(D) čečge: Hap. leg. Xak. xı čečge: huffu'l--nassec ‘a weaver’s reed’ Kaš. I 429.

D čičeklig P.N./A. fr. čeček; ‘flowery, covered %vith flowers’. S.i.s.m.l., sometimes with metaph. meanings like ‘pock-marked’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. xwalig čečeklig yir ‘a place covered with flowers (Mend.)’ U III 56, 4 (ii); a.o. TT V 12, 123 (öleglig): (Xak.) xıı (?) Tef. čečeklig ‘flowery’ (garden) 358.

D čičeklik A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. čiček; ‘flower garden’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 15, 5-6 (altın): Xak. xı čečeklik ‘the name of the place where flowers (al-zahŋ grow’ Koš. I 508: KB (the nightingale sings a thousand songs) čečeklikte 78; a.o. 5972.

D čičeklen- Refl. Den. V. fr. čiček; (of a bush etc.)‘to flower’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VIII P.24 (erük, spelt ce:ce:kle:niiŋ: Xak. xı yığa:č čičeklendi: (sic) ‘the tree (etc.) flowered’ (tawarrada) Kaš. II 266 (čečeklenü:r (sic); čečeklcnme:k, unvocalized): xııı (?) Tef. čečeklen- ditto 358: Kom. xıv ‘to flower’ čičeklen- CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xv ‘to flower’ (azhara), that is to have flowers šlšeklen- («c) Kav. 59, 8.

D čöjül- Pass. f. of čöj- (untie, loosen); survives in SW Osm., Tkm. čözül- ‘to be untied, disentangled’, etc. Xak. xı yip čöjüldi: ('with -j-’) ‘the slack cord was pulled out’ (or stretched, imtadda)\ čöjüldi: is also used of glutinous substances like thick syrup and chewing-gum (al-rubh wa'l-ilk) when they are pulled out Kaš. II 132 (čöjülür, cöjülme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čözül- (spelt) az ham ıve šudan wa pareganda šudan ’to be pulled ofT, dispersed’ San. 2i3r. 6.

čıča:lak (little finger) ‘the little finger’; a specific name for this finger is lacking in some languages, e.g. in Uyğ. it is called kičig erijek; but this word survives in NE Alt. čıčalık R III 2094; Kız., Sag. čumčalčak do. 2188; Khak. čımalčıx Bas. 326; Kız. šımalčax do. 329; SE Türki čımčılak/čimčilak Shaw 104, Jarring 70: NC Kır. čıpalak/čıpanak; Kzx. šınašax; SC Uzb. čimčalok/jimjiılok; NW Kk. šunatak; Kumyk čınačay; Nog. šınatay; Tat. čenče; SW Az. čečele; (Osm. serče parmak ‘sparrow finger’, perhaps a corruption of this word, based on false etymology; Tkm. külembike not related). It is difficult to explain some of these forms without assuming an original *čımča:lak, but the word is obviously related to čıča:muk, q.v. Although -lak and -muk are possible Turkish suffixes the words give rather the impression of l.-sv.s fr. some other language, possibly monosyllabic, but not Chinese, where although ‘finger’ is chih (Giles 1,791) any words like ‘little’ qualifying it would necessarily precede and not follow it. Xak. xı čıča:lak al-xinsir ‘the little finger’ Kaš. I 487: xıv Muh. al-xinsir čı:čala: Mel. 47, 11; čı:čalak (c-c-) Rif. 141: Čağ. xv ff. čıncanak (so spelt) angušt-i küčak ‘the little finger’, in Ar. xinšir San. 22ir. 21: Kip. xııı al-xinšir čı:čala:k Hou. 20, le: xıv (Tkm.) čeče: (c-c-) al-xittfir, in Kıp. čıčalak (c-c-, vocalized čtčlak) İd. 42: xv al-xinšir šuluk (sic) barmak Kav. 61, 4.

čıča:muk (ring finger) ‘the ring finger’; n.o.a.b.; the normal phr. for this finger is atsız barmak (see atsız). Cf. čıča:lak. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in order to make the mudre called ‘fastening the vajra') uluğ erjreklerin suk egreklerin čıčamuk erjreklerin kavšurup tike ückil kilu ‘join the thumbs, index fingers, and ring firtgers, hold them upright, and make a triangle’ TT V, p. 16, note A54, 8: Xak. xı čıča:muk al-binšir ‘the ring finger’, tva hede qalla me yu raf, this word is little known Kaš.

I 487.

1 čat (thud, boom (sound), noise) onomatopoeic, normally for the sound of a blow; cf. čap. S.i.m.m.l. in such forms as čat, čet, čıt, čit which are used either singly, reduplicated, or in combinations. Xak. xı čat čat hikeya 'an ivaq' ‘an onomatopoeic for (the sound of) a blow’; hence one says čat čat urdi: ‘he beat him noisily’ (mufawivata (n)) Kaš. I 320.

F 2 ča:t (well) Hap. leg.; ‘a well’; l.-w. fr. Sogdian c't, same meaning. Cf. kuduğ. Oğuz xı ča:t al-bi'r ‘a well’ Kaš. III 146.

čıt (hedge, fence, boundary, edge, seam, hurdle, enclosure, hut) originally prob in a physical sense ‘a fence’. The vowel was originally -i-, but, as frequently happens, later became -ı-. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as čit or čet used either for physical objects ‘hedge (e.g. of thorn bushes), wattle fence, hurdle’, etc. or for ‘boundary, edge (e.g. of a river, a blanket, etc.)’, and the like. See Doerfer MI 1152. Uyğ. vııı (I had my throne set up (itit-) there) čıt anta: tokı:tdim ‘I had a stockade driven into the ground’ (I spent the summer there, I established the frontier (yaka:) there) Šu. E 8; [gap]tsiz bašı: čitimin yayladım ‘I spent the summer at my stockade at [ ]tsiz Bašı:’ do. S 2: Xak. xı čıt al-xufs mina'l-qasab aıvi'1-šaıvk ‘an enclosure (? , normally ‘hut’) of reeds or thorns’ Kaš. I 320: Čağ. xv ff. čet (sic ‘with č-’) kanar ‘edge, boundary’, and the like; the Turks of Kešğar pronounce it čit San. 205r. 3; čit (‘with č-’) in the language of Kešğar, kaner do. 2ier. 5 : Kip. xıv čet (c- so vocalized) al-darz ‘a seam’ Id. 41: Osm. xvııı čit... and in Rumi, ‘an enclosure or fence (hisar tea ha it) made of sticks and reeds’ San. 2ier. 5.
402

F či:t (silk) ‘flowered silk’ and the like; a l.-w. prob. ultimately der. fr. Sanskrit citra ‘variegated (fabric etc.)’, perhaps through some Iranian language, cf. Pe. čit, which usually means ‘chintz’ (a corruption of the same word) or similar cotton fabrics. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE as čit/šit but some of these words may be direct borrowings fr. Pe. See Doerfer III 1153. Cf. barčın etc. Xak. xı či:t ism dîbec fim lahu toašy manqüš ‘a word for Chinese silk brocade with an embroidered ornamentation’ Kaš. III 120.

čat- (knit (the brows), frown, join, bring together, fasten, add) (> cattle, cat) basically ‘to bring together, join (something Acc., to something else Dat.)’, with various special applications. Survives as čat- in SE Turki; SC Uzb.; SW Az., Osm., Tkm.; the Čağ. Sec. f. survives in NC Kır. čıtı-; Kzx. šıt- ‘to knit (the brows), frown’. (Xak.) xııı (?). At. 205 (‘to frown’, alın): Čağ. xv ff. čat- (spelt) ‘to join together (ba-ham paywastan), to fasten (bastan) two things to one another, to bring together’ (sar ba-ham etvardan) Satt. 204V. 15 (quotns.) — čıt- (spelt) rfi tııruš kardan tea inqibad-i tvach ‘to make a sour face, to frown’, the verb does not convey this meaning if used by itself, the noun ‘face’ must be mentioned do. 215V. 18 (quotn.): Oğuz xı er oğla:k kuzı:ka: čattı: ‘the man put (qarana) (joined) the kid in with the lamb (etc.)’ Kaš. II 294 (čata:r, čatma:k; verse): Xwar. xıv čat- ‘to join, add’; kašın čat- ‘to frown’ Qutb 41: Kip. xıv čat- (c-) cama'a bayna’I--darzayn ‘to join two edges in a seam’; and one says ka:š čat- 'abasa ay cama'a'l-hdcibayn ‘to frown, that is knit the brows’ Id. 41 : Osm.xvi ff. čat- ‘to fasten’, etc. in several texts TTSI 149; //214; IV 158.

VU?F čatu: (horn-shaped, tree root, knife-handle) Hap. leg.; this is the original form of the word in the MS.; the ıcezv was turned into a qaf by a second hand, and it has so far been indexed as čatu:, cf. botu: (camel colt). Morphologically it could be a Dev. N. fr. čat- (knit (the brows), frown, join, bring together, fasten, add) (> cattle, cat) , but as this would be semantically suitable only for the Sec. meaning ‘knife-handle’ it is prob. a Chinese l.-w.; the second syllable (tu:) looks like t'ou (Giles 11,441) often used as a suffix to form Conc. N.s. Xak. xı čatu: ‘the horn of a sea creature (qarn samak bahri) imported from China’; it is also said that it is the root of a tree ('irq šacara); knife handles are made from it, and poison in food detected by it; broth or other food is stirred with it in a bowl, and the food (if poisonous) boils without (being put on) a fire; or this bone is put on the bowl and sweats without there being any steam Kaš. III 218.

E čatı:ba: (fine ()) Hap. leg.; this word occurs in a list of disyllabic words of which the order is determined by (1) the last consonant, (2) the first, and (3) the second and comes between kirpi: and VU kenbe:. The -ba:/-be: is \\ certainly correct, the other letters all errors. The initial must be k- (kef misread as citn maftiiha, cf. čekek for čeček where the opposite error occurs); the second consonant lies between ra and nün, and as there is a superfluous ‘tooth’ in the word was prob. -S-. Kes-, q.v., sometimes means ‘to levy, or assess, taxes’; -be: is not a Turkish Suff. but *kesbe: might be a Sec. f. of kesme:, which does not occur in the meaning given, but etymologically could. Čigil xı čatı:ba: (? *kesbe:) ‘the word for a fine (rahn) which the headman of a village ('erifıı l-qarya) collects from anyone who does not turn out to dig a canal or the head-works of a subsidiary channel’ (al-nahr wa ra'si'l-širb) Kaš. I 416.

D 1 čatuk (? čatok) (joined, clinging, frowning) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. čat- (knit (the brows), frown, join, bring together, fasten) (> cattle, cat); ‘joined to something else’, with various extended meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g., except NE, in forms of which the commonest is čatak and others čatık, čıtak, čıtık, čıtuk and a wide range of meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. ötrii ol lešp ča:tık tltig teg kurıyur ‘then that mucus dries like clinging mud’ TT VIII 7.7: Čağ. xv ff. čıtuk (spelt) šaxs-i munqabid turš-rû ‘a frowning sour-faced individual’ Sa?!. 2ier. 6 (quotn.): Kip. xıv čatuk (c-) kašlu: maqninül-hacibayn ‘with knitted eyebrows’ Id. 41.

?F četük (cat, tom cat, (female) cat) ‘(female) cat’. The various Turkish words for ‘cat’ are collected in Shcherbak, p. 129. Some of them, e.g. mačı:, VU mö:š, and mıškıč, are demonstrably l.-w.s, and it is likely that the rest, including this one, which has no obvious etymology, are also l.-w.s. The Turks prob. did not meet cats early enough to have their own word for them. (Xak.?) xıv Aluh. al-sinnür ‘cat’ četük Mel. 72, 6; če:tük Rif. 174: Oğuz xı četük al-hirra ‘female cat’; (VU) küwük (unvocalized) četük al-dayzvan ‘tom cat’ Kaš. I 388; a.o. III 127 (mö:š): Xwar. xıv četük ‘ (female) cat’ Qutb 42: Kip. xııı al-qift ‘tom cat’ (ma:čı:, also called) če:tük Hon. 11, 11: xıv četük (c-) al-qitf Id. 42; Bui. 10, 10: xv al-qift setük (sic) Kav. 62, 3; sinnûr (mačı and) četük Tuh. 19a. 11: Osm. xıv ff. četük, occasionally četik, ‘cat’; common till xvi, occasionally later TTS I 155; U 222; III 147; IV 165: xvııı četik (spelt) in Rumi, gurba ‘cat’, in Ar. hirra and sinmir San. 205r. 14.

?E četke:n (bridle rein) Hap. leg.; the ordinary word for ‘bridle rein’ is tizgin, which occurs twice in Kaš. but not as a main entry; if it had been a main entry it would have come between terkin and Tašken (place-name) two places before this word. It is possible that the text is in disorder and that tizgin has dropped out and its translation been attached to this word, which may originally have been given another meaning or perhaps merely inserted in the \403\ text to match the translation. Xak.xi četke:n *inenu’l-licetn ‘bridle rein’ Kaš. I 443.
403

D čatla:- See čatı:la:-. (crack, split, break, burst, cracking sound) (chatter)

D čatu:la:- (satu:la:-, šatu:la:-) (chatter) see satu:la:- (chatter)

D čatı:la:- (čatla-) (crack, split, break, burst, cracking sound) (chatter) elongated Den. V. (cf. tokı:la:- (thud, boom (sound))) fr. 1 čat (thud, boom (sound), noise); ‘to make a cracking sound’, and by extension ‘to break with such a sound’ or more generally ‘to split, break’ (Intrans.). The more regular form čatla:- is noted in the medieval period and survives in SW Osm., Tkm., and with phonetic changes in such words as NW Kk. šatna-. See šekirtük. Xak. xı berge: čatı:la:dı: ‘the whip cracked’ (šeta)\ also used for any similar sound Kaš. III 323 (čatı:la:ma:k only): Čağ. xv ff. čatla- (‘with Č-’) tarkidan ‘to crack, burst’ San. 205r. t: Kip. xıv čatla- sawwata bi--farqa'a ‘to make a cracking sound’ İd. 42.

čardan (scorpion) ‘scorpion’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with some phonetic changes usually as čayan/čıyan; in SW Tkm. ičyan («V) and SW xx Anat. čayan still mean ‘scorpion’ but in Osm. čıyan now means ‘centipede’ and the Ar. l.-w. 'aqrab is used for ‘scorpion’. Xak. xı čardan al-'aqrab (scorpion) Kaš. I409; a.o. III 367, 8: KB čadan ‘the constellation Scorpio’ 140, 4889: xıv Rbğ. ditto (in the quotn. fr. KB) R III 1903; Muh. al-'aqrab čaya:n Mel. 74, 3; Rif. 177; ditto as a sign of the zodiac 79, 5; 183: Čağ. xv ff. čayan ‘Scorpio’ Vel. 237; čayan (spelt) ‘scorpion; the sign of the zodiac Scorpio’ (quotn.); also spelt čıyan San. 210v. 14 (quotn.); čıyan ditto do. 22zr. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv čayan ‘scorpion’ Qutb 40: Kip.xııı al-'aqrab (bö:y) also called čaya:n (unvocalized) tea huwa ttmrn arba'a wa arba'in ‘the latter also means “centipede”’ Hou. 11, 17; xv 'aqrab čıyan (later vocalized čayan) Tuh. 25a. 12: Osm. xv in the phr. in one text yılanlar ve 'aqrablar ve čayanlar presumably ‘centipede’ TTS II 225: xv/11 čayan... and in Rumi ‘the animal called in Pe. hazar pü or šadpe centipede’ San. 2iov. 14 (quotn.).

čo:dın (cast iron, copper, brass, bronze) s.i.a.m.l.g. with a bewildering variety of spellings — front and back vowels; -y-/-ğ-/ -g-/-yğ-/-yg — from one of which came the l.-w. chugun in Russian. This and all the modem words mean ‘cast iron’ or the like. This is, however, likely not to have been the original meaning; al-qifr normally means ‘copper’ (which is not in point here, since ‘copper’ was bakır) or ‘brass’, and the latter, or rather ‘bronze’, is the likeliest material for a cooking pot in xi. See Doerfer III 1149. Xak. xı čo:dın al-qitr ‘bronze’ (p); hence one says čo:dın ešič qidr min qitr ‘a bronze (?) cooking pot’ Kaš. I 409: Čağ. xv ff. čoyın (spelt) corruption (muharraf) of čodın (almost the only mention of -d- in San.) that is ehatı-i tıe puxta ‘unsmelted (sic) iron’ San. 215V. 11: Kom. xıv čoyun ‘bronze’ CCG; Gr.

F 1 ča:tır l.-w. ultimately derived fr. Sanskrit chattra ‘a (royal) umbrella’; this meaning, for which čowa:č, q.v., is an alternative, has survived sporadically but the usual meaning is ‘a (canvas) tent’. The channel through which the word reached Turkish with this change of meaning is uncertain, prob. some Iranian language. A l.-w. in Russian as jAater (shatyoŋ. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes (č-/ š-; -t-/-d-), in some perhaps direct borrowings fr. Pe. or Russian. See Doerfer III 1042. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘sunshade’ kün čatın R III 1903; chang fang ‘tent’ (Giles 409 3,440) čatır Ligeti 150: Xak. xı ča:tır al-xayma ‘a (canvas) tent’; ča:čır al-xayma Kaš. I 40e: xııı (?) Tef. čadır ditto 355: xıv Muh. al-xayma ča:dar (sic) Mel. 76, 11; ča:tır Rif. 180: Čağ. xv ff. čadır ‘a tent (xayma) made of canvas’ (kirbas); and one made of sticks and felt is called ak öy or alačuk San. 205r. 19: Oğuz xı (after ča:čıŋ and the Oğuz call it ča:šır Kaš. I 40e: Xwar. xıv čadır ‘tent’ Qutb 40: Kom. xıv ‘tent’ čatır CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv čatır (c-) al-zalela ‘sunshade’ Id. 42: xv izar ‘a woman’s cloak’ čatır Tuh. 4b. 12: Osm. xıv čadır dut- ‘to pitch a tent’ TTS II 198 (and some xvııı phr.).

F 2 ča:tır (? ča:dır) (alkali (salt), sal ammoniac) ‘sal ammoniac, alkali’, and the like. No doubt a l.-w. fr. some Iranian language, cf. Pe. nišedur, same meaning (Pe. used a Turkic agglutination and a Turkic suffix to make a Pe. word, funny). Survives in SW Osm. čadır ušağı ‘gum ammoniac’ and xx Anat. čıtır/čotur ‘alkali’ etc. SDD 343, 374. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. in an unpublished translation of a Chinese sütra the phr. hui ho (Giles 5,155 3,936) ‘ash river’ (in hell) is translated čadar (or čatar?) ögüz TT Index 18, footnote (also čadırlığ ögüz); a.o. TT IV, p. 15, footnote 1. 4: Civ. čadır 'sal ammoniac’ as an ingredient H II 18, 33: Kuča: xı ča:tır al-nüšedir (sic) ‘sal ammoniac’ Kaš. I 406 (Tokharian (Kuchan ?) was probably extinct in Kuča: by xi, perhaps an Iranian dialect).

čotur (pockmarked; flat-nosed; stocky; mis-shapen, bad character) s.i.s.m.l. in most groups meaning ‘pockmarked; flat-nosed; stocky; mis-shapen’, and the like. Xak. xı ‘a man of bad character’ (al-raculu’l-sayyül-xuluq) is called čotur kiši: Kaš. I 363.

DF čatırlığ P.N./’A. fr. 2 ča:tır; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the sinners) čatarlığ ögilzde tüserler ‘fall into the river of ashes’ TM IV 253, 49 (Uyğ.-A form); a.o. see 2 ča:tır.

ča:ğ/1 čak (brouhaha, hubbub, bang (sound), crack, murmur, gurgle) onomatopoeics, cf. čap, čat, či:k, etc. These and similar onomatopoeics, often reduplicated, s.i.s.m.l. Note that čağ ‘time, a point in time, a period of time’ which occurs in USp. 22; Oğ. 18-19, etc.; Vel. 232; San. 207V. 15 and later authorities is a Mong. l.-w. (i.e. Türkic Hunnic interpreted as Mong.) \404\ (Haenisch 25, Koto. 2105) which is not found in Turkish before the Mong. period, when it displaced ö:d (time), q.v., in most languages (distribution of ča:ğ/1 čak - ö:d attests to origin, not the presence in Mong.). Xak. xı ča:ğ čo:ğ koptı: hecati'l-ğalaba tva'l-calab ‘a hubbub (Hend.) arose’; and one says čoğı: koptı: ‘a hubbub arose’ Kaš. III 128: čak čok an onomatopoeic (hikeya) for (the sound of) breaking (cracking) (kasr) something, for example breaking fire-wood, bone, nuts, and the like; hence one says čak čok etti:; čak another onomatopoeic for a sound (cracking) (hikeya šaıct ayda(n)), one says ol anı: urdı: čak etmedi: ‘he beat him, but he did not bear a grudge or cry out (crack)’ (me ta'allama wa ma saha) Kaš. I 333: Osm. xv and xvı čağ čağ an onomatopoeic for the sound of running water (murmur, gurgle) in several texts TTS II 200; III 134; IV 151 (this is one of several similar onomatopoeics, most are longer, e.g. čağıl čağıl).
404

2 čak (sound (good), exactly, precisely, precisely right, particular, vigor, time) originally an Adv. meaning ‘exactly, precisely’; in this sense it may be merely an extended meaning of 1 čak (brouhaha, hubbub, bang), cf. English colloquial ‘bang in the middle’ for čak ortasında; see Deny, Grammaire de la langue turque, Paris, 1920, p. 634, note 1 which discusses this word but contains some errors. Later it seems to have become an Adj. meaning ‘precisely right’ (English colloquial ‘bang on’), and even a Noun meaning ‘vigour’ and the like. It survives as an Adv. in SE Türki čağ BŠ 235; NC Kır. čak; Kzx. šak; NW Kk., Nog. šak; SW Osm. čağ/čak; Tkm. ča:ğ, and in its extended meanings in some of these languages and some NE R III 1831; IV 191, 930. Xak. |xi čak harf yuabbar bihi 'an 'ayni'1-šay' wa nafsihi ‘an indeclinable referring to one particular thing and no other’; hence one says čak ol atnı: tutğıl ‘take that particular (bi-'aynihŋ horse’; and one says čak amačrn: urğıl ‘hit that particular (bi-'aynihŋ target’ Kaš. I 333: Čağ. xv ff. čağ (‘time’, i.e. the Mong. l.-w.) and also they use it of exposing to heat and putting back into shape (yerine getürmege) a bow which has lost its curve Vel. 232 (quotn. in which čağ etc. dür means ‘he recurves’ (the straightened eyebrows)); čağ (‘with č-’) ( (1) ‘time’); (2) salıîh wa durust 'perfect, sound’ San. 2oev. 9 (same quotn.); čak syn. w. čağ... durust do. 207V. 15; P. de C. 276 quotes fr. Babur bir y^rni čağ kılıp atmaydurlar ‘they do not shoot at any particular place’: Xwar. xıv čak (and der. f.s) occur in several phr. in which it means something like ‘the right amount’ e.g. uyat-sızlıkm ašurdı čakındın ‘he was excessively immodest’, öz čakıg bil 'know how far you can go’ Qutb 40: Kom. xıv ‘his strength’ čağı CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv lamme ‘when’ -ta:/-te: and also čak; these come only at the end of a word e.g. ‘when he came’ kelmište:, 'when he spoke’ ayla:di: (sic, ?read söyle:di:) čak; ‘when he sat down’ oturdı: čak Bul. 15, 13: xv the word (lafza) corresponding to lamme is šak; you say for ‘I arrived as the bey stood up’ bi: šak turdi: men yetištüm meaning that my arrival was not a minute later than his standing up...; some of them \\\ do not use this word šak but use instead the verb with the Suff. -ğa:š/-ge:š/-ka:š Kav. 21, 10: Osm. xıv ff. čağ/čak/čax ‘exactly, precisely’ before the word qualified; c.i.a.p. TTS I 141; II 201; III 136; IV 151; in one xvı dict. (III) Pe. tvij ‘pure, unadulterated’ is translated čak (as well as the Ar. l.-w.s šefi, xeliš, širf).

3 ča:ğ/čak (time, point in time, period of time). See ča:ğ/1 čak

4 ča:ğ/čak (bad, useless) ‘bad, useless’. See čo:k (bad, useless).

1 čı:ğ (grass, reed) usually translated ‘reed’, which is the most convenient word, but prob. used indiscriminately for several kinds of stiff steppe grasses which, botanically speaking, are grasses and not reeds. Jarring 70 translates it ‘a grass or reed, Arundinellanepalcmis, used for making baskets and mats’. It was also used fr. an early period for artifacts made fr. such grasses, ‘reed-curtain’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with some phonetic changes (Č-/Š-; -1-/-İ-; -ğ/-y). Became a l.-w. in Russian as chii and in Pe. as fiq (Steingass 396) fr. which it passed into Hindustani, Angtice ‘chick’, a reed curtain. See Doerfer 111 1155. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of offerings) bir čığ iki xvva ‘one reed and two flowers’ TT VII 24, 10: Xak. xı čı:ğ ‘a plaited curtain’ (qirem) made as a shelter (sutra) for tent dwellers out of southernwood, Abrotanum (qaysilm); this is a plant thinner and suppler than a reed (al-qasab) Kaš. III 128: Čağ. xv ff. čığ (‘with č-') ‘a mat’ (hasira) woven out of reeds (kamıš) and thread which they put on tent walls Vel. 245 (quotns.); čığ (‘with č-’) ‘a screen’ (he'i() in the shape of a curtain (parda) made of reeds (nay) and thin sticks which is hung over the door of a house or tent San. 218v. 18 (quotns.).

F 2 čı:ğ (čığ)‘(foot (Chinese), шаг) a Chinese foot’, about 35 cm.; l.-w. fr. Chinese ch'ih (Giles 1,992; Middle Chinese (Pulleyblank) chyek). N.o.a.b., but SE Türki či ‘a Chinese foot’ BŠ 254 is a l.-w. fr. the modern form of the same word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of forms of fraud) čığın tsunın ‘in (measurements of) feet and inches’ U II 77, 25; 86, 42; Suv. 135, 8; tört čığ ‘four feet’ (prescribed as the length and breadth of a picture) do. 544, 5: Xak. xı čı:ğ the word for ‘the Turkish cubit’ (dire' turkŋ, it is about two-thirds of the (ordinary) cubit; cotton cloth is measured (yudra') by it among the nomads Kaš. III 128.

(S) čı:k hardly more than a Sec. f. of 1 čak and 2 čak. It survives as an onomatopoeic in some NE languages and NC Kır. and as an Adv. meaning ‘exactly, completely’ in some NE, SE, and NC languages and SW xx Anat. The Exclamation čık used to drive away dogs noted in San. 219V. 5 and td. 44 is no doubt the Imperat. of čık- and not this word. Xak. xı one says to a man when one is frightening him čı:k et küreyin ših bi-šazet xafî hatte are caledatak fîhi ‘call out in a subdued voice so that I can see how determined you are about it’ Kaš. III 130: Osm. xıv and xv čık ‘exactly’ in two texts TTS I 157; IV 168.
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Mon. V. CĞ-

čoğ, etc. Preliminary note. Those words of this general form which can be specifically identified are listed below. There may be in Uyğ. other Chinese l.-w.s which have not yet been identified, e.g. in USp. 9 PU čok looks like the name of some kind of tax.

čo:ğ (glowing heat, flame, splendor, glory, blaze) originally ‘glowing heat, flame’; hence metaph. ‘splendour, glory’. S.i.m.m.I.g. with phonetic changes (č-/š-; -ğ/-k, etc.). Cf. yalın. See Doerfer III 1138. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (you shine) čıxšapatlığ ıduk čoğ yalın üze ‘with the holy splendourand glory of the commandments’ TT IX 18^-19: Bud. (then those demons when they saw King Cašfana’s might) čoğın yalının kutın kivin ‘his splendour (Hcnd.) and the divine favour (Hend.) which he enjoyed’ U IV 10, 51; Sanskrit sreyo ‘the best’ čoğ yalınığ TT VIII D. 17; a.o. U III 71, 12; čoğ yalınlığ ‘flaming’ USp. 46, 2: Civ. kiln čoğı ‘the heat of the sun’ TT VIII I.2y. Xak. xı čo:ğ saqru’l-šams wa luebuhe (read luhelnıhö) ‘the scorching heat of the sun and its blaze’; hence one says kü:n čo:ğı lu'ebıı (luhebu)’l-šams; čo:ğ laha-bu'l-ner ‘the blaze of a fire’, after the wood has become red hot Kaš. III 128: KB (God sends one enemy against another) kesti čoğı ‘and cuts off their heat’ 144; (if he has subjugated the enemy and) kiterse čoğı ‘taken the heat out of him’ 1926; a.o. 318: Čağ. xv ff. čoğ (c-) kor... axgar ma'nasina ‘a red-hot ember’ Vel. 250 (quotn.); čoğ (‘with č-’) axgar San. 213r. 22 (same quotn.): Osm. xıv čok ‘glow’ in one text TTS II 240.

1 ču:ğ (bundle) ‘bundle’ and the like; the difference between this and 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch)) is obscure, perhaps this meant primarily the actual bundle and ba:ğ the cords, etc. with which it is tied. Survives in NE Leb. čuğ ‘wrapping, shroud’ R 111 2169; 'Pel. ču: 2164; Šor šu IV 1095 and SW xx Anat. čuğ ‘a sheaf of corn’ SDD 386. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 165, 20-1 (1 ba:ğ): Xak. xı ču:ğ (bi'1-šamma, ‘with -u-, not -o-’) 'avbatu'l-mita' ‘a bag for merchandise’ Kaš. İII 128: KB 5549 (oru:): xııı (?) Tef. bu čuk (sic) batman altun ‘this sack of gold’ 360 (čok): Xwar. xıv öyeri bağı čuğı barča altun ‘his saddle, cords, and packages were all gold’ (?) Qutb 44: Kom. xıv čov CCG, 114, 27r.; Gr. transcribes the German as eyn galetne ‘a noise', but the facsimile shows eyn galadeine ? ‘a bundle’.

PUF 2 čuğ no doubt, as suggested in the note mentioned below, l.-w. fr. Chinese cho ‘muddy, clouded’ (Giles 2,409; Middle Chinese (Pulleyblank) cuk). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (just as the water-clarifying jewel called udakapraseda) čuğ suvuklik slizgeli umušı ‘can clarify muddy liquids’; (so also faith) kertgünčsüz töz üze bulğanmıš čuğ bolmıš kögüiüg süzer ‘clarifies the mind which has become confused and clouded by reason of faithlessness’ TT V 26, 100-2 (and see note thereon); čuuğ (sic) suvığ ‘muddy water’ Suv. 74, 22 (sergür-). \\

VU čo:k Hap. leg.; may survive as čak ‘bad, useless’ in NW Kaz. R 111 1831, but obviously not connected with the Adj./Adv. čok ‘many; much’, which first occurs in Xwar. Oğ. 227, is noted in Čağ. San. 2i2r. 17; 2i4r. 1; Kip. Id. 44, 78 (köp); Kav. 24, 14; and Osm. fr. xıv onwards TTS II 238-9; III 156; IV 177 and survives in NE Sag. R III 2004; SE Türki; some NW languages, and SW Az., Osm. Oğuz xı čo:k er al-raculu’l-nadl ‘a vile, cowardly man’ Kaš. III 130.

čak- like 1 čak of an onomatopoeic character and used to describe action of a violent character, physical or mental, e.g. ‘to strike fire (with a flint and steel); (of a snake or scorpion) to bite, sting; to slander, decry, betray’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with a wide range of meanings, e.g. for SW Osm. Red. 707 distinguishes ten meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 10, 23-4 (1 ür-): Xak. xı ol ikki: kiši: ara: čakdı: ‘he made mischief (ağre) between the two men’; and one says ol čakma:k čakdı: qadaha’ l-zand ‘he struck the steel (on the flint)’ Kaš. II 17 (čaka:r, čakma:k); o.o. II 23, 18 (tutun-): III 26, 2: xıv Muh. (?) al-si'eya ‘to slander, decry’ čakmak Rif. 120 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čak- (-tı)ğamz et-, kol- (ask for, pray) (call) ‘to calumniate, seek out (?)’ Vel. 234 (quotns.); čak- (‘with č-’) (1) gazidan ‘to bite or sting’, of a snake, scorpion, and the like; (2) bad-gü'i wa si'eyat kardan ‘to abuse, slander’; (3) fulad ataš zana ‘of a steel to strike fire’, in Ar. qadaha; (4) qadh-i qadaha ya'ni čakmak zadan ‘to strike a strike-a-Iight’ (quotn.); (5) durux-šîdan ‘to shine, flash’ of fire, or lightning, in Ar. ramid, talelu, and lama'en San. 2oev. 26 (quotns.): Oğuz xı ol sö:züg anıg kula:kka čakdı: ‘he drummed (ballağa) the words into his ear’ Kaš. II 17: Xwar. xııı (?) (if anyone disobeys me, I take him as an enemy) čımad čakıp čerig čekip ‘heaping reproaches (Mong. l.-w.) on him and leading out an army’ Oğ. 112-13: Kom. xıv ‘to calumniate, accuse’ čak-/čax- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı qadaha (’/-zand), and also šaka ğayrahu ‘to complain of someone’ to a minister čak- Hou. 37, 9: xıv čak - ğamaza ‘to calumniate’ İd. 44: xv ištake ‘to complain of’ šak- (sic) Kav. 9, 12; 74, 9: Osm. xıv to xvı čak- ‘to calumniate; to betray (a secret Acc., to someone Dat.); kulağa čak- (cf. Oğuz xi) TTS 1143; II203.

čığ- (tie up, wrap) (cigar, cigarette) ‘to (a parcel etc.)’; in Kaš. syn. w. ba:-. Cf. čig- (tie up, wrap) (cigar, cigarette). N.o.a.b. but the Dev. N. čığı/čıkı ‘a parcel’ occurs in SW xx Anat. SDD 332, 334. Xak. xı ol türgek čığdı: 'he tied up (šadda) the parcel (etc.)’ Kaš. II 14 (čığa:r, čığma:k); a.o. I 210, 23: Kip. xıv čık- (c-) šarra šay’fi šay' ‘to wrap something in something else’ Id. 44.

1 čık- ‘to go out; to come out’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with a wide range of extended meanings esp. in SW. It is no doubt fortuitous that neither čık- nor čıkar- are noted before xi. The theory propounded in Oğ., p. 27, note 27 that \\ that is a crasis of tašık- is quite unconvincing. Xak. xı cr evdin čıkdı: ‘the man went out (yaraca) of the house (etc.)’ Kaš. II 17 (prov.; no Aor. or Infin.); II 116 (tašık-) and about a dozen o.o.: KB čık- ‘to go out, come out’ is common 87, 213, 394, 951, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. čık- ditto 358: xıv Muh. xaraca čık-Mel. 25, 13; Rif. 108; al-tultY ‘ (of the sun, etc.) to rise’ čıkmak Mel. 35, 1; Rif. 120: Čağ. xv ff. čık- (-ku, etc.) čık- Vel. 241; čık- (‘with Č-’) bar amadan ‘to come out, rise’ San. 2i8v. 29 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı čık- ‘to go out’ 'Ali 2e: xııı (?) avka čıktı ‘he went hunting’ Oğ. 27; o.o. 141, 196; xıv čık- ditto MN 88: Kom. xıv ditto čık/čıx- CCI, CCG; Gr. 79 (quotns.): Kip. xııı xaraca čık- Hou. 33, le:xiv ditto Id. 44; al-šahrul-xeric ‘the outgoing month’ čıka:n ay Bui. 13, 11; ša'ida ‘to rise’ (ağ-; in margin) čık- do. 55V.: xv tala'a wa xaraca šık- (sic) Kav. 9, 12, a.o.o.; Tuh. 15a. 4; raqa ‘to ascend slowly’ čık- do. 17b. 11; ša'ida čık- do. 23a. 3; a.o.o.
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D 2 čı:k- (absorbing) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. čı:. Xak. xı to:n čı:kdı: ‘the garment absorbed moisture’ (al-nada)\ also used of anything which absorbs dampness (al-nuduwwa) from the ground Kaš. III 183 (čı:ka:r, čı:kma:k).

