91: Kip. xıv bašak al-sunbula ‘an ear of corn’; one says bašak dermakka: (sic, in error) bardı: ‘he has gone to pluck cars of corn’ Id. 32; (Tkm. demren) al-nasl, in Kıp. bašalc do. 50.

K bašık (pašık) (hymn) the Man. Sogdian word p'ivk ‘hymn’, occurs occasionally in Man. texts. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (in the title, mainly Sogdian, of a hymn) pašı:k Toy. I v. 5 (ETY II 177): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. alkıš pašık sözlegüg ‘reciting praises and hymns’ TT III 161; o.o. M II 9, 1; 10, 1 (ı); 10, 1 (ii); M III 26, 11 (iŋ.

D bıšığ (p-) (ripe, mature; ripeness, maturity) N./A.S. fr. biš- (maturate, ripen) ‘ripe, mature; ripeness, maturity’, etc. Survives only (?) in NE several dialects pıjık R IV 1323. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (in a list of twelve virtues) čının bıšığın ermek ‘to live in truthfulness and maturity’ M III 17, 12-13 (ı): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit lost) bısığ (/>-) e:rse:r se:nig TT VIII A. 19: Civ. bıšığ sigir ‘ginger’ H I 4, etc. (sigir q.v.); (in an adoption agreement; let the adopted boy) köni bıšığ tapınzun ‘serve faithfully when he reaches maturity (?)’ USp. 98, 8; yig etler tegšilip bıšığ boldı ‘raw meats have changed and become fully \\ cooked’ TT I 192: Xak. xı bıšığ aš al-fa'amul-matbux ‘cooked food’; and anything cooked is so called, hence ‘a baked brick’ (al-acurŋ is called bıšığ kerpič 'a baked mud brick’ (labin); (in margin in second (?) hand) bıšığ süčürg ‘cooked wine’ Kaš. I 372; several o.o.: KB biliglig bilig berdi tilke bıšığ ‘wisdom gives the tongue maturity’ 168; bolur ötrti İšler bütün ham bıšığ; biliglig kišiler bıšığ yer ašığ ‘then his actions are proper and well thought out; wise men eat their food well cooked’ 330; a.o. 4480: xıv A/m/i. (?) lahtn matbilx biši:g (j*c) et Rif. 164: Čağ. XV ff. bıšığ/bıšık puxta ‘cooked’ San. I47r. 20; (VU) bıšı (or bıšma) nünhe-i kûčik ‘small bread rolls’, which they cook in butter do. I47r. 9: Yağma: xı bıšık et ‘cooked meat’, etc., the Yağma: form of bıšığ (mis-spelt bašık in the MS.) Kaš. I 379: Xwar. xıv bišig ‘cooked, matured’ Qutb 34: Kom. xıv ‘ripe, cooked’ biši CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv biši; ‘thin loaves' (ruqaq) well known among them Id. 32: Osm. xıv ff. biši ‘cakes cooked in butter’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 108; II 154; III 104; IV 114; xvııı (after Čağ.) and the Rtlmi call a cake made of dough beaten up with an egg and baked in butter blši/bišme San. i47r. 19.

D bušak Sec. f. of *bušğak Dev. N./A. (connoting habitual action) fr. buš-; Kaš's explanation is confused and erroneous. N.o.a.b. Oğuz (and others, tva ğayruhu) xı bušak ‘an irritable (al-dactlŋ man’ Kaš. I 378; (under the heading fa'ilğen) words of this form are N./A. of Habitual Action corresponding to the' Ar. form mif'dl..., and most of the Oğuz and Kıpčak turn the -n into -k and omit the -ğ-; for example (the Turks) call ‘an irritable man’ bušğa:n and the Oğuz say bušak I 154: Kip. Xiv bušak al-raculu'l-katiru'1-ğayz ‘a bad-tempered man’, from buš- iğteza İd. 32

D bošuğ (? bošoğ) N.Ac. fr. bošu:-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. elig begdin bošuğ bulup öz ulušıga bardı ‘he received from the king permission to leave and went off to his own country’ U III 67, 1-2 (iii); arimaduk tsuy irinčülerimin bošuğ kolup ‘asking for forgiveness for my sins (Hend.) which have not been purged’ TT IV 12, 50: Xak. xı bošuğ ‘the permission (al-idtt) for the return journey’, which is given by a Sultan to an ambassador who has been sent to him; and the gift (al-ce'iza) which is given to the latter is also called this. This is analogous to the Ar. word al-sufra which primarily means ‘food prepared for a traveller’, and then the leather cloth on which the food is laid out is also called sufra. Similarly a neighbour who goes to visit (another) neighbour far away, when the time for his return comes sends out an invitation, all the neighbours and others are invited, and he asks their permission to return, giving the neighbours gifts; this is called bošuğ aš fa'emu’l--idrt ‘the food for permission’ Kaš. I 372: KB bošuğ bergü ‘giving (the ambassadors) permission to depart’ 2495: Kom. xıv ‘release’ bošoy CCG; Gr.
379

D bušuğ Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. buš-, Xak. xı one says bušuğ bušdı: tfacira dacara (n) ‘he was bad-tempered, irritable’ Kaš. I 373.

D bošğut (bošğot) ‘instruction, teaching’, and the like; Dev. N. fr. *bošğu:-, which is morphologically a Den. V. fr. bošuğ with a very tenuous semantic connection. Neither this nor cognate words (bošğut-, bošğun-, etc.) are noted later than Xak. but the -o- is fixed by TT VIII spellings. Türkü vııı ff. Man. adınağuka bošğut bošğurmakın sever ‘he loves to give instruct/on to others’ M III 21, 1-2 (ii); edgü bošğut bošfgap] TT II 10, 95:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Tokharian (Agnean ?) ‘upright behaviour and knowledge’ čaxšapat boškut (sic) TT IX 33: Bud. nom bošğut bošğundačı erser ‘if they are persons being instructed in the (true) doctrine’ TT V 22, 46; o.o. do. 24, 52; 26, 83; Sanskrit iruta ‘tradition, instruction’ bošğut (spelt poškodh) bilig TT VIII D.27; bošğut alıp ‘receiving instruction’ USp. 43, e: Xak. xı bošğut al-tilmid fVl-hirfa ‘an apprentice to a craft’ Kaš. I 451.

D bašğıl Hap. leg. (so is bašıl); Den. N./A. in -ğıl (connected with colors) fr. 1 baš (head). Xak. xı ‘a quadruped with a white head’ (datvefu’l-arba' ide abyadda ra’suhu) is called bašğıl yılkı: Kaš. I 481; bašıl ko:y al-ašqa mina'l-ğanam ‘a sheep with a white spot on its head’, in one dialect [fi Itığa) I 392.

D bašğa:n Hap. leg.; presumably Den. N. fr. 1 baš. The rati varied fr. about 12 ounces to 5 pounds avoirdupois in various places and periods. Xak. xı bašğa:n ‘a large fish (al-samak) weighing between 100 and 50 rath; used as a simile for the head-man (kabiŋ of a tribe, one says bodun bašğa:nı: that is ‘the head (ra’fs) of a tribe’ Kaš. I 438.

D bošğut- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of *bošğu:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu da:rnı bošğu:tup ‘teaching this dherani' TT VIII K.7.

D 1 bošğun- (learn, receive instruction) Refl. f. of *bošğu:-; ‘to learn, receive instruction’. Pec. to Uyğ. where it is fairly common. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. birök bu nomuğ ešidip bošğunsar tutsar ‘if they hear this doctrine, learn it and keep it’ TT VII 40, 40-1; o.o. do. 145 (üzeliksiz); TT V 22, 46 etc. (bošğut); Ü I 13, 7; II 34, 4; Tiš. 47b. 5; Suv. 2,9; 17,14; 136,4-6 (1 erig); 447, 16 etc.

(D) 2 bošğun- Hap. leg.; Kaš.'s explanation is morphologically impossible unless the insertion of -ğ- by a false analogy can be assumed. Xak. xı er elgi: bošğundı: ‘his hand was empty (inxala'at) and stopped work’ (fatara ’ani’l-'amal); also used of a man himself; the origin of that (verb) is bošundı: Kaš. II 238 (bošğunu:r, bošğunma:k).
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D bašğar- Trans. Den. V. fr. 1 baš; the original meaning must have been something like ‘to begin; to lead, guide’, but in the medieval period there was a wide development of meanings, of which the commonest is now ‘to complete’, i.e. ‘to guide to a successful conclusion’. The only early occurrence is unintelligible. S.i.m.m.l.g. usually as baškar-; SW bašar-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (your commands have been obeyed; if you wanted a male child, you got one; if you wanted property, you obtained it; illness (Hend.) has disappeared) könek j^rasğač bašğardı ‘the pail and rolling board ... (?)’ TT In: Čağ> xv ff. baškar- (*ursen, etc.) syn. w. bošla-, yol göster- 'to show the way, guide’; bir iši bašar- ve beccr-‘to complete a task successfully’ Vel. 130 (quotns.); baškar- (1) ancem dedan ‘to complete’; (2) mutawaccih saxtan ‘to direct towards’; (3) baladi tva rehmıma'i kardan ‘to guide’; (4) rain kardan ‘to travel’ San. i23r. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv bašar- ‘to bring to a conclusion’ Qutb 28: Kip. xıv bašar- (‘with back vowels’) atamma wa dabbara ‘to complete and settle (something)’ Id. 32 (phr.): xv dabbara wa dawlaba (sic, Pmeaning) baškar- (in margin bašar-) Tuh. 16a. 5.

D bošğur- (teach, instruct) Caus. f. of *bošğu:- ‘to teach, instruct’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı bodunığ ečüm apam törü:si:nče: yaratmıš bošğu:r-miš 'he organized and instructed the people in accordance with the customary law of my ancestors’ I E 13, II E 12; a.o. 1 S 7, II N 5 (ölsik): vı 11 ff. Man. M III 21, 2 (ii) (bošğut): , Bud. U III 80, 1-2 (üjek) a.o.o.

D bošu:ğu: Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. bošu:-. Xak. \i at bošu:ğu: boldi: ‘it became time to release (šera await ithiq) the horse (etc.) from its rope’ Kaš. I 446.

D bošğutčı: N.Ag. fr. bošğut; ‘teacher, instructor’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. nom bošğutčılarka tıdığ kıldımız erser ‘if we have obstructed the teachers of the (true) doctrine’ TT IV 6, 48; a.o. V 21, 56.

D bošğutluğ (bošgotloğ) P.N./A. fr. bošğut; ‘pupil; under instruction’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit saikša ‘pupil’ bošğotloğ (p-) TT VIII A.\ bodısavtlarığ bošğutluğlarığ [kutluğlarığ] ölürdümüz erser ‘if we have killed the Bodhisattvas, pupils, and blessed ones’ TT_KIV 6, 36-7.

D bašaklığ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. 1 bašak. Xak. xı bašaklığ sÜt>ü: ‘a lance with an iron head’ (sinan); also used of an arrow^r with an iron head (našl) Kaš. I 497.

D bušaklık Hap. leg. ?; A.N. fr. bušak, which is properly Oğuz. Xak. xı KB bušaklik bile erke övke yavuz ‘anger and irritability are bad for a man’ 332.

D bošğutlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bošğut; mis-spelt with t- in the MS. Xak. xı \\ er bošğutlandı: ‘the man had an apprentice’ (tilmid) Kaš. II 270 (bošğut!anu:r, bošğut-lanma:k).\\

D bašıktur- Caus. f. of *bašık- Intrans. Den. V. fr. 2 ba:š; ‘to wound’. (Xak.) xııı (?) At. 140 (büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen)).

D bašakla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 bašak. Xak. xı ol süıjü: bašakla:dı: ‘he fixed an iron head (rakkaba'l-sinen) on the hince’ Kaš. III 337 (bašakla:r, bašakla:ma:k).

D bıšığla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. bıšığ. Xak. xı ol et bıšığla:dı: ‘he cooked (taha-xa) the meat’, etc. Kaš. III 335 (bıšığla:r, bıšığla:ma:k).

D bašaklan- Hap. leg.; Reli. f. of bašakla:-. Xak. xı süŋü: bašaklandı: ‘the lance acquired an iron head’ (sinen); also used of an arrow when it acquires an iron head (našl) Kaš. II 264 (bašaklanu:r, bašaklanma:kj.

bešük (cradle) ‘cradle’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes; usually bešik, but in SE Türki böšük/büšük. Türkü vııı I S 6, II N 5 (uğuš): Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (he broke off a lump of stone for those Magŋ taš bešiknit) bulurpn tamın iiztniš teg ‘as if he had broken off the corner and side wall of the stone cradle’ U I 7, 16-18: Xak. xı bd:šik vuthdu'l--sabl ‘an infant’s cradle’ Kaš. I 408; 7 o.o., mainly with ügri.- and its der. f.s spelt be:šik (twice), böšik (twice), bešik (three times): xıv Muh. al-nıah (fbe:š\k Mel. 68, 12; Rif. 169: Čağ. xv ff. bösik galnuera ‘cradle’, in Ar. mahd San. i47r. 22 (quotn.): Kip. xııı ‘a child’s cradle’ (al-mahd) bešik (unvocalized) Hou. 18, 8; a.o. do. 11, 22 (bit): xıv bešik ‘a small cradle’ (mahd), and in Kitöb Beylik al-sarir ‘cradle’ Id. 32; a.o. do. 19 (ügrümük): XV al-mahdu lladi yıırbe fîhi'l-affel ‘a cradle in which infants are kept’ bešik Kav. 64, 10; taxt ‘bedstead’ (tapcak and) bečik (glossed taxtu'l-wuhld) Tuh. 8b. 12.

PU böšük a word, like tüŋür, concerned with inter-clan marriage customs. In the end both words came to mean no more than ‘a person who actually is, or properly could become, a relation by marriage’, but in the Mong. translation of the same text as that translated in TT VI the phr. corresponding to türjür böšük in I. 308 is quda anda which is explained as follows in San. 284^ 5, quda is ‘a tribe to which daughters are given in marriage’ and anda (w’hich also means more generally ‘friend, companion’) is ‘a tribe from which daughters are taken in marriage’. If the parallel is exact böšük must originally have had the latter meaning. It also occurs in the phr. adaš böšük and bağır böšük both meaning ‘blood relations and relations by marriage’. This word is not mentioned in the useful summary of terms of relationship, L. A. Pokrovskaya, ‘Terminy rodstva v tvurkskikh yazykakh’ in Istoricheskoe razvitie leksiki \\ tyurkskikh yazykov, Moscow, 1961. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ- vııı ff. Bud. (the people of this country all look on one another as equals) tügür böšük bolušup kız börišip bağır böšük edgü ögli bolurlar ‘they are free to intermarry, they give one another their daughters in marriage, they are blood relations and relations by marriage, and are mutually well disposed’ TT VI 308-9 (and see note thereon and o.o. in Index); (his father the king had asked the king of that country for the hand of his daughter for the Prince) tügür böšük bolmıš erdi ‘they had become members of families who were free to intermarry’ PP 64, 6 (and see footnote); adaš böšük U III 33, 17; U IV 46, 55 (ata:-); bağır böšük TT VI 105, etc. (bağıŋ. \\ I E 2, II E 2', o.o. IE 15, 18, II E 13, 16; II
381

PU böšge:l (thin) Hap. leg.; the general form of this word, which is listed between bitmül and boğrul is certain, but, since its semantic connection seems to be with either bösge:č (flattened) or biši (bıšığ) its spelling may be incorrect. It is morphologically obscure and is perhaps an honorific word. Xak. xı böšge:l al-ruqeqa mina’l-xubz ‘a thin loaf of bread’, bi-luğati'l--Xaqaniya Kaš. I 481.

D beše:gü: Collective f. of be:š; ‘five together’. Survives in NC Kır. bešö:; Kzx. beseü: SC Uzb. bešöv. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (faith, effort, understanding, contemplation, and knowledge) bu bešegü ‘these five things’ TT V 22, 17: Čağ. xv ff. bešew pane te ‘five together’ San. i47r. 15 (quotn.): Kip. xıv (in a list of Collectives) b&šegü Id. 114,21.

D b^šiklig Hap, leg.; P.N./A. fr. bĞ:šük. Xak. xı bešiklig (sic) ura:ğut imra'a det ratfV wa mahd ‘a woman with an infant and a cradle’ Kaš. I 509.

D bašla:ğ (beginning) N.Ac. fr. bašla:-; ‘beginning’. N.o.a.b.; the word spelt bašlağ in Kaš. is an error for bošla:ğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. uluğ bašlağ atlığ yılmg ikinti yılında ‘in the second year of the regnal period of “the Great Beginning” ’ T II D 180 in TT II, p. 17 (this seems to represent Chinese shang yüan, the period a.d. 760-1): Bud. Sanskrit edau ‘at the beginning’ [ba]šla:ğında: TT VIII A42; (faith) kamağ edgü nomlarnıg bašlağı tetir ‘is called the beginning of all good doctrines’ TT V 24, 63: Civ. Šögün tegme baš bašlağ ičinde ‘in the regnal period of “the Chief Beginning” called shang kuan’ TT VII 1, 1 and 71 (a.d. 1368).

D 1 bašlığ P.N./A. fr. 1 baš; ‘having a head’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. various phonetic changes and often extended meanings. Türkü vııı bašlığığ yükündurmiš tizligig sökürr-miš ‘they made those who had heads bow them and those who had knees bend them’

N 10: anta: berürki: Suk (?) bašlığ Soğdak bodun ‘on this side of them the Sogdian people with Suk (?) at their head’ T 4e: vııı ff. altu:n bašlı.ğ yılan ‘a golden-headed snake’ IrkB 8: Man. on yılan bašlığ ergekin ‘with ten snake-headed fingers’ Chuas. 53-4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bašlığ begler preceded by P.N.s ‘the begs with (so- and-so) at their head’ Usp. 21, 6; 22, 5; 65, 3: Xak. xı Kaš. III 227 (böke:).

D 2 bašlığ P.N./A. fr. 2 ba:š; ‘wounded’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. I 9-10 (ba:lığ): Xak. xı bašlığ közüg al-'ayna’l--carhi ‘the wounded eye’ Kaš. II 172, 12; n.m.e.: Xwar. xıv yetmiš iki yerde bašlığ boldı ‘he was wounded in seventy-two places’ Nahc. 184, 9: Kip. xıv bašlı: eyle- caraha ‘to wound’ Id. 31: Osm. xıv to xvı bašlı ‘wounded’ in several texts TTS I 80.