čok- (peck, swoop down) originally (of a bird) ‘to swoop down (on something Dat.); to peck, peck out’ with various extended meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g.; the modern phonetics are confusing; it is nearly always lengthened to čokı-/čoku- (šokı-/ šoku-, etc.) but in NC Kır. both čokı- and čukı- occur with slightly different shades of meaning and in Kzx. šok- and šuk-. There do not seem to be any other genuine occurrences of -u- in the verb (both Uzb. -Ü- and Kaz. -u- represent earlier -o-) but there is what seems to be a Dev. N./A. in -r meaning ‘hole, cavity, depression; hollowed out, deep’ which first appears in Čağ. San. 2i4r. 6 and Kip. Id. 44; Tuh. 11b. 12; 12b. u and s.i.a.m.l.g. as čukur (šukur, etc.). See Doerfer 111 1099. This must surely be der. fr. this Verb; so too is SE Türki čökur ‘pitted with small-pox’, unless this is a Sec. f. of čotur. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 2, 8 (u:d): Xak. xı kuš čokdı: ‘the bird swooped’ (inqadda) Kaš. II 17 (čoka:r, čokma:k; verse, see es): Čağ. xv ff. čok (also -uŋ, -tı) darbla bir yeri urup čukur et- ‘to strike a blow at a place and make a hole’ (punch); čok- (-mak, -tı, -uğač, -ardın) cam’ ol- ‘to come together, assemble’ (quotns.) Vel. 251; čoku-/čokuš- (spelt) kawidan wa gawd kardan ‘to dig out, hollow out; to peck, peck out’ San. 213r. 28 (quotns.; adding that Vel.'s translation ‘to come together’ is an error): Osm. xıv to xvı čok-/ čox- (i) (of a bird) ‘to swoop down on’ (a fish); (2) (of a group of persons) ‘to swoop down, attack’; (3) (once; of an insect) ‘to sting’ (? error for čak-); in several texts TTS I 164; II 240; III 157.

ču:k- (ignited, set on fire) Hap. leg.; the vocalization seems to make it impossible to regard this as a crasis of \\ a Den. V. in -k- fr. čo:ğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Hud. Sanskrit edipito (spelt edipito) ‘ignited, set on fire’ ču:kup e:mge:nip TT VIII C.5.

D or F čaba: (or čebe:) Hap. leg.; most Gancak words are certainly l.-w.s; if this word had back vowels it might he regarded as a corrupt Dev. N. fr. čak-, Gancak xı (h does not properly occur in Turkish but...) yuqal li'l-zand (‘a strike-a-light’) (VU) čaha: luğa Gancak raktk Kaš. I 9, 11 (rakik normally means ‘with front vowels’, but prob. here means ‘incorrect’).

?S čağı:/čoğı: onomatopoeic; prob. an elongated f. of ča:ğ. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. alku tlgi čoğı ‘all sounds (Hend.)’ Sui\ 166, e: Xak. xı Čoğı: al-calaha ‘uproar, hubbub’ in all Turkish languages except Arğu: which has čağı: Kaš. III 225; o.o. of čoğı: I 41, 11 (alčak); III 128, 3 (ča:ğ); 234, 16 (čamı:): KB čoğı ‘a noisy quarrel’ 318, 2651, 4232: xııı (?) Tef. čoğı ‘a loud noise; quarrel’ 360: Osm. xıv to xvı su čağusu ‘the sound of running water" in one text; čoğu ‘uproar, noise’ in three TTS I 141; III 150; IV 177.

VU?F čoku:barı: Hap. leg.; headed fa'ûlalt\ no doubt a l.-w., possibly Iranian. Xak. xı čoku:barı: tinul-biitaqa ‘clay for making cruciblcs’ Kaš. III 243.

D čaktur- Caus. f. of čak-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol čakmak čakturdr. aqdahahu'l-zamtad (sic) ‘he made him strike fire’; also used when one provokes a quarrel (awqa'a' l-tašecuŋ between two men and makes mischief (oğre) between them Kaš. II 181 (čakturur, čakturma:k).

D 1 čıktur- Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of 1 cık-, instead of the usual form čıkar-, Xak. xı ol anı: evdin čıkturdı: ‘he ordered that he should be put out (bi-ixracihŋ of the house (etc.)’ Kaš. II 181 (čıkturur, čıkturma:k).

D 2 čıktur- (absorb) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 2 čı:k-. Xak. xı ol to:nın čıkturdı: ‘he put his garment in a moist (nadŋ place for it to get wet’ (hatte nadiya) Kaš. II 181 (čıkturur, čıkturma:k).

D čoktur- Caus. f. of čok-; survives only (?) in SE Tar. ‘to plunge (something) in water’ R III 2010; the alternative form čokut-s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol kušuğ ka:zka: čokturdı: ’he sent his falcon (heziyahu) to swoop čale'l-ittqidad) on the goose’ (Kaš., as usual, ‘duck’, etc.) Kaš. II i8j (čokturur, čok-turma:k).
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(D) čığıl onomatopoeic for a clattering sound, related to ča:ğ, etc. This and cognate forms cağıl/čağıl/čakıl/cığıl survive in SW Az., Osm., Tkm., xx Anat. both as onomatopoeics and as Nouns for clattering objects like ‘pebbles’. Xak. xı ok ke:š ičre: čığıl tığıl kıldı: ‘the arrows rattled (šaıvruata) in the quiver’ (etc.) Kaš. I 393.

D čaklığ words of this forrrywith the usual phonetic changes (č-/š- ; -k.-/-ğ-; -l-/-t-; -ığ/-u:, etc.) s.i.a.m.l.g. with a wide range of meanings perhaps going back to different origins, but the words below seem to be P.N./A.s fr. 2 čak. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (a grape stuffed with various drugs is to be wrapped in paper, buried in hot ashes, and administered) edgüti čaklığ čig bolmıšda ‘when it has been thoroughly cooked’ HI 151: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. (a place) bir kiši oltur čaklı ‘with room for one man to sit’; yeytir čaklı ‘enough for (a whole family) to eat’ 35e: Čağ. xv ff. (a spacc) mig sipihr čağlık ‘as big as a thousand terrestrial spheres’ Vel. 232 (s.v. čağ); čağlığ (1) qadr wa miqdar wa andeza ‘ (having a specified) quantity, number, or size’ (quotn.); (2) šihhat wa durusti ‘ (having) health and soundness’ San. 2oev. 21: Kom. xıv anča čaklı ‘having such and such a quantity'; (of a sin) kečer čaklı ‘venial’ CCG; Gr. 73.

D čoğluğ P.N./A. fr. čo:ğ; ‘fiery, flaming’, and the like. Survives in NE čoktığ/čoktu: R III 2009-10; NC Kır. čoktu:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. uluğ čoğlığ yalınlığ ‘the great splendid resplendent’ (Buddha) U II 59, 5 (ii); similar phr. U III 39, 23; 67, 4 (ı); TT VIII F. 16; X 61-2, etc.

(D) čoğla:n (Karluk title) Hap. leg.; ism is presumably to be taken as meaning ‘title’ rather than ‘Proper Name’. Perhaps a corrupt derivative of čo:ğ ‘splendour’; hardly to be connected w. čoğla:- (shout, trumpet, трубить). Xak. xı čoğlam win asme'i'1-akebira Qarluq ‘one of the titles of notables of the Karluk (tribe)’ Kaš. I 444.

D čakıl- Pass. f. of čak-; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes and a wide range of meanings. Uyğ. xıv Chitt.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘the lightning flashed’ oot čakıldı R III 1846; Ligeti 18e: Xak. xı čakmak čakıldı: qudiha'l-zand ‘the strike-a-Iight was struck’; and one says ta:š čakıldı: ‘the stone was struck and sparks flew’; and one says (? in Oğuz) sö:z kulakka: čakıldı: ‘the word was poured (šubba) into his ear’ Kaš. II 133 (čakılur, čakılma:k; in a verse čakıldı: kızıl ot ‘sparks flew (from the horse’s hooves)’: Čağ. xv ff. čakıl- (spelt) (1) gazlda šudan ‘to be bitten or stung’; (2) si'eyat karda šudan ‘to be slandered’; (3) duruxšîda šudan ataš wa barq ‘ (of fire or \\ lightning) to flash’, in Ar. iltime’ and îmed San. 207r. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv čakmak čakıl- Qutb 41.
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V. CĞL-

D čığıl- Hap. leg.; the whole entry is unvocalized and a superfluous er has found its way into the text, but the original can be restored fr. the translation; Pass. f. of čığ- (tie up, wrap) (cigar, cigarette). Xak. xı [er] boğ čığıldı: šuddati'l-rizma bi’l-fineb ‘the parcel was tied with rope (and the like)’ Kaš. II 133 (čığılur, čığılma:k).

D čıkıl- Pass. f. of 1 čık- used only as an Impersonal V.; survives in the same idiom in NC Kır. čığıl-; SW Osm. čıkıl-, Xak. xı evdin čıkıldı: ‘An exit was made (xurica) from the house (etc.)’ Kaš. II 133 (čıkılur, čıkılma:k).

DF čığla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 2 čı:ğ (čığ)‘(foot (Chinese), шаг). Xak. xı ol bö:z čığlardı: ‘he measured the cotton cloth in Turkish cubits’ (bi-dira turkŋ Kaš. III 296 (čığla:r, čığla:ma:kj.

D čoğla:- (shout, trumpet, трубить) prob. an abbreviated form of čoğı:la:-, q.v., rather than a Dev. V. fr. *čoğ (splendor) as a Sec. f. of ča:ğ (splendor). Xak. xı čoğlardı: like čarla:dı: (q.v.) fi šiyehi'1-ftl, ‘of the trumpeting of an elephant’ Kaš. III 295 (čoğla:r, čoğla:ma:k): KB kellr čoğlayur az öčer terk üni (this world) ‘comes and shouts a little, but its voice quickly dies away’ 5314: (Xwar. xııı čoğlaš- ‘to shout to one another’ 'Ali 40).

D čuğla:- Den. V. fr. ču:ğ; ‘to wrap, pack up’, and the like. Survives as such in NE Leb. čuğla- R III 2170; Tel. čurla- do. 2175; the central consonants were metathesized in the medieval period and the metathesized form, with some phonetic changes, s.i.m.m.l.g.; in SE Türki both forms occur čuğla-/cuğla-/ čulğa- Jarring 77, 97. Xak. xı ol to:nuğ čuğlardı: ‘he tied up the garment and wrapped it and made it into a parcel’ (dabbara... wa 'abbehu wa razzamahu) Kaš. III 295 (čuğla:r, čuğla:ma:k): KB (true words are harsh) irig čuğlamıš ‘he has wrapped up the harshness’ 3847: xıv Muh. čuğla:- Mel. 35, 1 (1 bük- (bend, fold, twist, bow, kneel, revolted)): Čağ. xv ff. culğa- (‘with č-’) pîčtdan ‘to wind, wrap’ San. 214T. 28: Xwar. xııı čulğa-‘to wrap’ 'Alt 50: xıv ditto Nahc. 8, 8; 9, 9.

DF čığlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čığla:-. Xak. xı ol bö:z čığlattı: ‘he told the man to measure the cotton cloth in Turkish cubits’; a Turkish cubit is two-thirds of an (ordinary) cubit Kaš. II 345 (čığlatu:r, čığlatma:k).

D čuğlat- Caus. f. of čuğla:-; s.i.s.m.l. as čulğat-, Xak. xı ol to:mn čuğlattı: ‘he ordered (someone) to wrap up his garment’ (the translation hamala minğayri tawbihi is corrupt) Kaš. II 345 (čuğlatu:r, čuğlatma:k).

D čaklın- Hap. leg.; vocalized čaklan-, but obviously Rcfl. f. of čakıl-; 'to flare up’. Kaš.’s translation is very free. Xak. xı özüm meniŋ budursı:n oti: amŋ čaklınu:r (čak-lanu:ŋ it describes his love and says ‘my heart is like a quail and revolves (on a spit) over the \\ fire of love for him’ (yataqallab 'ale ner hubbihŋ Kaš. I 513, 5; n.m.e.
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DF 1 čı:ğlan- (measured) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čığla:-; the word is actually spelt čığlandı: but is quoted in a para, regarding the meanings of Hell. Den. V.s fr. ‘triliteral’ words, which implies čı:ğ. Xak. xı böz čığlandı: duri'a'l--kirbes ‘the cotton cloth was measured in [Turkish] cubits’ Kaš. III 198, 19; n.m.e.

D 2 čığlan- (moist, wet) Hap. leg.; vocalized čağlan- but this must be an error. This is clearly a Refl. Den. V. of 3 čığ (čiğ) and svn. with čılan- q.v., so is anachronistic in Kaš.; as there is no Aor. or Infin. it was prob. inserted by a later hand. Survives in NW Kaz. čiklan- 'to be moist, wet’ R III 2060. Cf. čavla:-. Xak. xı et čığlandı: talahwaca'l-lahm ‘the meat was half cooked’ (i.e. still moist) Kaš. II 245.

D čoğlan- (čorğlan-) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čo:ğ. Kaš. xı o:t čoğlandı: ‘the fire was scorching hot’ (iltahaba); also used of the sun when its scorching rays (luhebuhe, misspelt lu'ebulıe) fall Kaš. II 245 (čo:ğlanu:r, čo:glanma:k sic).

D čuğlan- (ču:ğlan-) Refl. f. of čuğla:-; Kaš.'s translation in the main entry is metaph. S.i.s.m.I.g. as čulğan- ‘to be wrapped’, etc. Xak. xı sii kanıuğ čuğlandı: ce’a'1-cund bi--qaddihi wa qadidihi ‘the army came in a solid mass’, also used of things of any kind when they gather together (ta’allaba) Kaš. II 245 (čuğlanu:r, čuğlanma:k); (in the same para, as 1 čı:ğlan-, q.v.) tava:r ču:glandı: (sic) ruzima'1-mite' ‘the merchandise was packed up’ III 198, 18: xıv Muh. laffa (? lujja) ‘to wrap up (? to be wrapped up)’ čuğlan- Mel. 31, 1 (only; Rif. 115 see saru:-): Čağ. xv ff. čulğan-/čulğaš- pičtda šudan ‘to be wrapped’ Saıı. 214V. 9: Xwar. xıv čulğan- ‘to be wrapped (in something Dat.)' Qutb 44 (also čulğatıl-; and čulğaš- ‘to curl up like a snake’): Kom. xıv ‘to be wrapped’ (in swaddling clothes) čulğan- CCG; Gr. 77 (quotn.).

F čığılva:r obviously a l.-w. prob. Iranian, since -ver is a common Iranian sufiix. It seems clear that this means ‘cross-bow’; cross-bow arrows are shorter than ordinary arrows, and this explains Kaš.'s translation. The cross-bow was not a native Turkish weapon. In the form in Muh. -m- may be a scribal error for -v- or a Sec. sound. Xak. xı čığılva:r oki: al-husbana wa hiya'l-sihemul-qišer ‘short arrows’ Kaš. I 493 (verse): xıv Muh. (?) qawsül-carx ‘cross-bow’ čığılma:r (unvocalized) Rif. 173 (only).

D čağı:la:-/čoğı:la:- Den. V. fr. čağı:/čoğı:; n.o.a.b., but the shorter form čağla- occurs in SW Osm. and longer forms like čağılda-, čakılda- in several modern languages. Xak. \\ xı er čoğı:la:dı: ‘the man streamed and shouted’ (saxaba... wa šaha) (čoğı:la:r, čoğı:Ja;ma:k); also pronounced čağı:la:dı:, one says su:v čağt:la:dı: ‘the water babbled’ (xarra); jağı:la:dt:, šağı:la:dı: both dialect forms (luğa) (šağı:la:r, šağı:la:ma:k) Kaš. III 324 (verse containing čoğı:la:di: šaxaba and jağı:Ia:dı: (blood /lowed) bi-xnrtr ha--xarjri'l-me'): xıv Muh. xariru'l-nta' su: ča-ğılamak Mel. 73, 13; Rif. 176.

D čakma:k Conc. N. fr. čak-; ‘a strike-alight, flint and steel’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE which uses forms of otluk (cf. 1 otluğ). See Doerfer III 1097. Xak. xı čakma:k ‘the strike-a-light’ (al-zand) with which (fire) is struck; it is both a Noun and an Infin. like canid and camid (sic) in Ar. Kaš. I 469; o.o. II 17 (čak-); 133 (čakıl-), etc.: xıv Muh. al-miqdaha ‘a steel’ čakmak Mel. 58, 14; Rif. 169: Čağ. xv ff. čakmak ftiled-i etaš--zana ‘a steel for striking fire’, in Ar. qaddalm and niiqdaha San. 207V. 21 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 41 : Kip. xııı al-zined čakmak Id. 17, 17: xıv čakmak (c-) al-qaddeha İd. 44:xv al-zined šakmak (sic) Kav. 64, 8.

VUF čukmı:n Hap. leg.; l.-w. fr. Chinese, the second syllabic perhaps man ‘steamed dumplings’ (Giles 7,639). Xak. xı čukmı:n ‘a loaf (xubz) made in the shape of a cake’ (al-ka'k) and cooked in steam in a cooking pot; it is the most wholesome (antra’) form of bread Kaš. I 444.

čağmur ‘turnip, Brassica rapa'; although this spelling is pec. to Kaš. it is prob. the original one, cf. yağmur. Survives as čanı-ğur in SE Türki ‘turnip’ Share 96; Jarring 64; ‘radish’ 239 and SW xx Anat. ‘turnip’ SDD 246, but in most languages displaced by Pe. šalcaın. Xak. xı čağmur al-lift ‘turnip’ Kaš. I 16, 21; čağmur al-šalcam; čamğur the same, metathesized I 457.

PUD čokmaklan- (curle, wound) Hap. leg.; as this word occurs between tığraklan- and čamğukinn-tlıe č- and -klan- can be taken as certain, but there is no semantic connection with čok-; the semantic connection is rather with čığ- (tie up, wrap) (cigar, cigarette); a connection with ču:ğ is morphologically impossible, but note the Xwar. meaning of čulğaš- (ču:ğlan-). Xak. yıla:n čokmaklandi: ‘the snake curled up and wound itself up’ (tarahhat... 7ca istaderat) Kaš. II 275 (čokmaklanu:r, čokmaklanma:k).

čığa:n (poor, destitute) ‘poor, destitute’. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. čığan (sic) SDD 258. Türkü vııı yok čığan bodunığ kop icuvratdım čığan bodunığ bay kıldım ‘I collected all the destitute poor people; I made the poor people rich’ I S 10, II N 8; two o.o.: vııı ff. čığan er oğlı: IrhB 30: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. \\ yok čığay M III 35, 10; a.o. TT III 142: Bud. yok čiğay PP 5, 5; 6, 1, etc.; TT V 22, 40 (üdrül-); čığay U II 29, 14; 31, 41, etc.; U III 10, 4; U IV 34, 47: Civ. čiğay kalančı bodun ‘the poor people who pay katan (taxes)’ USp. 77, 5: Xak. xı the people of Arğu: substitute win for ye'... thus for ‘poor’ (al-faqir) the Turks say čı:ğa:y, and they say či:ğa:n Kaš. I 31; čiğa:y al-faqir III 238 (verse containing yok čiğa:y); three o.o.: KB čığay as opposite to bay 313, 1923; o.o. 1034, 1112 (lile:-), 1564 (ağı:): xııı (?) Tef. čiğay ‘poor, poor man’ 358: xıv Muh. (f) al-faqir čıka:n (sic, Perror^for čığa:n) Rif. 153 (only); Rbğ. čığay ditto R III 2109 (quotn.): Čağ. xv fF. čığan (so spelt) muflis ‘poor’ San. 218v. 20 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) Oğuz xağan mundın kop čığay emgek čekip turdı ‘because of this (his favourite horse having run away) Oğuz Xağan was very wretched and distressed’ Oğ. 234-5 '• ^XIV 9!&^ay ‘poor’ Qutb 45: Kip. xııı al-faqir (yoksul and) čığa:y (vocalized čağa.y) Hon. 26, 13: xıv čığan (c-) al-baxil ‘miserly’ Id. 43: Osm. xıv al-baxil čığan (sic): xv čığan kul ‘a wretched slave’ (as opposed to a gracious God) TTS III 129.

1 čıkan (cousin (by maternal aunt)) ‘the son of one’s maternal aunt’. N.o.a.b., cf. yĞgen. Türkü vııı čıkan Tonyukuk a:tiğ bermiš [the xagan] ‘gave him the title “Cousin Tonyukuk’” Ix. 1; a.o. do 2: Xak. xı čıkan ibnul-xala ‘the son of one’s maternal aunt’ Kaš. I402: Čağ. xv ff. čığan (‘with č-’) xela-zeda San. 2i8v. 21.

?F 2 čıkan the passage below relates to the person sent to arrange Kül T^gin’s mausoleum, to ornament it, and to erect a memorial stone; it is unlikely that the Emperor’s cousin would have been sent for such a menial task and this is prob. a Chinese l.-w. Türkü vııı Tavğač xagan čıkanı: čaŋ Segün kelti: ‘Chang chiang-chün the Chinese Emperor’s čıkan came’ I N 13.

?E čokan this word occurs twice in the same phr. in much damaged passages; the word to be expected here would be čığan and this may be a misreading of that word. Türkü vııı ff. Man. egil čokan kišilerke [gap] ‘to ordinary' poor (?) people’ M III n, 14 (ı); [eg]il čokan kiši[gap] do. 36, 11 (iŋ.

D čakın- Refl. f. of čak-, Xak. xı er ö:zlge: čakma:k čakındı: ‘the man struck the steel (on the flint) for himself’ (Kaš. translates ‘pretended to strike’, but this disregards ö:zige:) Kaš. II 149 (čakmu:r, cakınma:k).

F čıxansı: Hap. leg.; Chinese l.-w., prob. representing chih han ssil ‘embroidered Chinese silk’ (Giles 1,891 3,836 10,259): cf. barčın \\ etc. See Doerfer III 1132. Xak. xı (under the heading fa'allû) čıxansı: harir šini munaqqaš 'embroidered Chinese silk’ Kaš. I 489.
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čağır (grape juice, wine, liquor) Kaš.'s alternative translation ‘unfermented grape juice’ may be the original meaning, but otherwise it is always ‘wine’, or in modern times some other intoxicating liquor. Survives in SE Tar. čegir R III 1958; Türki čeğır Jarring 68; NW Karaim čağır R III 1845-6; Kow. 176; Kumyk čağır; Nog. šağır; SW Az. čaxır; Osm., Tkm. čakır. Cf. bo:r, süčig, sorma:. See Doerfer III 1090. Xak. xı čağır al-'ašir ‘unfermented grape juice’; čağır al-xamr ‘wine’; this word is one of those with two opposite meanings (mina’l-added) Kaš. I 363 (the third čağır is an error for čığıŋ; three o.o.: xııı (?) Tef. čı:kır (so spelt) ‘wine’ 359: xıv Muh. al-xamr ča:ğır Mel. 63, 7; Rif. 151; Rbğ. ditto R III 1848 (quotn.): Čağ. xv ff. čağır/čakır siici ‘wine’ Vel. 233 (quotns.); čağır (spelt) šareb ‘wine’ San. 2oev. 23 (quotns.); čakır (spelt) xamr wa šareb do. 207V. 23: Xwar. xıv čakır ‘wine’ Qutb 41: Kom. xıv ‘wine’ čağır CC7; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-xamr (bor... süčü: . . and also) ča:kır which is Mong. (wa huwa bi'1-Muğulî) Hou. 16, 5: xv al-xamr ša:ğır (sic) Kav. 63, 5; 78, 10: Osm. xıv to xvı čağır (once, xvi, čakıŋ ‘wine’; in several texts TTS I 140; II 200.

čakır (blue, blue-grey) ‘blue, blue-grey’ prob. originally of the eyes, later used more generally. S.i.s.m.l. In Osm. this word was also used, generally in the phr. čakır doğan, for ‘the merlin, stone falcon, Hypotriorchis aesolon' fr. xv onwards; Osm. lexicographers generally consider that it is the same word, but it is almost certainly a corruption of Ar. saqr, which is itself a corruption of Latin sacer ‘saker falcon’. See Doerfer III 1090. Xak. xı čakır al-azraq ‘blue-grey’ Kaš. I 363 (prov., ‘a grey (al-azraq) dog is worth as much as a horse, but a wall-eyed (al-axyaf) horse is not worth as much as a dog’): xııı (?) Tef. čakır közlüg ‘grey-eyed’ 355: Čağ. xv ff. čakır kanat (‘grey wing’) ‘a kind of duck’ Vel. 234; čakır (spelt) azraq čašm ‘grey-eyed’... čakır kanat (blue wing) ‘the name of a kind of water-fowl’ San. 207V. 23: Kip. xıv čakır közlü: d ti 'ayn zarqa Id. 44.

čığır ‘foot-path, narrow track’, and the like. Survives in SW Osm. čığır translated in Leh. Osm. 370 ‘a track or path through the snow, the track left by an avalanche’ (which perhaps links with the translation in San.)-, Tkm. ‘a boundary, frontier’. Xak. xı čığır (mis-vocalized čağıŋ al-zaqab, that is a narrow, small path (al-tariq) Kaš. I 363: Čağ. xv ff. čığır (spelt) ‘snow (barfŋ which has become hard owing to wind action’; also ‘a hıdt (püst) and the like which has shrunk (xwudre ba--ham kašîd) owing to exposure to heat’ San. 2i8v. 23.

Diss.

?F čağrı: a falcon, prob. specifically ‘the merlin, stone falcon, Hypotriorchis aesolon'; cf. čakır. It is possible that this, too, is a corruption of Latin sneer, but, if so, the channcl of transmission is obscure. Cf. čavlı:, toğan, turumta:y, la:čın. Xak. xı čağrı: al-šaqr ‘a small falcon’; and a man is called čağrı: beg after it Kaš. I 421; o.o. 7 421, 17; 77 343, 16; ///332 (tarašla:-): KB čağrı beg 4068 (see čavlı:): xıv Mı/h. (?) al-bezı ‘falcon’ čağrı: (vocalized cağın:, in margin karčağay) Rif. 175 (only).

(D) čığri: ((revolving) mill-wheel, pulley; celestial firmament) basically ‘something which revolves’, hence 'mill-wheel; pulley; the celestial firmament’, and the like; as such, pec. to Kaš., but a syn. word čığrık/čıkrık appears in the medieval period and s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, usually meaning ‘cotton-gin’. Both words seem to be Dev. N.s fr. *čığır-. Xak. xı čığrı: al-falak; one says kö:k čığrıtsı: falakul-same ‘the heavenly firmament’, and čığrı: is falaktı'1-tühün wa'l-na'tir ‘a millwheel, water-wheel’, and the like, and šihri- >catu'l-ibrtsam ‘a spool (?) of silk’, and also any ‘pulley’ (bakra) Kaš. I42 r; o.o. II82 (čevür-); 230 (čevrül-); 241 (tegzin- (revolve, rotate, travel about)); 303 (ud-):xiv Muh. (l) al-düleb ‘reel, water-wheel’, etc. čıxnk (mis-spelt čıčrık) Rif. 162 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čıkrık (spelt) ‘a wheel (čarxŋ on which they spin cotton and silk and wind it on to reels’ (dûlebhe); also called čikır San. 219V. 7: Xwar. xıv čıkır ‘spinning-wheel’ Qutb 46; (PU) čığrı:k (č- unvocalized), meaning uncertain, ends the description of a hideous old man, ‘how shall I describe that čığrıkV, perhaps a different word do. ^o (čağrık): Tkm. xııı duldbu’l-qnfn ‘cotton reel’ čıkrık (vocalized čakrtk) Hou. 17, e: Kip. (?) xıv čıkrık (c-) ‘the wheel (al-dtlleb) on which thread is spun’ Id. 44.

čakrak Hap. leg. and not a main entry, perhaps mis-spelt; there is no widely distributed word for ‘bald’ in Turkish. Xak. xı (there is no grass on a scree on the mountains) čakrak bile: uvut bolma:š la hava ma'a'l-raculVl--aqra' ‘a man is not ashamed of being bald’ Kaš. I 469, 12.

D čığruk Hap. leg.; the č- is unvocalized, but there is no doubt that this is a Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. čığru:-. Xak. xı čığruk yer al-ardu'1-murakkalatu’l-šulba ‘ground which has been trampled on until it is hard’ Kaš. I 469.

čakır- (shout, call) ‘to call out, shout’, and like. Not recorded before xııı, but see čakrıš-, which suggests that this was originally an Oğuz word; it s.i.a.m.l.g., however, as čağır-/čakır-, etc.; in NE only in Bar. (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. čağır-/čağur-/čakur- ‘to call out, shout, plead’ 355-e: xıv Muh. za'aqa ‘to shriek, cry out’ ča:ğır- Mel. 26, 15; \\ 124, 17e: Xwar. xür čağır- ‘to call out’ 'Ali 27: (xiv čakır- ‘to proclaim’ or čakırt-‘to order to proclaim’? Qutb 41): Kom. xıv ‘to call out’ čağır-; (of a cock) ‘to crow’ čakar- (sic) CCG; Gr. 72 (quotns.): Kip. xııı za'aqa čağır- 7Ion. 34, 13; šeha mina’l--šiyeh čağır- do. 41, 10: xıv čağır- šeha İd. 43: xv 'ayyata Tva ğatvtvaša ‘to shout and make an uproar’ (kıškır- and) ša:ğır- (sic) Kav. 78, 10. ča:ktr- Rif. no; šeha ditto 27, 13; 111; al-šafîr ‘to whistle’ ča:ğırmak73, ıî; (šıki:rmak 176); o.o. Rif. \\ (lacuna)

D čıkar- Caus. f. of čık-; ‘to bring out, send out’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes and extensions of meaning, esp. in SW. Cf. ciktur-. Xak. xı men anı: evden čıkardım ‘I brought (or sent, axractuhu) him out of the house’ (etc.) Kaš. II 83 (čıka:rur (mc), čıkarma:k): KB tiligde čıkarma yarağsız süzüp ‘do not let a useless remark escape your tongue’ 169; tegizdin čıkar-masa yinčü kiši ‘if a man does not bring up a pearl out of the sea’ 212; (Aytoldı) čıkardı tobik ‘brought out a ball’ 622; o.o. 1916 (bakıŋ, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. čıkar- ditto 359:xiv Muh. (?) xala'a ‘to take off, throw off’ čıkar- Rif. 108 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čıkar- (-ğalı) čıkar- Vel. 241 (quotns.); čıkar- (spclt) Caus. f.; ba-dar eıvardan ‘to bring out’, and idiomatically ‘to give one’s daughter to a suitor’ San. 2i9r. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı čıkar- ‘to bring out’ 'Ali 27: xıv ditto Qutb 4e: Kom. xıv ‘to bring out, draw out’ čığar-CCI, CCG; Gr. 78 (quotn.): Kip. xııı xala'a čıkar- Hou. 33, 20: xıv čığar- axraca; the -ğ~ was changed from -k-; the original form (asluhu) was čıkdur- because it is the Caus. f. of čık- İd. 43: xv axraca šikar- (sic) Kav. 69, 4; qala'a (‘to send away, dismiss’), axraca, atla'a (‘to bring up, vomit’) čıkar- Tulı. 30a. 9; a.o. 54b. 11.

?D čığru:- Hap. leg., but see čığruk, čığrut-; prob. a Den. V. fr. čığır. Xak. xı ye:r čığru:dı: talabbadatil-ard tva šalubat min katra raid tva mašy 'alayhi ‘the ground was trampled down and hardened because of a great deal of stamping and walking on it’; also used of anything which was originally soft (ffhi raxatva) and subsequently becomes hard Kaš. III 280 (čığru:r, čığru:ma:k).

čıkra:- ‘to squeak, grate’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NE Tel. čıkıra- R III 2058. Xak. xı ti:š čıkra:dı: ‘the teeth grated’ (šarra); and one says kapuğ čıkra:dı: ‘the door creaked’ (šarra); also used when a man shouts in a quarrel (šeha fi xušûma) and the like Kaš. III 280 (čıkre:r, čıkra:ma:k).

čokra:- (bubble, boil) (of liquids, primarily those which are thick) ‘to bubble, boil’. Survives in SW Osm. and xx Anat. SDD 365. Uyğ. vim ff. Man.-A (in the human body there are many thoughts and ideas which) čokrayurlar kamšayurlar ‘are (constantly) bubbling and stirring’ M III 9, 15 (in: Xak. xı ešič čökra:dı: ‘the cooking pot boiled’ (ğnlat) with something thick ( (axtn) like a meat find grain stew or porridge; but if it boils with something thin (raqlq) one says \411\ kaynadi: not čokra:dı:; and one says mıčar čokra:dı: 'the spring bubbled up’ (fera) and its water became like the boiling of a pot Kaš. III 280 (čokra:r, čokra:ma:k): Kip. xıv čokra- (c-) (of a cooking pot) to boil (galat) with something thick (ğaliz) in it Id. 44: Osm. xv and xvı čokra- ‘to bubble, boil’, esp. metaph., in several texts TTS I 165; 11 241; III 158; IV 178.
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D *čakrad- Hap. leg.; Trans. Den. V. fr. čakır; the -d- was assimilated in the Perf., and as in some other cases Kaš. has carried the resultant -t- through to other conjugational forms, prob. in error. Xak./i er kö:zin čak-ratti: ‘the man rolled (qallaba) his eyes and turned them round (aderahe) so that he showed the whites’ (fa-ca'ala ka'annahu azraq lit. ‘made them as if they were grey’) Kaš. II 334 (čakratu:r, čakratma:k).

D čığrut- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čığru:-; the vocalization in the MS., as shown below, is chaotic, but this must have been the original form. Xak. xı ol yerig čığırttı: ‘he trampled (rakkala) on the ground with his feet and made it hard’ (šallabahe); also used of anything when one forcibly applies pressure to it (šaddahu bi-qıızozva) and makes it hard, e.g. flour in a sack when one compresses it; and one says er oğlın ı:šta: čığırttı: ‘the man hardened (šallaba) his son with hard work’ Kaš. II 333 (čığrı/utu:r, čığrı/utmark; both kasra and damma on the rd’), D čıkrat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čıkra:-. Xak. xı o 1 tı:šın čıkrattı: ‘he ground (ašana) his teeth’; similarly one says buğra: tı:šın čıkrattı: ‘the camel stallion gnashed his teeth’ (qašafa... bi-nebihŋ', also used of the creaking (al-šariŋ of a door or a pen Kaš. II 334 (čıkratu:r, čıkratma:k).

D čokrat- Caus. f. of čokra:-; ‘to boil’ (a pot, or something in it, Acc.). Survive? in SW Osm. and xx Anat. SDD 366. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kögürčgen mayakın kara men birle čokuratıp ‘boil dove’s dung with black flour (Chinese l.-w.)’ HI 40; o.o. do. 47, 98, 123 (ešič): Xak. xı ešlč čokrattı: ‘he boiled (ağla) the pot’ (etc.); it is used of boiling anything with a little water and a large quantity of spices and grain (afezvîh wa hııbûb) Kaš. II 333 (čokratu:r, cokratma:k): Kip. xıv bu etni: čokrat ‘boil (ağlî) this meat’ İd. 44.

D čakrıš- Recip. f. of čakır-; s.i.s.m.l. with some phonetic changes, e.g. čakırıš-, Oğuz xı bo:y bi:r bi:rke: čakrıšdı: ‘the tribe shouted (šeha) to one another’ Kaš. II 209 (čakrıšu:r, čakrıšma:k): xııı (?) Tef. (VU) ča:krıš- ‘to call out to one another’ 356.

D čıkraš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of čıkra:-. Xak. xı tı:š čıkraštı: šarrati’l-asnen ‘the teeth grated (against each other)’; also used of several of any kind of things when they grate (against each other) Kaš. II 209 (no Aor. or Infin.).
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D čıkrıš- Hap. leg. (?); Recip. f. of čıkar-, Xak. xı (oIa:ŋ bi:r bhrnig oğrı:lıkın čıkrıšdı: (vocalized čtkarıšdı:) ‘each of them took it upon himself (tawalla) to disclose (ixrac) the thicvishness of the other’; also used of ixrac of anything when (two people) compete or help one another Kaš. II 208 (Čik-rıšu:r, čıkrıšma:k).

D čokraš- Co-op. f. of čokra:-; survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. SDD 365, with metaph. meanings. Xak. xı tepizie:r čok-rašdı: ‘the salt marshes bubbled’ (ğalat)\ also used of several things (šay’ katiŋ when they bubble or jostle (meca) together; hence one says kiši: bi:r bi:r ičinde čokrašdı: ‘the people jostled (meca) one another’ Kaš. II 208 (čokrašu:r, čokrašma:k).

VU?F čuğurda:n Hap. leg.; listed under fe'allen after the heading D which makes the form reasonably certain. It does not, however, look Turkish, and the last syllable looks like the Pe. suffix -dan ‘containing’. It may be a hybrid with a corruption of čukur ‘hole’ as the first element. Xak. xı čuğurda:n al-curuf'a river bank undermined by water’ Kaš. I 512.

D čağırlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A' fr. čağır. Xak. xı čağırlığ er ‘a man who owns unfermented grape juice’ ('ašiŋ Kaš. I 494.

D čokrama: Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. čokra:-; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı čokrama: yul al-'aynn'l-fawweratu'l-ğarîzatu'l-me' ‘an abundant spring spontaneously flowing with water’ Kaš. I 492; a.o. III 4 (yul).

D čağırla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. čağır. Xak. xı ol üzümni: čağırla:dı: ‘he took grape juice Čûšiŋ out of the grapes’; also used for ‘to drink (šariba) grape juice’ Kaš. III 331 (čağırla:r, čağırla:ma:k).

D čığırla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. čığır; cf. čığru:-. Xak. xı <ol) ye:rig čığırlardı: ‘he made a small path (abda’a... Jartqa) on the ground, and beat it out vigorously’ (? ,ğašmara fîhe) \ also used when snow covers the ground and a man treads out (abda'a... bi-riclihŋ a path over it Kaš. III 331 (čığırla:r, čığır-la:ma:k).

D čağırlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čağırla:-. Xak. xı er čağırlandı: ‘the man owned grape-juice or winč’ Kaš. II 267 (čağırlanu:r, cağırlanma:k).

D čığırlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čığırla:-. Xak. xı ye:r čığırlandı: ‘paths and narrow tracks appeared (bade... furuq zva maferib) on the ground’ Kaš. II 267 (čığırlanu:r, čtğırlanma:k).
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D čoğsız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. Čo:ğ; ‘without glory’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 299, 10 (terinsiz).

D čoğısız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. čoğı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tigisiz čoğısız anğda ‘in the silent (Hend.) jungle’ U III io, 13.

Ü čıkıš Dev. N. (N.Ac.) fr. čık-; lit. ‘coming out', with a wide range of applications. S.i.a.m.l.g., the commonest meanings being ‘expenditure’ and ‘sunrise’. Xak. xı čıkıš al-manfa'a ‘profit’; one says ol ı:šta: čıkıš yo:k ‘there is no profit in that undertaking’ (al-amal) Kaš. I 368: KB (oh you who waste your life eating and drinking, prepare for the reckoning and) čıkıš yol tile ‘seek for a way out’ 5277; (the third is a shrewd treasurer) kiriš ham čıkıš bilse kaznak tolur ‘if he knows what is coming in and going out, the treasury fills’ 5913: xıv Muh. (?) al-xarc ‘expenditure’ (opposite to al-daxl ‘income’ ki:ri:š) čıkı:š Rif. 151 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čıkıš (spelt) mahall-i xnnlc az tangney ba--fade-i ivasl' ‘the exit from a defile into a broad open space’ San. 219V. 11 (quotn.).

F čaxšu: Hap. leg.; l.-w. with extended meaning fr. Sanskrit cakšu ‘eye’. Xak. xı čaxšu: al-xudad ‘box thorn, Lyciurn', which is used to treat ophthalmia (ramadu'l-'ayn); gayr ašltya, not an original (Turkish word) Kaš. I 423.

D čaxša:k Conc. N. fr. čaxša:-. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. where it occurs with a surprising range of phonetic changes (-a-/-e-/-ı-; -ğ-/-k-/-v-/-y-/zero) usually meaning ‘stony ground’. Xak. xı čaxša:k nl-radred ‘a scree’, on the top of a mountain (prov. čakrak): Karluk xı čaxea:k faltqtt'l--tııišmiš wa'l-zabib ‘dried split apricots and raisins’ Kaš. I 469.

D čakıš- Recip. etc. f. of čak-; s.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC, SW with a wide range of meanings derived fr. those of čak-. Xak. xı ol maga: čakmark čakıšdı: ‘he helped me to strike (fire with) a strike-a-light’; also used for competing Kaš. II 104 (čakıšu:r, čakıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. čakıš- (spelt) ba-ltam xwurdan wa tadedud kardan ‘to clash with one another and show mutual enmity’ San. zojv. 10.

D čıkıš- Co-op., etc. f. of čık-; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with a wide range of meanings. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: evdin čıkıšdı: ‘they two competed in leaving (/? xuriic) the house’; also used for helping Kaš. II 104 (čıkıšu:r, čıkıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. čıkıš- ‘to come to an agreement (xwuš baremaefan) with one another’ San. 2i9r. 22. \\

D čaxša:- Den. V. fr. čakıš, Dev. N. fr. čak-, which seems to be recorded only in SW Osm. Xak. xı ta:š čaxša:dı: šazvıvata'l--radred ‘the scree clattered’; also used for the clinking (wastvas) of personal ornaments (hullŋ and other similar sounds Kaš. III 286 (čaxša:r, čaxša:ma:k): xııı (?) Tef. ‘to whisper’ (wastvasa) is translated cafsa:-, prob. a scribal error for čakša:- 355: Osm. xv čaxša- (of the foundations of a building) ‘to collapse with a clattering noise’ in one text TT III 136.

F čaxša:pat, (commandment) etc. the Sanskrit word ükšepada became a l.-w. in Sogdian as cyfph, no doubt originally in translations of the Buddhist scriptures, and from Sogdian became a l.-w. in Turkish, usually with the same spelling except for the last letter. It was adopted by the Manichaean missionaries, with other Buddhist technical terms, to translate ‘commandment’, but in Buddhist terminology was often also used more vaguely to translate ‘good behaviour’, Sanskrit it la, see TT VI, p. 66, note 157; it was adopted, for some obscure reason, as the name of the 12th month of the Uyğ. calendar, see Doerfer II, 627. Türkü vııı ff. Man. on čxšapt ‘the ten commandments’ Clttias. 191-2; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. yazınčsızın ermek čxšaptğ ‘the commandment to be without sin’ TT III 134; a.o.o.: Bud. Sanskrit itla čıxšapat TT VIII A.33; sila čaxša:pat do. A.44; čaxša:pat ‘commandment’ do. H.8; yazmčsız arığ čxšapat tutmak üze ‘by keeping the commandment (to be) sinless and pure’ Suv. 205, 15-16; o.o. spelt čxšapt TT V 22, 37-9, etc.: Civ. čaxšpat/čxšapt [ay] ‘the twelfth month’ TT VII 1, 18; 24, 15; čaxšapt/čaxšapat/ čaxšaput ay is common in USp.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘the twelfth month’ čaxšaput ay R III 1839; Ligeti 150.

VU 1 čığay (fibre, wild hemp, cotton) Hap. leg. as such; the context indicates that it means some kind of textile fibre. Perhaps survives in SE Türki čiğe ‘wild hemp, a cord made of wild hemp’ Shaw 104, BŠ 255, Jarring 72. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. amarı tınlığlar čğay (sic?) egirer yuŋ egirer kentir egirer ‘some people spin wild hemp (?) or cotton (?) or hemp’ PP 2, 2-4 (and see bodit-).

VU čoğay occurs only in a place-name. It is discussed at length in K. Czegl^dy, 'Coyay--quzi, Qara-qum, Kök-öng’ Acta Orient. Hung. XV 1-3, 1962, where it is suggested, on the basis of investigations of previous scholars, that it is a Common N./A. related to Osm. čoğa/čoğay ‘shade, shady’. This is possible, but, if so, it is odd that it is so poorly attested. ‘Shade’ is normally kölhge:. Türkü vııı berye: čoğay yıš (PU) tügültü:n yazı: konayin Met us settle down in the south in the Čoğay mountain forestand the Tügültü:n \413\ (q.v.) plain’ IS 6, II N 5; Čoğay kuzun kara: kumığ olurur ertimiz ‘we were established on the northern side of Čoğay and the Kara Kum’ T 7.
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D (S) čıgaylık A N. fr. 2 čığay (čığan); ‘poverty’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB bor ičse ačıldı čığaylık yoli ‘if a man drinks wine, the way of poverty has been opened (to him)’ 209e: xııı (?) At. 187 (1 azuk), 188, 303: Osm. XV cığanlık (sic) ‘meanness’ in one text TTS III 130.

F če:g Hap. leg.; prob. a l.-w. Xak. xı če:g ‘a woven cotton fabric with a striped pattern (nasic qutn 'ale hay'ati’l-lmrd) of which cloaks (al-dutuŋ worn by the Yeme:k are made’ Kaš. III 155.

1 ček (junk) in the Hap. leg. phr. ček čük, prob. a mere jingle. Xak. xı ček čük al-xurti mina'1-mite' ‘rubbishy goods’ Kaš. I 334.

D 2 ček as such n.o.a.b., but see čekleš-; no doubt the Imperat. of ček-, lit. ‘draw (one of a number of objects used in casting lots)’. Čağ. xv ff. ček (‘with -k’) qur'a ‘a lot’ (in casting lots) Vel. 235 (quotn.); ček (spelt) qur'a San. 2o8r. 3 (same quotn.).

?S čiğ (moist, raw) ‘moist, raw’, and the like. This word does not appear till the medieval period, and its phonetics are most obscure. The oldest word with this meaning is čı: (moist, raw), q.v., but if čığlan-, q.v., is really part of the original text of Kaš., čığ must be equally old; the back vowel also occurs in Xwar. and some Kip. texts, but čig is equally widespread in the medieval period. Both forms s.i.a.m.l.g. It is difficult to reconcile all these forms; čig may well be a Sec. f. of čığ; it is, however, difficult on chronological grounds to describe čı: as a Sec. f. of that word. (Xak. ?) xıv Muh. al-nt ‘raw’ (opposite to ‘cooked’ pišmiš) či:g Mel. 56, 7; Rif. 154: Xwar. xıv čık (sic) !dew, moisture; moist’ Qutb 45: Kom. xıv ‘dew’ čig CCI, CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı al-lahmu'l-ni ‘raw meat’ či:ge:t (in one word) Hou. 15, 19:xiv čık al-nade ‘moisture’... čik (‘with -k’) al-nt] and one says čiket (in one word) al-lahmu'l-ni; and an inexperienced (al-ğamŋ man is called čik Id. 44; al-nade čık Bul. 3, 3:xv al-nade šik (sic) Kav. 54, 8; ni (VU) či Tuh. 36b. 10: Osm. xvı čig davar ‘an unbroken horse’ in one text TTS II233: xvııı čih (spelt) in Rumi, šabnam tva taraššuh-inarm ‘dew, gentle drizzle’ San. 222r. 9.

1 čik (concave side of a knucklebone) a technical term in the game of knucklebones, opposite to 2 bö:g, q.v.; acc. to Red. and Yudakhin ‘the concave side of a knucklebone’; see also the monograph on this game in SDD VI 20 ff. Survives in NC Kır. čik/čige and SW Osm. Red. 746; xx Anat. SDD 273. 334, 349- Xak- *1 ?ik an Indeclinable (harf) used in the game of knuckle \\\ bones (bi'l-ka'b)\ when (the knucklebone) has fallen on its belly (li-batnihŋ one says čik turdı: (turned čik) Kaš. I 334; a.o. III 130 (2 bö:g).

2 čik (go-go (excl.)) Hap. leg.; a quasi-onomatopoeic Exclamation. Xak. xı čik čik ‘a word used for calling (due) kids, and also when they are driven (sfqa) Kaš. I 334.

D čök (choke, call to kneel, reduce) the Imperat. of čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse), but listed separately in Kaš. and other dicts, as an Exclamation, and even used as a Noun in compound Verbs like čök et-, cök tüš-. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE. See Doerfer III 1141-2. Xak. xı čök čök ‘a word used to make camels kneel down’ (yunex bihi'l--baiŋ Kaš. I 334: Čağ. xv ff. čök (‘with č-’) a Dev. N. for firıı nišin ‘sitting down’, in Ar. quiid and rustlb San. 2i4r. 22: Osm. xıv toxvi čök ur- ‘to kneel down’; in several texts TTS II 244; HI 159; IV 180.

ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie) the original meaning is obscure; the prevailing meaning is now ‘to pull’, but it very soon developed many extended meanings, both Trans, ‘to borrow (money), to suffer (pain), to smoke (tobacco)’ and Intrans. ‘to withdraw’; in SW Rep. Turkish over 30 shades of meaning are distinguished. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NE only (?) in Tuv. Xak. xı ol bitig čekdi: naqata'l-kiteb ‘he put (checked: čekdi: > checked) the diacritical marks (nuqta) on the writing’; and one says ol atın čekdi: fa šada 'irqa'l-faras ‘he bled (checked: čekdi: > checked) his horse’ Kaš. II 21 (čeke:r, čekme:k): xııı (?) Tef. ček- ‘to pull (a garment Acc., over one’s head Dat.): xıv Muh. (l) al-natf ‘to pluck out (hair, etc.)’ čekmek Rif. 121 (only) : Čağ. xv ff. ček- (-megüm dür, etc.) ček- Vel. 241-2; ček- (‘with č-’) kašîdan ‘to pull’ San. 219V. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) čerig čekip ‘calling up (checked: čekdi: > checked) an army’ Oğ. 113; a.o. 235 (1 emgek): Kip. xıv ček- (c-) cadaba ‘to pull’ Id. 44: xv wazana aw cabada (metathesis of cadaba) ‘to weigh (checked: čekdi: > checked), or to pull’ šek- (sic) Kav. 9, 7; 75, 11; 78, 3; cabada aw carra (‘to drag’) ček- Tuh. 12a. 4: Osm. xvı ff. ček- ‘to pull, to weigh (checked: čekdi: > checked)’; in several texts TTS II 216; III 143; IV 161; and used to translate tart- in Vel.
(OTD p. ČEK I хлопчатобумажная ткань ~ cotton fabric
ČEK II: ček čük парн. всякая мелочь ~ trifle, fluff
ČEK- I тянуть; затягивать, завязывать ~ pull, tighten, tie
ČEK- II: bitig ček- см. bitig книга, надпись, документ, процесс письма, почерк, амулет ~ VERB IS TRANSLATED WITH NOUNS - book, inscription, document, process of writing, handwriting, amulet)

čiğ- (tie up, fasten, knot) ‘to tie up, fasten, knot’. The vocalization of this V. and some der. f.s is chaotic in Kaš., prob. owing to some confusion with ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie). Syn. w. ba:- (and bağla:-) and čığ- (tie up, wrap) (cigar, cigarette). Survives only (?) in SE Türki, Shaw, BŠ, Jarring. Xak. xı ol türge:k ba:ğın čigdi: (vocalized čegdi:) ‘he made fast (tied) (šadda) the cords round the parcel’ Kaš. II 21 (čige:r, čigme:k unvocalized): KB 6110 (üzeıjü:).

čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse) ‘to kneel down’, esp. of a camel, but also of human beings, and more vaguely ‘to sink, subside, collapse’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes (č-/š-; -k-/-g-, etc.). Cf. 2 sök- (kneel). Türkü vııı ff. Man. kögülüm čökti kor[kti] ‘my heart sank and was afraid’ TT II 8, 48: Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘to kneel’ čök- R III 2034; Ligeti 154: Xak. xı ol begke: čökdi: ‘he knelt (cold) before the beg’ (etc.); and one says tevey čökdi: ‘the camel knelt down’ (baraka); and one says temür suvda: čökdi: ‘the iron sank (rasaba) in the water’ (etc.) Kaš. II 21 (čöke:r, čökme:k): xnı (?) Tef. tizin čök- ‘to kneeİ’ 360; Čağ. xv ff. čök- (spelt) fini nišastan ‘to subside’ San. 2i4r. 20: Xwar . xıv čök- ‘to kneel; to collapse’ Qutb 44: Kom. xıv ‘to kneel’ čök- CCG; Gr. 76 (quotn.): Kip. xııı baraka'l-camal tewe: čökth Hou. 14, 15:xiv čök- (c-) cate'1-insün Id. 44: XV šök- (sic) ‘to kneel (baraka) on both front knees’ Kav. 9. 7^, 3', baraka čök- Tuh. 8b. 6; cate (bağdaš oltur-; in margin) čök- do. 12a. jo.
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FU ?F čuge: (cloak) Hap. leg.; the -g- is so marked in the Fergana MS.; the word must mean something like ‘cloak’ and may be an early corruption of Pe. čiixe ‘a woollen cloak’, which appears as a l.-w. i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SE in various forms including čoğa/čuğa. Xak. xı KB kadašını kördi uzatu yatur čügesin töšenmiš yeŋin yastanur ‘he saw his friend lying outstretched, covered with his cloak with his sleeves as a pillow’ 5974.

D čöke: (beam of a weighing machine, chop-sticks, camelbreast) Dev. N. fr. čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse), Survives (?) in SE Türki čöke 'the beam of a weighing machine’ (i.e. the part that sinks) BŠ 268; ‘chop-sticks’ Jarring 76 (prob. a corruption of a Chinese phr.) and SW Osm. čöke ‘the breast of a camel’ (which touches the ground when it kneels). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kılğuluk čöke yağın ‘the kind of obeisance which should be made’ U II 41, 21: (xiv Chin-Uyğ. Dict. chu ‘chop-sticks’ (Giles 2,563) čöki Ligeti 154).

čiğit ‘cotton-seed’. Survives in SE Türki, Shaw, BŠ, Jarring-, SC Uzb.; and SW Osm. (where it is also spelt čiğit and also means ‘a freckle'), Tkm. (where it is also used for melon, pomegranate, etc., seeds). See Doerfer III 1108. Arğu: xı čiğit habbu'l-qutn ‘cottonseed’ Kaš. I 35e: Čağ. xv ff. čiğit (spelt) panba dana ‘cotton-seed’ San. 22or. 10: Kip. xıv čiğit lubbu’l-qutn ‘cotton-seed’ Id. 45: Osm. xıv ff. Čiğit ‘a freckle or other spot on the face’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1157; II 227; III 149; IV 167: xvııı čiğit (spelt) in Rumi, ‘spots’ (denahe) which appear on the face of a pregnant woman; a corruption of Čİgit ‘cottonseed’ San. 2i8v. 22.

D čöküt (kneeled, collapsed, short) Hap. leg.; Dev. N.A. fr. čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse) with a connotation of having collapsed or the like, cf. čökütlük. Xak. xı čöküt kiši: ‘a man (etc.) who is short of stature’ (al-qasiŋ Kaš. I 356. ’

PU čügde: (jaw, jaw bone at ear), ’the projecting bone behind the ear, processus mastoideus’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. \\\ Bud. Sanskrit kamdusakam, meaning unknown (adjacent words refer to elephants) čügte:sin TT VIII C.6 (-t- in these texts often represents -d-); Civ. čügde tepreser asığ bolur ‘if the mastoid process (jaw bone) twitches, it will be profitable’ TT VII 34, 7: Xak. xı čügde: (spelt čüğdey, which might represent čügde:, as in the heading to the section fa’ley (i.e. fa'le), fa'hi, fa'li, or be a misvocalization of čügdi:) al-xusa, that is the projection (al-fa's) in the skull behind (below) the ear Kaš. I 418.
ČÜGTÄ ушная кость; челюсть (?) (ear bone, jaw ?) (ТТ VIII С₆).
о Ср. čökdä, čügtä, ушная кость; челюсть (ear bone, jaw ?)
о čökdä uluxsa (восходящие) ветви нижней челюсти (acclivitous bones of lower jaw) (МК 210₁₆) (OTD p. 155, 157).

D čiğdem presumably Den. N./A. fr. čig which etymologicnlly should mean ‘moistish’ or the like. Survives in SW Osm. meaning ‘crocus, Crocus sativus'. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. özlerdeki özeklerdeki yava čigidem (sic) ^lfungi (?) and crocuses (?) growing in valleys and small valleys’ TT V 28, 122-3 (^{ste note} thereon).

?F čikte:n Hap. leg.; prob. a Chinese l.-w.; there are other commoner words with this meaning. Xak. xı čikte:n ğešiyatıtl-sarc ‘saddle cover’ Kaš. I 435.

D čökit-/čöküt- Caus. f. of čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse); pec. to Uyğ.; cf. čöktür-, čökür-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. oŋ tizin čökitip ‘bending his right knee’ U II 47, 78; iki tizin čökütü olurup ‘sitting cross-legged’ U III 28, 12; o.o. U IV 36, 106; Suv. 36, 17 (orjdunki:); USp. 101, 7.

D čektür- Caus. f. of ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie); survives in much the same languages with the same wide range of meanings. Xak. xı <oI> ačar čekig čektürdi: anqatahu ttuqafa l-kiteb ‘he told him to put diacritical marks (checkmarks) on the writing’; and one says ol atın čektürdi: ‘he had his horse bled (afšada) (pulled) because of sore hooves (al-rahša) etc.’ Kaš. II 181 (čektürür, čektürdi:): Čağ. xv ff. čöktür- (spelt) Caus. f.; kašenldan ‘to order to pull’ San. 219V. 28: Kip. xv (in a parp. on the Caus. f.) istacbada ditto čektir- Tuh. 55a. 2.

D čigtür- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čig-. Xak. xı ol tügü:n čigtürdi: ‘he ordered that the knots on the parcel (etc.) should be tightened’ (bi-šadd) Kaš. II 180 (čigtürür, čigtürme:k, so spelt everywhere).

D čöktür- Caus f. of čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse); cf. čökit-, čökür-. Survives in the same languages and with the same range of meanings as čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse), Xak. xı ol anıg tevesiaı čöktürdi: ‘he made his camel kneel’ (istanaxa ba'irahu); one also says ol kümüš altu:ndun čöktürdi: axlaša'l-dahab mina'l-fidda bi'l-ideba wa arsabahu fi'l-ard ‘he separated the gold from the silver by smelting and precipitated it in earth’ Kaš. II 181 (čöktürür, čöktürme:k).

D čökütlük Hap. leg.; AN. fr. čöküt. Xak. xı čökütlük qašru'l-cut ta ‘shortness of stature’ Kaš. I 506.
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D čekig Dev. N. fr. ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie); pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı čekig nuqafu'l-kiteb ‘diacritical points in writing’: čekig 'ardu'l-šabt fi šigarihi ‘the penis of a boy when he is small’ Kaš. II 287; o.o. [I 107 (čekiš-); 149 (čekin-); 181 (čektür-).

čekik ‘the lark, Alauda'. Survives only in SW Osm. čekik Red. 727, which shows that the last letter was -k. Xak. xı čekik fair ka'l--was' a'ram ya'lafu'l-harra ‘a speckled bird like the tvaš' (prob. a specific term, but the dicts, translate ‘small bird, fledgeling’), which frequents stony ground’ Kaš. II 287: Osm. xv and xvı čekik/čekük translates Ar. sifrid and qunbura ‘lark’ in three dicts. TTS II 217.

(D) čekük (hammer) Hap. leg.; this might well be a genuine Turkish word der. fr. ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie); there is a syn. Pe. word čakuš and it is commonly believed that xıv Muh. čektič Mel. 61, 8; Rif. 160: Čağ. xv ff. čeküč/čeküš/čöküč/čöküš Vel. 234; San. 2o8r. 10; 2i4r. 2e: Kom. čakuč CCI; Gr. (in both the Turkish and the Pe. vocabularies): Kip. xııı če:kü:č Hou. 23, 20: xıv čeküč Id. 44: xv čeküš Tuh. 34a. 4: Osm. xıv and xvı čeküč TTS I 152; III 143 are Pe. l.-w.s. Čeküč is obviously not a Turkish form but might be a corruption of čeküš; this word looks much more Turkish than Pe., and the explanation prob. is that there were two Dev. N.s fr. ček-, čekük, and čeküš, both very local words meaning 'sledge-hammer, blacksmith’s hammer’, of which the first survives only in Kaš., while the second became a l.-w. in Pe. and was reborrowed in the medieval period. It still survives in NW Kaz. čükeč; Kk. šökkiš; Kumyk čöküč; Nog. šökiš. Cf. bazga:n. See Doerfer III 1105. Oğuz xı čekük al-mifraqa ‘sledge-hammer, blacksmith’s hammer’ Kaš. II 287.

D čökük (cökök) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse). Survives in SW Osm. ‘collapsed, sunk, precipitated’, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit )inebhiiamki (ta) ‘swaying and doubtful’ čökög (sic?) bolğoka: (/>-) sezekleg TT VIII A. 18 (lit. perhaps ‘fearing that one will collapse’): Čağ. xv ff. čökek firti nišasta tva resib ‘sitting; sinking’, also in the meaning of durd tva lay tva rtisüb ‘sediment, lees, precipitate’ San. 2i4r. 24: Osm. xvı ff. čökek (i) ‘sediment, etc.’; (2) ‘treacherous, boŋgy ground’; (3) ‘a place where camels kneel to rest’; common TTS I 166; II 243; III 158; IV 179.

D čekil- (mark, pull) Pass. f. of ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı bitig čekildi: nuqif a l-kiteb ‘the writing (etc.) was marked with diacritical marks’ Kaš. II 133 (čekilür, čekilme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čökil-/ čekin- kaštda šudan ‘to be pulled’ San. 22or. 1.

D čigil- Pass. f. of čig-; survives in SE Türki Shato, BŠ, Jarring. Xak. xı tügü:n čigildi: \\ ‘the knot was tightened’ (ištaddat); also used of a rope when it is knotted (in'aqada) Kaš. II 134 (cigilü:r, čigilme:k).
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D čekleš- Hap. leg.; Recip. Den. V. fr. 2 ček. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: čeklešdi: qara'a ma'i mina’l-qur’a ‘he drew lots with me’ Kaš. II 210 (čeklešü:r, čeklešme:k).

D čigliš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of čigil-, with the connotation of collective action. Xak. xı tügü:n kamuğ čiglišdi: ‘the knots were all tightened’ (ištaddat) Kaš. II 210 (čiglišü:r, čiglišme:k; everywhere vocalized čigiliš-).

čekün Hap. leg. Xak. xı čekün tvaladul-tvabr ‘the young of the marmot’ Kaš. I 402.

cigin/čikin Preliminary note. There is some confusion about words of this form. There was almost certainly in the medieval period a Dev. N. fr. čig-, čiğin ‘a knot' noted in XIV Rbğ. R III 1958 (quotn.) and Cağ. XV ff. Vel. 242, although San. 22or. 24 says, rather unconvincingly, that this is a mistranslation. This word now seems to be obsolete. There was also a word čiğin meaning 'the upper part of the shoulder between the neck and the shoulder-blade' (Red.) (perhaps etymologically the same word in the sense of ‘the part which ties the neck to the shoulder-blade') noted in Cağ. Vel. 242, San. 220r. 22, current in Osm. fr. the earliest period and still current there and in Tkm., and in Az. as čiyin. Kaš. lists two words of this form meaning respectively ‘a kind of plant' and ‘a kind of silk fabric'. San. has two parallel entries, but in each case quotes alternative forms with -e- in the first syllable, which suggests an original -e-. In the latter case the word survives with -i- so this is unlikely. In the former San. lists different plants with -k- and -g- in the middle. As no such plant names seem to survive, the number of plants involved, and the pronunciation, remain obscure.

PU 1 čiki:n name of a plant or plants n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ciki:n ‘a plant (nabt) which grows among the vines, forms ears (or blossoms, musanbala (n)), and is eaten by cattle’ Kaš. I 414: Čağ. xv ff. čikin (spelt in full ‘with -g-\ but -k- intended, see below) (1) sabza wa giyah ‘green vegetable or grass’ San. 22or. 19 (quotns.)... čiğin (‘with -g-’) (3) ‘black seeds (danaha) which grow among the rice fields and have sharp ends (or beards, dum) like rice’... (3) the name of a plant called ustûxüdtis ‘French lavender’ used as a laxative, and to strengthen the heart and reduce anxiety (?) 22or. 22; čekin same translation; čegin (‘with -g-’) (1) only 2o8r. 15-16.

?F 2 čiki:n (silk thread, gold embroidery) survives in NW Kaz. Čİgin ‘gold embroidery’’ R III 2114. Prob. a Chinese l.-w.; \416\ the second syllable might be chin (kin) ‘gold’ (Giles 2,032). Xak. xı čiki:n al-ibrisam ‘silk’; hence one says čiki:rı yıpı: ‘silk thread’ (xayf): čiki:n x iyötatu'1-dibec muqarqama (n) bi'l--dahab ‘embroidered brocade embellished (?) with gold (thread)’ Kaš. I 414 (the diet, meaning of muqarqam is ‘of a child, ill-fed’, which is inapplicable here, but the meaning is cleaŋ: Čağ. xv ff. čikin (spelt as 1 člkin) (2) bûtahe ki az ibrisam dûzand ‘floral designs embroidered in silk’; also spelt čekin San. 22or. 19; čekin same translation 2oSr. 15.
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F čögen (polo stick) l.-w. fr. Pe. čawgan ‘a stick with a curved end’, and more specifically ‘polo stick’. S.i.s.m.l. both as čögen and in its original form čawgan, or its form in Ar. cawkan. Xak. xı čögen al-šawlacan ‘a stick with a curved end, polo stick’ Kaš. I 402; o.o., spelt čöge:n I 187 (eğiš-); 223 (egtür-); 242 (ümleš-): (Xwar. xıv čawgan Qutb 42): Osm. xıv and xvı čögen ‘polo stick’; in two texts TTS I 166; \\ 243.

čikne: (or čigne:?) n.o.a.b.; al-mimlaqa, etymologically ‘a smoothing implement’, is used both for ‘a mason’s trowel’ and ‘a stone roller’. Yağma: xı čikne: al-mimlaqa Kaš. I 435; a.o. (not described as Yağma:) III 301 (čikne:-).

D čekin- (mark, draw back, withdraw, long for) Refl. f. of ček- (pull, withdraw, mark, tighten, tie); s.i.m.m.l.g. usually for ‘to draw back, withdraw (Intrans.)’. Xak. xı er bitigke: čekig čekindi: ‘the man made it his business to add the diacritical marks’ (bi-naqfi’l-nuqat) Kaš. II 149 (čekinü:r, čekinme:k): Čağ. xv ff. San. 220T. 1 (čekil-): Osm. xvı ff. čekin- ‘to long for (something Dat.) in several texts Tl'S II 216; IV 160.

D čiğin- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čig-. Xak. xı ol tü:gün (mis-spelt yii.gün) čiğindi: ‘the man made it his business to fasten up the parcel and knot it’ (bi-šadd... rca 'aqdihŋ Kaš. II 149 (čiginü:r, čiginme:k; č- unvocalized everywhere).

D? F čikne:- Den. V. fr. 2 čiki:n; n.o.a.b. It is hard to see any semantic connection between Kaš.'s two translations. Not connected with SW Osm. čiğne- (čiyne-) which is a Sec. f. of čeyne:-. Xak. kı:z čikin čikne:di: al-ceriya mi tat ğazla'l-dahab 'ale'l-dîbec bi-tašwir ‘the maid sewed gold thread on the brocade in an ornamental design’; and one says er čikne: čikne:di: ittaxada'l-racul li'l-ard mimlaqa ‘the man applied a roller (? ; see čikne:) to the ground’ Kaš. III 301; (after 2 čiki:n) one says člki:n čikne:di: qarqama'l-dibec ‘he embellished)?) the brocade’ I 414, 27: KB agar torku ıdtım tiken čiknemiš ‘I sent him a piece of brocade embroidered with thorns’ 3846.

?F čeker Hap. leg. in the phr. yandak čeker ‘manna’ (see yandak) is prob. a corruption of Pv.šakar ‘sugar’.

čigir (grinding sound) Hap. leg.?; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı čigir čigir ‘the sound (sarvt) made by the teeth when there is grit in the bread and the teeth grate on it’ Kaš. I 363.

PU čekrek (or čegrek?) (shirt) n.o.a.b., cf. čekreklen-, Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. pu chen ‘a cotton shirt’ (Giles 9,479 604) čekrek Ligeti 150; R III 1959: Xak. xı čekrek qaba teqi (n) min šüf yalbasahu'I- abid ‘a loose (?) woollen gown worn by slaves’ Kaš. I 477 (owing to an error in the printed text qaba has been taken as a Turkish word attached to čekrek but it is clearly the first word of the translation; the meaning of taqi (n), so spelt in the MS., is obscure, as it has several meanings).

D čökür- Caus. f. of čök- (kneel, sink, subside, collapse); ‘to make (a camel or person) kneel’ with some extended meanings. S.i.s.m.l.; cf. čökit-, čöktür-, sökür-. Xak. xı ol tevey čökürdi: ‘he made the camel kneel’ (anaxa); also used when one makes a man kneel (acta) on both knees Kaš. II 84 (čökürür, čöktirme:k): KB (God will cure you of this disease) köıjülüŋ čökürme ‘do not be downcast’ 1109; a.o. 1551: xııı (?) At. biligsizlik erni čökerdi (sic) kodi ‘ignorance makes a man downcast’ 102: xıv Rbğ. čökür- ‘to cause (the moon) to sink’ R III 2038 (quotn.): Čağ. xv ff. čöker- (so spelt) firü nišandan ‘to cause to kneel, to suppress’ San. 2i4r. 7 (quotn.): Osm. xıv ff. čöker- (occasionally čökür-) ‘to cause to kneel’ etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 166-7; H ²44> HI 159; IV 180.

D čigre:- (teeth grating) Den. V. fr. čigir (grinding sound); in this sense Hap. leg. There is no semantic connection with Čağ. xv ff. čikre- ‘to lie awake at night’ San. 220r. 2, which survives in NW Kaz. čikrey- R III 2i 12 and SW Osm. čigre-/čikre- or with SW Tkm. čigre- (of the weather) ‘to turn cold’. Xak. xı etme:kte: ta:š čigre:di: translated ‘the teeth grated (sarrat) because of a stone in the bread’ Kaš. III 280 (čigre:r, čigre:me:k).

PU (D) čekürge: (locust, hopper, grasshopper) one of several old names of animals and insects ending in -ge:; ‘locust’, later also ‘grasshopper’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. a wide range of phonetic changes, -k-/-g-/-w-, etc., and esp. later in the word, where except in SW Osm. (but not Az. or Tkm.) -rg- is replaced by -rtk-; indeed this may be the original pronunciation, although it is not the oldest recorded. Cf. sarıčğa: (locust). Xak./Oğuz xı čekürge: al-cared ‘locust’ in Oğuz, but among the Turks ‘(a locust) before it flies’ (i.e. ‘a hopper’); it is used as a simile for a large group of families (al-iyel) or a large army; one says čekürge: teg sü: ‘an army like a horde of locusts in density’ (katefata (n)) Kaš. I 490:x 111 (?) Tef. čekürge ditto 357: Čağ. xv ff. čegürtke (spelt) malax ‘locust’; also pronounced čewürtke San. 220T. 15; čewürtke spelt) malax do. zzzr. 5: Oğuz xı see Xak.; \417\ Kip. xııı al-cared (šarınčka:); Tkm. (PU) čekürge: (c-; uııvocalized) Hou. ıo, 18: xıv (PU) čekürge: (c-; so vocalized) al-cared Id. 45; ditto, but -g- so written Bul. 11, 1: xv cared čegertke (in margin in second hand Tkm. čekürge) Tuh. 11b. 5.
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PU čekreklen- (shirt) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čekrek (shirt); everywhere with damma on the cim, but in view of the Uyğ. spelling of čekrek this must be an error. Xak. xı kul čekreklendi: ‘the slave owned a woollen garment (libes miti šûf) and wore it’ Kaš. II ^7 (čekreklenü:r, čekreklenme:k; see above).