D bašlık A.N. (sometimes Conc. N.) in -lik fr. 1 baš. S.i.s.m.l. with a wide range of meanings ‘beginning; leadership; headgear’. In the early period hard to distinguish fr. 1 bašlığ; the occurrence in Uyğ. is suspect, the word to be expected here is bašla:ğ. See Doerfer II 701. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. az kılınč yeme ne bašlıkın (P) kayu basutčın belgülüg ^erür ‘and lust, from what beginning and through what supporter does it appear?’ U II 9, 10-11 (in parallel passages tıltağm occurs instead of bašlıkın): (Xak.)xiv Muh. (1) (among words for horses) al-sebiq ‘the winner in a race’ bašlık Rif. 171 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bašlığ (sic) sarder tva ra’is ‘commander, chief’ San. 124T. 13 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) sen munda beglerke bašlık bolğıl ‘become the head of the begs here’ Oğ. 245: Kip. xıv bašlık al-malik ‘king’, originally pedšehlik a Persian word Id. 31 (false etymology): Osm. xvı 11 bašlığ (after Čağ.) and in Rumi kallagt-yi licam ‘the headstall of a bridle’; and there is also a (prob. Čağ.) saying bašlığ bašıga bolur ‘every man is his own master’ San. i2^r. 13.

D bošla:g Dev. N./A. fr. bošla:-, not noted elsewhere in the early period, but surviving in SW Osm. for ‘to loosen, let go, abandon’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı bošla:ğ (misvocalized bašla:ğ) ne:g al-šay'u'l-muhmal ‘anything let go, abandoned’; hence one says bošla:ğ (ditto) yılkı: debba muhmala ‘an animal which has been turned loose’ Kaš. I461: KB bošlağ yügürme özün ‘do not run loose by yourself’ 1505; a.o. 4061: xııı (?) At. 135-6 (i:d-).

D bošluk A.N. fr. boš; s.i.s.m.l. with several related meanings. Xak. xı KB (if greed’makes a man its slave) anıg bošlukı kör ölüm birle ol ‘his emancipation comes (only) with death’ 2616.

D 1 bašla:- (begin, lead) Den. V. fr. 1 baš; properly Trans, ‘to begin, to lead’, but often used without an Object and practically Intrans. \\ 382 S.i.a.m.l.g. with various phonetic changes. See Doerfer II 700. Türkü vııı only the Ger. bašlayu: occurs, e.g. (my father the xagan died) bašlayu: kırkız xağanığ balbal tîk-dim ‘as a start I erected a memorial stone (representing) the Kırğız xağan' I E 24, II E 20; I N 8 (akıt-) a.o.o.: vııı ff. Bili:g Kögihl Sagu:n bašla:p keltİ: ‘Bilig K013Üİ Saıjun arrived leading (a party)’ Tun. IV 2-3 (ETY II 96): Yen. otuz erig bašlayu: 'leading thirty men’ Mai. 32, 12: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. eg bašlayu tuğdukta ‘the very first time that he was born’ Suv. 348, 6-7; kušala sıtıbala bašlap altun uruğları birle ‘with its golden seeds, beginning with kušala and sitibala' (Sanskrit l.-w.s) TT VII 40, 126-7: Civ. özüge ög išin bašlağil ‘begin with the work which confronts you’ TT I 150; (if you count the years of a male for divination purposes) yekni bašlap sanağu ol ‘you must begin your count with the demon (step)’ do. VII 12, 1-2; ol ra:šığ bašlap (p-) otuza:r sa:n ber ‘when beginning the zodiacal sign, allow 30 sön (? degrees) each’ do. VIII L.20; a.o.o. O. Kır. ıx ff. kırk yıl 61 tutdu:m bodun bašladım ‘for forty years I held the realm and led the people’ Mai. 45, 4 (Shcher-bak’s revised text): Xak. xı er ı:š bašla:dı: ‘the man began (bada'a) the work’ (bašlarŋ; and one says ol yo:l bašla:di: dalla'l-fariq ‘he showed the way’, and one says ol SÜ: bašla:dı: ‘he commanded (qdda) the Army’ Kaš. III 291 (bašla:ma:k): KB (let the gatekeeper get up early and) kapuğ bašlasa ‘supervise the gate’ 253e: xıv Muh. ibtada'a ‘to begin’ bašla:- Mel. 21, 12; Rif. 102: Čağ. xv ff. bašla- (-p) ibtida eyle-, . . wa kulavuz ol-, yol göster- ‘to begin ... to guide, show the way’ Vel. 129 (quotn.); bašla- (1) šııru kardan ‘to begin’; (2) nuitawaccih saxtan ‘to direct towards’; (3) baladı kardan ‘to guide’; (4) rehî kardan ‘to travel’ San. 122V. rr (quotns.); a.o. do. i23r. 26 (bašğar-): Xwar. xıv bašla- ‘to begin’ Qutb 28; MN 60, etc.; Nahc. 7, 5: Kom. xıv bašla- ‘to begin; to lead’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 52 (quotns.): Kip.xııı al-šuru ‘to begin’ ba:šla:- Hou. 35, 15: xıv (ba:š ‘head’, hence) bašla- ibtada'a Id. 31:xv ‘for the concept of “to begin (li'1-šurü') to do something, etc.” they use bašla- following the Infin. in the Dat.' Kav. 30, 7 (quotns.): ibtada’a wa anša’a (ditto) bašla- Tuh. 6b. '3, a.o.o.: Osm. xıv bašla- (normally ‘to begin’) ‘to lead, guide’ in several xıv and xv texts TTS II 115; III 72.

D 2 bašla:- (wound) Den. V. fr. 2 ba:š; ‘to wound’. N.o.a.b. (Xak.) xıv Mi//i. (?) caraha ‘to wound’ ba:šla- Rif. 107 (only); al-macriih ba:šlamıš 14e: Kip. xııı caraha ba:šla- Hou. 35, 15.

D bašlat- Caus. f. of 1 bašla:-; ‘to order to begin’, etc., with some extended meanings. S.i.s.m.l. See Doerfer II 699. Xak. xı men agar ı:š bašlattım ‘I ordered him to begin (bi-ibde') the task’ Kaš. II 341 (bašlatu:r, bašlatma:k): Čağ. xv ff. bašlat- Caus. f.;; ‘tö order to begin, direct, guide, or travel’ San. i23r. 25: Kip. xv (in a list of Caus. f.s formed by adding -t- to the verb) istabda a bašlat- Tuh. 54b. 9.

D bašlan- Refl. f. of 1 bašla:-; normally ‘to begin’ (Intrans.); occasionally (of a crop) ‘to form ears’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l.g. Türkü vııı ff. bašlandı ‘here begins’ followed by a noun indicating a subject to be discussed Toy. 1 (ETY II 57); Toy. I v. title (do. II176): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ditto M II 7, 1; III 31, 9 (in: Xak. xı er ı:ška: bašlandı: axada l--racul fi'l-'amal wa zahara amruhu ‘the man began the task and his action became visible (?)’; and one says ko:y ta:ğka: bašlandı: ‘the sheep was driven (insaqat) towards the mountain’; and one says tarığ bašlandı: ‘the crop funned ears’ (tasanbala) Kaš. I1 238 (bašlanmak; Aor. omitted in MS.): Čağ. xv ff. bašlan- Refl. f.; ‘to begin; to be directed, guided, or sent’ San. i23r. 21 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 266 (uruš): xıv bašlan- ‘to begin’ Qutb 28.

D bošlun- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of *bošul-Pass. f. of bošu:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kim bošlunu umasar ‘ (a woman) who cannot give birth to her child’ HI 107

D bušılık Hap. leg.?; A.N. fr. 1 bušı: ‘bad temper’. Xak. xı KB 335 (6let-).

D bošlağlatı- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bošla:ğ. Xak. xı er ı:šda: bošlağlandı: ‘the man acted recklessly (tahatvwara) in the matter, and did not take advice’ Kaš. II 272 (bošlağlanu:r, bošlağlanma:k; prov. (box-suklan-); correctly spelt bo- everywhere).

?D bašmak (shoe, slipper) ‘shoe, slipper’; prima facie a Dev. N. fr. *baš-, possibly a Co-op. f. of ba:- giving the sense of something tied together, or tied to the foot. Its relation to 2 bašak is obscure. Survives in NW Kaz., Kumyk, Nog. (fr. which it has become a l.-w. in Russian); SW Az., Osm. Tkm., and the Den. V. bašmakta- ‘to sole (a boot, etc.)’ in NC Kır. The origin of the Čağ. second meaning ‘a one-year-old calf’ which survives in NC Kzx., NW Kk. baspak is obscure. See Doerfer II 144, 841. Oğuz xı bašmak ol-mik'ab ‘a low shoe, slipper’ Kaš. I 46e: Čiğil xı bašak al-mik'ab; the Oğuz and Kıpčak insert -m- in it and say bašmak (Ar. parallels of inserted -w- quoted) I 378; a.o. III 417 (borsmuk): xıv Muh. al-tumšak ‘a Baghdad sandal’ bašmak Mel. 67, 9; Rif. 167 (also al-askaf ‘shoemaker’ bašmakčı: 56, 12; 154): Čağ. xv ff. bašmak (1) güsela-i yaksela ‘a one-year-old calf’; (2) kafš ‘shoe, slipper’ San. i2^r. le: Kom. xıv ‘shoe’ bašmak CCI', Gr.: Kip. xııı al-sarmiica ‘slipper’ bašma:k (and izlik) Hou. 19, 5; xıv bašmak al-mades ‘slipper’, \\ originally bašmak Id. 31 (false etymology fr. bns-): xv al-sarmtlca bašmak Kav. 64, 2; zarmuza bašmak Tuh. 18a. 5-6; mades ditto do. 34a. 2: Osm. xıv ff. bašmak (sometimes spelt pašmak) ‘shoe, slipper, sandal’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 80; II 115; III 72; IV 83; (xvııı after Čağ., and in Rumi ‘a kerchief (dastmalŋ that women tie over their heads’ San. i24r. 16 is a misreading by the author of yašmak).

D bašmakları- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. bašmak. Oğuz xı er bašmaklandı: ‘the man wore high-heeled shoes’ fcal-zarbfd) Kaš. II 274 (bašmaklanu:r, bašmaklanma:k).

D böšinč the original Ordinal f. of bö:š; ‘fifth’. This shorter form n.o.a.b.; the longer form b^šinči: first appeared in KB melri gratia and was universally adopted in the medieval period. S.i.a.m.l.g. (some NE forms are irregular). Türkü vııı bešinč ‘fifthly’ (we fought the Oğuz at (PU) Ezgenti: Kaijaz) IN 7; lağzı:n yıl bešinč ay ‘in the fifth month of the Swine year’ II S 10; vııı ff. bešinč ay Tun. IV 1 (ETY II 96); Man. bešinč ‘fifthly’ Chuas. 37; M III 19, 2: Uyğ. vııı böšinč ay Šu. E 3, 4, 9: vııı ff. Man. bešlnč Wind. 44: Bud. ditto PP 18, 2; TT V 10, 113; 24, 54: Civ. bĞšinč ay common in USp.: Xak. xı be:šlnč al-xemis ‘fifth’ Kaš. I 132, 5; III 449, 4: KB sevük yüz urundı bešinči Sevlt ‘fifth Venus showed her lovely face’ 135: xıv Muh. al-xemis be:šinč Mel. 82, 9; Rif. 187 (with a refce. to the longer form): Kip. xv al-xamis be:šinci Kav. 67, 16; (in a list) bečlnci (sic) Tuh. 61b. 2.

D bošun- (bošon-) (free, liberate) Refl. f. of bošu:- (free, liberate); ‘to free oneself, to be freed’, and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g., usually as bošan-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. teŋrigerü bardačı bošuntačı ‘going tp.heaven and freeing themselves (from sin?)’ Chuas. 225-6, 234-5; the refrain at the end of each section of Chuas. is yazukda bošunu ötünürbiz ‘we pray to be freed from sin’ do. I 37, etc.; o.o. do. 268-9; TT II 8, 4e: Uyğ. vııı (I settled down there and spent the winter north of the ütüken) yağıda: bošuna: bošunladım ‘having rid myself of the enemy I lived at case (?)’ Šu. E 7: vııı ff. Man.-A yazukda bošunmak bolzun M I 28, 23; a.o. do. 29, 32: Bud. ökünü bošunu ‘repenting and freeing ourselves (from sin)’ TT IV 4, 7 and 13-14: Civ. (fire has entered the mind, anxiety exists) bošunğuluk 'one must free oneself from it’ TT I 20: Xak. xı ko:y bošandı: ‘the sheep was turned loose (istaf-laqa) and released (hulla) from its tether’ (bošanu:r (?), bošunma:k (sic)); and one says tügü:n bošandı: ‘the knot came untied’ (wahat); and one says ura:ğut bošandı: ‘the woman ^was divorced' (fulliqat) in the \\ incorrect (rakika) dialect of Arğu: Kaš. II 142 (bošunu:r, bošunma:k; in this case the -š-is unvocalized; the spellings bošan- must be due to scribal errors, cf. bošut-); a.o. II 238 (bošğun-): Čağ. xv ff. bošan- San. i35r. 2 (boša-): Kom. xıv bošan- ‘to free oneself, be freed’ CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv bo:šan-infalaqa ‘to be released’; also used for ‘the divorce of a woman (ft falaqi'l-mar’a) Id. 32: Osm. xıv bošan- ‘to be freed’ in three texts;xvi ‘to be emptied’ TTS I 114; II 161; IV 120.
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VUF? büšinček (, гроздь) Hap. leg.; prob. a l.-w. Gancak xı büšinček 'unqudu'l-'inab ‘a bunch of grapes’ Kaš. I 506.

D bošunčsuz Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. ♦bošunč Dev. N. fr. bošun-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. mundağ bošunčsuz yazuk yazın-tımız erser ‘if we have committed such unpardonable sins’ Chuas. I 35 (so read).

PUD bošunla:- Hap. leg.; this word is reasonably clear in the photograph, except that the -ı- might be -a:-; in either event the obvious explanation is that this is a Den. V. in -la:- (of -a:-) fr. *bošun Intrans. Dev. N. fr. bošu:-. If so, it must mean something like ‘to live at ease’. Uyğ. vııı Šu. E 7 (bošun-).

D bıšur- (p-) (cook, maturate) Caus. f. of biš- (maturate, ripen); lit. ‘to cause to mature’, usually ‘to cook’, but with several other meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes as biš- (maturate, ripen). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. [gap] bıšurup y^geymen ‘I will cook and eat’ U IV 50, 128; a.o. U III 65, 3 (in: Civ. soğanm bıšurup ‘cooking an onion’ H I 128; o.o. do. 178; II 24, 48; Xak. xı ol et bıšurdı: ‘he cooked (tabaxa) the meat (etc.)’ Kaš. II 78 (bıšurur, bıšurma:k): KB ešitmiš sözini bıšurdı uzun ‘he reflected for a long time on the words that he had heard’ 4883: xıv Muh. tabaxa bušur- Mel. 28, 8; (VU) bıšur- in margin Rif. 111 (bula- in text); a.o. 132 (only): Čağ. xv ff. bišür-puxtan ‘to cook’; although the Dev. N. bıšığ ‘cooked’ ends in -ğ, and therefore the verb ought to have back vowels (qeft bešad), in fact the forms actually used are irregular San. 145V. 8 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv bišür- ‘to cook’ Qutb 34: Kom. xıv ‘to cook, bring to maturity’ bišür- CCI; bišir- CCG; Gr. 60 (quotns.) : Klp. xııı tabaxa büšür- Hou. 34, 5: xıv bišir- ditto Id. 32; bišür- Bul. 57V.: xv xabaza wa saivwa'l-ta'am ‘to bake, prepare food’ bišir- Tuh. 15a. 6; sawtoa bišir- (and tüzet-) do. 20a. 2; fabaxa wa xabaza wa sawtoa bičir- (in margin bišir-) do. 24a. e: Osm. xıv ff. bišür-, less often bišir- ‘to cook; bring to maturity’, c.i.a.p. TTS I 104; II154; III 105; IV 114 (? read pišür-/pišir-).
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D bušur- Caus. f. of buš-; ‘to irritate, annoy (someone Acc.)'. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol meni: bušurdı adcaranî ‘he annoyed me’ Kaš. II 78 (bušurur, bušurma:k): KB (these begs are like lions) bušursa keser baš ‘if you annoy them, they cut off your head’ 784; a.o. 794: xııı (?) At. (avoid misplaced humouŋ uluğ-larnı bušrup saga bu mizeh ‘this humour which makes the great angry with you’ 347.

D bıšrıl- (p-) Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of bıšur- (cook, maturate), Xak. xı bıšrılu:r yakri: kaya:k (mis-spelt kiya.k) ‘the suet and skin of milk are cooked’ (yutbax) Kaš. III 32, 3; n.m.e.

D bušrul- Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of bušur-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. etözim busanur bušrulur ‘my body is distressed and annoyed’ Suv. 624, 16.

D bıšrun- (p-) Refl. f. of bıšur- (cook, maturate); pec. to Uyğ., where it seems to mean ‘to assimilate (a doctrine), to learn its essential meaning’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (anger obliterates) kögül-teki alku anunmıš bıšrunmıš nomlarığ ‘all the doctrines which they have prepared for themselves and assimilated in their minds’ TT II 17, 60-3; edgü nomlarta pıšrunu ‘assimilating good doctrines’ TT III 138: Bud. Sanskrit samedhim bhevayatah ‘practising meditation’ dya:nığ pıšrunda:čınıg TT VIII A.39; o.o. Suv. 136, 18-19 etc. (ögretin-); TT V 20, 8; U II 33, 2 etc.