F čigši: l.-w. fr. Chinese tz'fi shih (Giles 12,412 9,893; Pulleyblank’s Middle Chinese ts’yek šyŋ, ‘District Magistrate’; this title seems to have been bestowed by the Chinese Emperor on some Turks who embodied it in their names as člğši (see H. W. Bailey in JRAS, 1939, p. 90). Türkü vııı ff. Urugu: Todu:n Člgši:; Člk Bilge: Čigši:; Kül Čigši: in the Miran document (ETY II 64): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. beg totok čigši (a list of titles, not a P.N.) M HI 41, 4 (iv): Civ. Kut-luğ Turmıš Kadir Čigši USp. 92, r (perhaps two names not a single one): O. Kır. ıx ff. Kutlu:ğČigši: ben I was Kutlu:ğ Čigši:'Mal. 19, 1; Inanču: Külüg Čigši: ben do. 24, 5.

D čekiš- (mark, competing, pull, pull together) Recip. (ete.) f. of shirt; s.i.s.m.l. with several meanings. Xak. xı ol marja: čekig (mis-spelt čikig) čekišdi: ‘he helped me to add the diacritical marks’ (fi naqti'l-nuqat); also used for competing Kaš. II 107 (čekišü:r, čekišme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čekiš- Recip. f.; ‘to have a tug-of-war (kaše-kaš) with one another; to pull (kašîdan) together’ San. 219V. 29: Kip. xv tacedaba ‘to pull against one another’ šekiš- (sic) Kav. 70, 5; leıve wa cebada ‘to pull with, pull against one another' čekič- (sic) Tuh. 39a. 5: Osm. xıv ff. čekiš- ‘to pull against one another’; in several texts Tl'S I 152; III 143; IV 160.

ča:l (grey, mix of white and black, reddish-brown, roan, чалый) originally ‘of a mixed black and white colour’; hence ‘grey’ particularly of hair; and hence in some languages ‘grey-haired, elderly (man)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. See Doerfer III 1049. Cf. bo:z (grey). Xak. xı ča:l ko:y al-amlah mirta'l--ğanam ‘a black- and-white sheep’ Kaš. III 156; KB (God created me...) kara kuzğun erdim kuğu kıldı čal ‘I was as black (-haired as a) raven; He has made me as grey (i.e. white-haired as a) swan’ 1098: xıv Muh. (?) (in a list of words for the ages of men) al-kahl ‘elderly’ ča:i Rif. 143 (Mel. 48, 17 o:rta:): Čağ. xv ff. čal ‘of a beard, containing both black and white’, in the sense of dii-müy (Pe. ‘grey’, lit. ‘with two (colours of) hair’) Vel. 236; \\\ čal (‘with č-’) (black- and-white) (grey, mix of white and black, reddish-brown, roan, чалый) rîš-i dii-mii 'a beard of two colours’ in general, and ‘a horse with a coat of mixed red and white’ in particular San. 2o8v. 8 (Pe. quotn.; other meanings, not noted elsewhere, (2) ‘camel colt’; (3) ‘butter-milk’): Kip. xııı in the list of the colours of horse’s coats, al-čel, as an Ar. word, is described as ma'rûf ‘well-known’ Hou. 13, 7: xıv ča:l (c-) al-farasul-ašqaru’l-meyil ila’l-humra ‘a roan horse verging on red’ Id. 45.

či:l (spot, freckle, spotted, leprous, spotted (bird), border, ridge (marker), bruise) Kaš. gives two meanings for this word, the second perhaps a metaph. usage of the same word. The first survives only in SW Osm. Čİ1 ‘a spot, freckle; spotted, leprous’, and the like, and perhaps Tkm. či:l ‘a ridge defining the boundaries of an individual field in a cultivated area’. There is another word čil meaning ‘grey partridge, francolin, hazel hen’, and the like (perhaps an extended meaning of the same word in the sense of ‘a spotted bird’), which occurs in xıv Muh. Mel. 73, 1; Rif. 175; Xwar. xıv Qutb 43; Kom. xıv CCI; Gr.; Kip. xıv Id. 45; Bui. n, 12; Osm. xıv TTS I 162 and s.i.a.m.l.g. except SE. Xak. xı čil ataru’l-darb fVl-cild ‘the mark of a blow on the skin’, i.e. ‘a bruise’ Kaš. I 336; či:l ‘the mark of a blow on the body’ (fı l-badan) III 134: Cağ. xv ff. čil marz-i kardû ‘a ridge round a flower-bed’ San. 22or. 29: Oğuz xı či:l al-qubh ‘ugliness’ Kaš. III 134: Osm. xvı čil at translates Pe. abraš ‘a dapple-grey (horse)’ in one dict. TTS IV 175; xvııı čil... and in Rumi abraš ‘leprous, dappled, etc.’ San. 220T. 29.

čal- (fight, strike, beat, knock down, rub on (ointment), mix, play (string music)) originally ‘to knock (someone Acc.) down, to throw (him) to the ground’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with a wide range of extended meanings; in SW Osm. Sami distinguishes nearly twenty. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. čalmıš erdi yalın otuğ ters körümlüg tağda ‘he has beaten out the flaming fire on the mountain of false omens’ Hüen-ts. 1911-12; o.o. TT VI, p. 73, note 308, 30 (2 bodu:-); Suv. 625, 12: Xak. xı ol anı: čaldı: ‘he knocked him down’ (sara'ahu); and one says ol sö:z meniŋ kulakka: čaldı: samma'ani'l-kalam ‘he made me hear the statement (knocked statement into me)’ (prov.): and one says (?) to:nuğ ta:š üze: čaldı: ‘the fuller beat (daraba’l-qaššer) the garment on a stone’ (verse) Kaš. II 23 (Aor. and Infin. entered erroneously as čaka:r, čakma:k): KB tutup čaldı yerke ağır ig kelip ‘a serious illness came, gripped and prostrated him’ 1056; čal bašıŋ ‘put (knock down) your head to the ground’ 1392; a.o. 6177: xııı (?) Tef. yerke čal- ‘to throw to the ground’; čal- ‘to play (a musical instrument)’ 35e: Čağ. xv ff. čal- (‘with č-’) nawextan ‘to play (a musical instrument)’ San. 208r. 16 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv čal- ditto; ‘to throw to the ground’ Qutb 40: Kip. xııı šabbaba bi'l--šabeba ‘to play the flute’ düdük čal- Hou. 41, 7: xıv čal- (c-; ‘with back vowel’) naqara'l--dajf awi'l-rubaba ‘to play the tambourine, lute, \418\ or other musical instruments’ (al-malehr) Id. 45: Osm. xıv ff. čal- c.i.a.p. with a wide range of meanings, ‘to strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment, etc.), mix’, etc. TTS I 145; II 208; III 138; IV 154-5. (OTD p. 320 ČAL- 1. ударять, бить; выколачивать, 2. бросать, опрокидывать на землю, низвергать, повергать, 3. доводить до сведения; поведать, рассказать ~ 1. strike, beat; thrash, 2. throw, throw to the ground, overthrow, plunge, 3. notify; tell, recite)

čul- (yul-, yol-) (pull out, pluck out) (cull) basically ‘to pull out, pluck out' (e.g. a thorn Acc., fr. a wound AM.) but with various extended meanings, particularly in Xak. S.i.a.m.l.g. as yul-/čul-/jul-, but SW Az., Osm., Tkm. yol-. Cf. yulk- (pull out, pluck out, strip). (See yul- p. 918)
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VU čıla: Hap. leg. in this meaning; cile/čile noted in various meanings fr. Čağ. onwards are not connected semantically. Xak. xı čıla: ‘fresh horse dung (rawt) in a stable’ Kaš. III 233-

VU čı:la:- Den. V. fr. čı:; ‘to moisten’. The Infin. is given in the MS. as -me:k, but as čılat-, čılan-, čılaš- all have -ma:k this is presumably an error. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. čile- ‘to drizzle, to be moist’ SDD 350. Cf. 2 čığlan-, Xak. xı (ol) to:nuğ čıla:dı: ‘he moistened (nadde) the garment’ (etc.); originally čı:la:dı: but abbreviated Kaš. III 271 (čıla:r, čile:me:k sic): Kip. xıv (VU) čıla: (sic) tallu'l-matar ‘gentle rain’; and one says čıladı: matara talla (n) ‘it rained gently’ like čısdı: already mentioned Id. 45.

VUF čulvu: (blasphemy) pec. to Manichaean Türkü and no doubt a l.-w., prob. Sogdian, but not identifiable as such. The contexts point clearly to ‘blasphemy’. Türkü vııı ff. ne: yavlak čulvu: sakı:ntı: ‘what evil blasphemy did (the wicked demon) think of!’ Toy. III v. 4-7 (ETY II 178): Man. muntağ uluğ čulvu sav sö:zledimiz erser ‘if we have spoken such great blasphemies’ Chuas. I 33-4; a.o. do. 21.

čalpak, čelpek Preliminary note. Kaš. distinguishes between these two words, but the meanings are very close to one another, and nearly all later forms of the latter have back vowels. It is therefore no doubt a Sec. f. of the former.

D čalpak (filth, filthy) N./A.S. fr. čalpa:- (filth, filthy) (this V. has so far been traced only in SW xx Anat. ‘to thin thick dough by moistening it with water’ SDD 299, but cf. čalpag, čalpaš, čalpaš-); ‘filth, filthy’. Survives in NE Tuv. čılbak ‘filthy’; SW xx Anat. čalpak ‘a hole filled with water’ SDD 299; čılpık ‘frozen ground becoming muddy in the sun’ do. 336; čilpek ‘a mud stain on a garment’; čilpik ‘ice, hoarfrost’ do. 351 (some of these have other unrelated meanings). Xak. xı čalpak al-qadar wa'l-wasax ‘dirt, filth’; čalpak ı:š al-amru’l--muxtalit ‘a muddled affair’ Kaš. I 470: Čağ. xv ff. čelpaw/čalpuk (both fully spelt) ‘a place which has become muddy (gil u xaldb štida) after a fall of rain’ San. 2o8v. 19.

S čelpek (eye mucus) ‘mucus discharged by the eye’; except for SW Osm. čelpik Red. 728 (only) all modem words with this meaning have back vowels, SE čılpık Shaw (only); čapak Shaw, \\\ BŠ; NCKır. čılpak; SW Osm. čapak. In the meaning ‘a thin flap of bread cooked in oil’, which first appears in San. and links with the meaning of čalpa:- (filth, filthy) in SW XX Anat., the word survives in NC Kır. čelpek; Kzx. šelpek; SC Uzb. čalpak. Xak. xı čelpek ğamašu'l--ayn ‘mucus discharged by the eye’ Kaš. I477: xıv Muh. al-ramaf ‘dry mucus on the eyelids’ čılpuk Mel. 46, 15; Rif. 140 (unvocalized): Čağ. xv ff. čılpık (spelt) čirk-i čašm ditto (and čılpıklık köz ‘an eye discharging mucus’) San. 220V. 11; čelpek (spelt) ‘a kind of thin bread fried in oil’ do. 2o8v. 18: Kip. xıv čapak (c-b-) ramašu I- ayn Id. 41: Osm. xvııı čapak (spelt) in Rumi, čirk-i čašm, in Ar. ramaš San. 204V. 12.

D čalpag (liquid mud) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. čalpa:- (filth, filthy). Xak. xı čalpag al-wahl ‘liquid mud’ Kaš. III 385.

čolpan (Venus (planet)) ‘the planet Venus’; not noted before xıv but no doubt older, although the word for ‘Venus’ in the idiosyncratic Türkü vııı ff. document Toyok 8 (ETY II 58) is the Sogdian l.-w. naxi:d and in Xak. xı KB sevlt, q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes (Č-/š-etc.) but in SW Osm. čoban yıldızı ‘the shepherd's star’, no doubt owing to a false etymology. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘Venus’ čolpan Ligeti 153; R III 2025: (Xak.) xıv Muh. kawkabu’l-subh ‘the morning star’, i.e. Venus čo:lpa:n (-e>-) Mel. 79, 10; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. čolpan (spelt) the star called in Rumi kervan kıran, in Ar. ši're, and iri Pe. kerwen kuš San. 214V. 18 (quotn.; there is a curious mistake here; the Rûmî phr. does mean ‘Venus’, the other two ‘Sirius’): Kip. xıv čolpan (c-b-) al-zuhra ‘Venus’ td. 45; kawkabu'l-subh čolpa:n (c-b-) Bui. 2, 13: xv kawkab... Tkm. čolpan Tu)i. 30b. 3.

D čalpaš (sticky juice) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. čalpa:- (filth, filthy). Xak. xı čalpaš ‘the viscous excretion (ma kena min luzuca) of fruit which sticks to the clothing and hands’ Kaš. I 460 (vocalized in error čalpuš).

D čalpaš- (filth, filthy) Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of čalpa:- (filth, filthy). Xak. xı ola:r ikki: čalpašdı: ‘the two (men) quarrelled and treated one another rudely (tacedale wa taxešane) over an affair’; also used of things when dirt settles on them (irtakabahe qadar) Kaš. II 207 (čalpašur, čalpašma:k).

D čelpeklen- (eye mucus) Refl. Den. V. fr. čelpek (eye mucus); survives only (?) in SW Osm. čelpiklen- same meaning, Red. 728 (only). Xak. xı kö:z čel-peklendi: ‘the eye discharged mucus’ (gamisat) Kaš. II 277 (čelpeklenü:r, čelpeklenme:k); a.o. II 279, 14.

D čalpašlan- (filth, filthy, stickiness) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čalpaš (filth, filthy). Xak. xı elig čalpašlandı: ‘stickiness was smeared (talattaxati’l-luziicat) on the hand \419\ from eating fruit and the like’ Kaš: II 271 (čalpašlanu:r, čalpašlanma:k; vocalized -puš- everywhere).
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D čildeg (boil, ulcer) Dev. N. in -g fr. *čilde:-, Den. V. fr. či:l; the alternative form is a very early example of the sound change -g > -y > zero. Xak. xı čildeg qarh yaxruc ft zawri'l--xayl minhu’l-qayh wa'l-midda fa-yuktva ba'dahu ‘an ulcer which forms on the chest of a horse; it exudes pus and matter and is then cauterized’ Kaš. I 477; čilde:y ‘an ulcer which forms on the chest of a horse and is cauterized until it heals’ (hatte yabra') III 240.

D čilteg N.Ac. fr. čilte:-; used only in Hend. w. aya:ğ, with which it is no doubt more or less syn. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ayağka člltegke tegimlig ‘worthy of honor and respect’ U II 77, 18; 86, 35 (a less common variant of ayağka tegimlig, see aya:ğ); o.o. of ayağ čilteg USp. 101, 8; Suv. 444, 5: Civ. TT 1114 (ornan-).

čaldır (rattle, rustle) onomatopoeic; survives in NC Kır. čaldur. Xak. xı ok kešte: čaldır čaldır etti: ‘the arrows rattled (taqalqala) in the quiver’; also used when the grass rustles (šatvıvata) when the wind blows over it Kaš. I 457S čildery See člldeg.

D čılat- (čıılat-) Caus. f. of čı:la:-; survives in NW Kaz. Xak. xı ol kepe:k čılattı: ‘he ordered that the bran (etc.) should be moistened’ (bi-tandiya)\ originally čirlat- but shortened Kaš. II310 (čılatu:r, čılatma:k).

čilte:- used only in Hend. w. aya:-; cf. čilteg; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (even when name and fame, gain and acquisition come to them of their own accord) kamağka aya-ğuluk čiltegülük bolğaylar ‘they will honor and respect all men’ Suv. 195, 21-2.

čaltur- Caus. f. of čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); s.i.s.m.l. with several meanings. Xak. xı ol anı: čalturdı; ašra'ahu iyehu ‘he made him knock him down’; and one says ol yitük čalturdı: ‘he ordered that the strayed animal should be called’ (or searched for, bi-nišden) Kaš. II182 (čalturur, čalturma:k): Oğuz xı... also, in Oğuz, used of any statement when it is forced on the hearing (nüdiya li’l-sum'a) do.

D čaldra:- (rattle, rustle) (sic in a section for Dis. V.s containing three consecutive consonants) abbreviated Den. V. fr. čaldır (rattle, rustle); survives in NW Kaz. R III 1889; the further abbreviation čalra:- is Hap. leg. Xak. xı ta:š čaldra:di: ‘the scree (al-rafred) made a clattering noise’ (jawwata); also used of other similar things like chains when they fall to the ground and \\\ make a noise Kaš. III 447 (čaldra:r, čaldra:ma:k; everywhere misvocalized čaldtra:-): ok ke:šte: čalra:dı: ‘the arrows rattled (taqalqala) in the quiver’; also used of any similar sound (šawt) Kaš. III 281 (čalra:r, čalra:ma:k, both vocalized čtira:- in a second (?) hand).

čalk Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı one says čalk čulk badar (sic?; unvocalized) kıldı: wakazahu ‘he thumped him’; it is an onomatopoeic (hikeya) for the sound of thumping Kaš. I 349.

čulk Hap. leg.; a quasi-onomatopoeic Adv. Xak. xı čulk esrtik (mis-spelt eskürk, which is perhaps a corruption of esrti:k) al-sakrenu'l--tefih ‘incapably drunk’ Kaš. I 349.

D čalığ N.Ac. fr. čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix). In Kaš. this word is entered not in its proper alphabetical order but as an appendage to soruğ; it is not, however, likely to be a later addition to the text. The only certain survival of this word is NE Alt. čalu: ‘a shaman’s drum’ R III 1884. There are several medieval words assembled below which seem rather to represent a parallel (Pass.) Dev. N./A. in -uk, which survives in NE Alt., Tel. čalık ‘enterprising (tradeŋ; unruly (horse); dangerous (disease)’ R III 1880; SW Osm. čalık with several meanings. It is unlikely that these words are corruptions of Pe. čelek ‘nimble, quick’, but this may be a l.-w. in some modem languages. Xak. xı čalığ nišdenu'l-della ayda (n) ‘also (i.e. as well as soruğ) calling (or searching for) a strayed animal’; also used when a matter of importance to the chiefs (muhimm li'1-umare’) arises, and they send to the villagers and nomads and tell them to come to them Kaš. I 374: xıv Muh. al-muğefil ‘careless’ (opposite to al-šeht iva'l-hezim ‘wakeful, resolute’ ayık) ča:lık Mel. 55, 1; Rif. 152: Čağ. xv ff. čalığ/čalık (‘spelt with both c- and č-’) ‘a skittish, fast (calf tva tund) horse’; it is a corruption of (Pe.) čelek San. 209r. 2 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv čalık ‘violent, impulsive’ Qutb 40: Kom. xıv ‘bad-tempered, violent’ čalıx CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-tnu'arbtd 4û'l-šarr ‘quarrelsome, malicious’ ča:lık; the opposite to ča:lık is yawa:š; it is also a word used of horses Hou. 25, 10: xıv čalık (c-) ‘restive’ (al-camüh) of a horse; it is used as a masculine Proper Name Čalam) and also for ‘wounded with a sword’ (al-qan bVl-sayf) Id. 45: Osm. xvı ff. čalık ‘quicktempered; restive’, esp. of a horse; common TTS I 144; II 205; III 138; IV 153.

(D) čoluk (čolok) prob. Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. *čol-; originally ‘with one arm’, that is with the other missing or paralysed. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE as čolak and the like, often with the more general meaning ‘crippled, lame’. Cf. čolku:y. See Doerfer III mı. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. čoluk M III 49, 4 (axsak): Xak. xı čoluk (sic in MS., not čolak as in printed text) \\ al-aqla ‘onc-armed’ Kaš. I 381: Čağ. xv ff. čolak (‘with č-’) ‘a inan wit!ı a defective arm’ (az dast mayûb) San. 214V. 16.
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čulık (plover (bird)) a kind of bird; survives in SE Türki čulluk a name for several kinds of ‘plover’ Shaw 212; SW Osm. čulluk ‘woodcock’; su čulluğu ‘common sandpiper; great snipe’; küčUk čulluk ‘green sandpiper; common snipe’ Red. 740. As Kaš. describes it as a ‘water-bird’, prob. originally ‘sandpiper’ or ‘snipe’. Xak. xı čulık teyir fi’l-ma muballaq 'ale qadari'l-faxita 'a spotted black- and-white water-bird about the size of a ring-dove’ Kaš. I 381.

čalkan apparently survives as čalkan ‘stinging nettle’ in several NE languages and NC Kır. Xak. xı čalkan ‘the spread of an injury and its transfer (ta'diyatu l-curh wa sireyatuhu) from one place to another, for example if the leg is swollen and the glands in the groin are affected’ Kaš. I 441.

čalğa:y (feather) survives in NW Kaz. čalğıy ‘goose-feather’ R 111 1887. Xak. xı čalğa:y qawadim rîši'1-teyir ‘the front feathers of a bird’ Kaš. III 241.

(D) čolku:y Hap. leg.; der. fr. *čol-, cf. čoluk, but there is no other example' of a suffix -ku:y. Xak. xı čolku:y etük ‘a boot of which the heel is worn down (inxaraqa) on one side’; and one calls a man with a defective arm’ (1al-axraqi'l-yad) čolku:y elig Kaš. III 242.

2 čik; the č- is unvocalized, but no doubt -i-should be restored. Xak. xı one says in calling (ft dua) kids čilik čilik Kaš. I 388.

PU čülig this word has been read in Türkü vııı I E 4, II E 5 in the list of countries which sent representatives to Ğštemi Xağan’s (?) funeral; it begins ‘from the east, where the sun rises’ Bükli: (PU) Čülig el Tavğač Tüpüt, etc. Henning in ‘The Date of the Early Sogdian Letters’, BSOAS XII 601 ff. showed that Bükü: meant ‘Korea’; Tavğač is of course ‘China’ and Tüpüt ‘Tibet’; as the list is presumably in a strict geographical order, the entry between Korea and China must be some unidentified ‘realm’ (el) between Korea and China, perhaps one of the minor kingdoms in Korea. The word looks like a Chinese representation of some name like c/tii li(g). It has been read as čöllig and explained as a P.N./A. fr. Čöl meaning ‘belonging to the steppes’, but this is impossible since čöl is a Mong. word which is not traceable as a l.-w. in Turkish earlier than Čağ. xv ff. Vel. 252; San. 214V. 15. The word is perhaps to be connected with the equally unexplained word

(PU) čülgi: in Türkü vııı (I searched for a guide and) čülgi: Az eri: bultim 7’23. Az is a tribal name (see a:z Preliminary note), so čülgi: is prob. a place-name. ‘I found an Az man from Čülgi:.’ The suggested translations ‘distant’ and ‘strange’ are purely hypothetical since they do not rest on any solid etymological basis.

čilgü: (brown, chestnut (color)) Hap, leg.; perhaps a Den. N./A. fr. či:l; cf. 2 a:l (red, scarlet). Xak. xı čilgü: at ‘a chestnut (al-ašqar) horse’ Kaš. I 430.

VU ?D čülük- pec. to Kaš., who in II 119, 10 and 166, 1 says that it is a basic V. and not an Intensive Pass. f. like basık-. On the second point he is no doubt right, but it is more likely to be an Intrans. Den. V. fr. *čül than a strictly basic V. Xak. xı er ı:šı: čülükti: rattat hi'yatu'l-racul ‘the man’s things (Kaš. clothes) were shabby’ Kaš. II 118 (čülüke:r, čülükme:k); a.o. do. II 166, 1.

D čalma: (turban, lump, lasso) Pass. Conc. N. fr. čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix) with a range of meanings hard to connect with the basic meaning of that V. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. meanings varying from language to language, the commonest being ‘a lump of earth or dung; a turban; a lasso’. Xak. xı čalma: al-madar ‘a clod of earth or clay’; and ‘the lumps of dung’ (al-kirs) which are collected from sheep-folds and camel stables and dried to burn in the winter are called čalma: Kaš. I 433: Čağ. xv ff. čalma: (spelt) ‘a striped or fine muslin cloth ( fûta tva dasterî) which they wrap round their heads’; and in the idiom (ba-ištileh) of the people of Iran ‘a kind of bottle (mašraba) sewn together from leather (taletîn\ sic) which they fasten to the pommels of their saddles on expeditions and drink from’ San. 2o8v. 24: Kom. xıv ‘turban’ čalma CCI; Gr.: Osm.xvi čalma ‘turban’ in one text 7'TS II 207.

VUF čulı:ma:n Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w. Gancak xı čulı:ma:n ı:š al-amr le yuraf maxraculiu ‘an affair the outcome of which is unknown’; its original meaning was mus-tanqa'ii'l-mCi ‘a pool of stagnant water’ Kaš. I 448.

D čalaŋ (noisy, talkative) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); not connected with the čalaŋ in several NE and NC languages which is a Sec. f. of yalaŋ (yaliŋ (bare, naked)). Xak. xı ‘a noisy, talkative man’ (al-raculu l--saxxabu'l-katiru l-kalem) is called čalaŋ ba:šı:;... čalaŋ yer ‘saline (al-sabxa) black earth on which there is no vegetation, as if it had been burnt’ Kaš. III 371.

VUF čalıŋ (bowl) Hap. leg.; no doubt a Chinese l.-w., the first syllable perhaps ch'a ‘tea’ (Giles 208). \\ Xak. xı al-qaš'atul-šiniya ‘a Chinese bowl’ is called čalıŋ Kaš. III 371.
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D čalın- Refl. f. of čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with a wide range of meanings. Xak. xı at čalındı: ‘the horse was emaciated (hazala) because of bad grazing’..., and one says er ö:zin ye:rke: čalındı: ‘the man threw himself to the ground’ (šar a' a... ilal-ard) or ‘pretended to throw himself’ Kaš. II 149 (čalmu:r, čalınma:k): Čağ. xv ff. čalın-/čalıl- na-waxta šudan (of an instrument) ‘to be played’ San. 208V. i (quotn.): Qğuz xı sö:z beg kula:kıŋa: čalındı: ‘the word reached (balağa ila) the beg's ear’ Kaš. II 149: Xwar. xııı (?) (I require you) baš čalunğulult (sic) ‘to bow your heads to the ground’ Oğ. 108: xıv čalın- ‘to be played’ Qutb 40.

D čılan- (čı:lan-) (wet) Refl. f. of čı:la:-; survives as čılan- in NC Kır.; NW Kaz. and as čilenin SW xx Anat. SDD 350. Xak. xı čılandı: ne:rj ‘the thing was moistened by the damp’ (nadiya... mina’l-rutûba); originally čı:landı: (čılanu:r, čılanma:k); and one says at čılandı: ‘the horse sweated’ ('araqa) Kaš. II 150: Kip. xıv (VU) čılan- ibtalla ‘to be wet, soaked’ id. 45.

S čalra:- See čaldra:- (rattle, rustle). (OTD p. 148 čïlda-, čïlra-, бренчать, звенеть ~ jingle, ring)

D čalrat- (rattle, rustle) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čalra:- (čaldra:- (rattle, rustle)); the Infin. is unvocalized, the Perf. and Aor. vocalized čürat- apparently by a second hand. Xak. xı ol okın ke:šte: čalrattı: ‘he made his arrows rattle (sawwata) in the quiver’; also used of anything when one rattles with it (taqalqala bihŋ Kaš. II 333 (čalratu:r, čalratma:k). (OTD p. 148 čïlda-, čïlra-, бренчать, звенеть ~ jingle, ring)

D čalsık- Hap. leg.; Emphatic Pass. f. of čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); ‘to be thrown down’. Uyğ. vııı ft'. Bud. TT V 22, 28-9 (bastık-).

D čalıš Dev. N. fr. čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); survives with various meanings NE Kumd. ‘cross-eyed’ R III 1882; SE Türki ‘wrestling’ BŠ 249; Jarring 64; NC Kır. ‘resembling; semi-; cross-bred; thoroughbred (horse)’; NW Kaz. ‘crooked’. See Doerfer III 1051. Xak.xıčalıš al-mušera'a ‘a wrestling match’ Kaš. I 368: Čağ. xv ff. čalıš ktlšiš ‘effort, endeavour’ (a long para, saying that the author of the Farhang-i Jahengiri described the word as Pe. and quoted Pe. verses, suggesting a different meaning, but that ktlšiš would be a more appropriate one); čalıš (spelt čalı:š, not čadıš) ‘anything cross-bred’ (dii-tu xııı a), that is with a father and mother of different races (cins), also called šalğurt (pec. to San.) and, if a camel, besrek (Mong. l.-w.) San. 208V. 27: Kom. xıv ‘cross-eyed’ čalıš CGI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-harb ‘battle’, etc. ča:lıš Hou. 14,8: xıv al-munedila

wa'l-muremet ‘shooting and throwing things at one another’ čalıš (t-) Bui. 9, 10: xv munedila čalıš Tuh. 33b. 13: Osm. xıv and xv čalıš ‘war, battle’ in several texts TTS II 206; III 138.

D čalıš- Recip. f. of čal- (knock down, play (string music), strike, strike down, strike off, play, rub on (ointment), mix); s.i.a.m.l.g. w. a wide range of meanings of which ‘to fight one another’, and ‘to strive, make efforts, be industrious’ are the commonest. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘to bow the head, kotow’ baš čalıš- R III 1882; Ligeti 150: Xak. xı kapuğ čalıšdı: ‘the component parts (sudu ) of the door came apart’ (infaracat), also used of patches on a bowl (ru'ubu'l-qaf'a) and the component parts (mafešil, mis-spelt muqasil) of a saddle Kaš. II 108 (čalıšu:r, čalıšma:k); a.o. II 114, 5: xıv Muh. (?) in Rif. 107 both caa ‘to be hungry’ (an error) and cala ‘to wheel about in battle’ are translated ča:lıš-: Čağ. xv ff. čalıš- ba-ham nawaxtan ‘to play (instruments) together’ and metaph. kûšidan ‘to strive’ San. 2o8v. 4: Kip. xııı qatala mina’l--muqetila ‘to wage war with one another’ ča:lıš- Hou. 43, 7: Osm. xıv to xvı čalıš- ‘to fight one another’; in three texts TTS II 206; IV 154.

D čılaš- (čı:laš-) Co-op. f. of čı:la:-; survives in SE Türki. Xak. xı ol maga: ot čılašdi: ‘he helped me to moisten the forage’ (ft balli’l-- alaf), etc.; originally čı:lašdı: but used in this form Kaš. II 108 (čı:lašur, čı:lašma:k sic).

čam (object, objection) pec. to Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ., USp., where it is common, usually in the phr. čam čarım kıl- ‘to lodge an objection’ to the performance of a contract, the terms of a will, and the like. Čam might well be a Chinese l.-w., but čarım, which is used only in this phr., could not be. See čamğuk, čamla:-, čamsız.

VU?D 1 čim (sprout) as such Hap. leg., but prob. the basis of SW Osm. čimlen- ‘to sprout, as moistened seeds’ and čimlendir- ‘to make (seeds) sprout by moistening them before planting’ Red. 747. Although Kaš. describes this as something less than a word in its own right, it looks like an ordinary Adj. and, if so, a Den. N./A. fr. čı:. See 2 čim and čöme:rük. Xak. xı čim a Particle (harf) used in the case of the excessiveness of a thing ('inda mubala-ğati’l-šay') and its description in respect of moisture (bi'l-rutiiba) or being raw (nŋ; hence one says čim yi:g et ‘very (cidda (n)) raw meat’, and čim öl to:n ‘a very wet garment’ Kaš. I 338.

VU?D 2 čim (turf) ‘turf’ and more particularly ‘peat’. S.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC, SC, SW. The spellings čim in NC Kır. and šım in Kzx. suggest that this is etymologically identical w. 1 čim. Xak. xı čim ‘peat’ (al-til), that is what is cut out of the ground and dried and used to feed a fire, because vegetation and \\ roots are incorporated in it; one says čim bičti: 'he cut peat’ Kaš. I 338; KB 974 (1 öyük): Kip. xıv (VU) čim (c-) al-qullaa mina'l-tin tva fîha l-nahet ‘h lump of mud with plants in it’ Id. 46.
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čom-/čöm- Kaš. distinguishes both here and in the der. f.s between čom- ‘to sink in (water, etc. Loc.)' and čöm- ‘to dive into (water, etc. Dot.)', but it seems impossible to trace this subtle correlation between vowel and meaning in modern languages. S.i.a.m.l.g., the prevailing pronunciation being čom-; there are some very odd forms in some NC, NW languages which seem to be due to contamination by the syn. Mong. l.-w. šurjğu- (Kow. 1537, Halted 387). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kün teŋriče co[ma bata] yarlıkamıšı üčün ‘because he has deigned to sink and descend like the divine sun’ M III 33, 1-2 (iii): Bud. TT VI 195 (v.l.), etc. (bat- (dip, bathe)): Civ. kün čoğı čom (m)a:kta: ö:tgürü: (ö.dhküriŋ ‘exactly when the sun’s heat sinks’ TT VIII 1.23: Xak. xı oğla:n suvda: čomdı: ‘the boy sank (eöya) in the water' (čoma:r, comma:k); and one says ördek suvka: čömdi: ‘the duck -dived deep (ğeša... ğawša (n) ntubeliğa (n) fîhŋ into the water’ (čöme:r, čömme:k); the Infin. of this V. has -me:k and that of the first has -ma:k so that the distinction (al-farq) between the two may be known Kaš. II 26; a.o. of čöm- I 401, 11: xıv Muh. sabaha ‘to swim’ (VU) čom- Mel. 27, 3; Rif. 110: Čağ. xv ff. čom- (-gay, etc.) suya dal- ‘to dive into the water’ Vel. 253 (quotn.); čom- ba-zir-i eb firû raftan wa ğûta zadan ditto San. 214V. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv atım oš sazğa (VU) čomdı ‘my horse sank into the marsh’ Qutb 44: Kip. xv ğatasa ‘to dive’ (VU) čom- Tuh. 27a. 2.

čamı: Hap. leg.; a mere jingle, not to be connected w. čam (object, objection). Xak. xı one says (ol) čoğı: čamı: kıldı: calaba tva saxaba ‘he shouted and made a hubbub’; čamı: yusta'mal muz-dawica (n) ‘is used as a jingle’ Kaš. III 234.

?E čombur- Hap. leg.; an unusual form, prob. a false transcription of čomtur-, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the bull came out first and) teginin čomburu (? čomturu) yatğurup ‘making the prince sink to the ground and lie down’ (stood stamping with his four feet and overshadowing him) PP 65, 3-4.

?F čömče: ‘ladle, scoop’, etc.; prob. a l.-w. fr. Pe. čantča, same meaning; such l.-w.s are common in Oğuz, see ören. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE; in SW Az. čömče; Osm., Tkm. čemče, in other languages metathesized as čömüč, čümüč, ele. Cf. kamıč, kašık. See Doerfer III 1121. Oğuz xı čömče: ol-miğrafa ‘ladle’ Kaš. I 417: xıv Muh. (?) (in the list of domestic equipment; al-miğrafa kamıč) (VU) cınnceh (cf. kamıč NW) (VU) čömiič (c- -r; unvocalized) Rif. 169 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čemče ‘a large spoon (qešiq) made of wood or brass with which they stir broth’ (eš) San. 20 ()r. 19; čömče ‘a larpe spoon made of wood or brass with which they stir a pot’ (dig)-, also spelt čemče do. 2i5r. 21; čömtiš ‘a kind of ladle (kafgiŋ carved out of wood, with which they pull food out of the pot’ do. 2i5r. 25: Kom. xıv ‘ladle, skimmer’ čömič (JGI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-tttiğrafa čemče: (sic) Hon. 17, 10: xıv čömče: (c- -o) al-mağrûfa (sic) Id. 4e: xv miğrafa čömči (sic) Tuh. 34a. e: Osm. xıv to xvıı čömče ‘ladle’, etc.; in several texts TTS I 167; 7/ 245! IV 181.