D bıšrunul- (p-) Pass. f. of bıšrun-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit paripûrne subhe-vite ‘ (if it is) completely and well practised’ tolo tükel uz bıšrunulmıš (/>-) erser TT VIII B.9-10; ekemsabhevita ‘having formed his being in one single part’ 1 bölök (/>-) üze: bıšrunultı (/>-) do. C.17.

ba:y (rich (man)) '‘rich; a rich man’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in some with extended meanings like ‘a member of the upper classes’ and ‘husband’. See Doerfer II 714-15. Türkü vııı čığan bodunığ bay kıltım ‘I made the poor people rich’ IS 10, II N 7; o.o. I E (16), 29; II E 14, 23: vııı ff. bay er koni: ‘a rich man’s sheep’ IrkB 27: Uyğ. ıx bay bar ertim ‘I was rich (Hend.)’ Suci 5: vııı ff. Bud. bay yeme bar yok čığay yeme bar ‘there are rich and poor’ PP 6, 1; o.o. do. 13, 6 etc.; TT VI 024, etc. (barımlığ); Suv. 192, 5; USp. 102b. 7: Civ. (if a man cuts his hair on the Mouse day) bay bolur ‘he will become rich’ TT VII 33, 3; o.o. do. 33, 17; 37, 3 and 8 (USp. 42, 2 and 7): O. Kır. ıx ff. bay seems to be an element in a P.N. Mai. 17, 1: Xak. xı ba:y al-ğanî ‘rich’ (and ba:y yığa:č a place-name) Kaš. III 158; two o.o.: KB till čın bütün ham közi kögli bay ‘his tongue was truthful and reliable, and his eye and mind rich’ 407: xııı (?) Tef. bay ‘rich, a rich man’ 89: xıv Muh. al-ğanî ba:y Mel. 12, 15 ; Rif. 87; bay/bayan/barlu: 5s, 9; ba:y (mis-spelt ba:n) 153; al-muhtašam \\ ‘distinguished’ ba:y 50, 6 (Rif. 145 atlığ): Čağ. xv ff. bay (1) ğani\ (2) one says bay ber- ba-bed dedan wa nîst kardan ‘to throw away, squander’; (3) in the Mongolian terminology (ištileh-i muğultya) the umare-İ bay are a class of officials who enter judicial decisions in the day books, review them monthly, and raise objections to any that are contrary to the law (quotns.); bay xatun ‘a bird also called bay kuš’, in Pe. cuğd ‘owl’;... bay kuš cuğd San. 127V. 18: Xwar. xıv bay ‘rich’ Qutb 25; MN 104, etc.; Nahc. 250, 3: Kom. xıv ‘rich’ bay CCI, CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı al-ğanî ba:y Hou. 26, 13; at-qubaysa ‘the small owl’ ba:y kuš do. 10, 5: xıv ba:y al-ğanî Id. 37: xv ditto Kav. 23, 14; sa'id ‘prosperous’ bay Tuh. 19a. 1: Osm. xıv ff. bay ‘rich’, occasionally ‘a man of distinction’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 83; II 1x8; III 73; IV85.

1 bo:y ‘fenugreek, Trigonella fnenum graecum'. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. boy otu. Oğuz XI bo:y ‘edible fenugreek' (al-hulba) Kaš. III 141: xıv Muh. al-hulba bo:y Mel. 5, 12; 6, 3; 78, 1; Rif. 76, 181: Čağ. xv ff. boy ... (2) the name of a plant called in Pe. šanbalîla (‘fenugreek’) and in Ar. hulba; boy oti ditto San. 142V. 12: Kip. xıv al-hulba boy Bul. 7, 1: Osm. xıv boy ‘fenugreek’ in several texts, mainly Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS II 163; IV 121.

S böy See 1 bö:g. (bew or baw?, biy, boy, böv, böy, bö:y, büyö/büyü)

VU *boy- See *boyum (confused, запутан), boymaš-, etc. (tangled, complicated, запутан)

baya: (recently) ‘recently; in the immediate past’; very rare in the early period, and survives only (?) in SE Türki; NC Kır.; SC Uzb.; NW Kaz. The Uyğ. occurrence is in the Dim. f. *baya-kiria:; the Osm. f. is a crasis of baya: and 2 ok (emphasis particle: no other, exactly, very), which still survives in Tkm. and xx Anat. SDD 175. See bayakı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bayakıya tuğmıš kün teŋri emdi sön ündi (so read) ‘the sun which has just risen has now at last climed (the sky)’ U II 88, 77-8: Xak. xı Kaš. I 37 (2 ok): Osm. xıv to xvı bayak same meaning in several texts TTS I 84; II 120.

D bayu:- (rich) Dev. N. fr. ba:y (rich (man)); ‘to be, or become, rich’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SE, SW. Xak. xı er bayu:di: ‘the man (etc.) was rich’ (eöwı) Kaš. III 274 (bayu:r, bayu:ma:k); a.o. do. 406, 5: KB (if the begs are good) bayur bodın ‘their people become rich’; o.o. 256, 291 (bodun), 737, 1423, 5523: xıv Muh. istağne ‘to become rich’ bayı:- Mel. 22, 9; Rif. 103: Čağ. xv ff. bayı- ğanî šudan San. 127V. 5: Kip.^xiv \\ ba:yı- istağne Id. 37; istağne wa aš fa'a (‘to increase one’s property’) bayı- Dul. 26V.: xv the Den. V. fr. bay (rich (man)) is bayı- Tuh. 83b. 10: Osm. xıv to xvı bayı- (enriched) ‘to become rich’ in one or two texts TTS I 84; II 121; III 75.
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VU boyba:- Hap. leg.; syn. w. borba:- (inert, slow), but the position of the two verbs in the text excludes the possibility that either can be an error for the other. Xak. xı ol ı:šığ boybaıdı: ‘he was dilatory (sawtvafa) over the affair, and careless about it’ (ağfalahu) Kaš. III 310 (boyba:r, boyba:ma:k).

VU?D baybayuk Hap. leg.; Havas translates al-tunawwit ‘a yellow bird of the passerine family which suspends its nest from the boughs of trees’; if amended to *boybayuk this might be taken as a Dev. N. fr. boyba:- with a ref. to the bird’s careless nesting habits. Xak. xı baybayuk ‘al-tunaivwit which is a bird that sings melodiously and builds its nest slung from the bough of a tree in the shape of a basket’ Kaš. III 179.

baya:t (God, Lord) ‘God’. The distribution of this word is astonishingly limited; apart fr. its survival in SW XX Anat. SDD 176, where it is very rare, it is n.o.a.b. It can hardly be connected with Bayat the name of one of the Oğuz tribes, mentioned in Kaš., San., and other authorities. See Doerfer II 819. Cf. teŋri:. Arğu: xı baya:t ismu’l/eh ta'ele 'the name of God (Lord) most high’ Kaš. III 171: KB bayat atı blrle sözüg bašladım ‘I have begun my story with the name of God’ (Lord) 124 (this was the original position of this verse; it was later repeated as verse i, but not in the Fergana MS.); a.o. 1021; bayat and uğan are the standard words for ‘God’ (Lord) in KB: xııı (?) At. bir bayat ’the one God’ (Lord) 19, 283.; a.o. 246 (but

1 begins İlehŋ; Tef. bayat 89: Čağ. xv ff. bayat xude ‘the Lord’ Vel. 133; bayat (1) xuddtvand ditto San. i28r. 3 ( (2) and (3) are the tribal name): Xwar. xıv bayat ‘God’ MN 145: (Kip.) xıv bayat (mis-spelt bayar) the name of God most high in the language of Uygur and they are Turkistan (sic) Id. 37: Osm. xvı bayat i<t mentioned incidentally in one text as ‘a name of God in Turkish’ TTS III 75-75-

bayik ‘true, reliable’. Specifically Oğuz; survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. SDD 176. Cf. čın. Oğuz xı bayık sö:z al-kalevnıl--šediq ‘a true word’ Kaš. III 16e: xi\ Muh. (}) al-tiqa ‘trustworthy, honest’ ba:yik Rif. 147 (Mel. 52, 1 doğru:): Xwar. xııı bayik ‘certainly’ 'Ali 35: xıv ditto Qutb 25; MN 224: Osm. xıv ff. bayik ‘true, certain’, and the like; common to xv; sporadic till xvıı TTS I 84; II 120 -, ///75; IV 86.

D baya:kı: N./A.S. fr. baya:; properly ‘previously mentioned, former, recent’; also used as an Adv. Survives in the same languages as baya: and one or two more in the same groups, sometimes with extended meanings, e.g. SW Osm. bayağı ‘common, ordinary, rough, coarse’, presumably through an intermediate meaning ‘old-fashioned’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bayakı beš ujek ‘the five previously mentioned letters’ TT V 8, 50; bayaki teg etöz tegšürüp ‘changing the body in the same way as before’ do. 10, 100, and 115: Xwar. xııı bayağı deg ‘as formerly’ 'Ali 18 and 50: xıv bayaki ‘formerly’ Qutb 25; Nahc. 55, 7; 413, e: Kip. xv se'a mediya ‘the past hour’ bayak Tuh. 19b. 12; medi (bıltır i.e. ‘last year’) min se'a bayak do. 35a. 9: Osm. xııı to xvı bayağı ‘former, previous’ is common TTS I 83; 77 119; 777 74; IV 86.

D baya:ğut (rich merchant) Dev. N./A. fr. *baya:-, Den. V. fr. ba:y; ‘a rich merchant’, standard translation of Sanskrit iresthi. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. šir^šti bayağutlar uğušmda tuğmakı ‘rebirth in a family of rich merchants (Hend.)’ UII36, 36-7; uluğ bay bayağutlar do. 97, note 1,5; o.o. UIII80, 20; USp. 102b. 7 etc. (bedük); Suv. 597, 22 etc.

?F boyla: a high title, the exact significance of which is uncertain; except among the Proto-Bulgar, n.o.a.b. Among the Proto-Bulgar, where the word goes back to the earliest period, at least to early ix, the boyla: seems to have been next in rank to the xağan, see

O. Pritsak, Die bulgarische Fürstenliste und die Sprache der Protobulgaren, Wiesbaden, 1955, pp. 40, etc. The Western authorities point firmly to -o- as the first vowel. The word is very old, prob. pre-Turkish and possibly Hsiung-nu, but has not yet been traced in Chinese texts regarding that people. Türkü vııı Tonukuk Boyla: Bağa: Tarkan 77 S' 14; T e: Uyğ. ıx Boyla: Kutluğ Yarğan Suci 2. 2.

buymul (falcon, white neck, bird type, hen-harrier, Circus cyaneus, or marsh harrier, Circus ceruginosus, kestrel, Cerchneis tinnun-culus) originally ‘having a white neck’, but except in Kaš. consistently used as the name of a bird. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. buymul ‘the hen-harrier, Circus cyaneus, or marsh harrier, Circus ceruginosus’ (Red. 413). The Čağ. word küykenek/kükenek, with which San. identifies this bird, is a l.-w. fr. Mong. küykenek, which E. D. Ross in A Polyglot List of Birds in Turki, Manchu and Chinese, Calcutta, 1909, No. 64 kökenek (sic) tentatively identifies with ‘the kestrel, Cerchneis tinnun-culus'. Türkü vııı ff. kök buymu:l toğan kuš men ‘I am a grey falcon with a white neck (white-neck falcon)’ (?) IrkB 64: Xak. xı buymul at ‘a horse which has white on its neck’ (ft 'unuqihi bayed); also used of sheep, etc. Kaš. III 17e: Osm. xvı ff. buymul occurs in several texts, mainly dicts., usually as a bird name, but in one with Kaš.'s meaning of a goat TTS II 164 (boymul); IV 122 (ditto): muymul xvı ff. in dicts, translating words meaning ‘kestrel’ and ‘sparrow-hawk’ II 700: xvııı muymul (spelt) in Rümi is küykenek, that is a bird like a sparrow-hawk (beša), ki dum-i ü-re ba-dum-i beša tabt ml-kunand ‘whose tail they fix like the tail of a sparrow-hawk^?)’ San. 321 r. 8; o.o. 307V. 25 (kükenek, same translation); 31 ir. 10 (küykenek, ditto).

VUD boymaš- (tangled, complicated, запутан) Recip. f. of *boyma:- (tangled, complicated, запутан), Den. V. fr. *boyum (bonum) (confused, запутан), see moyum (confused, запутан). N.o.a.b. Xak. xı i:š kamuğ boymašdı: ‘the whole affair (etc.) was complicated’ (ixtalata) Kaš. III 194 (boymnšu:r, boymašma:k); yip boymašdı: ilteta'l-ğazl fa-le yanšarih ‘the cord was tangled so that it could not be straightened out’ II 227, 6.

E bayın in Kaš. III 20, 13 is an error for yipin (yipgin) and in Bul. Sev. for boyin (neck).

S beyin/beyni (S meyi) See *beni:. (ODT p. 340, MEJI головной мозг (meyi “brain”: meji, meŋä I, meŋi, мозг (головной); мозги “brain”)

Instead of obscuring etymology of the English brain, artfully concealed by mutual references leading to nowhere, the word is rising to attention. Without the effort of concealment the direct genetic link would be harder to infer, and the English word's etymology would remain speculative.

F buyan (m-), (merit, meritorious deed, success) (benefit, merit) a metathesis (cf. kon > koyun) of Sanskrit punya ‘merit; meritorious deeds; the happy condition which results fr. meritorious deeds’; a Buddhist technical term, which became a l.-w. in Mong. (the occurrence in Xwar. is prob. a reborrowing fr. Mong.) and became muya:n in Xak. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 141-2 (bügteŋr Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ol buyamgız tüšinte ‘as a reward for those meritorious deeds of yours’ TT III 105; o.o. M I 30, 7-9 (unit-); TT III 169 (ög-); IX 9e: Bud. (striving after) buyan edgü kılınčlığ iške ‘meritorious deeds and good works’ TT IV 12, 53; similar phr. V 6, 40; 8, 74; VII40, 1 g etc.; Suv. 151, 6; 584, 12 a.o.o.: Civ. phr. like buyan kil- ‘to perform meritorious deeds (do merit)’; buyan edgü kılınč and buyan ašılur ‘merit increases’ are common in TT I and VIi: Xak. xı muyarn al-tatveb ‘recompense, esp. for good deeds’ Kaš. III 172; a.o. do. 179 (muyančılık): KB kišiler arakı muyan edgülük ‘meritorious deeds and goodness among men’ 3499; o.o. 3976, 5161, 5292, 5733, 6287: xıv Muh. (l) al-tawab mu:ya:n Rif. 138 (Mel. 44, 15 alğıš): Xwar. xııı (?) tamğa bizke bolzun buyan kök böri bolzunğıl uran ‘let merit be our tamğa and “the grey wolf” our battle-cry- (Mong. l.-w.)’ Oğ. 88-9.

boyin (moyin) (neck, nape) ‘the neck’, sometimes specifically ‘the back of the neck (nape)’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as boyun, but with initial m- in NE, NC. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit grîveyenı ‘on the neck’ boynında: (p.) TT VIII G.66; sığun begin fij boy min kesip ‘severing the neck of the chief of the maral deer’ U IV 38, 133; ögüg boyun kılıp ‘making thought the neck’ TT V 24, 48: Civ. kulğak boyin tölep (?) seems to mean ‘offering his ear (to commands) and his neck (to work)’ USp. 98, 27-8: Xak. xı boyin ‘the neck (raqaba) of a man etc.’; and the pommel (ša’îra) of a sword is called kılıč boym: and that of a knife biče:k boynı: Kaš. III 169; over 20 o.o. sometimes spelt boyun/boyu:n in the MS.: KB boyun is common, 101 (eg-), 286 (bič-), 450 (eg-), ^io37. i43i> 1437, 2154 (tikek), etc.: xııı (?) Tef. boyun ‘neck’ 107: xıv Muh. al-'unuq boryim Mel. 47, 7; Rif. 141: Čağ. xv ff. boyn/boyun gardan ‘neck’ San. 142V. 27 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv boyun ‘neck’ Qutb 37; MN 254: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-'unuq boyun Hou. 20, 8: xıv ditto Id. 37; damana ‘to guarantee’ boymdan (mis-spelt baytndan) ol- Bid. 56V.: xv al-raqaba boyun Kav. 60, 16; Tuh. 16b. 7; 'uqda ‘joint’ (?) boyun do. 24b. 7: Osm. xıv ff. boyun c.i.a.p. in several phr. including boyun ol-‘to guarantee; to undertake (to do something Dat.)' TTS I 115-16; II 164-5; III 109-10; /F123. ‘

D 1 boynak (? boynok) (passage, camel’s neck, dog) Dim. f. of boyin; survives in NC Kır. -moynok (1) ‘a narrow pass’; (2) ‘a camel’s neck, or the skin on it’; Kzx. moynak (2) and ‘a nickname for a dog’. The semantic connection of Kaš.'s second meaning is obscure. Xak. xı boynak al-taniya fi'1-cibel ‘a narrow pass in the mountains’; boynak al-'azeya debba ‘a large lizard, an animal’ Kaš. III 175.

D boyna:- Den. V. fr. boyin; survives only (?) in NC Kır. moyno- ‘to be obstinate or (of \\ a horse) refractory’. Xak. xı keldi: maga: boynayu: 'he came to me with pride and haughtiness' (ma' 'utuwu) wa tayh) Kaš. I 226; tün kün tapın teŋri:ke: boynamağıl ‘worship God day and night and do not be proud’ (le ta'tu) III 377, 13; n.m.e.

D boynat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of boyna:-. Xak. xı ol oğlannı: boynatti: ‘he urged his son to be proud of his work’ ('aid 'utuww fi’l--amŋ Kaš. II 357 (boynatu:r, boynatma:k).

DF buyančı: (hero, champion) Hap. leg.?,’ N.Ag. fr. buyan (merit, meritorious deed, success) (benefit, merit). Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. «6-7 (bügteči:).

D boyunduruk (yoke) Conc. N. (N.I.) fr. boyun (boym); ‘a yoke (put on the neck of a draught animal)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes, m- in NE, NC. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit lost) yoğun kögöllög boyon-toroki (p-) ersc:r ‘if he has deep thoughtfulness as a yoke’ TT VIII ^.33; kaltı uluğ kaglimg boyunduruki yok erser ‘jf a great wagon has no yoke’ TT V 26, 114-15: Xak. xı boyunduruk al-samlqdn ‘the yoke’, that is a piece of wood which rests on the neck of the two oxen Kaš. III 179: Čağ. xv ff. boyunduruk ‘a wooden implement which farmers put on the necks of their cattle when ploughing’, in Pe. yiiğ, in Ar. nir San. i43r. 3: Kip. xııı al-nef wa huwa'l-nir boyunduruk Hou. 9. 9.

DF buyanlığ P.N./A. fr. buyan (merit, meritorious deed, success) (benefit, merit); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. buyanlığ sumer tağığ turğurtuguz ‘you have raised a Mount Sumeru (i.e. a vast amount) of merit’ TT III 54; a.o. do. 163 : Bud. buyanlığ bilge biliglig yiviglerim bützünler ‘may my equipment of merit and wisdom be completed’ Suv. 354, 1; a.o. USp. 89, 1.

DF buyansiz Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. buyan (merit, meritorious deed, success) (benefit, merit); ‘without merit’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 42, 2 (1 bo:k).

DF buyanla:- Hap. leg. ?; Den. V. fr. buyan (merit, meritorious deed, success) (benefit, merit). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. meni kolulayu buyanlayu yarlikazun ‘may he deign to examine me and find me meritorious (?)’ Kuan. 197.

D boyunla:- Den. V. fr. boyun (boym); ‘to strike on the neck’. S.i.s.m.l. in NC, NW but with different meanings ‘to accept responsibility, to admit a fault’, and the like. Xak. xı Kaš. III i45 (ša:b): Kıp. xııı šafa'a ‘to strike on (the back of) the neck’ boyunla:-Hou. 32, 14: xıv ditto Id. 37; Bul. 54V.: xv 'annaqa ‘to seize by the neck’ (kučakla-) in margin boyunla- Tuh. 25b. 8.

D buyruk (executive, executor, official, order, command) Pass. Dev. N. fr. buyur-; lit. ‘commanded (to do something)’; in the early \387\ period a title of office, apparently a generic term for all persons commanded by the xağan to perform specific duties, civil or military. In the medieval period, perhaps because Ar. and Pe. titles of office came into use, it came to mean ‘order, command’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE in this sense. See Doerfer II 815. Türkü vııı (in a series of invocations, ‘listen...’) berye: šadap: it begler yırya: tarxat buyruk begler ‘in the south the šadap:its and begs, in the north the tarxans, officers, and begs’ IS 1; II N 1; Türgeš xagan buyruki: ‘the Türgeš xagan'% officer’ I E 38; in II S 14 (damaged) ulayu: buyruk ‘all the officers’ occurs twice and ič buyruk ‘domestic officer’ once; o.o. I E 3, II E 4 (erinč); 1 E 5, 19; 11 E 6, le: Uyğ. ıx Kutluğ Bağa: Tarxan Öge: buyruki: men ‘I was K.B.T.Ö.’s officer’ Suci 3: vııı ff. Man. köni buyruk (spelt buryuk) ‘the upright officer’ M 11 12, e: Bud. ötrü Ğlİg beg buyrukların okip ‘then the king summoning his officers’ UIV 28, 23-4; in the third Pfahl among a list of officials, etc. Kočo buyruki ‘the governor of Kočo’ 21, another buyruk 23; o.o. PP 8, 7 (inanč); TT VIII A. 12; U III 44, 4 (ii); Tiš. 23b. 3; USp. 97, 30 etc.: Civ. (PU) Bušačı buyruk begi bolmıšda... Otčı buyruk begi bolmıšda USp. 91, 1-2 and 27; the context suggests ‘when Bušacı/Otčı became the local governor’; a.o. TT I 64 (tevlig): Xak. xı biruk ‘the name of the man who puts the notables in their order of precedence (yunzilu'l--akebira fi mardtibihim) in the presence of the king’; originally buyruk, meaning ‘order, command’ (al-amŋ because he gives them orders about this Kaš. I 378: xııı (?) Tef. buyruk ‘order, command’ 110: Čağ. xv ff. buyruğ/buyruk amr u farmdn ‘order, command’ (quotn.); also the name of the brother of Tayag Xan, the ruler of the Nayman, whom Čiŋgiz Xan fought and defeated at the beginning of his career San. 142V. 20: Xwar. xıv buyruk ‘command’ Qutb 37: Kom. xıv ditto buyruk/buyuruk CCI, CCG; Gr. 68 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-amr wa'l-marsum ‘a command, a written order’ (VU) buyruk Hou. 43, 22: xıv buyruk al-amr td. 37; al-marsüm buyruk (and al-amr farma:n) Bul. 6, 13: Osm. xıv ff. buyruk (the form buyuruk also occurs fr. xv onwards) c.i.a.p.; in one or two xıv texts it still means ‘officer’, but ‘order’ is the normal meaning fr. xıv onwards TTS I 130-1; II 184; III 121-2; IV 136-7.
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buyur- (order, command) ‘to order, command’; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE. Considering the history of buyruk (executive, executor, official, order, command) this must be a very old word, but the pattern below suggests that it was obsolete in many languages in xi. (Xak.) xıı (?) KB VP 40 (yarağlığ): xııı (?) Tef. buyur- ‘to order (someone Dat., to do something Infin.)’ no: xıv Muh. amara ‘to order’ biyu:r- Mel. 23, 7; Rif. 104; taqaddama ‘to command’ biyu:r-24, 9; (mis-spelt ya.rur- in 106); rasama (‘to \388\ order in writing’) tm taqaddama bu:yur- 26, n; 109: Čağ. xv ff. buyur- aınr farmüdan ‘to issue an order’ Sait. 26 (quotns.): Oğuz m ol apar ayla: buyurdu ‘he ordered him (amarahu) thus’ Kaš. III 186 (buyurur, buyurma:k): Xwar. xıv ditto MN 11 etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı rasama mina'l-marsûm buyur- Hou. 35, 7; amara mina't-amr buyur- do. 43, 21: xıv buyur- amara Id. 37; rasama buyur- Bul. 45r.: xv rasama tva amara buyur- Tuh. 17b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. buyur- ‘to order’ in several texts TTS III 122; IV 137.
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ba:z (peace, friendly (alien)) ‘peace, peaceable’ (Fr. ba- “wrap”). Survives, in this sense, only (?) in NW Kar. L., T., Krını R IV 1541; Kow. 166. Although ya:t (foreigner) ba:z (peace) certainly meant ‘stranger, foreign’ it seems doubtful whether ba:z by itself ever did; it is more prob. that it actually meant ‘friendly’, with ‘alien’ understood. Türkü vııı baz occurs only in the phr. baz kıl- (peace make) ‘to pacify, subjugate’, e.g. (he captured all the peoples in every direction and) kop baz kılmıš (peace make) ‘pacified them all’ IE 2 (II E 3); o.o. I E 15, 30; II E 13, 24; Baz Xağan P.N. I E 14, 16; II E 12, 13: Xak. xı ba:z al-acnabi tva’l-ğartb ‘stranger, foreigner’; hence one says ya:t ba:z yadildi ‘the strangers were separated, segregated’ (tafarraqa) Kaš. III 148; a.o. III 159 (ya:t): KB yat baz yalavač ‘foreign (Hend.) ambassadors’ 2495; o.o. of yat baz 2534, 2548: Xwar. xıv baz ‘peace, peaceable’ Qutb 29: Kip. xıv ba:z al-šulh ‘peace’ (also bazlaš- ištalaha) Id. 30.

1 be:z (tumor, boil, gland) ‘a swelling on the surface of the body which does not break the skin, tumour, boil’, and the like, as opposed to kart ‘one which does break it, ulcer’. S.i.a.m.l.g. in this sense, and, more generally, ‘a gland’. Xak. xı be:z ‘a swelling (al-ğudda) which develops between the skin and the flesh’ Kaš. III 123:xiv Muh. be:z al-ğudda is mentioned twice in the Chapter on phonetics, once as an example of a word in which ya is pronounced as -e:- Mel. 5, 7; Rif. 76; and once as an example of al-imela, which has the same effect 5. 77^: Č^aS- xv ff. bez ‘new flesh which grows beneath a wound, and superfluous (zeyid) flesh which grows beneath the skin’, in Âr. ğudda San. 121V. i5;mez similar translation do. 318V. 1: Kip. xıv bez al-ğudda Id. 30: xv ditto Tuh. 26b. 7.

biz (miz) (we, us) 1st Pers. Plur. Pronoun, ‘we’. C.i.a.p.a.I. Two usages can be distinguished (1) as Subject of the sentence, in which case it comes at or near the beginning of the sentence, and, if followed by a Verb in the 1st Pers. Plur., is really superfluous; (2) like ol, q.v., as a sort of copula, in which case it comes at the end of the sentence following the Predicate, which \\\ it links to the Subject. This Subject is sometimes also biz. Türkü vııı xağan at bunta: biz bertimiz ‘we gave him hereupon the title of xağan’ I E 20, II E 17; biz az ertimiz ‘we were few’ II E 32; kaltačı: biz özče: tašın tutmıš teg biz ‘we shall remain (unable to move); we are, so to speak, held closely (?) by a stone’ T 13; and many o.o. esp. in oblique cases: vııı ff. Man. biz arığ biz ‘we are pure’ TT II 6, 2: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if there have been no evil deeds) kim biz kil-madimiz ‘which we have not done’ TT IV 6, 23-4; biz followed by two P.N.s do. VII 40, 7; a.o.o.: Civ. biz, esp. followed by two or more P.N.s is common in USp.: Xak. xı biz a Particle (harf) meaning nalımı ‘we’; one says biz keldimiz ‘we have come’ Kaš. I 325; many o.o.: xııı (?) Tef. biz is common as Subject of the sentence and in oblique cases; there is a curious form in the phr. biz ol miz ‘it is we’ (who receive the inheritance) 100:xiv Muh. bi:z nahnu is given as an example of a word in which the ye’ is pronounced as in Ar. Mel. 5, 17; Rif. 76; a.o. 12, 8; 8e: Čağ. xv ff. biz (1) me ‘we’, in Ar. nahnu; (2) at the end of the sentence as a copula with the same meaning (quotn.) San. i4er. 24; a.o. 15V. 2: Xwar. xıv biz ‘we’ Qutb (not indexed); MN passim: Kom. xıv biz and oblique cases CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı biz ‘we’ Hou. 50, 9; oblique cases 52, 10 ff.: xıv biz nahnu, also called miz Id. 30; a.o. do. 36 (under ben); nahnu tjjz Bul. 16, 6; ma'ane bizim bile: do. 14, 4: xv bizni: etc. Kav. 32, 11; 45, 6 ff.; in a list of Pronouns Tuh. 39b. x 1 ff.

bo:z (grey) ‘grey’, both generally and more specifically as the colour of a horse’s coat. A very early \\ l.-w. in Mong. as boto (Haenisch jq). S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes (b-/p-; -z, -s). See Doerfer II 786. Cf. ča:l (grey, mix of white and black, reddish-brown, roan, чалый). Türkü vııı boz at ‘a grey horse’ IE 32, 33, 37; Ix. 4: vııı ff. boz bulut ‘a grey cloud’ IrkB 53 : Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (of a dying man) altın erini boz bolup ‘his lower lip becomes grey’ Suv. 595, 17: Xak. xı bo:z at al-farasu'l-ašhab, laysa bi’l-afšah ‘a grey horse, but not of a light shade (?)’; this word is used of any animal when (its colour) is between white (al-abyad) and roan (al-ašqaŋ; and one says bo:z ko:y ‘a brown (al-ašhab) sheep’ Kaš. III 122; bo:z kuš al-bezîyu’l-abyad ‘a white falcon’ II12, 9; a.o. III 224 (1 buğa:): xıv Muh. (among the colours) al-ramedî ‘ash coloured’ bo:z Mel. 68, 4; Rif. 168: Čağ. xv ff. boz (1) rang-t kabftdi mayil ba-safidt ‘a blue colour teeing towards white’; (2) metaph. asb-i tula ‘an indigo-coloured (i.e. dark grey) horse’ San. i34r. e: Xwar. xııı (?) (of an old man) moz sačlığ ‘grey-haired’ Oğ. 312: Kom. xıv ‘grey’ boz ax CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı (among colours of horses) al-ašhab bo:z; al-axdar ‘dark-coloured’ temür (VU, unvocalized) bo:z ya'nt ašhab hadidi ‘iron-grey’ Hou. 13, 4; (among the names of manihlks) bozğuš, properly (tva'l-šahîh) bozkuš tayr ašhab do. 29, 8: xıv bo:z (‘with back vowel’) al-ašhab Id. 30; al-farqaden (‘the two calves’) 'beta and \389\ gamma in Ursa Minor’ iki: boz at Bul. 2, 12 (see note p. 22): xv (after ‘ice’ bu:z) also ‘white’ (al-abyatf) of horses, mules, and asses Kav. 58, 5; a.o. do. 50, 4; (among colours of horses) al-abyad ıva'1-ašhab boz; al-axdar temir boz (and kır (grey) at) Tuh. 4b. 4.
389

1 bu:z ‘ice’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in most languages with m-; Tkm. bu:z. Xak. xı bu:z (bi'l--išba ‘with back vowels’) al-camd ‘ice’ Kaš. III 123 (prov.); I 186 (erüš-) and five o.o.: KB buz kar toll ‘ice, snow, and hail’ 6013: xıv Muh. al-tilc (properly ‘snow’) bu:z Mel. 79, 12; Rif. 184; ditto in a list of words in which wew is pronounced in the sart (e way as in Ar. 5» 9; 75: Čağ. xv ff. buz... yax ‘ice’, also pronounced muz, in Ar. camd San. i34r. 7A; muz yax, in Ar. camd do. 319V. ro (quotn.): Xwar. xıı (?) muz ‘ice’, esp. in the phr. muz tağ occurs several times in Oğ.: Kom. xıv ‘ice’ buz CCG'; Gr.: Kip. xııı nl-calid ‘ice’ buz Hou. 5, 9: xıv bu:z (misdescribed as ‘with front vowel’) al-caltd Id. 30; al-calid buz Bul. 3, 4: xv ditto Tuh. 1 r a. 9; al-bard ‘cold’ bu:z Kav. 58, 5.

D 2 buz Imperat. of bu:z-, used in the phr. üz buz in Türkü and Uyğ. See 2 üz.

F bö:z (cotton cloth) (baize) ‘cotton cloth’. A l.-w. ultimately derived fr. Greek βυσσος (bussos) ‘linen’, but the route by which it reached Turkish is obscure, see W. Bang, Vom Kökturkischen zum Osmanischen IV (A.P.A.W. 1921), p. 14, note 2. S.i.a.m.l.g., in nearly all languages with -ö-, but in one or two pronounced bez and in Tkm. bi:z. These forms may be due to the late Greek pronunciation of the word, visso, or the form which it took in Arabic bazz (bezz). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (write the dherani on birchbark, palmleaves, paper, or) bözde ‘on cloth’ UII70, 5 (ii); o.o. PP 2, 4 (bodut-); TT VI 391-2 (ešgü:ti:); Hüen-ts. 1810, 2047: Civ. böz kapčukta urup ‘putting it in a small cotton bag’ 11 I 99; böz ‘cotton cloth’, and more precisely ‘a bale of cotton cloth’ is very common in USp.: Xak. xı bö:z (bi’l--išmem ‘with a front vowel') al-kirbes ‘cotton cloth’ Kaš. III 122; nearly 20 o.o.: KB (however great a treasure of gold and silver you heap up) saga teŋgüsi ol iki böz ülüš ‘the share of it that will come to you (in the end) is two cotton cloths (for a shroud)’ 1420: xııı (?) At. (rich brocades are scarce) učuzı böz ök ‘what is cheap is cotton cloth’ 480; ^{a o}- 354 (unit-): xıv Muh. (?) al-qutn ‘cotton’ bö:z Rif. 167 (only): Čağ. xv ff. böz (imale ile, ‘with -ö- not -ü-') ‘very thick cotton cloth’ (penbe bez) Vel. 150 (quotn.); böz kirbes, in Ar. bazz San. i34r. 4 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kefenlig böz ‘cotton cloth for a shroud’ Nahc. 131, 10: Kom. xıv ‘cotton cloth’ böz CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı ismu'l-xuriiq wa’l-qumeš ‘a word for strips of cloth and cotton-stuffs’ böz; Tkm. be:z Hou. 19, 10: xv xirqa ‘piece of material’ böz Tuh. 14b. 7; šaqqa mina'l-tiyeb ‘a strip of clothing material’ böz (in margin bez) do. 21 a. 2: Osm. xıv to xvı bez ‘cotton cloth’ in several texts TTS II 157; IV 117: xvııı \\\ (after Čağ.) and in Tkm. and Rumi bez San. i34r. 4; bez (‘in Rumi' Pomitted) kirbes, which they also call böz; in Ar. bazz San. I4er. 24.

bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed) originally ‘to shiver, tremble, shudder’; in the medieval period it came to mean ‘to shudder at the sight of (something)’ and thence ‘to feel aversion from (something), to lose one’s taste for (something) (dislike)’, and the like. Cf. titre:- (? d-) (shiver, shake). Survives in these meanings in SE Türki; NC; SC Uzb.; some NW languages, and SW Osm., Tkm. Cf. titre:- (? d-) (shiver, shake, tremble, shudder, quake, earthquake, move) (tremble). Türkü vııı ff. Man. anın korkdl bezti ‘he was therefore frightened and trembled’ TT II 6, 32: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (as the hour of death approaches, he lies on his bed and) tolp etözi titreyür bezer ‘his whole body shivers and shakes’ U III 43, 28-30; a.o!IV 48, 90: Xak. xı er tumluğdın bezdi: ‘the man shivered (irta'ada) because of the cold (etc.)’ Kaš. II 8 (beze:r, bezme:k); a.o. I 385 (bezig): Xwar. xıv bez- ‘to be tired of (something Abl.)' Qutb 31; ‘to shiver’ Nahc. 152, 15: Kom. xıv ‘to renounce, relinquish’ (retire) bez- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv bez- tabarra’a minhu ‘to clear oneself from something, feel an aversion from it’; derived from the Pe. word bazar (error for bizer) al-mutabarri' (Sp. basura “rubbish, trash”), with the -r omitted Id. 31 (the phonetic resemblance between bez- and bizer is quite fortuitous): xv tabarra'a bez- Tuh. 10a. 2; tami'a ‘to feel aversion’ bez- do. 24a. 7 (yarsı-, q.v., is written in a second hand both below bez- and in the margin).
(OTD p. 97 о Ср. aj-, bez-, birgä-, četre- (Chuv.), ïj-, ïrɣa-, jaj- (jajturdï), sapï-, silk-, tebrä-, teprä-, дрожать, содрогаться, трясти, трястись, колебать, трепетать shiver, shudder, shake, shaking, sway, tremble)