D čomtur-/čömtür- Caus. f. of čom-/čöm-; cf. čomur-, and see E čombur-. Survives in NE Alt., Leb., Tel. čomdır- R III 2033; SE Türki čumdur- (sic?) Shaw 100 (only); NC Kır. čumdur-, Xak. xı ol am: suvka: čomturdı: amqalahufi’l-nm’ ‘he plunged him into the water’ (čornturıır, comtıırma:k); čömtürdi: (čömtürür, čömtürme:k) hede aq’ar tnitıhu fi'l-maql ‘this (implies) plunging more deeply than the other’ Kaš. II 182.

?F čomak (cudgel, mace, club, Moslem) originally ‘a cudgel’ and the like, and more particularly ‘a mace’ used in battle. Survives in the last sense in SE Tar. R III 2032; Türki Share, BŠ, Jarring and SW Osm. The mace was not originally a Turkish weapon and it is likely that the word was also used by pagan Turks (i.e. monotheistic Tengrians) for ‘Moslem’ because the foreign religion and weapon reached them together. In U II 26, 16; 27, 23, etc., an Indian (?) l.-w. lurzi is used for ‘mace’. In the medieval period another word for ‘mace’ appeared, čokmar noted in Čağ. xv ff. San. 2i4r. 5; Kip. xıı 1 ff. Hou. 13, 17; Id. 44; Kav. 63, 19; Tuh. 16b. 5; 33b. 12, and Osm. xv TTS III 158, and s.i.a.m.l.g. as čokmak, čokman, čokmar, čoman, čomar. It is prob. that both čomak and čokmar, etc. are l.-w.s etymologically connected, but their origin is obscure. See Doerfer III 1120. Xak. xı čomak al-'aše 'a stick, cudgel’: čomak al-muslim among the Uygur and pagans generally ('emmati'1-hafara)-, one says čomak eri: ‘a Moslem’ (lit. 'a man with a mace’ ?) Kaš. I 381; a.o. II 3 (čap-): KB ay ersig čomak ‘oh valiant Moslem’ 4701: xıv Muh. al-dabbiis ‘a mace’ čoma:k Mel. 71, 8; Rif. 173: Čağ. xv ff. čomak (‘with č-’) ‘a cudgel’ (čüb-dasti) of which the head is carved in the shape of a mace (g«r*); in Ar. dabbt’ts San. 2i5r. 18: Kip. xııı al-dabbûsu'l-xašab ‘a wooden mace’ čoma:k Hou. 13, 17: xıv čomak (c-) ‘a wooden cudgel Caše) with a rounded head like a mace’ Id. 4e: xv dabbtls (inter alia čokmar...) čomuk (sic) Tuh. 15b. 5: Osm. xıv ff. čomak ‘mace, club’; in several texts TTS I 165; II 241; IV 179

?D čamğuk (objectionable) Hap. leg.; perhaps a Den. N./A. fr. čam (object, objection). Xak. xı 'a backbiting and treacherous (al-nammdmu'l-muxranbaq) man’ is called čamğuk er Kaš. I 470.

VU?D čomğuk (blackbird, white-footed crow (or raven),’little grebe, Podiceps minor) prima facie a Dev. N./A. fr. čom-; this etymology is obviously appropriate for the only (?) modern form of the word SE Türki čumığak ‘the little grebe, Podiceps minor’, Shaw 212, but less appropriate for the earlier meaning; the context in KB seems to require ‘blackbird’ or the like. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı čomğuk al-a'šam mina’l--ğirben ‘a white-footed crow (or raven)’ Kaš. I 470: KB kara čomğuk ötti sata tumšu-kın, ünl oğlağu kız üni teg yakın ‘the blackbird (?) sings with his coral beak, his voice is like the voice of a delicate maiden’ 77: Oğuz xı (after Xak.) the Oğuz elide the -ğ- and say čomuk; they do this in all Nouns with four consonants containing -ğ- or -g-Kaš. I 470.

D čamğııklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. čamğuk; the č- of the Perf. and Aor. (but not the Infin.) was vocalized with a kasra, prob. by a second hand. Xak. xı kiši: čamğııklandı: ‘the man became a slandering backbiter and malicious (qattat nammem šarîŋ, criticizing (yadutntn) everyone’ Kaš. II 275 (čamğuklanu:r, čamğuklanma:k).

VUD čimgen ‘meadow, peat’, and the like; as such n.o.a.b.; in the MS. the cim carries a damma, but this is an obvious error, since this is clearly a Den. N. fr. čim (2 čim) also translated al-ttl in Kaš. Survives in SE Türki čimen BŠ, Jarring, and SW Az., Osm., Tkm. čemen. These latter are commonly regarded as l.-w.s fr. the syn. Pe. word čantan, but, as they have a good Turkish etymology, the Pe. word is prob. a Turkish l.-w. See Doerfer III 1124. Xak. xı čimgen (MS. čömgen) al-rawd tva'I-til ‘meadow, peat’ Kaš. I443: (Čağ. xv ff. čemen/čemender ‘a sluŋgish horse’, corruption of Pe. čamand; and in Pe. čemen means ‘vineyard, garden, green meadow’ San. 209r. 21): Xwar. xıv čimgen ‘meadow’ Qutb 44; MN88, etc.; čÖmendo. 45 (fümetŋ: Kip. xııı al-murc ‘meadow’ (VU) čöme:n (unvocalized) Hou. 8, 19: xıv čömen (e-) al-murc Id. 46; al-murc tca’l-hašiš (‘grass’) čöme:n Bul. 3, ız. ’

D čamla:- (object) Den. V. fr. čam; ‘to lodge an objection’ to the terms of a contract, etc.; syn. w. čam čarım kıl- but less common. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bu yerke kim \\ kim-me bolup čamlamazunlar ‘let no one raise an objection to (the sale of) this land’... čamlasarlar Malov. Pamyalniki drevnetyurkshoi pis’mennosti, Moscow, 1951, p. 206, 17-18; čamlağučı USp. 16, 22; a.o.o.
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VU?D čomı:lı: Hap. leg.; although the morphology is obscure this could semantically be connceted with čom-, perhaps a Sec. f. of čomığh: ‘sinking’. Xak. xı one says of a man when he is dozed (sadira tarfuhu) with the heat čomı:lı: boldi: that is sadira via fatara ‘he was dazed and limp’ Kaš. I 448.

?F čüme:li: ‘an ant’; a queerly shaped word, prob. a l.-w. since there are two other old words for ‘ant’ kumursğa:, karmčğa:, q.v. Survives only in NE Bar. tsümöldü R IV 214; Leb., Tuba čıbalı III 2099; Tel. čımalı III 2103; SE Tar. čilmüle R III 2204; Türki ditto BŠ, Jarring; SC Uzb. čumoli. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (birds, flies, mantises (?)) čümeli ‘ants’ (beetles, etc.) U II 35, 23: Čigil xı čüme:li: al-naml ‘an ant’ Kaš. I 448: Kıp. xv (PU) murabba' čümeli Tuh. 33a. 7 (the Ar. word could be transcribed in several ways, but the word it obviously resembles is Russian muravci ‘an ant’, whatever the etymological origin of that word may be).

D čomur-/čömür- Caus. f. of čom-/čöm-; survives in SW Osm. čomur- Red. 740 (only). Cf. čomtur-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. suvda yekler urup kemi suvka čomurur ‘demons in the water strike the ship and make it sink in the water’ PP 17, 6-8; a.o. Hüen-ts. 301-4 (batur-): Civ. (in a list of ingredients for an offering to a demon, together with meal, pieces of meat, green beans, etc.) bir čomur-mıš suv perhaps ‘a full vessel of water’ TT VII 25, 11 (very dubious, prob. mistranscribed): Xak. xı ol am: suvka: čomurdı: ‘he plunged him in the water and ducked him’ (ğatfahu .. .wa maqalahu) (čomurur, comurma:k); and one says čömürdi:, čömürür, čömürme:k; this means ‘plunging deeper’ (a'maq minhu fVl-ğatt) Kaš. II 85: xııı (?) Tef. suvğa (VU) čomur- 361: Čağ. xv ff. čomur- (spelt) Caus. f.; ba-eb firû burdan wa gütawar saxtan ‘to plunge (someone) in the water and make (him) dive’ San. 2i5r. 10 (quotns.).

D čomruš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of čomur-. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: suvda: čomrušdı: ‘he competed with me in plunging (fi ğaff, someone) in the water’; also used for helping Kaš. II 208 (čomrušu:r, čomrušma:k).
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VU?D čömerük (? čimerük) Hap. leg.; morphologically an Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. a Den. V. in -er-; the obvious connection is w. čim (1 čim); for the erratic vocalization cf. čimgen. Xak. xı čömerük kiši: al-raculu'l--a'ftıaš, ‘a man with watery eyes’ Kaš. I 488.

D čamsız (without objection) Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. čam (object, objection). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bu bitigdeki čawnı bitig yosunča negüke me tıldamayın čamsız könf berürbiz ‘we undertake to pay the sum mentioned in this contract according to the terms (Mong. l.-w.) of the contract without seeking any pretext (to refuse) and without objection’ USp. 12, 14-16.

D čomuš-/čömüš- Recip. f. of čom-/čöm-; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ol menit) birle: suvka: čomušdı: ‘he competed with me in diving (fi’l-inğimes) into the water’, čomušu:r, čomušma:k; and one says čömüšdi:, čömüšü:r, čömüšme:k (mis-spelt ma:k), this also means iıığimns but deeper (aq'ar minhu) Kaš. II in.

D čomušluk Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. a Dev. N. fr. čom- which seems to survive only in SK Türki čömüš ‘bathing’ BŠ 269; nl-kanif, lit. ‘a secluded place’, usually means ‘privy, lavatory, wash-house’, and the like. Xak. xı čomušluk al-kanif Kaš. I 503.

F čan (cup, чан) (can, channel, canal) l.-w. fr. (i.e. into) Chinese chan ‘a wine cup’ (Giles 300); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. birer čan xuma yağın ‘one cup a day of linseed (or millet, Chinese l.-w.) oil’ II I 64; o.o. do. 122-3. (See čana:k)

?F čaŋ (bell, cymbals) ‘bell, cymbals’, and the like; so obviously onomatopoeic that it is impossible to say whether it is a native word or a l.-w. fr. e.g. Chinese where clieng (Giles 695) means ‘gong’, or Pe. fang (the origin of Ar. sane) ‘harp, lute, cymbals’, etc.; the Xak. word at any rate seems to be a l.-w. S.i.s.m.l. in NK, SIİ, NW, SW as čaŋ/šaıj, etc., usually meaning ‘bell’. The word has no connection with čaŋ ‘dust’, a word of unknown origin in several modern languages. Cf. 1 čıt), koij-rağu:. See Doerfer III 1128. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the sound which comes) silkmiš uluğ čagıgızdm ‘from the great bell which you have shaken’ Suv. 490, 17: Xak. xı čaŋ al-šanc (see above) Kaš. III 357: Kıp. xv culcul ‘a bell hung round an animal’s neck’ čag Tuh. 11b. 2.

F 1 čı:n (true, genuine; truth, reliable, truthful) ‘true, genuine; truth’, and the like; a l.-w. fr. Chinese chen, same meaning (Giles 589). S.i.a.m.l.g., as čın/čin, etc. Türkü vııı ff. Man. M III 17, 12-13 (i) (bıšığ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit satyanemena ‘by \\ having the name "truth”’ čın k^rtö a:tlığ üze: TT VIII A. 16; čın kertü ‘truth, truthful, true’ (Hend.) do. 11.3; U 111 70, 6; TT V 22, 24; 28, 127; Suv. 137, 8-9; 192, 21, etc. — čın kiši tetir ‘is called a truthful man’ TT V 26, 113; (these words of mine) kaltı kün terjri teg čın ol ‘are as true as the divine sun’ Hüen-ts. 324: Civ. Čin ‘ (of a statement) true; (of a document) genuine’ is common in USp.: Xak. xı čın al-šidq 'the truth’; hence one says čın sö:zle:r ‘the words are true’ (yasduq), and čın aydıp 'you spoke the truth’ (sadaqta) Kaš. I 339: čı:n sö:z ‘a true (al-šidq) word’ and čı:n kiši: ‘a reliable, truthful (,al-anrimi'l-fddiq) matı’ III 138; a.o. I 398 (bütün): KB ol köni čın kiši ‘that honest, truthful man’ 863; bütün čın bağırsak ‘reliable, truthful, and compassionate’ 763; o.o. 60, 336, 868, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. čın ‘truth, truthful’; čın ok ‘truly’ 359: XIV Muh. šadaqa čı:n ay- (or ayt- ?) Mel. 28, 1; Rif. 111: Čağ. xv ff. čın gerček ‘true’ Vel. 244 (quotn.); čın (‘with č-’) rest dadd-i dıtrüğ ‘true’, opposite to ‘lie’ San. 221 r. 20 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv čın ditto Qutb 45: Kom. xıv ‘true, genuine’ čın CCG; Gr. 78 (quotns.): Kip. xııı (al-sidq kerti:) and al-sidq is also called čın, but not everyone knows the word Iloit. 27, 4-5: Osm. xıv ff. čın 'true, correct’ is noted in various phr. down to xvı and čın seher 'the true dawn’ down to win TTS I 163; II 235; III 154; IV 175 (fin everywhere).

1 čiŋ (ding) onomatopoeic for a ringing sound and the like; n.o.a.b. Cf. čag, čıŋra:-(ding). Xak. xı one says kula:kım čig etti: tannat udurii ‘I had singing in my ears’; also used for the sound made by bells on animals’ necks, brass basins ( saivtu'l-caldcil wa'l-tašŋ, and the like... (2 čıt) follows; in the following entry the cim seems to carry a kasra and the nün a fatha, perhaps čaŋ was intended), and one says kula:kim (VU) čat) etti: and this is more correct (afšah) than the first Kaš. III 357.

2 čig an Intensifying Particle, perhaps merely a special usage of 1 čıŋ. Medieval čim, which survives in NC Kır. čim (ak); Kzx. šını (kara) seems to be a later form of this w’ord. Xak. xı and one says Čirj tolu: kö:l ‘a lake full (maVdn) of water’, also used of anything which is completely full (imtala'a ğeya fihŋ Kaš. III 357: (xiv Muh. (?) (šadidtt'1-abyad ‘intensely white’ a:p a:k); abyad sddic ‘plain white’ čim a:k; (‘intensely black’ kap kara:); xalisti'l-snwdd ‘pure black’ čim kara: Rif. 168: Kip. xıv čim ak al-ahyadu'l-yaqaq ‘snow white’; čim šadid İd. 46).

VU čoŋ (chunk) Hap. leg.; it is possible that this is identical with čoŋ ‘big’, a l.-w. fr. Chinese chung ‘heavy, important’, etc. (Giles 2,880), which is first mentioned in Čağ. xv ff. San. 215V. 1 and survives in SE, NC, SC. Xak. xı čoŋ et al-habr mina'l-lahm ‘a lump of meat without bones or fat’ Kaš. III 357.

1 čanač (languor, neglect) Hap. leg.; morphologically a Dim. f. in -ač but not semantically connected w. the čan (cup, чан) listed above, although this is a possible etymology for čanač (cup, чан) ‘a leather bottle’ in SE Türki, 11Š 239 and NČ Kır. Xak. xı čanač ‘an effeminate and cowardly person (al-muhannat wa'l-caben)\ anyone who has no competence in affairs but shows languor and remissness’ Kaš. I 358.

F čanču: Hap. leg.; l.-w. fr. Chinese chan chou (Giles 295 2,468), same meaning. Xak. xı canču: ‘a rolling-pin (al-mitmala) used to flatten dough for making noodles’ Kaš. I 417.

D čanačlık Hap. leg.; A.N. fr. čanač. Xak. xı čanačlık (unvocalized, nun undotted) al-xurq wa'l-tahnit ‘stupidity, effeminacy’ Kaš. I 503. '

PU čınčırğa: (sparrow) Hap. leg.; completely unvocalized, the mark on the second letter looks more like a cazın than a dot, in which case the word should perhaps be read čıpčırğa: and taken as an earlier form of čıpčık/čupčuk ‘sparrow’ noted in xıv Muh. Rif. 175 (only): Čağ. xv ff. Vel. 247; San. 211 v. 10: Kom. xıv CGI; Kip. xııı to xv in all authorities and surviving in some modern languages. An old animal name ending in -ğa:. Xak. xı (PU) čınčırğa: al-'ušfür ‘sparrow’ Kaš. III 242.

D čaııačla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 čanač (languor, neglect). Xak. xı o! anı: čanačla:dı: ‘he attributed weakness, effeminacy, and languor (lethargy) (al-da'f iva'l-tahannut wa'l-wahn) to him’ Kaš. III 330 (cunačla:r, canačla:ma:k).

F čıntan (čından) (sandal-wood) ‘sandal-wood’; l.-w. ultimately der. fr. Sanskrit candana 'Santalum album, the sandal-wood tree’, through some unknown intermediary. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı čıntan ığač kelürip ‘bringing sandal-wood’ II S 11; vııı ff. čmtan ığač üze: olu:ru:pan ‘sitting on a sandal-wood tree’ IrkB 4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of 32 plants and the like, mainly l.-w.s) kızıl čıntan ‘red sandal-wood’ Suv. 476, 4: Civ. čından, sometimes specified as ‘red’ or ‘white’, is an ingredient in several remedies in H I and Ii: Xak. xı čında:n al-šandal ‘sandal-wood’: čmda:n at ‘a reddish bay (al-ward) horse’ Kaš. I436; a.o. II122, 24.

D čantur- (čandtur-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of *čand-, Xak. xı ol anı: bu: ı:ška: canturdi: ‘he urged him to refuse to take part in Čale'l--tbe’ fŋ this business’; originally čandturdı: (misvocalized čındııturdt) Kaš. II 182 (čanturur, čanturma:k).

D čandıš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of *čand-, Xak. xı ola:r ikki: čandıšdı: ‘those two were rude to one another (taxešane) and each opposed (a'rada) the other’ Kaš. II 207 (čandıšu:r, čandıšma:k).

čanak (hopper, eye socket, bowl, cone, cotton boll; bean pod; grave shaft....) (can, channel, canal) originally something like ‘a hollow conical object’; survives in SE Türki ‘the hopper of a flour-mill’; NC Kır. ‘eye socket; cotton boll; bean pod; grave shaft’; SW Az., Tkm. ‘a wooden bowl’; Osm. ‘an earthenware bowl’. See Doerfer III 1125. Xak. xı čanak ‘a wooden cone’ (al-maxriit) like a saltcellar (read al-mimlaha), etc. Kaš. I 381; o.o., both translated al-qas'a ‘a bowl’, III 31 (yoğrı:); 109 (yalğan-): xııı (?) Tef. čanak ‘bowl’ 35e: xiv Mm/i. (?) (al-qas'a aya:k) al qa'b 'a wooden bowl’ čana:k Rif. 170 (only): Čağ. xv ff. čanağ/čanak (‘with č-’) kesa ‘bowl’ San. 209r. 28 (Rumi quotn.): Oğuz xı čanak al-qas'a Kaš. I 381: a.o. I 84 (1 ayak): Xwar. xıv čanak ‘bowl, dish’ Qutb 40: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-zabdiya ‘an earthenware bowl’ čana:k Hou. 17, 9:xiv čanak (c) al-qas'a Jd. 4e: xv al-zabdiya šanak (sic) Kav. 64, 7.

čanka: (claw, talon) n.o.a.b.; prob. a l.-w.; al-dehür is not listed in the ordinary dicts. Xak. xı čanka: al-dehür, that is ‘a kind of game trap’ (al-mašeyid) Kaš. I427: Čağ. xv ff. čanka (spelt, by implication, w. c-) čangal ‘claw, talon’ San. 209V. 3.

DF čınık- Intrans. Den. V. fr. čı:n; apparently survives in NC Kır. čınık-; Kzx. šinik- ‘to become hard, strong’ and Kar. L. T.; Kaz. čınık- ‘to become accustomed to (e.g. hardships)’ R III 2072; IV 205; Kov;. 179; presumably by some such evolution of meaning as ‘to be tested and found sound’. Xak. xı sö:z čınıktı: tahaqqaqa’l-xobar rca'I--kalem ‘the news, or statement, was confirmed’ Kaš. II 117 (čınıka:r, čımkma:k): Kom. xıv ‘to be tested and found genuine’ čmık-CCG; Gr. 78 (quotn.).

DF čınğar- (čı:nğar-) Trans. Den. V. fr. čı:n; ‘to investigate, or check the truth of (something Acc.)'; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. čınğar- ‘to investigate’ is occasionally used by itself e.g. TT V 24, 76 (adirtla:-) but usually in the Ger. f. in such phr. as čınğaru sakm- ‘to meditate deeply’ do. 22, 15-21; čınğaru kör- ‘to look fixedlv (at something)’ U II 24,4; U III 36, 17540, 4; S3. 4<ü); TTX 459, 481 and čınğaru bil- (know) ‘to know for certain’ (as the result of investigation) Suv. 597, 1; in the first case it is used in the Hend. tdtrü čınğaru: Xak. xı ol bu: ı:šığ čıngardı: tafahhaša ašla'1-amr tva haqqaqahu ‘he investigated the origin of the affair and checked it’; originally čı:nğardı: with -1:- \426\ Kaš. II 182 (only čı:nğarma:k sic): Kıp. xıv (čandar- (sic, Pcrror for čındar-) taqaffd 'to study a question deeply’, one says čandaru: (sic?) šorğıl ‘question him searchingjy’), and in Kiteb Beylik čınkardı: (c-, sic) tafahaqa (sic, ?corrupt; ?tafehama ‘to try to understand’) Id. 46.
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I’ll čögek (pail, bucket) Hap. leg.; this word, čapal (Hap. leg.) and tergek (q.v.) are included in a Subsection al-gunna (i.e. with -g-) of a Section containing words with five consonants of the form fa'al'al like Sİmürgük; there is perhaps a serious error somewhere. Cf. könek. Čiğli xı čögek al-'idba ‘a leather milking pail’ Kaš. II 290.

VU čünük (platan, sycamore, plane tree, чинара) ‘plane tree’; n.o.a.b.; cf. čaru:n; displaced everywhere, except in NE where there is (?)no word for ‘plane tree’, by Pe. činer. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-İJyğ. Dict. ch’un ‘a long-lived tree’ (several varieties) (Giles 2,856) šünük Ligeti 199; R IV 1109: Xak. xı čünük šacaru’l-dulb ‘the plane tree, Platanus orientalis' Kaš. I 388: ‘the plane tree’ is called šünük, the š- being altered from č- I 390.

PU čaŋal (villain, каналья) Hap. leg.; see čöŋek regarding spelling. Xak. xı čagal er ‘a wicked (al-šariŋ man’ Kaš. II 290.

VU čıŋıl (jingle) Hap. leg. ?; onomatopoeic; cf. 1 čiŋ (ding), etc. Xak. xı one says yügürn čiŋil čiŋil etti: ‘the bridle jingled (sawzvata); also used for any similar sound Kaš. III 366.

VU čaŋlı: maŋli: (jingle) Hap. leg.; no doubt a meaningless jingle; cf. SW xx Osm. čatal matal the name of a similar children’s game SDD VI46. Xak. xı čaŋlı: maŋli: ‘the name of a children’s game (la'ib), called in Ar. al-datvde (t) ‘see-saw’ Kaš. III 379.

VU čeŋlik (bindweed) Hap. leg.; the word lies between tüŋlük and köŋlek (shirt) but is completely unvocalized; presumably an A.N. (Conc. N.) of unknown origin. Xak. xı čeŋlik al-lableb 'bindweed, Dolichos lablab' Kaš. III 383.

D čınla:- Den. V. fr. či:n; s.i.s.m.l. (not SC, SW) meaning ‘to speak the truth, behave correctly’. Cf. čınık-, čınğar-, Xak. xı ol ı:šığ čınlardı: haqqaqa'l-amr ‘he confirmed (or verified) the affair’ Kaš. III 296 (čınla:r, čmla:ma:k).

D čınlat- Caus. f. of čınla:-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol amg ı:šın čınlattı: ‘he ordered that what he (i.e. someone else) said or claimed (idda'a) should be verified’ (or. confirmed, bi-tafdiq) Kaš. II 345 (čınlattır, čınlatma:k).

D čaŋnla:- (yelp, howl) Den. V. fr. an extended form of čaŋ; survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. čenile-/čeŋile-/čeŋilde- (of a dog) ‘to yelp, howl’ SDD 324. Xak. xı it čaŋı:la:dı: ‘the dog howled (fiarra) when it was beaten’; this is used for a sound other than a bark (šaıvtuhu dûna'l-nubeh); and one says to a man when he has used abominable language (šatına’a bi--kalemihŋ telim čaŋı:la:dıg šağabta katira (n) tva fihta ‘you have stirred уp a lot of discord and made a loud noise’ Kaš. III 404 (čagı:la:r, čagı:la:ma:k).

D čıŋra:k (bell) Dev. N. fr. čıŋra:-(ding). Survives in SC Uzb. činklrok ‘strident, squeaky’ (but činkİrİk ‘a scream’ seems to be a separate Dev. N. fr. činkir- (čıgra:-)) and SW Osm. čınğirak (sic) ‘a small bell’. Xak. xı čıŋrak li:n ‘a loud, clear (al-cahiru' l-šefŋ sound’ Kaš. III 383: xıv Muh. al-fanc ‘cymbals’, etc. čı:ŋıra: (sic) Mel. 51, 4; Rif. 148: Čağ. xv ff. čınkırak/čınkıravv (spelt) caras ‘a bell’ San. 22ir. 22.

D čıŋra:-(ding) Den. V. fr.čıŋır an onomatopoeic cognate to 1 čiŋ (ding) noted only in NE Tel. R III 2068, and as čınğır/čınğır čıngır in SW Osm. S.i.s.m.l. in NE, NC, NW, and SW Tkm. as čıgır-/čıgkır-/činkir-, etc. Xak. xı ol kogra:ğn: čııjradı: ‘the bell on the horse’s neck jingled (sawzvata) and the bridle rattled (šalšala)’ Kaš. III 402 (čıgra:r, čıgra:ma:k; the ol is superfluous; cf. Čig-rat-): Kip. xıv (under konraw) čmradı: is used for ‘to ring, buzz’ (mina’l-tanin); our šayx Faxru’l-din informed us to this effect Id. 75: Osm. xıv to xvııı čıgra- ‘to ring, jingle’, etc.; in several texts TTS I 160; II 231; III 151; IV 171.

D čıgrat- Caus. f. of čıgra:-; now obsolete? Xak. xı ol kogra:ğu: čıgrattı: 'he made the bells on the horse’s neck jingle and the bridle rattle’ Kaš. II 358 (čıgratu:r, čıgratma:k; same translation as čıgra:- but here clearly Trans.): Osm. xıv to xvı čıgrat- ‘to make (something) ring, jingle’; in several texts TTS I 160; II 282; III 151; IV 171.

D čıgartğu: (? misreading of čıgratgu:) Hap. leg.?; Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. čıgrat-; ‘a bell’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 79, 4-6 (as-).

F čaŋšı: l.-w. fr. Chinese ch'ang shih ‘remembrancer, annalist’ (Giles 450 . 9,893) appears as a title in several Turkish names. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. Uz Bilge: Čagšı: Mal. 31, 1: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Bilir Čagšı M III 46, 4 (iii): Bud. Čagšı occurs at the end of several P.N.s in Pfahl. 22, 5; 23, 14-20: Xak. xı Čagšı: the name of an amir of Xotan; that country was conquered because of him; it is said that he was overthrown (maqliib, or read mağlûb ‘conquered’ ?) by Camšîd Kaš. III 378.
427

F čaŋšu: (tunic) Hap. leg.; no doubt a Chinese l.-w. Xak. xı čaŋšu: ‘a small tunic’ (al-qurtuq) Kaš. III 378.

(D) čeništürük Hap. leg.; Conc. N. fr. *čeniš, which might be a Dev. N. fr. *čen-, but there is no trace of either word. By its description this might be ‘the lichee’. See čeništürükse:-. Xak. xı čenİštürük ‘a tree fruit (hami š acar) like a nut (al-banadiq), red and white’; it ripens at the beginning of the summer and is eaten Kaš. I 530.

D čeništürükse:- Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. čeništürük; quoted only as an example of the Desid. f. Xak. xı er čeništürükse:di: ‘he longed for the well-known fruit’ (tamaŋ; it is spherical (İhıma bi'1-küra, ?l.-w. fr. Pe. kura) like a Chinese nut (al-banediq šini, or ‘like a nut, Chinese (by origin)’) Kaš. I 280, 4 (completely unvocalized in the MS.); n.m.e.

1 čar (šar) (gobble. squander, dissipate) in the onomatopoeic jingle čar čur, which survives in SW Rep. Turkish in such phr. as čar čur et- ‘to squander, dissipate’. The phr. was no doubt colloquial and is not noted in the Osm. dicts. See šar, which is said to be a Sec. f. of čar and is an onomatopoeic with a slightly different meaning. This entry is appended to that of šar, and so is out of its alphabetical position in the MS. Xak. xı one says ol čar čur ye:di: ‘he eat everything that he found and left nothing’ Kaš. I 323

2 ča:r (children) in the phr. ča:r čarmak (čamrak) which seems to be a mere jingle, perhaps in children’s language; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ‘young children’ (al-darediqu l-atfel) are called ča:r čarmak Kaš. III 148; (between čaxša:k and čığruk) ča:r čarmak al-darediq ıva'l-atfel; one of them is a jingle (itba) of the other; čamrak is an alternative form (luğa fihi) 1469.

1 čer (heavy) Hap. leg.; it is hard to see what hikeya means here; it can hardly mean ‘onomatopoeic’, perhaps ‘a word used only to form Den. V.s’. Cf. čerlet-, čerlen-, Xak. xı čer ‘a hikeya for great bodily weight’ ('an tiqali'l-badan); hence one says er čerlendi: ‘the man’s body was heavy’ (taqala). A Xakani word Kaš. I 322.

2 čer (time) Hap. leg.; ‘time’; cf. ö:d (time); it is possible that this was the Oğuz equivalent of o:d, which is not recorded in any Oğuz language except xx Anat., but if so it was displaced by l.-w.s like toaqt and zaman at an early date. Oğuz xı čer al-toaqt ‘time’, hence one says bu: čer-likde: kel ‘come at this time’ (i.e. ‘now’) Kaš. I 323.

3 čer (? cer) (čer, karšı:, tušında:, utru:) (opposite, confront) Hap. leg.; it is prob. that this is merely an Oğuz form of ye:r ‘place’, and that Kaš. gave it this meaning owing to the erroneous belief that it is connected with Čerig, a word almost certainly older than the Oğuz sound-change y- > c-. Oğuz xı čer 'the opposite of something’ (qubelatu /-šay'); hence one says anıg evi: bu: čerlikde: ‘his house is opposite this thing’ (sic, but ?‘his house is in this locality’); hence Čerig is used for ‘the two battle ranks’ (šaffayi'1-harh) because they confront one another (yataqebalen) Kaš. I 323.

1 čır (sparrow) an onomatopoeic; survives, with slightly different shades of meaning in NC Kır. čır and SW Osm. čir Red. 743 (only); it is possible that SW Osm. čır/čir ‘sparrow’ is an extended meaning of this word, and that the Čağ. word below has the same meaning. Xak. xı čır 'an onomatopoeic for the sound (al-šavıt) produced by tearing (min mazq) a garment, etc.; hence one says anıp to:mn čır yırttı: ‘he tore his garment with this sound’ (mušatv-ıvita (n) lahu) Kaš. I 323: Čağ. xv ff. čır ‘the name of a bird which flics about in large flocks’ (fawe fawc) San. 2i8r. 2 (quotn.).

VU 2 čır (fat) Hap. leg.; ‘fat’; the words used to translate it suggest a rather more solid commodity than ya:ğ; al-dasam seems to mean ‘dripping’ or more generally ‘fat’, al-šahm is usually ‘suet’, but al-simhaq normally means ‘the pericranial membrane’, here perhaps more generally ‘membrane’, and al-samn is more usually 'clarified butter’ than ‘fat’ proper. In the absence of any known connecting link the resemblance to Russian zhir ‘fat, suet’ is prob. a mere coincidence. Xak. xı čır ‘fat’ (al-dasam); one sayš ešičte: čır yo:k ‘there is no fat in the pot’; its origin is ‘the membrane on suet’ (al-simhaq mina'1-šahm); hence one says bu: ette: čır yo:k ‘there is nothing in the way of suet or fat (jay’ mina'1-šahm wa'l--samn) on this meat’ Kaš. I 323.

1 čo:r (Prince, brave) a Turkish title rather rare in Turkish texts and perhaps commoner in the Chinese records where it is represented by cho (Giles 2,421). It is stated in the Chiu T'ang Shu (see Liu Mau-tsai, Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T’u-kiue), Wiesbaden, 1958, p. 158) that Kutluğ Xagan, before he became xağan, was a hereditary todun čor, and his brother, who became Kapğan Xagan, is always called by the Chinese Mo-cho (see op. cit., passim) which appears in Tibetan script as hBug-Cor, and perhaps represents *Bögö: Čo:r. There is also a reference (op. cit., p. 170) to the ‘Čor of the five To-lu (Tölis) tribes of the Left Wing of the Ten Tribes (i.e. the Western Türkü)’. A čo:r therefore seems to have been something less than a xağan and more than a beg, perhaps the head of a small confederation, cf. elteber, 1 irkin (collected, gathered, hoard, buried treasure, pool (water), wise). As regards the pronunciation, the Middle Chinese pronunciation of cho, though uncertain, is likely to have been nearer chor than chur and the Tibetan transcription čor points in the same direction. Türkü vııı (VU) Tadık Čor IE 32; Tardu:š Inanču: Čor IN 13; Kül Čor the leader of the Tarduš begs II S 13; Išvara: Tamğan Čor Yabğu: Ongin 4; Ix. is a memorial to Küli Čor and \428\ Ydgen Čor is mentioned in Ix. 21, 2e: vııı ff. (PU) Unağan Čor Miran A.2. (ETY II 64): Yen. el čor Mal. 32, 8. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 7, i ff. is described as a poem by Afrin Čor Tegin: Bud. Inal Čor Pfahl. 24, 35 (a rather later document, perhaps here a merely honorary title): O. Kır. jx ff. Külü:ğ Čor Mal. 7, 1; Elči: Čor Kiič Bars do. 14, 1.
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VU 2 čo:r (tight (vagina), dense (vegetation)) Hap. leg. Xak. xı čo:r ura:ğut al-ratqe mina'l-nisa 'a woman with a tight vagina’: Oğuz xı the Oğuz call ‘dense vegetation’ (al-nabtu l-multaff) čo:r ot; the first (i.e. Xak.) meaning comes from this Kaš. III 121.

VU čur (gurgling (sound)) Pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı čur čur ‘an onomatopoeic for the sound of milk falling from the udder into the pail’; also used of any liquid when it makes a noise (sawwafa) Kaš. I 323; čurčur (among the words with four consonants) one says tevey emiği: čurčur ‘an onomatopoeic for the fall of milk into a deep dish’ (fi’l-ca/na) (lit. ‘the gurgling sound of a camel’s udder’) I 485.

VU čür (advantage, profit) Hap. leg.; cf. asığ, which seems to have displaced this word completely. Cf. čürlet-, čürien-. Xak. xı čür al-manfa'a ‘advantage, profit’ Kaš. I323 (and see čürie:-).

čart (crumbs, fragments) Hap. leg.; the jingle is prob. the original form. Xak. xı ‘the crumbs and fragments (duqaq... tea rııdedihŋ' of anything are called čart čurt; hence öne says biziıj anda: bi:r čart alğu:rmz ba:r ‘he has a fragment (e.g, of bread, kisra) which we are entitled to receive’ Kaš. I 341.

čırt (cracking sound) an onomatopoeic with a series of not very closely related meanings. NC Kır. čırt tükürün- is exactly syn. w. the Xak. phr., but otherwise Kır. čırt and Kzx. šırt; SC Uzb. čirt mean ‘a cracking noise’ (but Uzb. čirt pirt is syn. w. čart čurt above); NW Nog. šart et- means ‘to snap the fingers’ (cf. čert-) and SW Osm. cırt (sic), Red. 653, ‘a screeching noise’. Xak. xı when a man spits through gaps in his teeth (bazaqa... min xııal asnanihŋ one says čırt so:dtı: Kaš. I 341: Čağ. xv ff. ČJrt karından yel čıkmağa derler the word for ‘breaking wind’ Vel. 241.