2 bez- (tired of, retire, clear of) Xwar. xıv bez- ‘to be tired of (something Abl.)' Qutb 31; Kom. xıv ‘to renounce, relinquish’ (retire) bez- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv bez- tabarra’a minhu ‘to clear oneself from something, feel an aversion from it’; ‘to feel aversion’ bez- do. 24a. 7

buz- (? bu:z-) (destroy, damage) ‘to destroy, damage’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. with -u- except in SW Osm., Tkm. where it is -o-. Türkü vııı altı: čuv Soğdak tapa: süledimiz buzdımız ‘we campaigned against the Sogdians of the Six Districts (Chinese l.-w. chou) and routed (destroyed) them’ 7 E 3t ; evi:n barkı:n buzdım ‘I destroyed their dwellings and property’ II E 34; o.o. I E 34; II E 24, 25, 37, 39: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. varhar sangram buzdumuz söktümüz erser ‘if we have destroyed and pulled down monasteries (Sanskrit Hend.)’ TTIV6, 39; o.o. U II 53, 4 (iii); TT X 190; commonest in the phr. buz- artat- e.g. örtüg tıdığlarığ alku emgeklig tuğumlarığ buzdačı artatdačı ‘destroying and putting an end to coverings, obstacles_l and all painful rebirths’ U II 33, 5-6; o.o. Suv. 134, 20; TT V, p. 14, note A23, 11 etc.; the words read tını bošup ‘his breath is laboured’ in U III 43, 31 should prob. be read tını buzup: Civ. yürek sıkılmak ‘heart disease’ and tin buzmak (sic?, see above) are associated in HI 1-5: Xak. xı ol ev buzdi: ‘he destroyed (hadama) the house (etc.)’ Kaš. II 8 (buza:r, buzma:k): KB bušı bolsa begler buzar beglikin ‘if the begs become bad-tempered it destroys the rule of the begs’ 1414; o.o. 1180 (etiglig), 548, 882 (erinč), 5263, 6056 (etči:):xiv Muh. abtala wa nahaba ‘to render worthless, to plunder’ bu;z- Mel. 21, 14 (only); \390\ manlıûb ‘plundered’ bu:zmıš Mel. 51, 11 (manhübıı l-ğera bu:zukmı:š Rif. 147): Čağ. xv ff. buz- xareb kardan ‘to ruin, destroy’ San. 133r. 25 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) [yam] üč buzğuluk kıldı ‘he broke the bow into three pieces’ Oğ. 343-4 (text uncertain): xıv buz- ‘to destroy, ruin, break’ Qutb 36; MN 77: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 70 (quotns.): Kip. xııı šarafa min sarfi' l-dahab rca ğayrihi ‘to give exchange in the sense of giving exchange for gold etc.’ (?) buz-, also al-nahb ‘to plunder’ and al-istileb ‘to carry off' Hon. ,15, 20: xıv buz- (‘with back vowel’) axada l-šay' ğerata (n) ‘to take something in a raid’, also naqada ‘to pull down, break’ td. 30; nahaba buz- Bid. 85r.: xv buz- axraba tva afsada (‘to corrupt, ill-treat’) Kav. 10, 4; axraba buz- Tuh. 6b. 13.
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VUD buzı: (burnt) Hap. leg.; unvocalized; Brockelmann and Atalay transcribed bizi:, but there does not seem any basis for this; the likeliest explanation is that it is a Dev. N./A. in the sense of ‘damaging, spoiling’, and the like, fr. buz- (destroy, damage). Xak. xı buzı: ‘the black (al-satved) which appears on the surface of bread owing to burning’ (mina'l-ihtiraq); hence one says etme:k buzı: boldı: ‘the surface (al-wach) of the bread was burnt’ (ihtaraqa) Kaš. III 223.

S beze:- (adorn, ornament) no doubt a crasis of bedze:- (q.v. and also bedzet-); ‘to ornament, adorn’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. in all groups except SE. Xak. xı ol evin beze:di: ‘he painted (naqa$a) his house’ (or something else) Kaš. III 263 (beze:r, beze:me:k): KB yašıl kök bezedig tümen yulduzun ‘Thou hast adorned the blue sky with countless stars’ 22; o.o. 386, 3724 (bediz), 5108: xııı (?) At. bezeyin kiteb ‘let me adorn the book’ (with praise of my king) 43; a.o.o.: Čağ. xv ff. beze- (-di etc.) beze- ya'tıî zeynet et- ‘to ornament, adorn’ Vel. 140; beze- arastan ditto San. i4er. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xrv ditto Qutb 31: Kip. xıv beze- sayvana ‘to adorn’ İd. 30: Osm. xıv ff. ditto; c.i.a.p. TTS I 95 5 U I35Î HI 88; IV 99.

DF' bözči (cotton cloth weaver, dealer) N.Ag. fr. bö:z; ‘a weaver, or seller, of cotton cloth’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. epči karabaš bözči ‘ (my) female slave, a weaver’ USp. 73, 4: Čağ. xv ff. bözci kirbesbef a cotton cloth weaver’ San. i34r. n.

S bezet- (beze:t-) (adorn, ornament) Sec. f. of bedzet-, q.v.; ‘to order to ornament’ etc. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol evin bezetti: ‘he ordered the painting (bi--tanqiš) of his house’ Kaš. II 305 (beze:tü:r, bezetme:k); o.o., same translation, II 318, 11; 319, 4: Čağ. xv ff. bezet- Caus. f.; üresta kardan ‘to have (something) ornamented’ San. I4er. 24.

D bezit- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed). Xak. xı tumluğ am: bezitti: ‘the cold made him shiver’ (ar'adahu) Kaš. II 305 (bezitü:r, bezitme:k) (and see bezge:k (ague, malaria, fever)).

D bezetigse:k Hap. leg. and noted only in a grammatical section; Dev. N./A. fr. a Desid. Den. V. fr. *bezetig, Dev. N. fr. bezet-, Xak. xı ol evin bezetigse:k ‘he longs to have his house painted (*ale tanqiši'l-bayt) and wishes for it’ Kaš. II 319, 9.

D buzuk Pass. N./A.S. fr. buz- (destroy, damage); ‘spoilt, ruined, destroyed’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., sometimes with the metaph. meaning (of a man) ‘dissolute’. See Doerfer II 787. Xak. xı buzuk ev ‘a ruined (al-munhaditn) house’; and anything broken (mahsuŋ or ruined is called buzuk Kaš. I 378: KB (understanding) sınukuğ sapar ol buzukuğ eter ‘mends what is broken and puts right what is ruined’ 1858: Čağ. xv ff. buzuğ tvayrena ‘ruined, desolate’ Vel. 150; buzuğ/buzuk tvayrena San. i34r. 15 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) buzuk in Oğ. 367 is the name of one half of the Oğuz confederacy, the other being Üč ok; as usual it is explained by what is no doubt a false etymology. Acc. to Arat, op. cit. note 367, this name occurs only in the Oğuz Xan legend; it is jjientioned in the same context in San. i34r. 17: Kip. xıv buzuk ‘a word applied to someone (or something?) who is regarded as vile and strange (al-mustahcani'1-mustağrab), and whom they consider dumb’ (axras (sic), perhaps a corruption) td. 31: Osm. xvııı bozuk in Rumi ‘a kind of musical instrument with six or seven strings’ San. i34r. 17; a.o. same meaning TTS II 166; bozuk in its usual meaning seems to be common.

PUD buzğak Dev. N./A. of Habitual Action fr. buz- (destroy, damage); this seems the likeliest transcription of a word pec. to Uyğ. Civ. and used only in the phr. tın buzğak ‘shortness of breath’ (cf. buz-). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tın buzğak H I 60, 162, 164 (1 öt- (pierce, pass)).

D bazğa:n (hammer) ‘a blacksmith’s hammer’; thus spelt twice in Man.Uyğ. texts in which zayn is unlikely to represent -S- and also in Kaš., but the obvious explanation is that it is a Dev. N./A. of Habitual Action fr. bas- (push, press, ambush), the -shaving been (exceptionally) voiced by the -ğ-. The translation in Kaš., al-fafs ‘myrtle berries’, is no doubt an error for al-fittis ‘blacksmith’s hammer’. See Doerfer II 692. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 8, 10 (ol); a.o. do. 18, 6 (in: Xak. xı al-fats (unvocalized, read al-fittis) bazğa:n I 18, 8; bazğa:n (mis-spelt barğa:n) al-fats (read al-fitfis) I 438: xıv Muh. mitraqa kabira ‘a large hammer’ yaltčuk (Hap. leg.) ba:sğa:n Mel. 61, 8; the same but the first word unvocalized and with b- for y- (? read baltačuk ‘small axe’) and ba:sğe:n only in margin Rif. 160: Kip. xıv bašan a word for a dog, derived fr. baš- šarh'a ‘to \391\ bring down’, because it brings down wolves Id. 33 (etymologically the same word).
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(D) buza:ğu: ‘a calf’; a very old word ending in -ğu:. An early l.-w. in Mong. as bura'u (Hactiisch 22). S.i.a.m.l.g. often much distorted, e.g. NE Khak. pizo; Tuv. biza:; SE Türki mozay; see Shcherbak 100, where the suggested connection with bo:z is very improbable; Čuv. peru Ash. X 133. Cf. ta:dun, tüge:. Türkü vııı ff. (a dappled white cow was on the point of calving...) ürü:ŋ esri: erkek buza:ğp: kelü:rmi:š ‘she gave birth to a white dappled bull calf’ IrkB 41: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kuzi buzağu ‘a lamb or a calf’ MI 8, 4; 18, 3: Bud. (Sanskrit lost, but the contcxt is with elephants) bu:za:ğula:rındın (/)-) TT VIII C. 6; a.o .PP 77, 3*4 (entür-): Xak. xı buza:ğu: al-'icl *calf’ (prov.): buza:ğu: tili: al-cirdawn ‘a mole (or rat?)’; it is a small animal (dmvaybba) Kaš. I 446; three o.o.: xıv Muh. al-'id bı:za:ğu: (v.l. buzaw) Mel. 71, 1 (only): Čağ. xv ff. buzağu/buzag («’c)/buzaw (all spelt) bača-i getv too gervmiš tva kargadan ‘the young of a cow, buffalo, or rhinoceros’ San. I34r. 8 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 263 (u:d); Kom. xıv ‘calf’ buzaw CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-'idu'l-šağir ‘a small calf’ buza:ğu: Hou. 14, 19: xv buzawu ‘a small calf’, also called buzağu:; in the Kiteb Beylik the same translation and also waladu'l-ayyil ‘a young deer’ Id. 31; ‘a large calf’ buzağu: Bul. 7, 10; ‘a young deer’ bizawu: do. 10, 15: xv ‘a small sucking calf’ buzağu: Kav. 62, 3: Osm. xıv to xvı buzağu ‘calf’; once in xv buzağı TTS II 185; iv 138.

D buza:ğu:Ia:- Den. V. fr. buza:ğu:; (of a cow etc.) ‘to calve’. S.i.s.m.l. w. phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. ürü:g esri: ingek buza:ğu:lačı: bolmr.š ‘a white dappled cow was on the point of calving’ IrkB 41 (the form is grammatically impossible, ? error for buza:ğu:la:dačı:): Xak. xı Kaš. III 91 (yeni:-).

D (S) bezek (beze:k) (ornament, ornamentation, painting, picture) N.Ac. (and Conc. N.) fr. beze:- (adorn, ornament), q.v.; ‘ornamentation, painting, etc.; an ornament’. S.i.s.m.l.g. in all groups except NE. See Doerfer II 741. Xak. xı bezek al-naqš ‘ornamentation, painting; an ornament, picture’ in one dialect Kaš. I 385; beze:k hmva (omission in MS.) I 412; o.o. II 99 (bezeš-): KB bu kökteki yulduz bir anča bezek 'of these stars in the sky some are ornaments’ (and some guides...) 128: xili (?) At. ağız til bezeki ‘the tongue is an ornament of the mouth’ 155; a.o.: Čağ. xv ff. bezek ereyiš ‘ornamentation’ Son. i^er. 27: Xwar. xıv bezek (sic) ‘an ornament’ Qutb 31 (and bezeklig ‘ornamented’); Nahc. 380, 9: Kip. xıv bezek al-zayna ‘ornamentation’ td. 30: \\\ Osm. xıv ff. bezek ‘ornament, decoration’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 94; II 134; HI 88; IV 98.

D bezig Hap. leg.; Dev. N fr. bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed). Xak. xı bezig al-ri'da ‘shivering’; hence one says ol bezig bezdi: ‘he shivered’ Kaš. I 385.

D bezge:k (ague, malaria, fever) Dev. N. connoting Habitual Action fr. bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed); ‘ague, malaria'. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (in SW only Tkm.). See Doerfer II 825. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bezgek em ‘a remedy for ague’ H I 102; a.o. II 10, 74: Xak. xı bezge:k al-ri'da ‘shivering’ Kaš. II 289; (after bezit-) hence al-humme'1-nefid ‘fever accompanied by shivering’ is called bezge:k II 305: Xwar. xıv bezgek ‘fever, ague’ Qutb 30; bdzgek do. 31: Kom. xıv ‘a cold fever’ bezgek CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv bdzgek al-humma l-berida ‘a cold fever’ Id. 31.

D bu:zluğ P.N./A. fr. bu:z; ‘icy, containing ice’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the ninth and tenth months) karlığ buzluğ öd bolur ‘become the time of snow and ice’ Suv. 590, 4-5: Civ. (a man suffering from sunstroke) küče:k bu:zluğ (p-) yeglağ ič[zün ?] ‘should drink heavily iced ?’ TT VIII 1.10 (the third word is Hap. leg. and phonetically obscure, perhaps a l.-w.).

D bu:zluk A.N. (icehouse) (Conc. N.) fr. bu:z; ‘an icehouse’. Survives with the same meaning in SW Osm. and Tkm. (bu:zluk). See Doerfer II 786. Xak. xı buzluk al-macmada ‘an ice-house’ Kaš. I 46e: xıv Muh. al-matlaca ‘ice-house’ bu:zluk Mel. 77, 10; Rif. 181.

D (S) bezel- (beze:l-) (adorned, ornamented) Pass. f. of beze:- (adorn, ornament); ‘to be ornamented, painted’, etc. N.o.a.b.; in modern languages bezen- is used in this sense. Xak. xı ev bezeldi: ‘the house (etc.) was painted’ (nuqiša) Kaš. II 13ı (beze:lü:r, bezelme:k): xııı (?) Tef. 72 (edlet-): Čağ. xv ff. bezel- (-ip, etc.) bezen-, müzeyyen ol- ‘to be ornamented, adorned’ Vel. 141; bezel- eresta šudan ditto San. i^et. 20 (quotns.).

D buzul- Pass. f. of buz- (destroy, damage); ‘to be destroyed, damaged’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. the same phonetic changes as buz-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. teŋri tamğası buzulti erser ‘if God’s seal has been broken’ Chuas. 188-9: Uyğ. \\ vııı ff. Bud. yılkı pret bu:zlur (pu.sluŋ tamu:da: ‘animals and ghosts are (? will be) destroyed in hell’ TT VIII N.rr: Civ. in a calendar text Chinese p'o ‘destruction’ (Giles 9,410) is translated buzulmak TT VII 11,7: Xak. xı ev buzuldi: ‘the house fell into ruin’ (xariba); also used when someone has destroyed it (hadamahu) (buzulur, bozulmak); this verb is Intrans. and Pass.; and one says er buzuldi: xuriba melu'1-racul ‘the man was (financially) ruined’ Kaš. II 131: KB buzulmasu beglik bedüklük bile ‘may (your) rule and greatness not be destroyed’ \\ 947; o.o. 882 (erinč), 572e: Čağ. xv ff. buzul-xnrnb šudan ‘to be ruined, destroyed’ San. 133^v- 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 36; Nahc. 21, 13: Kip. xıv (after buz-) the Pass. f. is buzul- in both senses uxida ğerata (n) ‘to be taken in a raid’ and nuqida ‘to be pulled down, broken’ td. 30: xv xaruba buzul- Tuh. 15a. 10.
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VUD bozla:- (? bo:zla:-) (bellow, holler) (of a camel),‘to bellow’, with some extended meanings; Den. V. fr. *bo:z, a different word from bo:z (grey) ‘grey’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except perhaps SE; the first vowel is -u- in NE, and -o- (in Tkm. -o:-) elsewhere. Xak. xı titir bozla.’di: ‘the she-camel (etc.) bellowed’ (rağat) Kaš. III 291 (bozla:r, bozla:ma:k); a.o. I 120 (agra:-): xıv Muh. (?) 'acca'l-camal ’of a camel, to bellow’ bo:zla- Rif. 112 (only); 'acicu l-camal bo:zlamak 124; ruga u l-camal bo:zla:mak 17e: Čağ. xv ff. bozla- (-dŋ 'of mourners, to groan and lament with a melancholy voicc’ (quotn.); the word is used in this sense and also of a camel, ‘to bellow’ Vel. 150; bozla-‘of a female camel, to bellow, when calling its young’, in Ar. hanin; and metaph, ‘of mourners, to lament in a melancholy voice’ San. 133V. 19 (quotns.): Kip. xıv bozla- rağa’l-camal td. 31: xv ba'ba’a ‘to gurgle’ bozla- (also calida ‘to be frozen’, i.e. buzla-, Den. V. fr. foiifz) Tuh. 8b. 7: Osm. xıv and xv bozla- (once bozula-) ‘to bellow’ in one or two texts TTS I 117; II 166.

VUD bozlat- (bellow) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of bozla:- (bellow). Xak. xı ol botu:ni: bozlattı: ‘he made the camel colt (etc.) bellow’ (arğe) Kaš. II 341 (bozlatu:r, bozlatma:k).

D (S) bezenč (bolt of silk or thread) (unvocalized in the MS., but no doubt to be so read) Dev. N. fr. bezen-, N.o.a.b. Xak. xı bezenč ‘a hank (šahraca) of silk or thread’; bezenč ‘the name of a plant (nabt) with a red stem and leaves, which grows among the vines and is eaten as a drug’ Kaš. III 373.