čert- (sound) an onomatopoeic word meaning basically ‘to make some kind of noise while doing something’; cf. čırt (cracking sound). S.i.a.m.l.g. (in SW not Osm.) usually for ‘to snap (the fingers), to pluck (a stringed instrument)’. Xak. xı ol čertti: ne:gni: aflata'1-šay' ‘he let the thing drop’; and one says ol yarma:k u:čın čertti: ‘he clipped (kasara) the edge of the silver coin’; also used when you clip the edge of anything else Kaš. III 426 (čerte:r, čertme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čırt- (sic, Pin error) (1) midrab zadan ‘to ply the plectrum’, in Pe. za xııı a\ (2) ‘to use a razor on the limbs’; (3) ‘to split (šikastan) kernels and seeds containing kernels with the teeth’, in Ar. talabbub; the V. cannot be used \\\ alone but must have an appropriate Object San. 2iev. 13 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘to snap the fingers’ čert- CCG; Gr.

D čertil- Pass. f. of čert-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı čertildi: ne:Q feta'1-šay' ‘the thing slipped, escaped, passed by’, and the like Kaš. II 229 (čertllü.-r, čertilme:k; prov.; see erdemsiz); o.o., same translation, I 103, 4; II 148, 9; III 41, 21.

čaruk a kind of footwear; more specifically ‘a rough, home-made boot’, as opposed to etük ‘a professionally made boot’. Survives in the same meaning in NC Kır.; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. as čarık. Note that čaruk (caruk) in Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. is a Sec. f. of yaruk. See Doerfer III 1044. Xak. xı čaruk al-hide' ‘a sandal, rough boot’ Kaš, I 381 (prov.; also ‘a tribe of Turks residing in Bar-čuk’): Čağ. xv ff. čaruk (spelt) ‘a sandal (afzeŋ with a leather sole and an upper made of cordage’ San. 205V. 29: Kip. xıv čaruk (c-) ‘a sandal (al-hida) made of hide, used in snow and worn over the felt stockings (or boots?, al-cawarib)’ Id. 42.

čırğu:y n.o.a.b.; the meaning in KB ‘ is obscure; perhaps a metaph. for someone who takes in but does not give out. Xak. xı čırğu;y 'ayr nasli’l-sahm, ‘the midrib of an arrow-head’: čırğu:y ‘the loop (al 'urtva) through which the belt passes on either side of a robe’ Kaš. III 241; KB ay čırğuy ay muıjluğ ay tügmiš elig ‘oh..., miserable, close-fisted man’ 1673.

D čarukluğ P.N./A. fr. čaruk; survives in SW Osm. čarıklı. Xak. xı čarukluğ er ‘a man wearing sandals’ (mulitadf) Kaš. I 497 (also the name of an Oğuz tribe).

D čarukluk Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. čaruk. Xak. xı čarukluk ‘a piece of leather (al-qidd) for making sandals’ Kaš. I 503.

D čarukla:- Den. V. fr. čaruk; survives in NC Kır. čarıkta- ‘to wrap (an unshod horse’s hooves) in (something before riding over rough ground); to circle (when flying)’. Xak. xı ol ada:kın čarukla:dı: ‘the man put on Turkish sandals’ (hade... bi-hida turkŋ Kaš. III 337 (čarukla:r, carukla:ma:k).

D čaruklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čarukla:-. Xak. xı er čaruklandı: ‘the man wore sandals, or became an owner of them’ Kaš. II . 266 (čaruklanu:r, čaruklanma:k).

čerig (ranks) originally prob. ‘troops drawn up in battle order’, a rather more restricted concept than ‘army’, which was sü:, but when sü: became obsolete it was used more generally \429\ for ‘army, troops’, etc. Kaš.’s derivation fr. 3 čer is morphologically impossible. An early l.-w. in Mong. (Ilaenisch 26); s.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic variations, but now become obsolete in some SC, NW languages. See Doerfer III 1079. Türkü vııı sügüš bolsar čerig iter erti: ‘when there was a battle he arranged the troops in battle order’ Ix. 9: Uyğ. vııı čerig itdim Šu. E 3; a.o. do. 4 (1 u:č): vııı ff. Bud. adınlarnıg süsin čerigin tıdmak sergürmek kilurmen 'I bring about the obstruction and halting of the others’ army and troops’ U II 69, 5 (ii); o.o. do. 74, 4 (i) (sü:); Suv. 409, 11: Ciy. ögdün čerigdirı at alğalı kelgüči 'coming from the eastern army to collect horses’ USp. 53 (i) 2-3; o.o. do. 104, 19-20; TT I 39 (kölün-): Xak. xı čerig šaffıCl-harb ‘battle ranks’ Kaš. I 388 (prov.); I 95 (Ülkeŋ a.o.o. with the same, or a similar, translation: KB čerigin söküp ‘breaking the (enemy’s) ranks’ 2268: xıı (?) KB VP urušlar ödinde čerig tüzgüni ‘putting the ranks in order in time of battle’ 44; o.o. do. 38, 45: xııı (?) Tef. čerig ‘army’ 358: xıv al-'askar ‘army, troops’ čerirg Mel. 50, 8; Rif. 145 (reading 'askaru'l-harb): Čağ. xv ff. čerik (‘with -k’) laškar ‘army’ Vel. 240; San. 2iev. 6 (quotns.): Oğuz xı čerig ‘the pppositc (qubala) of anything’ and ‘the time (waqt) of anything’ Kaš. I 388 (no other trace of such meanings, see 2, 3 čeŋ: Xwar. xıı (?) čerig is the standard word for ‘army, troops’ in Oğ.; sü: does not occur: xıv ditto Qutb 42; MN 72: Kom. xıv ‘army’ čeri CCI, CCG; Gr. 74 (phr.): Kip. xııı al-'aškar še:rİ: (sic), also called sü:, hence sü: bašı: ‘the head of the army’ Hou. 14, 10; (in the list of P.N.s) Bekčeri: either ‘strong army’ or ‘chief of the army’, a phrase (? , huıva luğa) do. 30, 3: xıv čeri: (c-) al-askar, also called čerig td. 42; al-'askar čeri: (c-) Bui. 6, 10.
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čörek (cake, pastry, dough turnover) ‘a round loaf of bread’; more restricted in meaning than etmek. S.i.s.m.l. in NW and SW usually for ‘cake, pastry’. See Doerfer III 135. Xak. xı čörek al-qurs ‘a round loaf of bread’ Kaš. I 388: Čağ. xv ff. čörek oti siyah dana ‘coriander seed’ in Ar. habbatu’l--sawda San. 2i2v. 23 (the same phr. occurs in Osm. and this should perhaps have been labelled Rumi): Kip. xııı al-qurš čörek Hou. 15, 19: xıv ditto Id. 42; čörek al-baqsimetu'l--šiğer ‘small biscuits’ do. 43; al-šüniz ‘coriander seed’ čö:re:k oti: Bui. 7, 2: Osm. xıv čörek ‘a round loaf of bread’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 168; II 246; III 160; IV 182.

VU čörgü: (urine) Hap. leg.; on the analogy of bütgü: (excrement, feces), q.v., which follows immediately out of alphabetical order, it has been suggested that the missing word is ‘to urinate’. Xak. xı one says to a boy when he is asked ‘whether he wants to or not’ (ha! bihi am Id) čörgü: bar mu: (lit. есть ли моча?, OTD p. 157) Kaš. I 430.

D čergeš- (row, formation) Recip. Den. V. fr. čerig; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ikki: sü: čergešti: i staff a \\\ fariqa'l-qital ‘the two battle formations formed up in battle ranks’ Kaš. II 209 (čergešü:r, čergešme:k; verse); o.o. I 442, 8 (same verse); I 179, 22 and II 283, 5 (both the same verse, of flowers growing up in rows); II 303, 9 (of stars).

D čergüči: (sorrow, heartache) Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. *čergü: (not listed, chäre heart); this word and a parallel Den. V. occur in a passage lamenting the oncoming of old age between the sentences ‘whatever youth collected for me, old age has come and taken away. It will come to you too' and 'I have become the prisoner of years and months to my sorrow’. There is no real clue to their meaning, but they might mean ‘mourner’ and ‘mourn’ or the like. Xak. xı KB aya čergüči kel meni čergüle 373.

D čörekle:- (cake, pastry, dough turnover) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. čörek (cake, pastry, dough turnover). Xak. xı ol ır.nuğ čörekle:di: ‘he made a round loaf (qarasa) from the flour’ Kaš. III 340 (čörekle:r, cörekle:me:k).

D čerlig Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 1 čer; difficult to connect semantically w. that word, but cf. čerlet-. Xak. xı al-axfaš ‘a man with weak sight’ is called kö:zi: čerlig Kaš. I 477.

D čarla:- (sob, trumpet, call out, shout, call to, summon) Den. V. fr. 1 čar (šar) (squander, dissipate), (yırla:-, ırla:- (sing, recite)) but with a rather wider meaning; survives in SW Osm. carla- (sic), same meaning. Xak. xı oğla:n čarla:dı: ‘boy sobbed’ (baka); and one says yaŋa:n čarla:dı: ‘the elephant trumpeted’ (šeha) Kaš. III 295 (čarla:r, čarla:ma:k; and see čoğla:-): Čağ. xv ff. čarla- (or carla- ?, not spelt) šada nadan wa nide wa ewez kardan ‘to call out, shout’, and the like San. 205r. 23: Xwar. xııı čarla- ditto *Ali 48: xııı (?) čarla-‘to call to, summon’ Oğ. 90, 332, 358.

VUD čürle:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. čür. Xak. xı (after čüŋ hence one says ol andın ne:g čürle:di: nela minhu manfa'a ‘he obtained a benefit (or profit?) from him’ Kaš. I 323; n.m.e.

D čarlat- Caus. f. of čarla:-. Xak. xı ol oğla:mğ čarlattı: ‘he made the boy sob’ (abke); also used for making an elephant trumpet Kaš. II344 (čarlatu:r, čarlatma:k): Čağ. xv ff. čarlat- (or carlat-?) ‘to order to call out’ (šada zadan) San. 205V. 6.

D čerlet- Caus. Den. V. fr. 1 čer; apparently survives in SW xx Anat. SDD 327. Xak. xı ot anıt) kö:zin čerletti: ‘the drug injured (afsada) his eye’; also used for making a man heavy (atkala) through the consumption of \430\ coarse (galiz) food and the like Kaš. II 345 (čerletü:r, cerletme:k).
430

VUD čürlet- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čürle:-. Xak. xı ol andın ne:g čürletti: ‘he urged someone to pilfer (qaffa) something from his (someone else’s) property’ Kaš. II 345 (čürletü:r, čürletme:k).

D čerlen- Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 čer; cf. čerlet-. Apparently surv ives in SW xx Anat. SDD 327. Xak. xı er ö:zi: čerlendİ: ‘the man was ill (i'talla), and his body was heavy’ (taqula); and hence one says anıg kö:zi: čerlendi: ‘his eye' suffered from ophthalmia’ (ramadat) Kaš. II 244 (čerleniitr, čerlenme:k; these two erroneously vocalized či-)\ a.o. I 322 (1 Čeŋ.

VUD čürlen- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of čürle:-. Xak. xı ol andın ne:g čürlendi: ‘he drew a profit (carra... manfa'a) from him’ Kaš. II 245 (čürlenü:r, čürlenme:k).

D čarlaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of čarla:- Xak. xı oğla:n čarlašdı: bakati'l-šibyen ‘the boys sobbed (together)’; and one says yaga:n-la:r čarlašdı: ‘the elephants trumpeted (bakat... ya'ni sdhat; together)’ Kaš. II 210 (čarlašu:r, čarlašma:k).

VU čurarm (bow shot) Hap. leg. Xak. xı čura:m ‘a shot (ramya) with a light arrow’; it is longer (ah'ad) than a standard shot (al-ğalwa); a man shoots it lying on his back (mustalqd) so that it may go further (yaktın amdd tva ab'ad); and one says čura:m oki: for the arrow used in that kind of shot Kaš. I 412.

čerme:- (twist up, roll up) 'to twist up (something); b (one’s sleeves, etc.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Osm., Tkm. čerme- (but in Osm. the metathesized form čemre- is commoner), but in all other languages where it survives, including SW Az., cirma-. Not noted in Xak. although der. f.s are. Čağ. xv ff. čırma- (-p) sar- ve bağla-‘to wrap and tie up’ Vel. 240 (quotn.); čırma-pičîdan ‘to twist, wrap up’ San. 2i7r. 12 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to wrap up’ čırma-CCG; Gr.: Osm. xıv čerme- ‘to roll up (one’s skirts, etc.)’ in one text; xvı ff. čemre- ditto, in several TTS II 217.

D čermet- (twist up, roll up) Caus. f. of čerme:- (twist up, roll up); s.i.s.m.l. with similar phonetic changes. Xak. xı alp er atın čermetti: ‘the warrior had his horse’s tail plaited with a silk ribbon’ (armala... bi-harira); this is one of the distinguishing marks Čalemet) of warriors; also used of anything which is twisted and plaited (yurmal maftii1a (n)) like the lash of a whip which is plaited with leather thongs (yulaff bi-qidd) Kaš. II 349 (čermetü:r, čermetme:k): Čağ. xv ff. čırmat-/čırmaštur- Caus. f.s; \\\ pičandan ‘to have (something) twisted or wrapped up’ San. 217V. 16 (quotn.).

D čermel- (twist up, roll up) Pass. f. of čerme:- (twist up, roll up); s.i.s.m.l. with similar phonetic changes. Xak. xı čavığ cermeldi: ‘the whip-lash (etc.) was twisted and plaited’ (luwwiya tva rummila) Kaš. II 231 (čermelü:r, čermelme-.k): Čağ. xv ff. čırmal-/čırman-/čırmaš- pičida šudan ‘to be twisted, or wrapped up’ San. 2i7r. 27 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to be wrapped up’ čırmal- CCG; Gr.

D čermeš- (twist up, roll up) Co-op. f. of čerme:- (twist up, roll up); s.i.s.m.l. with similar phonetic changes. Xak. xı ol maga: čavığ (mis-spelt čağiğ) čermešdi: ‘he helped me to plait (ft laff) the whip-lash’ Kaš. II 210 (čermešü:r, čermešme:k): Čağ. xv ff. San. 2i7r. 27 (čermel-).

VU čaru:n (platan, sycamore, plane tree, чинара) Hap. leg.; cf. čünük. Yağma: xı čarun šacarul-dulb ‘plane tree, Platamts orientalis’ Kaš. I 414.

VU čırıŋ (chirp) Hap. leg.; an onomatopoeic, cf. 1 čır, 1 čig. Xak. xı čırıŋ ‘an onomatopoeic for the sound made by a brass basin (al-tast) and the like’ Kaš. III 370.

F čurnı: (powder) ‘powder’; l.-w. ultimately der. f. Sanskrit curna, same meaning. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in medical prescriptions) rasayan čurnı 'rasdyana powder’ TT VII 22, 1; TT VIII M. 19-20 (antağ); common in HI and Ii: Xak. xı čurnı: ‘a laxative drug (datve müshil) compounded by Turkish physicians’ Kaš. I 435: KB (in a verse with several unidentified drugs) ya čurnı ögit ‘or have a powder ground’ 1064; a.o. 2887 (Kaš.'s translation should perhaps be adopted here).

VU čars Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı one says ol anı: čars čars urdi: tfarabahu ‘ale cildihi bi-šatvt ‘he beat him noisily on his bare skin’ Kaš. I 348.'

VU čaš (turquoise) ‘turquoise’; n.o.a.b.; displaced in about xıv in all languages by the Pe. l.-w. firiiza. Xak. xı čaš al-fayrftzac ‘turquoise’ Kaš. I 330 (verse); o.o. II 79 (sašur-); II 192 (kontur-): xıv Muh. al-faynizac čaš (c-) Mel. 75, 8; ča:š (c-) Rif. 178.

čiš (urination, defecation) originally a quasi-onomatopoeic; survives in SW Osm. as a common N. for ‘urination, \431\ defecation’. Xak. xı čiš čiš ‘an expression used by a woman when making a boy (etc.) urinate’ ('inda ibelati'1-šabŋ; also used by a horseman when making his horse urinate after a journey Kaš. I 331.
431

D čiše:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. ir. čiš. Xak. xı oğla:n člšc:di: ‘the boy nrinated and defecated’; this word is used only of children Kaš. III 267 (no Aor. or Infin.).

PUD čašut the exact pronunciation (-Š- or -S-) is uncertain since the Uyğ. script is ambiguous and the Kip. and Osm. forms may have been altered to conform to a supposed etymological connection with Ar. casus; the meaning too may have altered for the same reason. Active Dev. N. fr. *čaš-, cf. čašur-, q.v. The meaning in Uyğ. can only be conjectured, but as both words are used in Hend. with yogatğ/yoga:-, ‘delation’ or ‘false accusation’ seems the likeliest. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a confession of sins; if I have spoken lies or) čašut yoıjağ kıltım erser ‘practised delation or false accusation’ U II 76, 6; čašut cašurdımız yogadımız erser TT IV 8, 71 v.l. (see note thereon): Civ. til talašur čašut yogağ tlgllešlr ‘there is a battle of tongues, and ■ delations and false accusations are whispered’ TT I 74: Kip. xıv čašu’ (o) al-cesûs ‘spy’; it is a Turcisized (mutarrak) form of the Ar. word Id. 43: Osm. xıv ff. čašut (rare)/čašıt ‘spy’; in several texts TTS I 148; II 212 (the word still survives in Osm. and xx Anat. čašıt ‘mischief-maker, trickster’ SDD 307; čavšut ‘spy’ do. 312).

D čišet- (excrete) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of čiše:-. Xak. xı ura:ğut kenčin čišetti: ‘the woman made her child urinate and defecate’ Kaš. II 307 (čišetü:r, čišetme:k).

VUF čüšek Hap. leg.; the obvious translation of bi'1-suğdiya is ‘in the language of Suğd’, but it is doubtful whether in xı this means what we call ‘Sogdian’. Suğd xı čtišek al-ri'y ‘pasturč land’ Kaš. I 389.

?F češkel survives as čašxal 'pot, pan’ in G. Jarring, Uzbek Texts from Afghan Turkestan, Lund/Leipzig, undated, p. 182, but prob. an Iranian l.-w. Gancak xı češkel al-xazaf (mis-spelt casaf) ıva’l-burmatu'l-a'šer (? read, with Atalay, wa’l-a'šeŋ ‘an earthenware or stone cooking pot or pieces of such pottery’ Kaš. I 482.

PUPF čüšüm (mulberry) ‘mulberry’; survives in the SE Turfan dialect as cücem/yücem, A. von le Coq, Sprichworter und Lieder aus der Gegend von Turfan, Leipzig, 1910, p. 89. The Uyğ. texts are all late and the second consonant could be read a9 -j-. The relationship between this word and üjme:, q.v., is obscure; both are prob. l.-w.s; they can hardly go back to one original but might have been borrowed fr. different Iranian dialects. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. čüšüm kuruğ üzüm suvi ‘a decoction of mulberries and raisins’ H I 83; čüšüm sögütnig ytirüg kasıkı ‘the white bark of a mulberry-tree’ Jo. 191: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘mulberry-tree’ čušum (sic) R III 2182; čüšüm (? čöšöm) Ligeti 155.

D čašur- (slur, delate) presumably Caus. f. of *čaš-; cf. čašut, q.v. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if I have lied or) čašurdum (mistranscribed čağurdum) 'delated’ (or used rough, harsh language) U II 85, 23; (if we have lied or) čašurdumuz yorjadımız erser ‘delated and made false accusations’ TT IV 8, 71 (for v.l. see čašut); čašut čašurmamak ‘not to delate’ (or use rough, harsh language) Suv. 220, 2.

VUPF čıydam (coat) the č- is vocalized with both fatha and kasra; survives in NC Kır. čiydan (sic) ‘a shepherd’s woollen overcoat with a felt lining’; Kzx. ceydem (sic) ‘an open-necked shirt’ R IV 66 (only); the word has a foreign look. Xak. xı čıydam ‘the name of a thin felt (libd), which is used to make raincoats (al-mametiŋ and to stuff mattresses (yuhše bihi’l-•furš) Kaš. III 176.

čuz (brocade) ‘brocade’ or the like. One of numerous words with this meaning, see barčın, but unlike most of them not demonstrably a l.-w. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı čuz dibec šîni mudhab humr toa athaml ‘Chinese gold brocade, red and black’ Kaš. I 325: KB (anything that is worthless lies on the ground) ağı čuz ağır boldı törde yatur ‘silk and gold brocades have become precious and lie on the place of honor’ 902 ; o.o. of ağı čuz 1426, 4773, 53⁶7; čuz ol bu örüm ton ağılar tegi ‘this woven garment is gold brocade, the equal of silk brocades’ 4768: xııı (?) At. čuz atlas bolur kız ‘gold brocade and satin become costly’ 480: Kom. xıv ‘light taffeta’ čuz CCI\ Gr.-. Kip. xııı al-aflas ‘satin’ čuz; al-šandalat (sic, \432\ precise meaning obscure, perhaps ‘taffeta’) yupka: čuz that is ‘thin satin’ Hou. 19, 6.
432

čız- (draw (line)) (chisel) originally ‘to scratch’ (chisel), hence ‘to draw a line’ or more generally ‘to draw’; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE; in NC and some NW languages čız-/sız-, the latter commoner, SW Osm.' (only) čiz- (sic), with these and some extended meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (he took a white stone) yir čizip ‘scratched lines on the ground’ (and cast lots) Hüen-ts. 3e: Civ. nišen čizip bitig birdim ‘I have given (this) document drawing (my) personal sign on it’ USp. 3, le: (Čağ. xv ff. sız- naq; kardan ‘to draw, paint’ San. 251 v. 24): Xwar. xıv čiz- ‘to draw (a picture, etc.)’ Qutb 4e: Korrt. xıv ‘to write’ čiz- (or ?čiz-; and yaz-) CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı kataba ‘to write’ čiz- (‘with back vowel’); Tkm. ya:z- Hou. 33, 12; xaffa mina'l-xaff ‘to draw a line’ čiz- (and ya:z-) do. 39, 20; o.o. 45, 16 ff.: xıv čiz- xafta Id. 43: Osm.xvııı čiz- (‘with -i- not -i-’) in Rumi, xaff kašidan ‘to draw a line’ San. 21 Rv. 9.

D čızdur- Caus. f. of čiz- (draw (line)) (chisel); s.i.s.m.l. w. the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. vusın čızdurup ‘having their magic figure (Chinese 1.-w.,/k) drawn’ TT VII 26, 8.
433

VU tı (continuously) there is no doubt that this word exists, since it begins a line in TT III, but it is very rare and n.o.a.b.; from the context ‘continuously’ or the like. See tı:dm. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ti turkaru megilikin ‘continuously and completely in happiness’ TT III no; a.o. do. 96 (üčün)^ Bud. Suv. 594, 3-4 (ornağlığ).

VU?F to: (soup drink) Hap. leg.; prob. a Chinese l.-w., but cf. (VU) töp (soup, porridge, gruel); Chinese t'ang ‘soup’ (Giles IO»75D was prob. pronounced to in NW China in vııı ff. Xak. xı to: (bi'1-išbd' ‘with a back vowel’) the word for ‘flour (daqiq) cooked in the manner of al-talbina (‘bran, milk, and honey soup’), poured over boiled wheat ('aid xadima; in the MS. mis-spelt xadibihŋ, fermented and then drunk’ Kaš. III 207.

tü: (tü:g, tük, tüy) (hair (body), feather) (fur) specifically ‘the hair of the body’ (as opposed to sač ‘the hair of the head’; kıl ‘hair’ generally, and esp. ‘a stiff hair, bristle’; and yü:g ‘feather’) but also occasionally used for ‘feathers’, and in Xak. as a Numerative. Kaš.’s other translations are peculiar to him. In Uyğ. consistently spelt tuu; tügi in U III 38, 33-4 (blirtül-) is prob. a misreading of tüsi, but the word did become tüg in the medieval period (exceptionally, this is certainly the later not the earlier form) and s.i.a.m.l.g. as tüg/tük; SW Osm., Tkm. tüy. Türkü vııı ff. (I am a golden-winged eagle) tanım tüsi: takı: tüke:mezken ‘although my body feathers are not yet fully grown’ IrkB 3: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (he was terrified and) tü tübleri yokaru turup ‘the roots of his body hair stood up’ U II 29, 17-18; tü köz kašı kapakı közünü turur ‘her hair, eyebrows, and eyelids are clearly visible’ TT X 436-7 (so read); birer birer tü sayu ‘every single hair’ Suv. 348, 2; a.o. TT V 12, 117 (evin): Civ. (if a man rubs the ashes of a dog’s tooth on himself) tü ünmez bolur ‘the body hair does not grow’ TT VII 23, 3-4; ešgek tüsi ‘donkey’s hair’ II I 104; o.o. do. 1le: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘hair’ tük tülük (sic?) R III 1530; Ligeti 271: Xak. xı tü: ša'ru'l-badan ‘the body hair’; hence one says bi:r tü: sač šu'ayra ‘one small hair’: tü: al-lawn ‘colour’; hence one says tü:deš to:nla:r ‘garments of one colour’ ('aid lawn wahid): tü: šiyatu l-xayl ‘a horse’s coat’; hence one says atig ne: tü:lüg ‘what (coloured) coat has your horse?’ Kaš. III 207; a.o. 7/24, 4: tü: tü:" čeček čergešü:r ‘flowers of every kind (min kull cins) grow in rows’ I 179, 22 and II283, 5: KB tümen tü čičekler ‘innumerable flowers’ 70; tümen mil) tü erdem ‘innumerable manly virtues’ 304; (my fiftieth year has come and) kuğu kıldı kuzgun tüsi teg bašım ‘and has made my head which was like a raven’s feathers like a \\ swan’s’ 365; o.o. 1106, 1512, 1979: xııı (?) Tef. tüg ‘body hair’ 318: Čağ. xv ff. tük (‘rhyming with ğûk’) mü ‘hair’; in Rumi tüy San. 183^ 4: Xwar. xııı (?) bedeninüg kamağı tüg tülüklüg boldı ‘the whole of his body became hairy’ Oğ. 14-15: Kip. xv riš ‘feathers’ (yuŋ and) tüg Tuh. 16b. 13: Osm. xıv and xv tü ‘body hair’ in several texts TTS I 704; III 692; IV 769: xvir ttig once (IID 1 xvııı tüy (5) in Rumi, müy ‘hair’, also called by them tüg San. i88r. 15; a.o. do. 183r. 4.

te:- (de:-) (tell) (the) specifically ‘to say’ (tell), not ‘to speak’, which is ay- (speak, say, declare, prescribe) or sözle:- (say); in the early period necessarily accompanied by words in oratio recta; in some cases the words spoken are followed by tip leading up to some other word; tip tidi is common in Uyğ. Bud., e.g. TT V. The word does not necessarily imply actual utterance, and in phr. like tip sakıntım, ‘I thought that’, tip is barely more than inverted commas expressed as a word. In course of time ti:- came to be used in various idioms without words in oratio recta, e.g. SW Osm. demek ki ‘that means that...’ and Türkcede buna ne dersiniz ‘what do you call this in Turkish ?’ S.i.a.m.l.g. w. initial d- even in languages which have few initial d-s; the only exceptions are those languages like Xakas which devoice all initial plosives, even b-. Türkü vııı ti:- ‘to say’, spelt indiscriminately ti:- and te:- even in the same line, is very common; one unusual form used as a kind of written inverted comma is generally transcribed tiyin/teyin, but in fact it seems to be a Participle replacing *tigen and should be transcribed tiyen: vııı ff. ti:-, usually spelt ti-, occasionally te- is common in IrkB, other documents, and Man. texts: Uyğ. vııı ti:-, so spelt, is common in Šu.: vııı ff. Man.-A; Man.; Bud. and Civ. ti-, so spelt, is common; in TT VIII except for one example of ti- and one doubtful one of te-, it is consistently spelt ti:-: Xak. xı ol maga: andağ tirdi: kade qdla It ‘this is what he said to me’ Kaš. III 247 (ti:r, ti:me:k); many o.o.: KB ti-is common, esp. in such phr. as negü tir ešitgil ‘hear what (so- and-so) says' followed by a passage in oratio recta 216, etc.: xııı (?) At. te-, ‘to say’, in some MSS. te-, is common; Tef. ti- ‘to say’ (with the words spoken); to call (something Dat., something); also in the phr. tip ay- ‘to say’ (with the words spoken) is very common 291: Čağ. xv ff. di- guftan ‘to say’ San. 227r. 7 (quotns.; listed among words beginning with dey-fdiy-; it is explained that this has been done, although the yd in di- merely represents -İ-, since the der. f.s are spelt deyil-, diyiš-): Xwar. xııı de- 'Ali \434\ 5 ff., 2e: xııı (?) te- (perhaps to be transcribed de-) is common in Oğ., esp. in the phr. tep tedi: xıv td- Qutb 176; d6- MAT 77, etc.; te 47, etc.: Kom. xıv the normal word for ‘to say’ is ayt- (ayıt-), but dep/dey following quotns. are common, other forms very rare CCG; Gr. 81 (quotns., q.v.): Kip. xııı qala (ayt-, and one says) de:- Hou. 43, 3: Tkm. xıv dddi: qala; and one says ne: dedi: ‘what did he say ?’; Imperat. de (spelt deh) Id. 48 (the last words to distinguish this V. fr. did- (tit-)): Kip. xv qala (ayt- and) de- Tuh. 29b. iz; in 82b. it is said that the normal word for ‘to say’ is ayt-, but in some dialects (? Tkm.) de-/d6-: Osm. xıv ff. de- is c.i.a.p., but TTS lists only the Ger. deyii (often spelt deyü) for written inverted commas I 200; II 291; III 190; IV 217.
434

VU to:- (close, block) (stop) ‘to close, block’, and the like; hitherto transcribed tu:- which is the pronunciation suggested by tuyuk, q.v., but, as it is the basis of tod-, tok, and tol- (completed, filled, full), to:- is more probable. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (there is only one road over the Kögmen mountains and) tomıš teyen ešidip ‘I have heard that it is blocked’ T 23: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tamu yolin totuguz ‘you have blocked the road to hell’ TT III 14: Xak. xı ol ağzın to:dı: kazama fehu ‘he closed his mouth’; also used for blocking up a hole (ide sadda kull taqb) Kaš. III 247 (to:r, to:ma:k): KB (geese, ducks, swans, and sand-grouse) kalıkığ todı ‘fill the air’ 72; (the sky let its forelock fall and) yaruk yüz todı ‘obscured its bright face’ 5824.

*tö:- (do) “act”. Chuv. tu “do, act”. The tö-/tü- serves in numerous derivatives expressing semantics of “make, made”: törü- “happen to occur, emerge, be born, appear, give birth”, törüt “create”, törči “happen, occur, undertake, initiate”, törči also serves as auxiliary verb exactly like English do, with a similar complement of functions: “make, engage, carry out, carry on, get done, proceed, cause to happen, engage in, comport, execute, finish, complete action” with idioms and nuances, tükät “completeness, completion of action”.

ta:b (tab) ‘scar, mark on the body’ (tab), and the like. The question of the survival of this word is obscure. There is a Pe. word tab meaning, inter alia, ‘furrow, wrinkle’, which occurs as a l.-w. in some modern languages and might be confused with it. Kaš.’s second quotation looks more like an onomatopoeic for the sound of a beating and the like, and an onomatopoeic tap with this sense occurs in Kom. xıv CCG 143, 41; 146, 13 (not in Gr.) and some modem languages. This word, however, seems to survive in SC xix özb. (?) ta:p ‘trace, footprint, mark, scar’ Vam. 253 and NW Kaz. tap ‘blot, stain, dirty mark’ R III 945. Xak. xı ta:b ‘a scar’ (al-nadab) on the skin from the mark of a wound or blow; and one says ol am: ta:b ta:b urdi: ‘he hit him quickly and from every direction’ (sari'a (n) tnin ktdl aıvb) Kaš. III 145: Xwar. xıv (of a cow) tanında ak tab bar takı kara tab yok turur ‘there are white patches on its body, but no black patches’ Nahc. 340, 17 ff.: Kip. xıv tap (‘with -p’) kalima yuqal bi-ma've'1-kaff tap ur ay ukfuf 'ani'l-darb ‘slap!’ Id. 61.

tap (satisfaction, sufficiency; satisfactory, sufficient) N./A. meaning ‘satisfaction, sufficiency; satisfactory, sufficient’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NE Kač. tap ‘suitable, congruous’; Alt., Tel. tap-pile, or tabıgča (kıl) ‘ (do) as you wish’ R III 946; Tuv. ditto. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TTIX41 (bedüttür-): Bud. kaltı tapınča ‘to \\ his satisfaction, as much as he wished’ UII 28, 2; 30, 32; tapınča ditto Suv. 136, 1; 487, 8: Civ. ögdün kedin yer öz tapıgča ‘east and west the land is as you yourself wish’ TT I 6; a.o.o.; (if a man cuts his nails on a Swine Day) tavar tapı bolur ‘he gets satisfaction in his possessions’ TT VII 32, 18; kögülinče tapınča USp. 98, 23: Xak. xı tap a Particle (harf) meaning ‘sufficient, satisfactory’; hence one says bu: aš maga: tap ‘this food is sufficient for me’ (hasbŋ; and one says tap boldi: kafa, ‘it was sufficient’ Kaš. I 318: KB ukušluğ kišike iši tap ukuš ‘to a man of understanding, understanding is a sufficient companion; o.o. 318, 4762-7, 6078: xııı (?) At. (put greed of riches out of your heart) kedim birle tap tut karın toklukin ‘be satisfied with clothes to wear and a full belly’ 186; o.o. 277-8: Tef. tap ‘sufficient, sufficiently’ 285: Xwar. xııı (?) atam čımad etüp erse menüg tapum erürmü ‘if my father gives disagreeable orders (Mong. l.-w.), is it any satisfaction to me?’ Oğ. 187-8: xıv agar tap bolur ögin rahatlardın ‘he is satisfied with it without other comforts’ Nahc. 439, 11.

tev (trick, device) ‘trick, device’; practically syn. w. 1 a:l and čeviš, q.v., but always used in a pejorative sense; in Uyğ. only in the Hend. tev (VU 2) kür. Cf. tevlig. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 9, 11-12 (ii) (2 a:r-): Man. MII5, (8-10 antağ): Bud. tev [kür] yavlak sakınč ‘tricks (Hend.) and evil thoughts’ U II 23, 12: Xak. xı tev (spelt tef) al-makr wa'l--hila ‘trick, ruse’ Kaš. I 332 (prov.).

to:b (ball, cannon) ‘a ball’; Kaš.’s etymology is of course erroneous, see tobik. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?), usually as top. See Doerfer II 948. Xak. xı ‘a ball’ (al-kura) is called to:b, it is an abbreviation (qasi) of tobık Kaš. III 119; a.o. I 318 (čıp): xıv Muh. al-kura to:p Mel. 63, 12 (only): Čağ. xv ff. top gtly-i mudawivar ‘a spherical ball’, in Ar. kura; and they use it metaph. for ‘a cannon’ (topi) which they fire in the direction of the enemy, in Ar. madfa' San. 167V. 1: Kom. xıv ‘ball’ top CCG; Gr. : Kip. xıv tob (sic?, between tap and tap- with -p- marked in both) al-kura Id. 6i: xv kura tob Tuh. 31a. ii.