D (S) 2 bezenč (name of a plant) ‘the name of a plant (nabt) with a red stem and leaves, which grows among the vines and is eaten as a drug’ Kaš. III 373.

D (S) bezen- (ornamented, adorned) Refl. f., often used as Pass., of beze:-; ‘to adorn oneself; to be ornamented, adorned’. S.i.s.m.l. in all groups except NE, usually as Pass. Xak. xı ura:ğut bezendi: ‘the woman adorned herself’ (tabarracat); and one says ev bezendi: ‘the house was ornamented’ (zaxrafa); the -n- (in the latter instance) was changed from -ı- Kaš. II 142 (bezenü:r, bezenme:k); a.o. II155 (kozan-): KB bezenmek tiler dunya ‘the earth wishes to adorn itself’ 64; bezenmiš kelin teğ ‘like a bride adorned’ 3567; a.o. 67: Xwar. xıv bözen- (sic) ‘to be adorned’ Qutb 31: Kip. xıv bezen- izdena ‘to be adorned’ Id. 30: xv tazawtvaqa ‘to be ornamented’ bezen- Tuh. 10a. 5; zmviuiqa ditto do. 18a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. bezen- ‘to adorn oneself, be adorned’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 95; II 135; 77/ 88; 7^99.

D (S) bezeš- Co-op. f. of beze:-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol maga: bezek bezešdî: ‘he helped me to paint (ft naqš) the thing’; also used for competing Kaš. II 99 (bezešü:r, bezešme:k): Čağ. xv ff. bezeš- ‘to be adorned (arasta šudan) together’ San. x 461*. 23.

D buzuš- Co-op. f. of buz- (destroy, damage); survives only (?) in SW Osm., Tkm. bozuš- ‘to quarrel, be estranged’. Xak. xı ol maga: ev buzušdı: ‘he helped me to demolish[fihadnt) the house’; also used for competing Kuš. II 99 (buzıtšu:r, bıızušma:k).
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Preliminary note. Initial č- is not very common in Turkish as an original initial. Although there is good evidence that both unvoiced č and voiced c existed in the medial and final positions, there is no evidence that there was ever a voiced initial C-, see Studies, pp. i6j, ijo. There are many Secondary initial c-s, č-y and J-j in some modern languages, usually representing an original y-, less often an original s- or t-, with some interchange between the three. Conversely in some languages č- has become š-. There are in Mong. and Pe. a good many words with initial c- which have become l.-w.s in Turkish and have erroneously been regarded as native Turkish words.

VU či: (moisture) as such Hap. leg., but perhaps connected with čig, q.v. If as seems probable 2 čı:k- is derived from this word it must have had a back vowel, see also čı:la:-. Xak. xı čı: al-nade ‘moisture’; hence one says čı: ye:r ard nadiya ‘moist ground’ Kaš. III 207.

ču:/čü: (imperative: do) N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ču: (/čü:) ‘an Interjection (harf) attached to Imperatives both positive and negative in order to strengthen them’ ('ale ma'ne ta'kid)] hence one says kel čü: ‘(do) come at once!’ and barma: ču: ‘do not on any account go’. The word is not used except in conversation (fi'l-xitab) Kaš. III 207: šu: (/šü:) an Interjection which alternates (yanub) with ču: (/čü:), one says barğıl šu: ‘go at once’ and kel šü: ‘come at once’ III 211.

čap (slurp, чавкать) Onomatopoeic; Kaš. is usually the only early authority for such words, but they are common in modern languages, though not always entered in the dicts. Xak. xı čap čap fıikeya 'an waq i'l-siyef wa'l-šibi'l-šifeh ‘an onomatopoeic for the blow of a whip and smacking the lips’; hence one says ol erük čap čap yedi: ‘he eat a peach smacking his lips’ Kaš. I 318.

ča:v (fame, reputation, rumor, noise, bustle, uproar, news, name) originally ‘fame, good reputation’ with a favorable connotation, later ‘reputation’ (good or bad), and finally merely ‘rumour, noise’, perhaps owing to confusion with onomatopoeics like čap (, чавкать). Survives in NE Alt., Leb., Tel. čap R III 1915; Tel. ču: do. 2164; Bar. tsap IV 196; NC Kır. ču:; SW xx Anat. čav SDD 310. (Türkü vııı čav, read in T 7, Ix. 17 is an error, see čavuš; ıx ff. Yen. ditto): Xak. xı yadsu:n čavı:ŋ bodu:nka: ‘so that he may spread your fame (šttak) among the people’ Kaš. I 45, 22; kalsun čavıg yarinka: ‘so that your name (ismuk) may remain - until the morrow’ II 250, 5; n.m.e.; KB čav ‘fame, reputation’ is common, both by itself (737, 1693, etc.) and in association with kü: (gossip) (87, 102, etc.) or 1 a:t (name) (1924, etc.): xııı ( })KBPP atı čavı 28: xıv Muh. (among the words pronounced with -v in Turkistan and -w in ‘our country’) al-šawt ‘fame’ ča:v/ča:w Mel. 8, 1; Rif. 79: Čağ. xv ff. čaw awaza (the quotn. indicates ‘ (bad) reputation’) San. 209V. 9 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv čav ‘fame’ MN 46 etc.: Kip. xıv čaw (c-) al-dactc ‘bustle, uproar’ Id. 47: Osm. xıv to xvıı čav initially ‘reputation’ (neutral), later hardly more than ‘news’; common till xvı TTS I 150-1; II 214-15; III 141--2; IV 158.

F čaw (banknote) l.-w. fr. Chinese ch'ao ‘a paper currency note’ (Giles 514); appears as a unit of currency in late (? xııı-xiv) Uyğ. Civ. documents; also used in Čağ. since such notes were issued by the Mongols in their western dominions. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. čaw is common in USp. and, like ch'ao, seems to mean sometimes an actual currency note and sometimes ‘expressed in notes and not coin’ (kümüš), e.g. 12, 5 altı yüz yastuk čaw ‘notes for (or a sum of) 600 yastuks’; 72, 6 bu čavnı ‘this sum’; 15, 8 yögirmi yastuk čug tug baw čaw ‘notes for twenty yastuks in heavy current copper coin’ (Chinese ch'üng t'ung pao, Giles 2,880 12,294 8,720); the word transcribed čuv in 54, 9 etc. is the same word: Čağ. xv ff. čaw ‘an oblong piece of paper which circulated instead of gold in the dominions of the Mongol xans with a special mark and the name of the padišah inscribed on it’. They conducted business with it. Wassaf in the second volume of his History in an account of the čaw which were current in the reign of Gayxatii Xan says that the shape and appearance of the čaw were as follows: around the face of an oblong piece of paper were written a number of words in Chinese characters, and at the top ‘le ileh ille Alleh, Muhammad rasülulleh, a metallic coin’ and below that was written irmečin nurči (a corrupt Mong. phr.) in an oval below the centre; they were in denominations from half a dirham to ten diners and have become obsolete San. 209V. 10.

čıp (? čı:b) (slender twig) (cheap) Hap. leg.; perhaps the basic word of which čıbık was a Dim. f. Xak. xı čıp ‘any thin slender branch’ (ğušn), abbreviated (maqšur) from čıbık, just as ‘a ball’ is called to:b (ball, cannon), abbreviated from tobık Kaš. I 318.

čıf (? čıv) (gurgling) Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Cf. čıfiıla:-. Xak. xı čıf ‘an onomatopoeic (hikeya) for the gurgling (ğalayen) of wine in a jar and the like’ Kaš. I 332.

F čiw (? čıo) (corner) Hap. leg.; prob. a l.-w. fr. Chinese chio (Giles 2,215) ‘horn, corner’; ‘three chio' and ‘four chio' are common phr, for \394\ ‘triangular’ and ‘rectangular’ in Chinese. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (as for the golden food-vessel (küzeč) it is a solid vessel) tört uluğ čalarda belgülüg idiš ol ‘it is a vessel distinguished by its four great corners’ TT I 189-91.
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F 1 čuv (district) Hap. leg.; l.-w. fr. Chinese chou ‘district’ (Giles 2,444). This identification was made by S. G. Klyashtornyi, Drevnetyurkskie runicheskie pamyatniki, Moscow, 1964, p. 94. Türkü vııı altı: čuv Soğdak ‘the Sogdians of the Six Districts’ IE 31. (tuba, tüba “province”)

čö:b (čö:p) (worthless, rubbish, sediment, dregs, residue) (chaff (husk, shuck)) (chop) originally ‘sediment, dregs’, and the like; hence, more generally, ‘something worthless, rubbish’, and hence, more specifically, ‘splinters, bits of chaff, straw’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. in the last meaning, with some phonetic changes. See čöbik. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kalınču čöb öd ‘the period of residues and dregs’ Hüen-ts. 2011 (see note thereon, the Chinese original reads hsiang yün chih mo ‘the end of the period of formalism’, i.e. the beginning of decadence): Xak. xı čöb dttrdiyu l-xamr ‘the dregs of wine’, also 'akar hull šay' ‘the residue of anything’; hence ‘the dregs of the population’ (hutelatu’l-nes) are called čöb čeb (so vocalized) kiši:le:r; (čıp follows here); čöb ‘any piece of noodles’ (tutmač); one says bir čöb yegil ‘eat a little (piece of) noodles’, also used for pieces of vermicelli or macaroni (al-latit tva'l-itriya) Kaš. I 318; čö:b tuft kull šay' wa 'astruhu ‘the sediment and expressed juice of anything’; one says üzüm čö:bi: taciru’l-'inab ‘grape juice’; ya:ğ čö:bi: 'akaru'l-duhn ‘the sediment in oil’; bo:r čö:bi: dttrdiyu’l-xamr ‘the dregs of wine’ (etc.); tutma:č čö:bi: ‘the word for any piece of the dough of macaroni or vermicelli’ III 119; a.o. II 346 (suvlat-): Čağ. xv ff. čöp (‘with -p’) xešek ‘rubbish’ San. 21 iv. 3 (quotn.): Kom. xıv tilki čöbü ‘the residue of a sacrificial offering’ CCG; Gr. 76 (quotn.): Kip. xıv čöb (c-) qašš ‘rubbish’ Id. 41: Osm. xv and xvı čöp 'rubbish’ and the like in several phr. TTS IV 182 (the supposed occurrence in III 160 seems to be an error for Pe. čûb ‘a stick’, a word sometimes confused with this one).

čap- (cap-, šap-) (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)) (chomp) an onomatopoeic verb (cf. čap) with several meanings both Trans, and Intrans., the only connecting link between which seems to be that they all describe noisy action. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes and several different meanings. Xak. xı er suvda: čapdı: 'the man swam (sabaha) in the water’; and one says ol atnı: čıbık birle: čapdı: ‘he struck the horse lightly (daraba... xafifa (n)) with a stick’; and one says čomak tat boyni:n čapdı: ‘the Moslem struck the neck of the unbeliever' in Uyğ.; and one says er evln čapdı: ‘the man plastered (lataxa) his house with clean mud’ Kaš. II 3 (čapa:r, čapma:k): \\\ a.o. II 149, 12 (čapın-): KB (some birds rise, some settle) kayusı čapar ‘some swim’ (and some drink water) 73: xııı (?) Tef. čap- (1) ‘to strike (with a whip)’; (2) ‘to hurry (Intrans.)’ 357: Čağ. xv cap- (-ti etc.) (1) segirt- ‘to run, gallop’; (2) baš kes- ‘to behead’ Vel. 228-9 (quotns.); čap- (‘with č- -p-’) (1) taxtan ba-ma’ne dawidan ‘to gallop’; (2) da-wanidan ‘to cause to gallop’; (3) taxtan ba--ma'neğerat kardan ‘to raid, plunder’; (4) ‘to strike with a sword, to wound, to sever with a single blow’ San. 203V. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv čap- ‘to hurry; to strike; to sever’ Qutb 39:’ Kip. xıv čap- (‘with -p-’) daraba tva qafa'a bi-marra tvehida ‘to strike; to sever with a single blow’ Id. 41: xv ‘to drive (saga), in the sense of driving livestock’ šap- (sic) Kav. 78, 3: Osm. xıv ff. čap- (1) ‘to attack, raid’, common in xıv and XV, sporadic later; (2) ‘to gallop’ and more generally ‘to hurry’ fr. xv onwards; (3) ‘to make (a horse) gallop’ fr. xvı onwards TTS I 147; II 210; III 140; IV 156.

VU?F čava: (young, child) Hap. leg.; prob. an Iranian l.-w. cognate with Pe. cawan ‘young’. Xak. xı čava: min asme'i’l-fityen ‘a boy’s name’ Kaš. III 225.

PU ?F civi: (demon) Hap. leg.; the single kasra under the word might belong either to the c- or to the -v-; possibly an Iranian l.-w. with an initial dental converted to an affricate, cf. Iranian daeva ‘demon’ (Pe. dev). Xak. xı civi: ‘the word for a class of demons’ (hizbi'l-cinn). The Turks assert that when two communities (cam'ayn) fight one another, before the battle the demons which inhabit the territories (tvileya) of these two communities fight one another furiously on behalf of the human owners of the two territories; and whichever of them wins, the victory goes to the owner of that territory on the next day; and whichever of them is defeated on that night, defeat comes to the ruler of the community of the territory inhabited by that class of demons. On the night before the encounter (al-ma'ed) the Turkish armies hide themselves and go into their tents to take cover from injuries by the arrows of these demons. This is well known (ma'riif) among them Kaš. III 225.

VU?F?S čuvı: (elite title) Hap. leg.; a Khotanese word might be native Saka, the language of that area, or corrupt Turkish; as the Türkü order of precedence seems to have been xagan — šad (and tegin) — yabğu: (q.v.) it is possible that this is a corruption of the last word. Xotan xı čuvı: ‘a title (laqab) given to a man who is two steps below the xaqan (ba'da'l--xaqan bi-daracatayn) in the order of precedence (fi rasm) of Xotan; tva li’l-turk rasrn ftki ‘the Turks have a (similar) order of precedence’ Kaš. III 225.
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VU?F čowa:č (parasol) ‘a royal parasol'. No doubt a l.-w., esp. considering the -w-, but of unknown origin. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı karwi: (mis-vocalized ktırıct:) čowa:č kuruldı: nuširat fihe qubbatu'l-malik ‘the royal parasol was set up there’; this is a parasol made of silk for the kings of the Turks under which they seek shade in the summer heat and take shelter from rain and snow Kaš. I 195, 1 (s.v. urul-); o.o. II 7, 24 (kur-); 190, 11 (kurtur-); III 60, 1 (yas-); n.m.e.: xıv Rbğ. /ol ediz kökni üstide čowač ( ?mc, R. catvac) kıldı ‘he made the high heaven a parasol over him’ R IV 59.

PU?F čavju: (acacia, tree type) Hap. leg.; completely unvocalized; entered under Z between sünzi: and kenzi: which suggests that the -j- ought to be -z- and the initial some letter later than sin, perhaps kef; prob. a l.-w. Xak. xı čavju: ‘a tree with a red trunk and branches and bitter red berries which grows in the mountains’; it is al-anam (translated in the dicts, 'a tree with red fruit’) to which the fingers of young women are compared Kaš. I 422.

S čaput See čapğut. (patched garment, padded garment, outer clothing, armor, quilted coat, rag, patch; gore, gusset)

VU?F čüwit (ochre, indigo) some kind of dye-stuff prob. mineral, perhaps a coloured earth; note that Kaš. describes it as a generic term, not tied to a particular colour. Prob. a l.-w., but of unknown origin. Survives only (?) in NE Tel. čibit ‘ochre’ R III 2155 and SW Osm. čivid/čivit ‘indigo’. For the last meaning cf. maraz. Uyg. vııı ff. Civ. (as a remedy for weak eyes) cüvitni suvka simlep kinlep alınka sürt-ser edgü bolur ‘if you crush (? , Hend.) a blucf?) dyestuff in water and rub it on the forehead they get better’ II I 157-8: Xak. xı kızıl čüwit al-zincarf ‘cinnabar’; al čüwit al-isranc ‘red lead, vermilion’; kö:k čtiwit al-lezaward ‘lapis lazuli’; ya:šıl čüwit al-zincer ‘verdigris’; sa:rığ čüwit al-zirnix ‘yellow arsenic’; čüvit a dialect form (luğa fihŋ. Know that čüwit is a generic term (ism cemi') for all these dyestuffs (al-alwen), it is differentiated by mentioning the individual colour with it Kaš. III 162: (Čağ. xv ff. čewek (‘with -k’) reng ‘colour’; for example kara čewek ‘black coloured’, kızıl čewek ‘red coloured', also used for a cloth which women wear on their heads, and a fabric (qumeš) if it is of one particular colour Vel. 236 (quotn.); čewek lawn tva rang ‘colour’ (quotn.); also used for rangin ‘coloured’ (quotn.) San. 209V. 18; čewek is otherwise unknown and perhaps an error for this word): Osm. xvııı člwlt (spelt) in Rumi, ‘indigo’ (nil) with which they dye clothes San. 222r. 8.

D čapıt- (egg on, order) Caus. f. of čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)); n.o.a.b. Cf. čaptur- (fluster, ruffle, disturb, pogrom). Xak. xı it klši:ke: čapıttı: hamala'l-•kalbu*ale'l-insen li-ya'addahu ‘the dog attacked \\\ the man to bite him’ (this is the clear meaning of the Ar., but the meaning to be expected is ‘he egged on the dog to bite the man’); and one says beg anıg boymn čapıttı: ‘the beg ordered that he should be struck on the neck’ (bi-člarb ’unuqihŋ in Uyğ. Kaš. II 298 (capı-tu:r, capitma:k): Xwar. xıv čapıt- ‘to make (the heart) beat’ Qutb 40.

D čaptur- (fluster, ruffle, disturb, pogrom) Caus. f. of čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)); s.i.s.m.l. with the same range of meanings as čap- turned into Caus. Cf. čapıt- (egg on, order). Xak. xı er kulın suvda: čapturdı: ‘the man made his slave swim (asbaha 'abdahu) in the water’; and one says ol anıŋ boymg čapturdı: ‘he ordered that he should be struck on the neck’, in Uyğ.; and one says ol evin čapturdı: ‘he gave orders for the plastering (bi-tamwih) of his house with clean mud’ Kaš. II 180 (čapturur, čapturma:k): xnı (?) Tef. čaptur- ‘to make (a horse) gallop’ 357: Čağ. xv ff. captur- (-dŋ segirtdir- ditto Vel. 228 (quotn.); čaptur- Caus. f.; (1) datvenidan ditto; (2) taxt farmiidan ‘to order to raid or pillage’ San. 204T. 18 (quotns.): Osm. xıv ff. čaptır- with the same two meanings in several xıv and xv and one xix text TTS 1147; II 211; III 140; IV 157.

čabak (? 1 čapak) (fish, (Abramis brama)) a small freshwater fish, usually ‘the bream’ (Abramis brama). S.i.a.m.l.g. with much the same meaning; l.-w. in Russian, chebak ‘bream’. See Doerfer III 1061. Xak. xı čabak ‘the name of a kind of small fish (samak šiğeŋ in the Turkish lake’ (bi-buhayrati'l-turk); hence a despicable (al-nadl) man is metaphorically called čabak er Kaš. I 381: Čağ. xv ff. čabak (so spelt) mehi-yi riza ‘a small fish’ San. 204r. 28.

čavığ (blow, whip-lash) ‘a whip-lash’; in II 210, 18 spelt čağiğ, no doubt in error. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı čavığ ‘adabatu'l-šawt ‘a whip-lash’ Kaš. I 374; o.o. II 210, 18 (čermeš-); 231, 1 (čermel-).

D čıbık (flexible rod, stick) Dim. f. of čıp (slender twig) (cheap); ‘a rod or stick’, esp. a flexible one. S.i.a.m.l.g. with a rather wide range of phonetic changes, in SW Tkm. čı:bık; the Osm. form čubuk prob. due to a supposed connection with Pe. čub, same meaning. See Doerfer III 1059. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. chih ‘a branch’ (Giles 1,875) čıbık Ligeti 151; R III 2099: Xak. xı čıbık al-qadibu'l-ratl mina'1-ağšen 'a fresh stick (taken) from tree branches’ Kaš. I 381; a.o. \\ II 3 (čap-): Čağ. xv ff. čubuğ/čubuk ‘a fresh twig (šaxča); a thin, flexible stick’ (čûb) San. 211 v. 13: Xwar. xııı (?) dalnig čubukı ‘a willow shoot’ Oğ. 30: Kom. xıv ‘twig, rod’ čıbuk/čıbux CCG; Gr.-. Kip. xııı al-ğušn wa’l-qadib čı:bık Hou. 7, 11: xıv čıbık al-qadib Id. 41: Osm. xv čıbuk börk ‘a tall pointed cap (trilby)’ (?) TTS III 149.

PU čufğa: (pčuvğa:) an old word ending in -ğa:: the -f- in all the spellings is prob. an \396\ error for-v-. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı čufğa: ‘a horse which a fast post-rider (al-bartdu l-musri') takes on the road and rides until he finds another’ Kaš. I 424: Oğuz/Kıp. xı čufğa: al-dalil ica'l-qa'id ‘a guide, leader’, and in the prov. kalın kula:n čufğa:sız bolma:s ‘there is no herd (xuntüla, mis-spelt) of wild asses without a guide and leader’ (dalil wa hedt) Kaš. I 424.
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Dis. CBĞ

?D čapğut (patched garment, padded garment, outer clothing, armor, quilted coat, rag, patch; gore, gusset) perhaps Dev. N. fr. čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)), but the semantic connection is remote. Survives only (?) in NC Kır. čapan čapkıt ‘outer clothing'; čopkut ‘body armour’, and SW Osm. čaput ‘rag, patch; gore, gusset’. The original meaning may have been ‘a quilted coat’, cf. yalma: (thick quilted coat; linen amour, rain-coat). See Doerfer III 1082. Xak. xı čapğut al-hašiya ‘a padded garment’ Kaš. I 451: Kip. xıv čaput (c-b-) al-httdma ‘a patched garment’ Id. 41.

D čavık- (famous) Intrans. Den. V. fr. ča:v; ‘to be, become, famous’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. utmıš čavıkmıš vacır psaklığ ‘the victorious and famous uarra-crowned’ (Sanskrit and Sogdian l.-w.s) U II 59, 4 (iii): Xak. xı er čavıktı: šera Ii l-racul sit ‘the man became famous’ Kaš. II 117 (čavıka:r, čavıkn>a:k): KB ajunda čavıkmıš ‘famous all over the world’ 406; similar phr. 1928; isizke čavık-mıš kišidin yıra ‘keep away from a man who is notorious for his wickedness’ 4238: Xwar. xıv čavuk- ‘to be famous’ (and čavuktur- ‘to make famous’) Qutb 42.

D čıvğačı (thin, weak, cow’s horn, thin; shoot, sucker) Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. čıvğa: which survives only (?) in SW Osm. and XX Anat. where it, and the Sec. f.s in the latter (čıvka, čıvğar, čıvkar, etc.), have a wide range of meanings, ‘thin, weak’ (Red.); ‘a cow’s horn’ (Samŋ; ‘thin; shoot, sucker’, etc. (SDD 346). The N.Ag. by its context obviously relates to catching birds, possibly by some sort of trap contrived by using thin twigs under tension. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if we have been butchers, poultry-keepers, pig-keepers, or fishermen) keyikči agčı tuzakčı boltumuz erser torčı čıvğačı kuščı (iterči, q.v.)... boltumuz erser ‘if we have become wild game (Hend.) hunters or trappers; if we have become bird netters, bird snarers (?), wild-fowlers...' TT IV 8, 56-8.

PUF čıbıka:n, etc. (jujube fruit, Zizyphus vulgaris, boil or ulcer) lit. ‘a jujube fruit, Zizyphus vulgaris'; hence metaph. ‘an inflamed boil or ulcer’. No doubt a l.-w., prob. of Indian origin, which explains the variations in spelling. In the medieval period the -k- was voiced and ultimately elided. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. čıban; Tkm. čı:ban ‘boil, ulcer’. See Doerfer III 1151. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (VU) čubakan ‘jujube fruit’ H II 22, 39: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘jujube fruit’ čobuğan Ligeti 153; R III 2185; ‘sweetmeat’ čıbıyan do. 151; 2154: Xak. xı (under the heading fa'elen!fa'ilen -K-) čıbıkanı al-'win eh ‘the jujube fruit’; čıbıka:n al-duntal ‘a boil’, it resembles a jujube fruit in its redness Kaš. I 448: xıv Muh. al-dummal čı:ba:n Mel. 65, 3; Rif. 164: Čağ. xv ff. čıban (spelt) ‘a boil or pustule (qarha) which appears on the limbs’ San. 215V. 14: Xwar. xııı (?) (they eat and drank various kinds of food and wine) čııbu-yanlar kımızlar ‘jujube fruits and koumiss’ Oğ. 93-4: Kıp. xııı al-dummal (ba:š); Tkm. čıba:n (vocalized čabam) Hou. 33, 5: xıv čıba:n al-dummal Id. 41; Bul. 10, 2.

D čıbıkla:- Den. V. fr. čıbık; s.i.s.m.l. with some phonetic changes, usually for ‘to beat with a stick’. Xak. xı ol atın čıbıkla:dı: ‘he beat his horse with a freshly-cut switch’ (bi--qadib ne'im) Kaš. III 337 (čıbıkla:r, čıbık-la:ma:k).

VU čibek (merlin hawk) pec. to Kaš. and used only in the phr. čibek kırğu:y al-ytiyu prob. ‘the merlin’, as opposed to kırğu:y, by itself, al-bešiq ‘the sparrow-hawk’. There is an entry (VU) čüpek šikera-i nar ‘a male bird of prey’ in the Calcutta Dict. (R III 2201), but it does not occur in any other Čağ. authority, and its origin is obscure. Xak. xı čibek kırğu:y (misvocalized karğu:y) al-yu’yu’ Kaš. I 388; a.o. (č- unvocalized) III 241 (kırğu:y).

PU čübek (penis, dick) Hap. leg., but such words are often omitted in the dicts.; perhaps an earlier form of the syn. word čük which s.i.s.m.l. including SW Osm. See Doerfer III 1140. Xak. xı čübek fayšalatıı'1-šabî ‘a boy’s penis’ Kaš. I 388: (Kip. xıv ČÜk al-dakar muqebiln’l-farc ‘penis’ opposite to ‘vagina’ Id. 44).

D čöbik (šöbik) (impurity, debris) Dim. f. of čö:b. N.o.a.b. The passage in U I 14, 3, left untranslated there, is discussed in a note in U II 91, where it is pointed out that beš čöbik is a translation of the Chinese phr. ‘the five cho, impurities’ (Giles 2,409), see Soothill and Hodous, A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, London, 1937, p. 4480. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu kelyük bulğanyuk beš čöbik yavlak ödteki ‘living in this present confused evil period of the five impurities’ U I 14, 3 (cf. similar phr. under čö:b): Xak. xı šöbik (sic) ‘the debris (al-šamec) which is thrown away after fruit has been eaten’; the š- is changed from č- Kaš. I 390.

D čivgin (fattening) Dev. N./A. fr. *čiv-_: n.o.a.b. Xak. xı čivğin aš al-ta'emu'l-neci'u'l-musammin ‘wholesome fattening food’; and one says čivğin ot ‘a plant which fattens cattle’ Kaš. I 443; a.o. I 443, 23 (kevgin).

D čivginlen- (fattening) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čivgin (fattening), Xak, xj ol bu: ašığ čivginlendi: ‘he \397\ reckoned that this food was nourishing for the body and wholesome’ (muxsib li'l-badan neci') Kaš. II 278 (čivglnlenü:r, čivginlenme:k; in all cases a damtua is inserted over the -g- by a later hand, in addition to the original kasra).
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1 čavlı: ‘a falcon’, precise variety uncertain. It occurs, mis-spelt čulı, in the xvııı Manchu, etc. Five Language Mirror, see E. D. Ross, A Polyglot List of Birds in Turki, Manchu and Chinese, Calcutta, 1909, No. 61; Ross could not get any specific meani|T^ fr. the Manchu and Chinese equivalents and the Tibetan khra-zur ‘a falcon’ and Mong. šoykur karčiğay ‘gerfalcon, goshawk’ are equally vague. Survives in SW Osm. čavlı ‘a young, untrained falcon’. Cf. čibek, čağrı:, toğan, turum-ta:y, kırgu:y, la:čın, sıgkur. Türkü ıx ff. Yen. čavlı: occurs in an obscure context in Mai. 48, e: Xak. xı čavlı: al-šehin ‘gerfalcon, or peregrine falcon’ Kaš. I 431: KB (in a list of begs) kayusı inanč beg kayu čavlı beg kayusı tĞgin beg (? corrupt, see tĞgin) kayu čağrı beg 4068; the čavlı beg and čağrı beg were prob. both keepers of the king’s falcons: xıv Muh. (}) dakaru'1-bez ‘male falcon’ čavlı: (mis-spelt čıkalı:) Rif. 175 (only).

F 2 ča:vlı: (sieve) Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w., prob. Iranian, cf. čo:vlı: (sieve). Ganceki xı ča:vlı: ‘the rinds (qašŋ of peaches and nuts which are used to light fires’ Kaš. III 442.

VUF čo:vlı: (sieve) presumably the same as, or cognate to, Pe. čewli ‘a winnowing-fan of reeds’ (Steingass); ‘a sieve for sifting cereals’ (B. V. Miller Persidsko-russkü slovarMoscow, ^I953)- Ganceki xı čo:vli: (vocalized čazvvli: in second hand) miff et tutmec ‘a strainer for tutmač', it is (made of) thin rods plaited together, and made like a ladle (al-miğrafa) Kaš. III 442: Kip. xııı miğrafatul-tupnec ča:wlı: Hou. 17, 10.

D ča:vlığ P.N./A. fr. ča:v; ‘famous, renowned’. Survives only (?) in NE, several dialects čaptığ/čaptu:/tsaplu: R III 1926; IV 196. Xak. xı KB tümen mig külüg čavlığ ersiglerig ‘innumerable famous (Hend.) heroes’ 4525: xıv M«/ı. (?) sehib fit ‘famous’ ča:vluğ Rif. 145 (only, mis-spelt čaıkluğ): (Čağ. xv ff. čağlın (sic) muta'ayyin ve nemder ‘distinguished, famous’ Vel. 233 may be a corruption of this word).

D čapıl- Pass. f. of čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)); s.i.m.m.l. with the same range of meanings as Čap- in the Pass. Xak. xı anıg evi: čapıldı: ‘his house was plastered (tuyyina) with thin clean mud’ (čapılu:r, čapılma:k); also used in Uyğ. when a man is struck on the neck Kaš. II 119: (xııı (?) Tef. čapalu- ‘to be pulled apart, to disintegrate’, 357 may be a mis-spelüng of this word): Čağ. xv ff. čapıl- (1) daıvenîda šudan ‘to be made to gallop’; (2) taxt šudan \\\ ‘to be pillaged’; (3) ‘to be wounded (za xııı deŋ by a sword blow and the like’ San. zo^r. 17: Xwar. xıv čapul- (sic) ‘to be driven, set in motion’ Qutb 40: Osm. xıv čapıl- ‘to be pillaged’ in one text TTS I 146.

PUD čavla:- Hap. leg.; the č- carries a fatha in the Perf. and a damma in the Aor. and Infin.; it lies between čığla:- and čınla:-; it is clearly a Den. V., but as there is no obvious base with -v- it is possible that this is an error for -k-, or -ğ- misvocalized; cf. 2 čığlan-, Xak. xı et čavla:dı: ‘the meat was spoilt’ (luhwuqa), that is when it is not cooked soft (lam yana"am fabxuhu) Kaš. III 296 (čovla:r, čovla:ma:k).

D čavlan- Refl. Den. V. fr. ča:v; ‘to be, or become, famous, renowned’. Survives in NE Bar. tsaplan-, same meaning, R IV 196; and SW Osm. čavlan- ‘to be noised abroad’. Xak. xı er čavlandı: šera li'l-racul fit ‘the man became famous’ Kaš. II 245 (čavlanu:r, cavlanma:k); in an excursus on Refl. Den. V.s fr. triliteral Nouns, III 199, 24 ff. it is said that er sa:vlandi: ‘the man quoted proverbs’ and er ča:vlandı: ‘the man became famous’ are impossible forms, but that if someone uses them, no one blames him; as both Verbs are known to have existed with a short vowel in the first syllable the point seems to be that if Verbs are formed from monosyllables with a long medial vow-el the vowel is shortened: KB kelir kut kišikö ati čav-lanur ‘good luck comes to a man and his name becomes famous’ 740; a.o. 2050: Osm. xıv čavlan- ‘to be famous’ in one text TTS I 150.

PU (D) čobulmak Hap. leg.; the word occurs in the middle of a long string of words ending in -Ilk, and it is perhaps an error for *čobum-lik, but there is no obvious etymology for either word. The place mentioned is no doubt that listed in I 98 as ‘the name of a town near Taraz’, but the alif is not vocalized in either place. (Xak. ?) xı čobulmak ‘apple segments’ (faliqul-tuffah) in the language of (VU) Atlık Kaš. I 503.

D čıfı:la:- (? čıvi:la:-) Hap. leg.; Den. V. (irregular) fr. čıf (? Čiv). Xak. xı küp čıfı:la:dı: hadara’l-dann ‘the jar made a noise’ (? when tapped or when boiling); also used when fruit juice is boiled (ğale) and a bubbling sound (aziz) is heard because of its boiling Kaš. III 325 (čıfı:la:r, čıfı:la:ma:k).

PU čupan (village headman, district head, assistant) (zupan) an early word meaning ‘minor official, village headman’, or the like. The earliest occurrences are in Protobulgar ıx (?) see Gy. Moravcsik, Byzantoturcica, Budapest, 1943, II 121 (s.v. ČouTrai'oč), with a full \398\ bibliography and O. Pritsak, Die bulgarische Fürstenliste... Wiesbaden, 1955, pp. 85 ff. This word became a l.-w. in Hungarian and some Slavonic languages as zupan (jupan) and the like, ‘district head'. It is unlikely that it is connected with Pe. čüpen (sec. f. šaban/šuben) ‘shepherd’ which became a l.-w. in Russian as chaban, s.i.a.m.l.g. except SE as a l.-w. in various forms, and is sometimes confused with čolpan, q.v. Xak. xı (PU) čupan 'awn 'arifi'l-qarya ‘the assistant to a village headman’ Kaš. I 402: ( xııı (?) Tef. čoban ‘shepherd’ 360: Čağ. xv ff. čupan (‘with -p-’) šaben San. 211 v. 7 (followed by several phrs.): Xwar. xıv čoban ‘shepherd’ Qutb 44).
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D čapın- Refl. f. of čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er atın čapındı: ‘the man whipped (sata) his horse’; and one says er suvda: čapdı: ‘the man swam (sabaha) in the water’, and čapındı: is also so used (luğa flhŋ Kaš. II149 (čapınu:r, čapınma:k): Kip. xıv čapın- hamala 'ale šay' daf'a wahida ‘to make a single attack on something’ İd. 41: Osm. xıv to xvı čapın- (1) ‘to hurry, bustle’; (2) ‘to attack (something Dat.)' in several texts TTS I 146; II 210; III 140; IV 156.

čava:r ‘kindling’; n.o.a.b., but see čava:rlığ. Cf. otug. Xak. xı čava:r ‘the kindling (al-darm) with which a fire is lit’; and one says in a' jingle (fVl-izdiwec) čava:r čuva:r Kaš. I 411; a.o. I 17, 16.

PU čöpür (goat’s hair; rubbish, debris) ‘goat’s hair’ with some extended meanings; as there is no trace of a Den. Suff. -ür, this word cannot be derived fr. čö:b, and this raises the question whether the meaning ‘rubbish, debris’ is not due to a false etymology. Vocalization uncertain since the word survives as čupur ‘goat’s hair’ in SE Türki, and cöbür/čöpür/čüpür ‘goat’s hair; rubbish’ in SW xx Anat. SDD 284, 380, 388. Xak. xı (PU) čöpür ša'aru'1-ma'z ‘goat’s hair’, and ‘rubbishy goods’ (al-xurti mina'l--mita) are called čöpür čepür as a jingle ('aid tariqi'l-itbd') Kaš. I 363: Čağ. XV ff. čöpür (‘with č- -p-’) (1) müy-i buz wa gtlsfand ‘goat’s hair; sheep’s wool’; (2) cangal wa biša-i pur diraxt ‘jungle; a thicket of trees’ San. 211 v. 12: Kip. xıv (PU) čöpür (c- -b-) al-qašš bi-wasax ‘rubbish in dirt’ İd. 41.