VU töp (soup, porridge, gruel) perhaps survives in NC xix Kzx. töp ‘gruel; porridge’ (Russian kasha). Xak. xı töp ‘boiled wheat’ (xadima) mixed with barley dough (or yeast? xamiŋ, wrapped in felt, left in a warm place to mature, and eaten later’ Kaš. I 318.

tü:b (d-) (root, foundation, basis, substrate (flat), bottom, ancestry) (tub) (dip) (table) originally ‘the root of a tree or plant’; hence metaph. ‘the foundation (of a structure); the bottom (e.g. of the sea); the ancestry or origin (e.g. of a man)’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as tüp, but NE Tuv. düp; SW Az. dib; Osm. dib/dip; Tkm. düp. Cf. tö:z (root, basis, origin), 1 kök (root, origin), yıltız (root, pedigree, basic (sense)). See Doerfer II 995. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (after a list of four great sins) tübinde ol ok ma ölmeki bar ‘in their roots \\435\\ is precisely their death’ M II 11, 8-9; a.o. TT III 52-3 (İI-): Bud. Sanskrit jetibhavöntadarii ‘seeing the end of birth and existence’ tuğum ajunnu:# tüpin (? for tübln) körte:či TT VIII A.47; altın tüb avıš tamuka ‘down to the lowest ovici hell’ Suv. 133, 16; er> tübinde ‘at the last, in the end’ TT VII 40, 143; o.o. U II 29, 17 (tü:); Hüen-ts. 154 (üzlilnčü:): Civ. kulak tübi tepreser ‘if the root of the ear twitches’ TT VII 34, 10; til tüpi (? for tübi) ‘the root of the tongue' TT VIII 1.1; o.o. II I 162, 165, 191 (buda:) Xak. xı tü:b ‘the root’ (ašl) of any tree; one says yığa:č tU:bi: ‘the root of a tree’; tü:b ‘the foundation’ (uss) of a wall; one says ta:m tübi: ‘the foundation of a wall: one also says tü:b for ‘the ancestry of a man’ (ašlu'1-insen), hence one says tü:blüg eren ‘a well-born (ašil) man’ Kaš. III 119; (the pot says) tü:büm altu:n ‘my bottom (asfal) is gold’ I 52, 10; kaya: tübi: (mc) ‘the foot (asfal) of the rock’ I 73, 9; (hit a Persian in the eye and) tikenig tübre: ‘a thorn bush at the roots’ (al-ašl); II 280, 14 a.o. III 123 (tö:z): KB (a man’s mind is like a bottomless sea) bilig yinčil senı tübinde yatur ‘wisdom lies like a pearl, on its bottom’ 211; (the sun is stable) bu jabit tidüküm tübi berk bolur ‘by “stable” I mean that its foundation is firm’ 833; söz tübi ašlı ‘the foundation (Hend.) of a statement’ 999; (if you take a wife, take one socially inferior to yourself) bedük tübke yakma ‘do not go near a noble family’ 4479; o.o. 506 (u:l), 889, 1140 (I u:č), 1704» 44’ 11 etc.: xn (?) KB VP 11 (tiz- (line up, string)): xııı (?) Tef. tiib ‘the root (of a tree); the bottom (of a well)’ 316, 319: xıv Muh. ‘the root (ašl) of the tongue’ dil tü:bİ: Mel. 47, 3; Rif. 141 (ti:l); šadru'1-bayt ‘the front (?) of a house’iw ti:bi: 179 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tüp dib, either ‘the root’ (dib) of a tree or of anything else Vel. 201 (quotns.); tüb zir wa bix wa bün ‘bottom, root, foundation’ San. 167T. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı düb ‘root (of a tree), foundation’ 'Alt 57: xıv tüb ‘bottom’ (of water) Qutb 189: Kom. xıv ‘root, foundation; beneath’ tüb CCI, CCG; Gr. 260 (quotns.): Kip. xııı ašlu'l--šacara tib Hou. 7, 11: xıv dib al-qa'r ‘the bottom’ Id. 47: xv ča'ru'l-šay’ wa asfaluhu tüb (in margin, in second hand, dib) Tuh. 29b. 4; a.o. 73b. 9: Osm. xıv to xvı dib ‘root’ in several texts, but dib in dib dede ‘ancestor’ looks more like a jingle TTS I 209; II 302; III 196; IV 227.

1 tap- (serve, worship) ‘to serve’, in the sense both of serving a human master, and (metaph.) serving God, i.e. worshipping. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. tap- ‘to worship’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. TT II10, 79 (ağırla:-): Uyğ. ıx (my sons, grow up like my teacher and) xanka: tap ‘serve the Xan’ Suci 9: vııı ff. Civ. ündedeči til ağız tapğay ‘the vociferous tongue and mouth will serve’ (We ?) TT 1108 : O. Kır. ıx ff. xamm ilimke: tapdim ‘I served my Xan and my realm’ Mai. 13, 2; o.o. do. 3, etc.; 46, 2: Xak. xı kul terjri:ke: tapdi: ‘the servant served (or \435\ worshipped, 'abada'I-abd) God’; and one says ol xa:nka: tapdi: ‘he served (xadama) the king’ (etc.) Kaš. II 3 (tapa:r, tapma:k); yalguk tapar karinka: ‘man serves (yaxdum) his belly’ III 222, 1: KB tapugčıka tapsa učuzluk bolur ‘if a man serves a servant he gets no value for it’ 3750: Čağ. xv ff. tab- (so spelt) parastidan ‘to worship’; der. fr. tabuk (tobik (ball, ankle-bone, knee-cap)??) San. 150V. 8: Xwar. xıv tap- ‘to worship’ Qutb 167.
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2 tap- (find, receive, attain, reach, meet) (tap (attain)) ‘to find’. S.i.a.m.l.g., the only word for ‘to find’ except in SW Osm. where bul- (find, obtain), q.v., is commoner. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kutğarğu tınlığlarığ tapdukta ‘when you found mortals to save’ TT III 61; a.o. do. 168 (amril-): Bud. UII 36, 43 (bul-): Civ. neme tapmaz ‘he does not find anything’ TT VII 28, 40; tavar tapar ‘he attains wealth’ do. 29, 16; (if you seek for wealth) bulduŋ taptiŋ ‘you attain it (Hend.)’ (Denominal -daŋ/-duŋ, etc. forms Conc. N.s only(?) in otuŋ, uldaŋ, and perhaps izdeŋ) TT I 11: Xak. xı ol ne:gni: tapdi: ‘he found (wacada) the thing’, which was lost Kaš. II 3 (same para, as 1 tap-); a.o. I 425, 12 (a:la:): xııı (?) Tef. tap- ‘to find, attain’ 285: xıv Muh. wacada da:p- Mel. 20, 1; Rif. 99 (tap-); lahiqa ‘to reach’ da:p- 20, 1 (114 yet-): Čağ. xv ff. tap- (‘with -p-’) yeftan ‘to find’ San. 150V. 8; a.o.o.: Kom. xıv ‘to find’ tap- CCG; Gr. 235 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) tap- ‘to find’ Oğ. 3, a.o.o.: xıv ditto Qutb 167; Nahc. 343, 4; ‘to obtain (attain)’ MN 140, etc.: Kip. xıv tap- (‘with -p-’) wacada Id. 61; Bul. 88v.; tap- iltaqa ‘to meet’; hence beyni: t^aPğ*l ‘meet the beg' Id. 61; a.o. do. 36 (bul-): xv tap- wacada aw iltaqa aw šadafa (‘to meet’) Kav. 10, 10; wacada tap- Tuh. 38b. 6.

3 tap- (receive, attain, tap (attain)) (if you seek for wealth) bulduŋ taptiŋ ‘you attain it (Hend.)’, xııı (?) Tef. tap- ‘to find, attain’, Nahc. 343, 4; ‘to obtain (attain)’

tep- (? d-) (*tep- (??)) (kick, stamp, clap) ‘to kick (someone Acc.)', hence ‘to stamp, clap’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az. tep-; Osm. tep-/dep-; Tkm. dep-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (my own evil deeds) bašda tepdi ‘have kicked me on the head’ U IV 38, 151; a.o. III 14, 3: Xak. xı ol kulin tepdi: ‘he kicked (rakala... bi-riclihŋ his slave’ Kaš. II3 (tepe:r, tepme:k); o.o. I 386 (tepig); 526 (örtgü:n), etc.: KB čıkar su kayuda adak tepseler ‘water comes out wherever they tread (kick)’ 974: xıv Muh. rafasa ‘to kick' dep- Mal. 26, 11; Rif. 109 (tep-): Čağ. xv ff. tip- (‘with -p-’) lakad zadan wa pe zadan ‘to kick’ San. i88v. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tip- ditto Qutb 17e: Kip. xııı rafasa tep- Hou. 34, 13: xıv ditto Id. 37; dep- (‘with -p-’) rafasa do. 47: xv tep- rafasa Kav. 9, 3; Tuh. 17b. 3.

tev- (impale) ‘to impale’ (on a spit (skewer)) and the like. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol etig si:ška: tevdi: ‘he impaled (nazama) the meat on the spit’ (etc.) Kaš. II15 (teve:r, tevme:k); tevdi: etni: ‘he impaled (šakka) the meat on a spit’ I 401, 7; a.o. do. 9: Kip. xıv dew- xamaša ‘to scratch’, one says yüzin dewdi: ‘he scratched his face’ Id. 51.' See tevči:- (stitch, baste)

D tapa: (towards) Ger. fr. 2 tap- (find, receive, attain, reach, meet) (tap (attain)); normally a Postposition meaning ‘towards’, but there are \436\ traces of its use as a Common N. Survives in NW Kaz. taba R III 959 but there following the Dot. Cf. taparu:. Türkü vııı tapa: is fairly common, e.g. (I campaigned) yırğaru: Oğuz bodun tapa: ‘northwards towards (i.e. against) the Oğuz people’ IE 28: Uyğ. vııı tapa: is fairly common, e.g. Čik tapa: yortulun ‘I marched towards (against) the Čik’ Šu. E 7; a.o. do. E 10 (1: d-):vııı ff. Bud. tapa is common, e.g. ičğerü kaıjı xan tapa kigürdi ‘he brought him into the palace to his father the king’ PP 25, 2-3; o.o. do. 6i, 4; U II23, 11; 24, 3; UIII 36, 17; TTX common: Civ. ig tapa körsersen ‘if you consult (the omens) concerning an illness’ TT I 77, 98; a.o.o.: Xak. xı tapa: a Particle (harf) representing ‘to’ (ile); one says meniŋ tapa: keldi: ‘he came to me’: tapa: a Particle meaning ‘dislike, aversion’ (al-rağm); hence one says ol amg tapa:sı: kıldı: ca'ala lahu me yarğamuhu ‘he did what he disliked to him’ Kaš. III 216; several o.o. in the first sense: KB isizler yakm bolsa begler tapa ‘if evil men are near the begs’ 889; o.o. 578, 544e: xııı (?) At. 449 (ük-); Tef. tapa ‘to, towards’ 280. xrv Rbğ. Te’if tapa ‘in the direction of Te’if’ R III 959. Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 22: xıv ditto Qutb 67; Nahc. 78, 14; 102, 9; 139, 6-7.
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F dawa: (OTD dava dye, drug) the two meanings are unconnected; the first seems to represent Ar. daıve ‘drug’, etc., a l.-w. in many modern languages; the second is inexplicable. Xak. xı dawa: ‘the fruit of the tamarisk (hamlu'1-tarfe’) which is used by dyers’: dawa: ‘flocks Čamtta) of wool which are twisted into a rough rope, put on the distaff, and spun’ Kaš. III 237.

D tapı: ‘satisfaction’ and the like; prob. tap with the 3rd Pers. Poss. Suff. regarded as a Common N. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı tapı: ‘satisfaction’ (al-ride) with something; hence one says bu: i:šta: amŋ tapi:si: kere:k ‘he ought to be satisfied with this affair’; and one says bo:dı: tapı: er racul rab’a ‘a man of moderate stature’ Kaš. III 2le: KB tapuğ beg tapısı üze bolmasa ‘if the service is not to the beg's satisfaction’ 840; a.o. 843; (however decrepit this good man may be) tapı men bulayın (so read ?) bu edgü iši ‘I shall find satisfaction in this good companion’ 924.

tüpi: (wind) originally merely ‘a high wind’, later ‘a high wind earning snow or dust’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. tipi ‘snow-storm’, but Tkm. tüveley ‘dust-storm’ is clearly a der. f. Xak. xı tüpi: al-rihu'1-’ešif ‘a high wind’ Kaš. III 216 (verse); / 219 (ağtar-) a.o.o. in the context of a high wind clearing the sky or fanning the flames: Kip. xııı al-sefi mtna'l--tilc wa ğayrihi ‘a high wind driving snow, etc.’ (VU) tipi: (unvocalized, -b-) Hou. 5, 12: xıv tipi: (-b-) ‘wind (rih) coming with snow’ Id. 37; dipi: (‘with -p-’) ditto do. 47.

töpü: (töpö:) (top, hill) (top) ‘the top’, more esp. of a natural feature (mountain, etc.) or a man’s head; hence, DBA by extension, ‘a hill’. S.i.a.m.l.g., the forms varying fr. NIi, NC töbö through SIe töpe; NW töbe to SC Uzb. tepa; SW Az., Osm. tepe; Tkm. depe. See Doerfer II 872. Türkü vııı (reaching down) teŋri: töpüsinde: ‘from the height of heaven’ I E 11, II E 10: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A otka örtenke töpün tüšügür (sic) ‘fall headlong into fire and flames’ M I 9, 13-14; o.o. do. 17, 19-20; 20, 3: Man. töpüsin togtaru ‘turning him head downwards’ M II 13, 5; a.o. TT IX le: Chr. (the Magŋ töpün tüšüp yüküntiler ‘fell on their faces and worshipped’ U I 8, 16-17: Bud. töpüsi üze yükünüp U II 29, 23-4; Sumir tağnıg töpüsinde ‘on the summit of Mount Sumeru’ U I 23, 4-5; töpün yatğururlar ‘make them lie on their faces’ TM IV 252, 34; o.o. U II 40, 107-8 (učruğ); TT V 8, 59, etc.: Civ. toguz künde töpüde bolur ‘on the Swine Day it is in the top of the' head’ TT VII 19, 13: Xak. xı töpü: qullatu'l-cabal ‘the summit of a mountain’; hence one says ta:ğ töpü:si:: töpü: hematu'l-insen ‘the crown of a man’s head’ Kaš. III 216; töpü: ağdı: ‘he climbed the hill (al-quff) I 309, 16; a.o. II 79, 18 (alın): xııı (?) Tef. tepe/töpe ‘the summit (of a mountain)’ (tope - dome-shaped shrine erected by Buddhists; tepee - Native American conical tent) 299, 309: xıv Muh. al-hema tö:pe: Mel. 46, 2; Rif. 139: (under ‘kinds of ground’) murtafi' wa 'elî ‘high’ tepe: 74, 11; 177: Čağ. xv ff. töpe (‘with -p-’) (1) ‘a tall hill’ (tall-i buland); (2) ‘the top of the head’ (макушка) (farq-i sar) (quotn.) Sa7i. 167V. 22; tipe (‘with -p-’) same translations do. iSgv. 10: Xwar. xıv töpe ‘the top (of the head, of a mountain)’ Qutb 183, 189 (tiibe); Nahc. 283, 11: Kom. xıv ‘the crown of the head’ tebe CC7, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-tall tepe: (-b-) Hou. 6, 16; iriuqaddamu'l-ra’s ‘the front of the head’ tepe: (-b-) do. 19, 18: xıv tepe: (-b-) al-tall Id. 37; depe: (‘with -p-’) yefüxu'l-ra's ‘the crown of the head’, also al-tall do. 47; a.o. do. 22 s.v. altağ:; al-tal'a ‘a height’ töpe: (~b-) Bid. 3, 10 (in do. 3, 16 ğite'tîhe ‘the cover (of a storage pit)’ is translated toba:; the /- implies back vowels, but this is no doubt meant for töpe:): xv ummu'l-ra’s ‘the brain’ töpe: (-b-) Kav. 60, 10; Tuh. 4a. 13 (in margin beyinŋ; tall töpe do. 8b. 9 (in margin depe, tepe); kuwam, ‘heaps (of earth, etc.)’ töpe do. 31a. 9; wastti’l-ra’s ‘the middle of the head’ töpe do. 38a. 9.

VU?F tapča:n/tapčaŋ prob. a l.-w. of unknown origin; it is likely that both forms are Gancak. N.o.a.b. Xak. (?) xı tapča:n ‘a thing in the shape of a tray (al-xhven) with three legs (al-qaıve'im)\ one climbs on it when picking grapes in order to pick the bunches that are out of reach (from the ground)’ Kaš. I 435: Gancak xı tapčaŋ ‘a thing in the shape of a tray with three legs, on which the vineyard keeper (read al-nefûr) climbs when picking grapes to reach the bunches’ III 385: Kip. xıv tapčan (-be-) (VU) al-naht a word with several meanings; the verb means ‘to scratch, cut, carve’; possibly ‘ (grape) cutting’. Id. 61.
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tevči:- (stitch, baste) Hap. leg., but see tevčit- (stitched, basted), fr. tev- (impale), Xak. xı ol to:nuğ tevčhdi: ‘he tacked (šamraca) the garment’, that is sewed it loosely (xiyata ğayr muakkada) Kaš. III 276 (tevči:r, tevči:me:k).

D tevčit- (stitched, basted) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tevči:- (stitch, baste). Xak. xı ol to:nın tevčitti: ‘he ordered that his garment should be sewn loosely (basted) (read mušabbala (tŋ for mušabbaka (n)) and tacked’ (mııšam-raca (n)) Kaš. II 329 (tevčitü:r, tevčitme:k).

D tüpirčil Hap. leg.; mentioned only in a definition of the suffix -čıl/-čil as forming Adjs. (šifa) connoting the possession of something in excessive quantities. Hitherto mistranscribed tiipčil, but a Den. N. in -čil fr. tüpi:, correctly spelt in the MS. Xak. xı for example, the expression for al-mirwah that is ‘a place where there are excessive gales’ (hubftbu l-rlh) tüpirčil ye:r; tüpi: means ‘wind’ and -čil is added to it to connote a large quantity (al-katŋ Kaš. III 56.

D tapčalığ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. *tapča:, which seems to be the Equative f. of ta:b meaning something like ‘bruise, disfigurement; bruised, damaged’. Cf. tapčasız. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 135, 13-14 (artark).

D tapčasız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. ♦tapča:; ‘unbruised, undamaged’; cf. tapča-lığ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (that blessed individual) ınča İcaltı cambunad altun ınčıp ertigü kiršiz tapčasız ertigü arığ süzük ertiıjü amrančığ ertigü seviglig erür ‘is very clean and undamaged like jambünada gold, very pure (Hend.), very lovable, and very lovely’ U II 37, 60-3.

D tepit- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tep-; the more normal Caus. f. teptür- does not seem to be noted earlier than Čağ. xv ff. tipdür- San. i88v. 16 and s.i.s.m.l. in SE and SW. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. barğaymen anda šrinalandrm sangramig tepitlp kum kıčmık kılğay-men ‘I will go there and make (my elephants) trample down the monastery (Sanskrit l.-w.) of erînelanderema and will turn it into sand and dust’ Ilüen-ts. 321-3.

D tapığ (service) N.Ac. fr. 1 tap-; ‘service’ and the like. The word fairly soon became tapuğ by labial attraction, and the Uyğ.-A form tapağ is not uncommon in Uyğ. Bud. Survived until xix in SW Osm. as tapu, but then became confused with tapu ‘land certificate’, a corruption of Greek topos, and is now obsolete. See Doerfer II 849. Uyğ. vııı [long gap] ančıp kelti: eki: kızı:n tapığ ber [long gap] ‘thus he came and gave (?) me his two daughters to \431\ serve me’ Šu. ^4-5: vııı ff. Bud. bu tapığt yarayur ‘this service of his is advantageous’ TT V 28, 126; bu yağıšlığ tapığtmıznı tegürüp (so read for teginip) ‘offering this our service, accompanied by libations’ Suv. 29, 8-9; tapağ/tapığ uduğ PP 50, 4-5 etc. (uduğ): Civ. 61 ulušlar tapığı yügerü kelti üškügde ‘the respectful service of realms and countries has come into your presence’ TT I r; burxanlarka tapığ kıl ‘worship the Buddhas’ do. 131: Xak. xı tapuğ al-xidma ‘service’: tapuğ al-taa ‘obedience (to God)’; hence one says teŋri: tapuğı: ‘obedience to God’ Kaš. I 373; III 252 (öte:-); a.o.o.: KB kayust yıdı birle tapnur tapuğ ‘some (flowers) show their respect with their perfume’ 97; o.o. 101, 840 (tapı:), 841, 4232, etc., all of service to a human master: xıı (?) KB VP tapuğ kılğuka ‘to one who serves him’ 48: xııı (?) Tef. tapuğ ‘semce’ (to a human masteŋ 28e: xıv Muh. xadama tapu:ğ kıl- Mel. 16, 14; Rif. 94 (al-'abd ‘slave’ fapuk52,5; 148 (mis-spelt)): Čağ. xv ff. tapuk xidma ve tapu ‘service’ Vel. 160 (quotn.): tapuğ/tapuk sieda wa parastiš ‘worship’ (to God); and metaph. (1) ‘a kind of obeisance’ (ta'zwŋ which is prescribed in Turkistan and the dominions of the Mongol xans (described at length); (2) xidma wa bandagi ‘service’ San. 151 v. 4 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) tapuğ in Oğ. seems to mean something like ‘nearness’, e.g. tapuğuglarka men yürür bola men ‘I shall be walking near (or in front of) you’ 145; o.o. 149, 159. 224: xıv tapuğ ‘service’ Qutb 168; MN 148, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘honor, respect’ tabux CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı xadama ta:pu: (-A-) et- Hou. 37, 8: xıv Čapu: (‘with -p-’) al-xidma, one says tapu kıl- ca'ala’l-xidma Id. 61; xadama ta:pi: (-b-) et- Bul. 44r.: xv xidma t^aP^u (-b-) Tuh. 14a. 8; xadama tapu (-b-) eyle- do. 15a. 5.
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D tobik (ball, ankle-bone, knee-cap) Dim. f. fr. to:b (ball, cannon); properly ‘a ball’, but more often used metaph. for ‘a rounded protuberant bone’, usually ‘ankle-bone’, or ‘knee-cap’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes, in NE, NC ‘knee-cap’, usually ‘ankle-bone’ elsewhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. in a list of parts of the body in which the soul lodges (?) the first item is missing, then come taš tobikta, the calf, the loins, the mouth, the hands (or arms?), ič tobikta, the palm of the hand, (missing), the tip of the (missing); lit. the two phr. mean ‘the outer, and inner, protuberant bones’, but ‘ankle-bone’ and ‘wrist-bone’ seem to be implied TT VII 20, 3-11; in a similar list regarding the position of moles the order is ‘the loins, the sexual organs, below the navel, above the navel, the lips, tobık üze, the thumb’; in this case ‘on the wrist-bone’ seems likeliest do. 37, 10: Xak. xı tobik ‘the ball (al-kura) which is struck with a polo-stick’; tobık sügü:k al-kurdüs mina'l--ta'em ‘a (cooked) bone with meat on it’ Kaš. I 380; I 190 (iliš-) and 11 o.o. meaning ‘ball’: KB čıkardı tobik ‘he brought out a ball’ 622; a.o. 647: xıv Muh. (?) ' aynti' l-rukba ‘knee-cap’ t°^:bu:ğ Rif. 142 (only): Čağ. \\ 438 xv ff. topuk (‘with -p-') ğûzak-i pe ‘ankle-bone’, in Pe. pajfil, in Ar. ka'b San. 167V. 22: tofuk (sic) (1) gird wa mudaivtvar 'circular, spherical’; and metaph. (1) qubba-i xayma ‘the ball on the top of a tent’ (quotn. Oğuz nema)', (2) tappa tea kuh-i hüčik ‘a hill or small mountain (knoll)’; (3) güzak-i pe also called topuk do. i8or. 3: Xwar. xııı (?) the word read tağuk in Oğ. (362), 365 is an error for topuk, see quotn. in San.: Kip. xııı al-ka'b tobuk (mis-vocalized tabuk) Hon. 21, 7: xıv fobuk al-ka'b Id. 61: xv al-ka'ben, which the vulgar call ‘the foot’s nipples’ (bazztı'1-ric!) tobuk Kav. 61, 7; ka'b tobuk Tuh. 30b. 6 (margin).

tavğač (Tabgach Türkic) the name of a Turkish tribe transcribed in Chinese t'o po (Giles 11,336 9,335 Î Pulleyblank, Middle Chinese t’ok bat); the emperors of the Yuan Wei Dynasty which ruled China fr. a.d. 386 to 535 belonged to this tribe, and the Türkü, who presumably first came into contact with China during this period, called China Tavğač. Apart fr. the references in Chinese texts, the name is first mentioned in literature by a Byzantine chronicler, Theophnnes Simocatta, who wrote in the second quarter of vıı and mentions Taugast (pronounced Tavgast) as ‘a famous city inhabited by the people called Tourkoi’ (see Gy. Moravcsiit, Byzantoturcica, Budapest, 1943, II 255). This form proves that the word was at this period pronounced Tavğač and should be thus transcribed in the Türkü texts. It would, however, be rash to analyse it etymologically as a Dev. N. in -ğač fr. *tav-, since this Suff. normally forms N.I.s. Türkü vııı Tavğač is common in I, II, T for ‘China’ and ‘Chinese’ (emperor, people, etc.): vııı ff. Man. tavğač yiriııte ‘in China (Tabgach Türkic)’ TT II 6, 13: Uyğ. vııı tavğač xam: ‘the emperor of China (Tabgach Türkic)’ Šu. IV 3; (I had Bay Balık built on the Seleije: river) soğdak tavğačka: ‘for the Sogdians and Chinese (Tabgach Türkic)’ do. W. 5; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Bud. tavğač ilinte ‘in the Chinese (Tabgach Türkic) empire’ U I 13, 4; o.o. do. 14, 2 (til); TT VII 14, 2 etc.: O. Kır. (when I was 20 years old) tavğač xanğa: bardım ‘I went to the emperor of China (Tabgach Türkic)’ Mai. 11,9: Xak. xı tavğač the name of Me Šîn, which is three months’ journey farther than Sın. Sın was originally (fi'1-ašl) three (parts): Upper (al-'ulye) in the east Tavğač (Tabgach Türkic), Middle (rt/-nw/?)Xita:y, and Lower (al-sufle) Barxarn, that is in Kešğar; but at the present time (al-ön) Tavğač is known as Me Šın and Xita:y as Sın: Tavğač ay Uygur toalnva Tat, wa Šînî ivahtva Tavğač ‘Tavğač (Tabgach Türkic)’ means Uygur, which is the same as Tat (q.v.); and ‘Chinese’ is Tavğač: and any manufactured goods (al-masnu et) when they are old and important are called Tavğač edi:, as one says in Ar. šay' 'edi] and the kings are called after it Tavğač xam, that is ‘an important old-established king’: and one says as a linked phrase (bi'l-izditvec) Tat Tavğač meaning ‘Persians and Turks'; but in my view what I have said above is more correct (al-ašahh) and is well known in the Moslem countries; and there (? outside the Moslem countries) that phrase is used, and both of them are acceptable (hašan): Tavğač (VU) yoda:si: ‘a tree the leaves of which are like the leaves of a lily (al-sûsen), used for medical purposes’ (yutadeıve bihi] the phr. might mean literally ‘a Chinaman’s thigh’) Kaš. I 453: KB 68 (arkıš): xııı (?) KBPP (the author of the KB completed his book in the province of Kešğar and presented it to the king of the East) Tavğač Buğra Xan 25-6 (the same title, with some additions, occurs in the heading of Chap. IV (63 ff.) of the Fergana MS.; Tavğač was a frequent component in Karakhanid royal titles).

D tapığčı: N.Ag. fr. tapığ (service); ‘servant’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. (she said) tegrekl tapığčılarka ‘to the servants in her entourage’ U II 22, 2; tapağčıları (ste) TT X 249; a.o. U III 83, 9 (uduğču:): Civ. tevlig kürlüg tapığčı ‘a deceitful (Hend.) servant’ TT I 182; o.o. USp. 91, 8 and 10: Xak. xı siziŋ tapuğčı: xedimuk ‘your servant’ Kaš. I 376, 12; n.m.e.: KB tapuğčı ‘servant’ is common 99, 590, 842, 1554 (İğdiš), 3750, etc.; sometimes replaced metri gratia by the cognate form tapğučı, e.g. 4°i4= *m (?) tef. tapuğčı/ tapukčı ‘servant’ 28e: Čağ. xv ff. tapuğčı/ tapukčı xidmatkar ‘servant’ Vcl. 160; tapuk-čı (‘with -p-’) parasti$ kunattda tva xidmatker ‘worshipper, servant’ San. 151 v. 10: Xwar. xıv tapuğčı ‘servant’ Qutb 168: Kip. xıv tapučı: (‘with -p-’) at-xadim Id. 61.

D tapığlığ (serving) P.N./A. fr. tapığ (service); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı Man.-A M I 27, 2 (1 a:tlığ): Bud. azkiya tapığlığ tavar ıdtımız ‘we have sent some trifling articles as a token of respect’ Hüen-ts. 2025-e: Xak. xı tapuğluğ er imen di1 xidma qadima ‘a man of long service’ Kaš. I 495.

D tapığsa:k Dev. N./A. fr. a Desid. Den. V. fr. tapığ (service); ‘dutiful’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (sons and daughters will be) tapığsak ‘dutiful’ (or ‘obedient’ to their parents) TT VI 107; o.o. do. 278, 348: Xak. xı tapığsa:k er ‘a man who loves serving’ (muhibb li'l-xidma; followed by a muddled and incorrect etymological explanation) Kaš. II 168; toyın tapuğsa:k teŋri: sevlnčsiz ‘the unbelieving pagan wishes to serve (muta' abbid) God, but God is not pleased’ III 377, 2: xııı (?) Tef. tapıığsak ‘devout’ 28e: Čağ. xv ff. tapuğsak syn. w. tapuğčı San. 151 v. 10.

D tapuğsuz Priv. N./A. fr. tapuğ (tapığ (service)); pec. tq, KB? Xak. xı KB (my master) ağırladı minteg tapuğsuz kuhığ ‘has honored an undutiful servant like me’ 389; a.o. 646 (ačın-).

D tepig (d-) and tepük (d-) there is a clear etymological distinction between tepig N.Ac. and tepük Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tep-, but there is some confusion between the two. (The first \\ Kip. word below is a Sec. f. of *tepge:k Dev. N./A. in *ge:k (connoting habitual action).) N.o.a.b. See Doerfer II 869, 871. Xak. xı tepük ‘a thing cast from lead (ytıšeğ mina’l--usruf) in the shape of the spindle whorl of a distaff which is wrapped in goat’s hair or the like and used as a toy by boys who kick it about’: and one says o! kulm tepig tepdi: *he gave his slave several kicks’ (rakla) Kaš. I 386; a.o. I 27, 13: Čağ. xv ff. tipük (‘with -p-’) lakad ‘a kick’ San. 189V. 8: Kip. xıv depek (‘with -p-’) al-raffas ‘a kicker’; one saya bu af depekdür ‘this horse is a kicker’ te. 47: tepük (-b-) ‘a toy (hi ha) with which children play’ do. 37. *

VU tüvek (blow-pipe) Hap. leg.; ‘a blow-pipe’; cf. tüveklik Xak. xı tüvek the translation is in disorder and corrupt; ?rcad lihö šacari'l-xilef wa liha l-qadibi'l-rafb yunza' (wa yutaxxad) mitla'l-šabûr, yurme bihi'l-'ušfür bi'l-banadiq wa hadalika yutaxxad min (hu) al-qanat ‘the bark of a willow-tree or a freshly cut branch stripped off (and made) into the shape of a trumpet; small birds are shot with it with pellets; in addition tubes are made from it’ Kaš. I 388 (al-qanat has several meanings; if mitt and not minhu is correct the last words would mean ‘in addition it (i.e. a blow-pipe) is made from a reed’).

D tübger- (d-) (basis, origin) Trans. Den. V. fr. tü:b; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kertüke tegser yörügüg tübgerser sav tübi ertmez ‘if you attain the truth and base the explanation on it, the of your words does not pass away’ Hüen-ts. 21le: Xak. xı ol «:š«ğ tübgerdi: tafahhaša 'an ašli'1-amr wa'ttaba'a atarahu ‘he investigated the origin of the affair and followed up its traces’ Kaš. II 179 (tübgerür, tübgerme:k).

VUD tüveklik (twig) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. tüvek. Xak. xı tüveklik ‘a twig (ğušn) suitable for the manufacture of a pellet-shooter with one’s breath (marma'l-banadiq bi'l-nafs) with which small birds are shot’ (yttdrab) Kaš. I 508.

F tawil (drum) l.-w. fr. Ar. tabi, ‘a drum’, no doubt acquired through some (? Iranian) intermediary; survives in SW Az. tebll; Osm. davul. Xak. xı tawil (or tawul, the tvdw carries both kasra and damma) ‘the drum’ (al-tabl) which is beaten for the falcon when hunting; I reckon that it is taken from the Ar. word, the /- being changed to t- because the two sounds are near one another (examples of similar sound changes in Ar. are given) Kaš. III 165.

PU toplu: (grave) Hap. leg.; this word has no obvious etymology to suggest its pronunciation. Xak. xı toplu: al-qabr, ‘the grave’; when a man is \439\ cursed (subba) one says toplu:ka: tol 'may the grave be filled (li-yamtala) with him’ Kaš. I 430.
439

D tapla:ğ (satisfaction) N.Ac. fr. tapla:-; ‘satisfaction’ and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu nom ertininig uğrayu tuz taplağın sözledükda ‘when speaking of the particularly impartial?) satisfaction (given by) this precious doctrine’ TT V 26, 86; o.o. Hüen-ts. 2061, 2088: Xak. xı tapla:ğ al-ride bi'1-šay ‘satisfaction, gratification about something’; one says bu: ı:šda: senig tapla:ğıg ba:r mu: 'are you satisfied, or gratified, about this affair?’ Kaš. I 462.

D tabluk (crack) Hap. leg.; spelt tablu:k, but this is perhaps an error; the Section is headed ‘fa'lal, fa'lel with various vowels’; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. ta:b. Xak. xı tabluk al-šuqüq filard ‘cracks in the ground’ Kaš. I 467.

D tevlig (deceitful, tricky) P.N./A. fr. tev (trick, device); ‘deceitful, tricky’. Except in Xak. always in the Hend. tevlig kürlüg; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı tavğač bodun tevligin kürlügin üčü:n ‘because the Chinese (Tabgach Türkic) people were deceitful and tricky’ IE 6, HE e: Uyğ. vııı ff. tevlig kürlüg savlarığ ‘deceitful and tricky words’ U III 85, 16; a.o. TT IV, p. 18, note A72, 3: Civ. tevlig kürlüg buyruk ‘a deceitful, tricky official’ TT I 63-4; a.o. do. 182 (tapığčı:): Xak. xı tevlüg al-muhtel wa'l-xadda 'artful, deceitful’ Kaš. I477; a.o. III 33, 2e: KB oğrı tevlig ‘an artful thief’ 313; 1737 (kunuk).

D tüblüg (d-) (root) P.N./A. fr. tü:b; ‘having a root’ and the like. S.i.s.m.l. w. the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kögül tüblüg kögül tözlüg ‘rooted in the mind (Hend.)’ TT V 20, 9; a.o. do. 24, 68; töz tüblüg kapığığ ‘the door of fundamental things’ do. 26, 82; a.o. U III 33, 15 (itig): Xak. xı Kaš. III 40, 16 (yıldızlığ): KB (a man who has (influential) supporters becomes powerful) bu küčlüg kiši kutka tüblüg bolur ‘this man when powerful becomes fundamentally fortunate’ 1699; (even if fortune sometimes stays with the ignorant man) blliglig bile turğa tüblüg erip ‘it will stay firmly based with the wise one’ 1710.

D tapıl- (found) Pass. f. 2 tap- (find, receive, attain, reach, meet) (tap (attain)) of ; ‘to be found’. S.i.a.m.l.g., often as tabil-. Xak. xı tapıldı: ne:g ‘the thing (which was lost) was found’ (wucida) Kaš. II 119 (taplu:r, tapulma:k sic): Čağ. xv ff. tapıl- (‘with -p-’) yafta šudan ‘to be found’ San. 15ir. 9 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tapıl-/tapul- ditto Qutb 168; Nahc. 408, 7.