PU (D) čopra: (shabby, ragged, overaged, clothing, linen, rubbish, ветошь) as such n.o.a.b.; Kaš.'s translation is almost the same as that of opra:k (shabby, ragged, overaged, clothing, linen, rubbish, ветошь), which suggests the same kind of connection (čopra: and opra:) as that between čevür- (twist, rotate, turn, translate) and evir- (turn, overturn, skirt, alternate), but there is also a semantic connection with čö:b and čöpür, and the later form of this word seems to be (VU) čüprek which s.i.s.m.l. in NE, NC, NW with either -Ü- or -i- in the first syllable. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in a list of goods exempted from taxation; millet, cotton, wine) čopra perhaps ‘used clothing’ USp. 88, 41: Xak. xı čopra: al-xalaq mina'l-tiydb ‘worn, or tattered, clothing’ Kaš. I 421: (Kom. xıv \\\ ‘swaddling clothes’ čüprek CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šiqqa wa'l-xirqa ‘a piece of cloth; a raŋged garment’ čüprek (č- -/;-) Hou. 19, 8).

čevür- (twist, rotate, turn, translate) ‘to twist, or turn (something Acc.)’; practically syn. w. evir- (turn, overturn, skirt, alternate) and tevir- (twist); as the latter, q.v., is not noted after xıv or this word before xi, it is possible that this is a Sec. f. of tevir- (twist). Survives in NE Bar. tsü:r-; SW Az., Osm. čevir- (twist, rotate, turn, translate), and perhaps SE Türki (Shaw 101 only). Xak. xı er ok čevürdı: ‘the man turned (naqara) the arrow on his (thumb) nail’ (naqara means ‘to turn as on a lathe’); also used of anything when you rotate it (daw-wartahu) on your left thumb nail; and one says ol čığrı:nı: čevürdi: adera'l-bakra ‘he turned the pulley’ (etc.) Kaš. II 82 (čevüre:r, čevürme:k); bu er ol telim ok čevürge:n ‘that man is constantly turning arrows, that is rotating them on his thumb nail’ I 522: xııı (?) Tef. čevür- ‘to turn away (the face)’ 357: xıv Muh. ddra ‘to turn (Intrans.)’ če:-wür- Mel. 26, 1; Rif. 108; al-dawren če:wür-mek (-mak in error) 37, 12; 123: Čağ. xv ff. čewür- (spelt) Caus. f.; garddnidan ‘to twist, turn (something)’ San. 221 v. 19 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv čevür- ditto; also ‘to translate’ Qutb 43; MN 335; Nahc. 412, 6-7: Kom. xıv ‘to turn’ čövür- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv datvwara mina'l-idera šewir- (mis-spelt sewir-) Kav. 77, 17.

VUD čıbırt- Caus. f. of an Intrans. Den. V. fr. čıp (slender twig) (cheap); survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. cibart-/cibert- SDD 255, 270; the -b-carries a kasra in all places, but a fatha, as in the modern verb, might have been expected. Xak. xı ol oğlın čıbırttı: daraba waladahu bi-qadib na'im ‘he beat his son with a supple rod’ Kaš. III 430 (čıbırtu:r, čıbırtma:k).

PUD čobart- (strip) Hap. leg.; presumably Caus. f. of a Den. V., but the base, which can hardly be any word listed above, has not survived. Xak. xı oğn: erig čobarttı: (misvocalized čobrattı:) ‘the thief stole (salaba) the man’s property, to the extent of stripping him naked’ (hatte a'rehu) (čobartu:r, čobartma:k); and one says čobartu: sı:dı: ‘he robbed and stripped him’ Kaš. III 429.

D čevrül- Pass. f. of čevür-; survives in the same languages. Xak. xı čığrı: čevrüldi: ‘the pulley turned’ (ddrat); also used of anything when it revolves (istadera) Kaš. II 230 (čevrülü:r, čevrülme:k): KB 744 (evril-): Čağ. xv ff. čewrül- (spelt) gardtdan ‘to turn, revolve’ San. 221 v. 29 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv čevrül- ditto Qutb 43; MN 49, etc.: Osm. xıv and xv čevril- ‘to turn back, return; to be roasted on a spit’ in two texts TTS I 156; II 225.

D čevrüš- Co-op. f. of čevür-, Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: ok čevrüšdi: ‘he competed with me in turning (ft tanqtŋ arrows’; and also in turning anything that revolves (ft \399\ i’dara kull fay' mudatvwaŋ Kaš. I1 208 (čev-rüšü:r, čevrüšmetk): Osm. xvı čevriš- (of an ear) ‘to be twisted, crumpled’ TTSIV 166.
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D čava:rlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. čava:r. Xak. xı cava:rlığ ye:r ‘a place with kindling’ (darm) Kaš. I 495.

VUD čöpürlen- Refl. Den. V. fr. čöpür; survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. čöpürlen- (of a tree) ‘to put out shoots’ SDD 381. Xak. xı ečkü: čöpürlendi: nabiüta ša'ru l-ma'z ‘the goat’s hair grew’ Kaš. I1 266 (čöpürlenü:r, čöpürlenme:k).

D čapsa:- (dabble, mess up) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of čap- (dabble, mess up, noisy action: swim, strike, plaster, hurry, run, gallop, attack, raid, plunder, wound, sever, drive (livestock)), Xak. xı ol suvda: čapsa:dı: ‘he wished to swim (ya’itm) in the water’ Kaš. II 284 (čapsa:r, čapsa:ma:k).

čavuš originally the principal military officer of a xağan, ‘army commander’, and the like, the military counterpart of bilge:. As time went on the post gradually lost status; in the medieval period no standard translation is possible since the čavuš was at various times the principal escort of the sovereign, a member of the corps of royal sergeants-at-arms, and a police officer in government offices and provincial headquarters. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. where it now means ‘ (military) sergeant; (civil) door-keeper or messenger in government offices and the like’. See Doerfer III 1055. Türkü vııı bilge:si: čavušı: erti: ‘he was his Counsellor and Army Commander’ Ix. 17 (and see alp); a.o. T 7 (bilge:) (these passages are mistranscribed and mistranslated in the current editions): vııı ff. Yen. Čavuš Tun Tarxan begü:si: tike: bertimiz ‘we have erected a memorial stone to the Army Commander Tun Tarxan’ Mai. 30, 3 (there mistranscribed): Xak. xı čavuš alladı yusaw-toVl-šufûf fi’l-harb tva yaz'u'l-cund 'ani’l-zubn ‘ (the officeŋ who marshals the ranks in battle and restrains the army from (committing) atrocities’ Kaš. I 368: xıv Muh. (in a list of titles of office, etc.) šetvûš ča:vuš (mis-spelt ča:kuš) Mel. 57, 15; Rif. 15e: Čağ. xv ff. čawuš (spelt) (1) čûbder ‘mace-bearer’ which is a word for the yasaivul (mounted mace-bearer) and išik akası (door-keepeŋ (quotn.); (2) ‘a man who goes ahead of a caravan and acts as their guide (baladŋ and announces the departure and the stop for the night’; in Ar. qd'id (quotns.) San. 209V. 22: Xwar. xıv čawuš *mace-bearer, herald’ etc. Qutb 42: Kip. xıv ča:wuš (c-) hwva'lladi yaših ame-ma’l-malik bi’l-ta'zim vıa'1-ihtirem ‘ (the officeŋ who goes before the king and calls for honor and respect’ Id. 47.

čepiš (adolescent goat kid) ‘a kid more than half grown’. Survives in NC Kır. čebič; Kzx. šıbıš (sic); NW Kk. \\\ šıbıš; SW Az. čepiš; Osm. čepič; Tkm. čebiš. See Shcherbak 120. There is a syn. Pe. word čapiš/čapuš and Shcherbak may be right in suggesting that this is an Iranian l.-w., since the Pe. word is cognate to Latin caper, Celtic kapero-s, while the word has no obvious Turkish etymology. Xak. xı čepiš ‘a kid (min atvladi'l-ma'z) when it has reached the age of six months’ Kaš. I 368: Kip. xııı ‘a kid (al-cady) one year old’ če:pič <b>(-b-)</b> Hou. 15, 9: xıv čepiš (c-b-) waladu'l-mi'za l-cafr ‘a fully grown kid’ Id, 41: Osm. xıv and xvı čepiš ‘kid’ in two texts TTS I 151; IV 162.

čeviš (method, device, trick, deceit, guile) ‘device, method of doing something’; syn. w. 1 a:l (method, device, trick, deceit, guile) and used only in the Hend. al čeviš. N.o.a.b. but cf. čevišlig. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M HI 44, 4 (i) (1 a:l): Bud. Kuan. 98 etc. (1 a:l).

VU 1 čavša:ŋ (shears) Hap. leg.; morphologically parallel to čıvša:ŋ but with no known origin. Čigil xı čavša:ŋ (-f-) ‘the shears (al-miqasf) with which sheep are sheared’ (yucazz) Kaš. III 385.

VU 2 čavša:ŋ (owl, bleary-eyed) n.o.a.b.; the Kip. word, there transcribed with front vowels for no stated reason, is obviously a later form of the same word with an extended meaning. Xak. xı čavša:ŋ (č- unvocalized) al-a'maš ‘bleary-eyed’ Kaš. III 385: Kip. xıv čawčan (c- -c-) al-qubayfa ‘the small owl’ (cf. ba:y) Id. 47; al-qubayfa ditto (vocalized ču:čan) Bul. 12, 2.

D čıvša:ŋ (sour wine, vinegar) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. čıvša:-. Xak. xı čıvša:ŋ (-f-) čağır al-'asiru'l-qdrif ‘sour wine’ Kaš. III 385.

(D) čıvša:- (sour, ferment) Hap. leg.; ‘to be, or become, sour; to ferment’; prima facie Den. V. fr. *čıvıš. Spelt čuvša:- in the MS., but the -ı- is fixed by the der. f.s. Xak. xı čağır čıvša:dı: (ču-) ‘the wine fermented (ğale) and threw up a scum’; and one says karın čıvša:dı: (ču-) ‘the food burnt (lada'a) the stomach and turned it sour’ (hammada) Kaš. III 286 (čıvša:r, cıvša:ma:k; both ču-).

D čıvšat- Caus. f. of čıvša:-. Xak. xı er (MS. ol) čağır čıvšattı: (čuv-) ‘the man fermented (hammada) the wine (etc.)’; and one says sirke: karın čıvšattı: ‘the vinegar made the stomach acid’ (hammada), also used when it is poured on the ground and makes it acid (ağlat) Kaš. II 336 (čıvšatu:r, čıvšatma:k).

D čıvša:ğun (sour, acid) Dev. N./A. fr. čıvša:-; ‘sour, acid’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a poem about foods appropriate to the four seasons; in winter let them eat cold fatty sweet food) čıvšağun ‘as acid’ Suv. 591, 21; Civ. (thirst is caused by) ağır čıvša:ğun šor aštın ‘heavy, acid, salt (Pe. l.-w.) food’ TT VIII /. 12; a.o. do. 19 (odğurak).
400

D čevišlig (resourceful) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. čeviš. Uyğ. vıii ff. Civ. allığ čevišlig ‘resourceful (Hend.)’ TT I 26 (alta:-).

D čepišlen- (čepislän) (grown (adolescent goat kid)) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čepiš (adolescent goat kid). Xak. xı oğla:k čepišlendi: šera'l-cady min čumlati'l-cada ‘the kid got into the category of half-grown kids, and was reckoned as such’; this is when it has reached the age of six months Kaš. II 266 (čepišlenü:r, čeplšlenme:k).

VU če:j (nail (tack), rivet) ‘an iron nail’; as such Hap. leg., but there are several syn. modern words clearly derived fr. it; NC Kır. čege; Kzx. §ege; SC Uzb. čega; NW Kaz., Krim, Kumyk čüy; Kk. šege; SW Osm. čivi; Tkm. čüy. These forms suggest that the vowel was originally -e-. As regards the final, strictly ‘non-Turkish’, -j this is more likely to be a Sec. sound than an indication of foreign origin. If so, it was prob. dissimilated fr. -c and the evolution may have been *če:c > če:j > čev > čeg/čüv > čüy. Xak. xı č&j (‘with -j’) al-mismer mina'l-hadid ‘an iron nail’; and ‘a rivet on a breastplate’ (qatiru’l--dir') is called če:j Kaš. III 123.

VU čıj- (lay down) Hap. leg.; the -j- is prob. a Sec. sound, see če:j; the Infin. here has -ma:k, that of the Caus. f. me:k; it is not clear which is an error. As the word precedes cöj- the vowel should perhaps be fatha, see čijtür-. Xak. xı yağırlığ at čıjdı: (‘with -j-’) ‘the galled horse lay down’ (inxafada) when someone wished to mount it, fearing for its back; and any galled animal does the same when someone wishes to put a load on it Kaš. I1 9 (čıja:r, čıjma:k). (OTD p. 147, ČIŽTÜR- прогибать, заставлять прогибаться (sag, droop, make sag, droop); Clauson -j- = OTD -ž-)

čöj- (untie, loosen, untwist, unravel, take off, pull off, disperse) as such Hap. leg.; at any rate in later times practically syn. w. seš- (untie, loosen), q.v., which makes it difficult to separate modern forms of the two words, but this one at any rate survives in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. čöz- ‘to untie, unravel’. The -j- is no doubt a Sec. sound, perhaps dissimilated fr. -c-, cf. če:j, in which case the original form may have been *čö:c-, Xak. xı ura:ğut yip čöjdi: (‘with -j-’) ‘the woman pulled on (cadabat) the thread’; also used of anything that can be stretched (yumküt itdlatuhu) by pulling, like a cord or a sheep’s entrails Kaš. II 9 (čöje:r, čöjme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čöz- az ham darburdan tva az ham tve kardan tva pareganda kardan ‘to take off, pull off, disperse’ San. 2i2v. 27: Xwar. xıv čöz-‘to loosen, untie’ Qutb 44: Kom. xıv čöz- ‘to pull’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv čöz- (c-) naqada'l--ğazl ‘to untwist, untie a thread’ Id. 43.

PU čiče (later, evening ??) Hap. leg.; occurs only in the following passage, where its meaning and nature, perhaps a Ger. in -e:, are undiscoverable. Xak. \\\ xı KB (the King asked, ‘When is he coming? Where can I meet him?’ Ögdülmiš replied) kiče yaruk dunyS megzi tünerse čiče ‘Late, when the bright colour of the world turns to night, . . 5018.

VUD čijtür- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čıj- (lay down) (sic), q.v. As this word precedes čöjtür- the vowel should perhaps be fatha. Xak. xı bu: yük atığ čijtürdi: ‘this load and its weight made the horse’s back collapse (droop)’ (axfada zahra'l--faras), as a galled horse, etc. behaves when he is loaded and lies down Kaš. II 180 (čijtürür, čijtürme:k, sic). (OTD p. 147, ČIŽTÜR- прогибать, заставлять прогибаться (sag, droop, make sag, droop); Clauson -j- = OTD -ž-)

D čöjtür- (pull) Caus. f. of čöj- (untie, loosen), q.v.; survives in SW Osm., Tkm. čözdür-. Xak. xı ol yıpı:ğ cöjtürdi: (‘with -j-) ‘he had the slack cord pulled out’ (amadda)\ also used for pulling out the entrails of a sheep Kaš. II 180 (čöjtürür only).

čočuk ‘sucking pig’; in this form survives only in SW Osm. čocuk ‘child’, but a Sec. f. čočğa/čočka and the like, ‘sucking pig; pig (in general)’, which looks like a Mong. corruption of this word but is not in fact a l.-w. in Mong., appeared in the medieval period and s.i.a.m.l.g. (in SW only xx Anat.). O. Kır. ıx ff. Čočuk böri: sagu:n, if correctly read in Mai. 12, 1, must be a P.N.: Xak. xı čočuk al-xanmif (sic) ‘sucking pig’ Kaš. I 381: Čağ. xv ff. cocğa (so spelt) bača-i xuk ‘sucking pig’ San. 2i2r. 12: Kip. xııı al-xanmİš čočka: Hou. 11,13.

čeček (flower, rose, skin eruption, smallpox) ‘flower’, hence metaph. ‘a skin eruption’, esp. ‘smallpox’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as čečeg. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as čeček, occasionally čiček, SW Az., Osm. čiček. See Doerfer III 1073. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. čeček is used as the equivalent of Sanskrit pušpa; Chinese hua (Giles 5,002) ‘flower’, sometimes by itself TT V 20, 1; Suv. 137, 18; 173, 5 etc. and sometimes in the Sino-Turkish Hend. xwa čeček U III 46, 11; TT V 10, 104-7; Suv. 183, 14 etc.: Civ. Kır Čeček ‘Desert Flower’, P.N. USp. 54, 3: Xak. xı čeček al-nür (sic) tva'l-zahr ‘flower, blossom’; čeček (mis-spelt čekek, cim mafttlha read as kef) al-hasba ‘scarlet fever’ in Čiğli Kaš. I 388; I 437, 4 etc. (ükül-) and 6 o.o.: KB usually či:če:k in the Fergana, čeče:k in the Cairo, and čeček in the Vienna MS., is common, 70, 79 (oyna:-), 829, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. čiček ditto 358: xıv Muh. al-tvard ‘rose’ či:če:k Mel. 78, 5; čeče:k (c-r-) Rif. 182: Čağ. xv ff. čiček (so spelt) (1) šigûfa ‘flower’; (2) metaph. ebila ‘small-pox’, in Ar. cadari San. 2ier. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv čiček ‘flower’, and specifically ‘rose’ Qutb 43; MN 87, etc.: Kom. XIV ‘flower’ čiček CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-zahr čeče:k (r-o, unvocalized) Hou. 7, 12:xiv čiček (c-c-) ditto td. 42: xv al-azher \401\ šišek (sic) Kav. 59, 6; zahr čiček Tuh. 18a. 9; 35a. 6.