D tepil- (? d-) (kicked, trampled) Pass. f. of tep-; ‘to be kicked, trampled’, and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g., often as tebil-; SW Tkm. depil-. Xak. xı tepildi: yi:r ‘the ground (etc.) was kicked’ (rukila) Kaš. II 119 (teplü:r, tepülme:k sic): Čağ. xv ff. tipli- lakad zada šudan ‘to be kicked’ San. 151 r. 9 (quotn.).
440

VU tupul- usually ‘to pierce (something Acc.)’ in spite of its apparently Pass. form. N.o.a.b.; for pronunciation see tupulğa:k (piercing, colic, vegetables (stinking), globular; globular lump, buckthorn). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a long metrical passage about medical treatment; ‘the physician must know the eight kinds of virtues (of remedies?), by being a master of all the drugs with knowledge held together (?). If he does not see the appropriate time for using them’) yaruk yašuk tuupulu (sic) ötrü uyar emlegeli İğin kemlerin tınlığlarığ ‘penetrating the light (? ?), then he can treat men’s illnesses and diseases’ Suv. 593. 13 — 15: Xak. \t ol ü:t tupuldi: naqaba’l--nnqb ‘he pierced a hole’ (later revocalized niiqiba'I-naqb, presumably because it looked Pass.); (Oğuz follows) Kaš. II 119 (tuplu:r, tupulma:k); kö:k tupulğa:n al-sumem ‘a mountain swallow’; it is the name of a bird; it is said that it has steel (al-ffded) in its wings and strikes the summit of a mountain and penetrates (yanfud) through to the other side; this was told me by a man from whom I received many favours; and one says bu er ol čerig tupulğa:n ‘this man is always piercing (hattek) the (enemy’s) ranks’; its origin is the phr. temür tupuldi: ‘the iron pierced (taqaba) because of its strength and hardness’ / 519: KB kayu tağ kazar körse tuplur kayağ ‘some men, you see, dig into mountains and pierce rocks’ 1734; titimlig kerek ham tupulsa čerig ‘he must be destructive (?) and pierce the (enemy’s) ranks’ 2328: Oğuz xı er to:nin tupuldi: (OTD: topuldi) ‘the man took off (stripped) (naza a) his clothes’ Kaš. II 119. (OTD p. 575, TOPUL- 1. разрывать, прорывать, разверзать, пробивать burst through, rupture, breach, punch through (pierce), 3. снимать (одежду))

D tapla:- (pleased, satisfied) Den. V. fr. tap; ‘to be pleased, satisfied (with something Arc.)', and the like. N.o.a.b.; the modern verbs of this form seem to be Den. V.s fr. tap as an onomatopoeic for a tapping or dripping sound. Türkü vııı üze: teŋri: ıduk yer suv [?ečim xa]ğan kutı: taplamadı: erinč ‘heaven above, the sacred land and water, and the divine favour [?enjoyed by my uncle the xagan] were apparently not pleased’ If E 35: vııı ff. tapla:du:kimi:n tutarmen ‘I take what I please’ IrkB 3: Man. (the holy niojak will hear this and) neg taplamağay ‘will not be at all pleased’ TT fl 6, 26; kün ay teıjri taplamaz išig neče išledimiz erser ‘if we have done things which are displeasing to the sun and moon nods’ Chuns. 114-le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (I will see the suitors;) men kentii özüm ök beglig taplağaymen ‘I myself will be satisfied with a well-born one’ U II 21, 8: tegin alkuni taplamadı teg taluy ögüzke kirmišig tapladı ‘the prince, while he disliked all (the other suggestions) liked (the idea of) embarking on the ocean’ PP 15, 2-4; o.o. TT V 10, 112 (ağırla:-); U III 25, 4; 36, 2 etc.: Civ. seni kamağun tapladı ‘they were all pleased with you’ TT I 90; o.o. do. 128 (altmki:): Xak. xı ol to:nuğ tapla:di: ‘he received (qabila) the garment (etc.) and was pleased with it' (radiya-hu) Kaš. III 293 (tapla:r, tapla:ma:k): KB kamuğ sözni yığsa ukuš taplamaz ‘if a man heaps up a lot of words, the understanding is not pleased’ 185; begl taplasa tapğı ačtı \\\ kapuğ ‘if his beg is pleased, his service has opened a door’ 843; o.o. 848, 1431, 1610, 3984, etc.: x 111 (?) Tef. ditto 28e: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 167; MN 231.

D tevle:- (tricky, deceitful) Hap. leg.?; Den. V. fr. tev (trick, device). Türkü vııı ff. Man. neče tevledimiz kürledimiz erser ‘if we have been somewhat deceitful and tricky’ Chuas. 111.

D topla:- (crumple (into a ball)) Den. V. fr. to:b (ball, cannon); survives in SC Uzb. tupla-; NVV, SW all languages topla-‘to collect, gather together (Trans.)’. Cf. yığ- (assemble). Türkü vııı topla:- ‘to crumple (something soft) into a ball’ T 13 (učuz): vııı ff. IrkB 50 (öčürgü:).

D tüb (penetrate (bottom), found, investigate, trace) Den. V. fr. tü:b; survives in NE Bar. tüple- ‘to lay a foundation; to reach the bottom (of something); to investigate thoroughly’ R III 1596. Cf. tübger-, Xak. xı ol ı:šıg tüble:dı: fahaša 'an ašli'1-omr wa bahatahu ‘he investigated the origin of the affair and searched if out’ Knš. III 293 (tüble:r, tüble:me:k): Kip. xıv tlble- aššala ‘to trace the origin (of something)’ Id. 37.

D taplat- Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of tapla:-. Xak. xı men anı: bu: ı:ška: taplattım ‘I satisfied him (ardaytuhu) over this affair’ Kaš. II 341 (taplatu:rmen, taplatma:k).

D tüblet- (d-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tüble:- (penetrate (bottom), found, investigate, trace). Xak. xı ol bu: ı:šığ telim tübletti: ‘he had this affair thoroughly investigated’ (afhaša... katira(n)) Kaš. III 342 (tübletü:r, tübletme:k).

VUD tuplun- Hap. leg.; Bed. f. of tupul-. Xak. xı ta:m tuplundi: ‘the wall (etc.) was pierced’ (MS. yatqab, error for tuqiba?) Kaš. II 242, (tuplunu:r, tuplunma:k). /

D tüblen- (d-) Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of tüble:-. Xak. xı yığa:č tüblendi: ‘the tree took root’ (or was firmly rooted, fa’aššala, MS. in ciror ta'nceala)-, and one says er tüblendi: ‘the man became wealthy’ (tamajv7ua/a); also used of anything that takes root (MS. in error tnaccah) Kaš. II 242 (tüblenü:r, tüblenme:k).

D taplaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tapla:-. Xak. xı ola:r bu: ı:šığ kamuğ taplašdi: ‘they were all pleased (radû) over this affair’ Kaš. I1 206 (taplašu:r, taplašma:k corrected fr. -mc:k in the MS.).

D tübleš- (d-) Co-op. f. of tüble:-. Xak. xı ola:r bu: ı:šığ tüblešdi: ‘they investigated the origin (tafahhašû 'aııi'1-ašf) of this affair together’ Kaš. II 206 (tüblešü:r, tüblešme:k corrected fr. -ma:k in the MS.).

?D tavilku: ‘Spiraea’, perhaps specifically Spiraea altaica\ according'to Yud. a shrub with particularly strong branches vised to make bows and the like; botanically distinct fr. ‘the jujube tree (or shrub), Zizyphus', but not \441\ unlike t. For the form cf. avilku:; -ku: is not a recognized Turkish suffix, but this word and tavılğuıč must have a common origin, possibly foreign. Survives in several NK dialects as tabılka/tabılkat/tabılğı R III 972; Khak. tabilgi; NC Kır. tabilgi; Kzx. tabılğı/tobulğu: SC Uzb. tabulğa; NW Kum. toburğu. A l.-w. in Russian as lavolga (and tavolozhnik). Türkü vııı ff. bir tavilku: yüz bolti: ‘one Spiraea became a hundred’ (a hundred S. became a thousand, and a thousand S. ten thousand) IrkB 32: Xak. xı tavilku: dialect form (luğa) of tavılğu:č ‘jujube tree’ Kaš. I 489: Čağ. xv ff. tobulgu ‘the name of a hard red-coloured tree (di/axt... sulb tva surx-tang) from the branches of which they make handles for whips’ San. 167V. 21.
441

?D tavılğu:č (jujube tree, Zizyphus) Hap. leg.; cf. tavilku:. Xak. xı tavılğu:č al-tabarxtin (mis-spelt al-tayarxiln) ‘the jujube tree, Zizyphus' Kaš. I 488.

VUD tupulğa:k (piercing, colic, vegetables (stinking), globular; globular lump, buckthorn) Dev. N./A. connoting Habitual Action fr. tupul-; lit. ‘constantly piercing’, in practice (1) ‘colic’ (i.e. a constant piercing pain); (2) certain vegetables with a pungent odor. Survives in SW Osm. topalak ‘globular; a globular lump’; topalak ağačı ‘the buckthorn, Rhamnus chlorophorus globostıs’; topalak köki ‘inuskroot; the root of Nardostachis jalamansi or Cyperus bulhosa' Red. 1249, in the last meaning also Tkm., the first meaning, and perhaps the vocalization, due to the erroneous supposition of an etymological connection with to:b (ball, cannon). The first vowel in TT VIII is -u- and this was prob. the original pronunciation, since SW -o- often represents an original -u-, cf. toğ- for tuğ-, but later forms like topalak may represent an earlier topolğa:k. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tupulğak 'Cyperus?' occurs in Suv. 476, 3 in a list of 32 vegetable drugs, mainly l.-w.s: Civ. (a remedy) tupulga:kka: ‘for colic’; tupulğak enegüke em ‘a remedy for colic (Hend.)’ H 115-16; (red and white sandalwood, Costus root) tupulğak 'Cyperus' (yellow incense) do. 91: Xak. xı tupulğa:k al-sud Cyperus-. tupulğa:k al-qillanc ‘colic’ Kaš. I 502: Čağ. xv ff. (VU) topalak (‘with -p-’) ‘a root (bix) the size of an olive or bigger, black with a white inside and sweet-smelling, called su'd in medical terminology and mušk-i zamîn, ‘muskroot’, in Pe.; it is diuretic, dissolves stone in the bladder, clears the veins, heals wounds, and is beneficial as a potion or poultice for scorpion stings’ San. 167V. e: Kom. xıv tobalak ‘globular, a lump’ (?) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv (VU) topalak (‘with -p-’) a plant (nabet) with a sweet scent and a seed (habb) the size of a pea (al-hummus) called al-su'd; women, are named after it Id. 62: ( (VU) topalan (? Sec. f. of topolğa:n) al-mağš fl'l--batn ‘colic’ do. 62); al-su'd (VU) toplak (sic) Bid. 3, 14: xv su'd (VU) topalak Tuh. 19a. 5.

PUD tapa:la:- Den. V. fr. (PU) tapa: which survives as taba: ‘taking pleasure in the /// misfortunes of others’ in NC Kır., Kzx., and NW Kaz. (R III 961), a word which it is not easy to identify semantically with tapa: above. Survives as tabala- in the same languages. Xak. xı ol am: tapa:la:di: 'ayyarahu tva ašmata bihi ‘he insulted him and took pleasure in his misfortunes’ Kaš. III 322 (tapa:la:r, tapa:la:ma:k): xıv Muh. al-šameta (taba: Mel. 84, 5; Rif. 190); taba:lamak 124 (only).

D töpü:le:- Den. V. fr. töpü:; s.i.m.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes, generally meaning ‘to strike, hit’, not necessarily on the head, perhaps owing to some confusion with tep-. Xak. xı ol yağı:ni: töpü:le:di: ‘he struck the enemy on the head’ Čale hematihŋ Kaš. III 322 (töpü:le:r, töpü:le:me:k): Kıp. xıv depele- (‘with -p-’) qatala ‘to kill’ İd. 47: Osm. xvııı tepele- (so spelt, but with -mak in error) in Rümi,farq zadan ‘to hit on the head’; and metaph. ‘to kill, destroy’ San. 15 ir. 27.

D tevlüglen- (tricky) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. tevlüg (tevlig) fr. tev (trick, device). Xak. xı er tevlüglendi: ‘the man reckoned himself to be among the deceivers (min cumlati'l-muhtelin) and behaved like them’ (tatarraqa bi-tariqihim) Kaš. II 277 (tevlüglenü:r, tevlüglenme:k).

taban (sole (foot), heel, foot, hoof (camel), mountain pass (подошва), plant type) ‘the sole of the foot’; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. various extended and metaph. meanings. Taban the name of a plant in Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. II II 14, 125 is no doubt a l.-w.; and daban ‘a mountain pass’ in the Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. (R III 964) is a Mong. l.-w. Xak. xı taban xuffu'l-ba'lr Kaš. I400; 405, 3 (the natural meaning of this is ‘a camel’s hoof’ but see tabanlığ): xııı Tef. iki daban («c) astı kibi ‘like the bottom of the two soles of the feet’ 1le: Čağ. xv ff. taban pešina-i pe ‘the sole of the foot’; in Ar. 'aqb (properly ‘heel’) San. I5ir. 28 (quotn.); a.o. do, 85V. 27 (see uldag): Kom. xıv ‘the sole’ (of the foot or a boot) taban CC7, CCG; Gr. 231 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-qadam ‘the foot’ taba:n Hou. 21, 8: xıv taban ahmasu'l- (so read for a xııı as) qadam ‘the firm part of the foot’ Id. 61: xv hatnu'l-ricl ‘the bottom of the foot’ taba:n Kav. 61,9: qadam taban Tuh. 28b. 12.

PU tobun Hap. leg., but cf. tobunluğ, which is not ascribed to any particular language. Perhaps der. fr. to:b (ball, cannon). Bi-luğa Uč xı tobun kubııratu'1-ta'em ‘a Jump of food’ Kaš. I 400.

D tapın- (serve, worship) Refl. f. of 1 tap-; (1) ‘to serve, or worship (God Dot.)'; (2) ‘to serve (a human master Dat.)'. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, but normally only in the first sense. In the early period usually in Hend. w. udun-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yekke tapmtimiz erser ‘if we have worshipped demons’ Chuas. 152; a.o. do. 148-9 (udun-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tapm- (by itself) ‘to worship (God); to show respect to \442\ (an individual)’ is fairly common, e.g. PP 71, 7; U I 30, 9; TT IV .0, 24; V 8, 73, etc.; tapın- udun- is very common U II 40, 105 etc. (udun-): Xak. xı men tegrhke: tapındım ‘I obeyed (afatu) God, and followed His commandments’; and one says ol begke: tapındı: ‘he served (xadama) the beg’ Kaš. II 140 (tapinu:r, tapinma:k; verse) and over a dozen o.o.: KB tapın- ‘to serve’ (a human masteŋ is common 97 (tapığ), 528. 595 (uğurluğ), 597, 615, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. tapın-/ tapun- ‘to worship; to serve’ 286-7 (and some der. f.s): xıv Rbğ, tapın- ‘to worship’ R III 970 (quotn.); Muh. xadama tapın- <b>(-b-)</b> Mel. 25, 15; Rif. 108: Čağ. xv ff. tabın- (sic) ‘to bow in prayer, to worship, to prostrate oneself’ San. 151 r. 7 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tapun- ‘to worship’ Qutb 168; Nahc. 405, 10-11: Kom. xıv ‘to worship, adore’ tabun- CCG; Gr. 231 (quotn.).
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D tepin- (d-) (tap, топтать) Refl. f. of tep-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er atın tepindi: ‘the man urged on (rokada) his horse with his feet’; also used when a man moves (harraka) his feet for something Kaj. II140 (tepinü:r, tepinme:k).

D tevin- (interlock, wrung) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tev- (impale); ‘to interlock’, or the like. Xak. xı er eliğin uvundi: tevindi: ‘the man was distressed (ihtamma) about some affair and wrung (dalaka) his hands in shame and regret’ Kaš. II 147 (tevinu:r, tevinme:k).

D tabanlığ (sole (foot), heel, foot, hoof (camel), footwear, boot, robust, energetic) P.N./A. fr. taban (sole (foot), heel, foot, hoof (camel), mountain pass (подошва), plant type); s.i.s.m.l. both in its lit. meaning and metaph. for ‘robust, energetic’; it is possible that this is the intended meaning of the Xak. phr.; al-xuff means both ‘a camel’s hoof’ and ‘footwear, boot’; it seems unnecessary to describe a camel as having hooves, and improbable that it should wear boots. Xak. xı tabanlığ (sic, misprinted tadanlığ in printed text) tevey ba'fr detu'l-xuff (allophone) Kaš. I 499.

PUD tobunluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. tobun, q.v. Xak. (?) xı tobunluğ tarığ al-burr diı l-ku bura ‘wheat containing lumps’ Kaš. I 499.

D tapindur- (subjugate) Caus. f. of tapın-; survives in NW Kaz. tabindur- ‘to subjugate’ and the like R III 970. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 266 (uduntur-): Civ. kelin alsa tapındurmaz ‘if he gets a daughter-in-law he cannot make her respect him’ TT VII 28, 51: Xak. xı KB (I was too precipitate in making you my confidant without knowing you and) tapin-durmadin ‘without making you respect me’ 634; a.o. 1755.

D tabanla:- Den. V. fr. taban; survives in SW Osm. tabanla-; Tkm. da:banla:- ‘to trample down, press down; to put a roller (on a field)’. Xak. xı tewey (sic) tabanla:di: \\\ ‘the camel kicked him with his hooves’ (rakalahu bi-xuffihŋ Kaš. III 342 (tabanla:r, taban-la:ina:k).

tavar (d-) (merchandise, trade goods, property, livestock, wealth) originally ‘livestock’, a meaning which comes out clearly in the phr. ed tavar ‘inanimate and animate property’ (see ed), and from an early date, since livestock was the commonest form of property in Turkish society, ‘property’ in general and even specifically ‘merchandise, trade goods’. As Ar. mel is equally ambiguous, the exact meaning in some medieval texts is obscure. An early l.-w. in Mong. as tabar (Haetmch 143) and Russian as tovar, both in the second sense. The first was prob. reborrowed in NE Alt., Leb., Tel. tabar R III 966 and the second in several modern languages in the Soviet Union; but the word seems to survive genuinely in SE Türki tavar ‘silk goods, trade goods (generally)’; SC Uzb. tovar (perhaps the. origin of the Russian word); NW Kk. tawar ‘goods’ and SW Osm. davar ‘livestock’. Uyğ. vııı türgeš karlukığ (sic, Pirregular Gen.) tavan:n alıp ‘I seized the livestock of the Türgcš and Knrluk’ (pillaged their dwellings and returned home) Šu. S 5: vııı ff. Hud. tavar by itself seems to mean primarily ‘property’ U II 86, 41; U III 81, 14; Iliicn-ts. 2026 (tapığlığ); ed tavar is common, see ed: Civ. ed tavar is fairly common, see ed; in TT VII tavar is commoner than ed tavar and seems always to mean ‘property’; in the commercial docts. in USp. tavar, which occurs occasionally, seems to mean specifically ‘merchandise, trade goods’: xıv Chin. - Uyğ. Dict. ‘satin’ tavar Ligeti 261: Xak. xı tavar al-sil'a me jfl (ta) wa šamata ‘property noisy and silent’ (i.e. animate and inanimate) Kaš. I 362 (verse); tava:r al-sil'a wa'l-mel 1411; over 50 o.o. of tavar/tava:r translated al-mel, al-ašye' (‘things’), al-mite' (‘merchandise’) and over a dozen (not all Oğuz) of tawar/tawa:r: KB tavar is common, usually in the phr. nej) tavar ‘property, goods’, sometimes associated with altun ‘gold’ and kümüš ‘silver’ 485, 1112, 1786, 3982, 4372, etc.; elig kısğa tuttum tavar termedim ‘I have not been grasping, I have not accumulated property’ 6079: xııı (?) At. several o.o. of tavar ‘property, wealth’; Tef. tavar but more usually tivar (spelt ti:far) ‘livestock, property’ 280, 303: xıv Muh. al-mel dawa.T Mel. 68, it; Rif. 169: Čağ. xv ff. tawar a generic term for all ‘livestock and quadrupeds’ (sutür wa čerpeyett), and in Mong. qwndš ‘merchandise, piece-goods’ San. 165V. 7: Oğuz xı (after Xak.) and the Oğuz and others (wa ğayruhum) say tawar with -w- Kaš. I 362: Xwar. xıv mel tavar ‘property, wealth’ Qutb 174, Nahc. 236, e: Kip. xıv al-mazvešr ‘cattle’ dawar Bul. 7, 5:xv bahima ‘quadruped’ tawar (vocalized tuwar with d- added below in a second hand) Tuh. 7b. 7; in do. 13a. 13 hiVif ‘wall’ is similarly translated (representing Pe. diwar) with bahima diwar added in a second hand in the margin: Osm. xıv ff. davar ‘livestock’, \\ and more specifically ‘animal to ride’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 181; II 262; III 169; IV 192.

Türkic tavar. The cognates are limitless: OFr. taverne “shed made of boards, booth, stall”, “tavern, inn”; Lat. tabernaculum “tent”, taberna “hut, cabin, booth”, “hut, shed”; Arabic dabbar “small cattle”; Russ. tovarnik “shed, barn, stowage”, the Russ. fem. form of tovarisch (tovar + ) is tovarka, with fem. affix -ka, it points exactly where the male form came from; Scand. die Waare/de Waare “goods”, which produced OE waru and Eng. ware “manufactured goods, goods for sale” ~ Sw. vara, Dan. vare, OFris. were, MDu. were, Du. waar, MHG, Grm. ware, all meaning “goods”. The Türkic word apparently filled in a huge lacuna in the social and economic life of the Eurasia, its derivatives are spread everywhere in the Eurasia, and now are disseminated across the globe. The dictionary entries just for the Türkic term include:
1. article of commerce, sales
2. possessions, property, goods, acquisitions
3. supply train (military, with spillover to civilian), base camp
4. herd driven for sale
5. goods of processed leather
6. goods and tabor (train of wagons, tabor is a derivative of tavar) with goods, fortified camp, fortified convoy stopover
7. money, as an adjective of the word tavar “goodies for sale”
8. related to supply train convoy and to its goods, an adjective
The derivatives pop out in most unexpected circumstances, for example the Biblical Tabernacle comes from a tent (yurt) used as a sales stand to display and sell goods carried by the convoy train, it is a cousin of the word “tavern”. The Russ. tovarisch, popularized after the Russian revolution, is a derivative to denote members of the convoy’s cohort. The feeble IE etymologies all pull in different directions, coming up with individual and unrelated phonetical siblings for each derivative on ad hoc basis, frequently with the help of unattested inventions, like *traberna, from trabs “beam, timber”. Try to merge the Lat. “beam, timber” with the Arabic “herd of small cattle for sale” and the Hanseatic League “base camp, convoy”.

D tavra:k (d-) N./A.Ac. fr. tavra:-; 'speed, hurry; quick’. Survives in NE several dialects tabırak/tabrak R III 971, 981. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yel teg tavrak yügürüp ‘running quickly like the wind’ TT X 295; a.o. do. 115; ne yeme tap ne yeme tavrak ‘how surprising and swift’ lliien-ts. 1895; terk tavrak ‘hurriedly (Hend.)’ U III 22, 1 (iii) (and do. 56, 5 (1) terkin); Suv. 179, 13; 248, 15 etc.: Civ. erte kün tavrak buyan kıl ‘hurry to do good early in the morning’ TT I 171-2; a.o.o.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘go quickly’ tavrak barğın (sic) Ligeti 261; R III 981: Xak. xı tavra:k al-sur'a ‘speed, hurry’; hence one says tavra:kın kel ‘come quickly’; and this word is-made an Adj. (šifa), one says tavra:k ı:ščı: ‘a quick (musri') worker’ Kaš. I 468; o.o. I 156, 4 (akıt-) and three more: KB kiši ıdtı tavrak ‘he sent a man quickly’ 5954; yeme tavrakin ‘do not bolt your food’ 4132: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 114-15 (astur-).

D topra:k Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. topra:-; lit. ‘something dry’, in practice ‘dry ground, soil, earth, dust’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes, and occasionally some metaph. meanings like ‘province, country’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 27 (batıl-): Bud. tozi (toozt) toprakı ‘his dust (Hend.)’ U II 39, 89; toprak in a Chinese type date represents t’u ‘earth’ (Giles 12,099) ^{as
one} °f the five elements Pfahl. 6, 1; a.o. Suv. 528, 23: Civ. toz toprak özin sftııdi: ‘the dust (Hend.) settled of its own accord’ TT I 5 — 6; toprak ‘earth’ do. 45; toprak as one of the five elements occurs several times in TT VII and is an ingredient of several remedies in II i: Xak. xı topra:k ‘dust, soil’ Kaš. I 467; I 267 (1 ağnat-), a.o.o. translated al-tureb or al-ğuber ‘dust’: KB toprak as one of the four elements (with fire, water, and aiŋ 143: xııı (?) At. (when he lies and) toprak ičipe kirip ‘goes underground’ 308; Tef. toprak al-tureb 309: xıv Rbğ. 5V. 14-15 (uğra:-); Muh. al-tureb topra:k (-b-) Mel. 75, 1; Rif. 178: Čağ. xv ff. toprağ/ toprak xak ‘earth, soil’ San. 167V. 16 (quotn.); tofrağ/tofrak same as toprağ/toprak do. 179V. 28: Xwar. xıv toprak ditto Qutb 180; MN 7, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘dust, dirt’ toprak CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-tureb toprak (-b-) Hon. 5, 15: xıv toprak (‘with -p-’) al-tûreb id. 61; Bul. 4, 10: xv ditto Kav. 58, 11; Tuh. 8b. 9.

D tevrein (threads, cord) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. tevir- (twist), but the long -e:- is unusual. Xak. xı tevre:n ‘threads (xuyiit) which are gathered together and twisted (yuftal) to make waistbands for trousers or cords for slings’ Kaš. I 436.

D tepreš Dev. N. fr. tepre:-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı n. Bud. yer tepreši ‘an earthquake’ U IV 18, 193: Kip. xııı al-haraka ‘movement’ (opposite to ‘rest’ örü:) teprlš (sic, perhaps correct) Hou. 26, 21.\\\

tevir- (twist) ‘to twist, turn (something Acc.)’; practically syn. w. evir- and čevir- (twist, rotate, turn, translate) and perhaps an older form of the latter, q.v. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. nom tilgenin tevirer ‘he turns the wheel of the law’ TT VI455: Xak. xı er tava:rığ evürdi: tevürdi: qallaba'l--raculul-mite' tea tašarrafa fihe wa ca'ala zahrahal-ha (tt ‘the man turned over the goods and disposed of them and turned them upside down’; evürdi: is the main verb (ašl) and tevürdi: a jingle (taba) Kaš. II 81 (tevüre:r, tevürme:k); a.o. / 157, 17 (evir- (turn, overturn, skirt, alternate)): Kom. xıv ‘to twist, turn’ tüvür- CCG; Gr.

VU tuvır- (prick. raise) the main entry is out of place among verbs with -t- as the second consonant, but the word reappears in a gramm. section on Aor. forms in the same spelling. It looks like a Caus. f., or a Den. V. in -r- (cf. tüpir-), but there is no trace of a possible base. Pec. to Kaš. Xak. at kula:kin tuvurdi: (sic) ‘the horse pricked (ašarra) its ears (etc.)’, that is, raised them when it noticed something Kaš. II 73 (tuvi:ra:r (sic), tuvirma:k); at kula:k tuvurdi:... tuvura:r/ tuvira:r (both kasra and damma marked) II 161, 20 ff.

D tüpir- (blow) Intrans. Den. V. fr. tüpi:; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. teŋri tüpirer korkınčığ yeltürür ‘the sky is cloudy and it blows a terrible gale.’ PP 18, 2-3 (Pelliot read toptnar in error): Xak. xı tüpi: tüpürdi: (mc) ‘the wind blew’ (habbat) and scattered the dust Kaš. II 71 (tüplre:r, tüpirme:k; prov. see ačıl-).

tavra:- (d-) ‘to hasten, be in a hurry’; n.o.a.b., but see tavran-, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit lost) terk tavra:di (spelt-tŋ ‘he hastened’ TT VIII D.i: Xak. xı er tavra:di: miti tığra:dı: (q.v.) ‘the man was sturdy’; (in a verse) er at menin tavrayu:r al-ricel tva'l-xayl yašladd lihemuhum bi ‘because of me the flesh of men and horses becomes strong’ Kaš. III 278 (tavra:r, tavra:ma:k; between toğra:- (cut, chop) and (VU) tovra:- (grow (large)) but everywhere mis-spelt yavra:-).

tabri:- (or tapri:-) Hap. leg., but see tabrıt-, tabrıš-. Xak. xı tevey tabn:di: ‘the camel jumped about’ (ivataba), not used except of a camel jumping about Kaš. III 277 (tabri:r, tabri:ma:k).

tepre:- (d-) ( move, stir, shake) ‘to move, stir, shake’, and the like (Intrans.). This verb and/or its der. f.s s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE; in most NC, NW languages, and SW Az. terbe-; SW Osm., Tkm. depre-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (the star stood still) tepremedin ‘without moving’ U I 6, 9: Bud. (the old man) tepreyü yonyu umadi ‘could not move or walk’ PP 37, 2-3; a.o. do. 80, 5; (then this brown mother earth six times) tepredl kamšadı ‘moved and swayed’ TT X 164; o.o. of this phr. U III 46, 5; Suv. 184, 9: Civ. k^dirtl tepremiš ... ögdürti tepremiš ‘that moved in your rear... that moved in front of \444\ you’ TT I 122-3; o.o. do. 204-5 (alkin-); TT VII 34, 2-3 (1 bu:t): Xak. xı tepretdi: ne:ŋ ‘the thing moved’ (taharraka) Kaš. III 277 (tepre:r, tepre:me:k): KB (the sun is in Leo) bu burc tepremez ‘this sign of the zodiac does not move’ 834; o.o. 1026, 2387: xıı (?) Tef. tepre- ‘to move’ 286 (tebre-): XIV Rbğ. baccğa tepredim ‘I went on the pilgrimage to Mecca’ R III 1123; Muh. (}) harraka (Trans, in error) tepre:- Rif. 130 (Mel. ditre-): Čağ. xv ff. t^pre- (‘with -p-’)/ t^pren- harakat kardan run cumbidan ‘to move’ San. i88v. 17 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tepre- 'to move, set out’ Qutb 174: Kip. xv taharrak anta ‘move!’ tepreg (sic ‘with -T) \ i.e. Plur.) Kav. 77, 11.
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topra:- Hap. leg., but see topra:k, etc. Xak. xı ot topra:di: ‘the plant became dry (and withered hašim)’ Kaš. III 277 (topra:r, topra:ma:k).

VUD tovra:- (grow (large)) Den. V. fr. (VU) tovur of which there is no other trace; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı uša:k ne:0 tovra;di: ‘the small thing became big’ (kaburat), for example young sheep when they become big; taken fr. the phr. tovur (so read) yirıčü: ‘large pearls’ Kaš. III 279 (tovra:r, tovra:ma:k; corrected fr. -me:k or vice versa?); a.o. III 41 (yunčığ).

D tavrat- (d-) (hurry, hustle, twist, spin) Caus. f. of tavra:-; (1) ‘to hurry, hustle (someone Acc.)'; (2) ‘to twist, spin’. Survives in NE Kumd. tabrat- ‘to turn (something) on a spit’. The second meaning should connect this word with tevir-, but the vowels make this impossible; the connotation seems to be ‘to make (something) move fast’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (he appointed one man over each ten men and) edgü kılınčka özüt [ašıgaj tavratğučı kıldı ‘made him an urger to (do) good deeds and (attend) the feast of the souls’ TT II 10, 92-3; o.o. do. 88-90 (ötle:-), 76-7: Xak. xı er tavratti: ‘the man hustled’ (someone, ’accala) (tavratu:r, tavratma:k) and one says ura:ğut yip tavratti: ‘the woman span (fatalat) the thread, and twisted it’ (ağerathu, mis-spelt ağezatahu\-Kaš. II 330; ödieg küni: tavratu:r ‘time/hustles (man; yusri') along’ II 335, 3; tavrat^- 'accala is one of the verbs used to illustrate conjugation in II 360 ff.: KB (if one does not treat the disease) ölüm tavratur ‘death hurries one away’ 4616; a.o. 4693: xıv Muh. (?) fatala tavrat- (-/-) Rif. 113 (Mcl. 29, 13 ka:t-).

D tabrit- (or taprit- ?) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tabri:- Xak. xı er teveysln tabritti: ‘the man made his camel jump about’ (awtaba) also used with other subjects besides ‘man’ Kaš. II 329 (tabritu:r, tabntma:k; the translation makes the form certain, but the ra is vocalized with fatha, and the Infin., completely unvocalized, has me:k).

D tepret- (d-) (move, shake, disturb) Caus. f. of tepre:-; ‘to move, shake, disturb (something Acc.)’. Survives in much the same languages and with the same \\\ phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. tepretü umadın yaturmen ‘I lie unable to move (my body)’ U III 37, 35; ertlgü tepretti titretti ‘greatly stirred and shook’ (my mind) TT X 451: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Did. ‘the wind set in motion’ yel teprettl R III 1124: Xak. xı ol tepretti: ne:ŋni: ‘he moved (harraka) the thing’ (tepretü:r, tepretme:k); and one says er yağı:ka: tepretti: ‘the man attacked (hamala... ’aid) the enemy’ Kaš. II 329; tepret- harraka is one of the verbs used to illustrate conjugation in II 360 ff.: KB tepret tllig ‘set your tongue in motion’ 774; a.o. 2536 (turğark): xııı ff. Tef. tepret- ‘to move, shake’, etc. 292 (tebret-): xıv Muh. (}) harraka tepre:t- (-/>-) Rif. 107 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tepret- Caus. f. mutaharrik kardan tva cun-betıldan ‘to set in motion’ San. i89r. 15 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tepret- ditto Qutb 174; tdpret- do. 17e: Kom. xıv ditto tepret-CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı harraka tepret- (-/;-) Hou. 39, 14; hazza ... tea huwa'l-tahrlk li’l--šay ‘to shake (something)’ do. 44, 7: xıv Id. 8 (1 u:č): xv harraka tepret- (-b-; ‘with a soft (tmiraqqaqa) ra ’) Kav. 77, 10; ditto Tuh. 13b. 13: Osm. xıv ff. depret- ‘to move, shake’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1195; II 283; III 184; IV 210.

D toprat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of topra:-. Xak. xı ko:y otuğ topratti: ‘the sheep eat down all the vegetation until none of it remained on the ground, and made the dust blow off it’ (ca'alat tuhibh minhul-haba) Kaš. II 330 (topratu:r, topratmark; MS. in error me:k).

D tevril- Pass. f. of tevir- (twist); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (understanding how sanısera turns (evril-) this way) inaru tevrilmekln emgeksiz učuz ukar ‘he understands painlessly and easily how it turns that way’ U 11 11, 10-12; a.o. Suv. 133, 22 (arkuru:).

D tavran- (d-) Refl. f. of tavra:-; properly ‘to hurry, be quick’, but with extended meanings. Survives in NW Knm (R III 1647); SW Osm. davran- ‘to stir oneself; prepare for action; take pains; resist; behave’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (in a list of virtues) sevinmek tavranmak ‘to be cheerful and zealous (?)’ M III 17, 11 (1): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tafranti (sic) TT III 151 (damaged): Bud. in the Nidana cycle tavranmak corresponds to Sanskrit sarnskara, Chinese hsittg (Giles 4,634) for which ‘moral action’ seems to be the best translation U II 13, 2 (ii); TT VIII A.7; tavranu 'hurriedlv’ (?) U II 29, 19; otug öčürgeli tavranurča ‘when hurrying to put out a fire’ Suv. 141, 9-10; o.o. TT VI 021-2 (ermegü:): Xak. xı er tavrandi: ‘the man seemed to be hurrying (yasta'cil) on a journey’ Kaš. II 240 (tavranu:r, tavranma:k).

D tepren- (d-) Refl. f. of tepre:-; ‘to move’, etc. (Intrans.). Survives in much the same languages and with the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı teprendi: ne:rj ‘the thing moved’ (taharraka) Kaš. II 240 (teprenü:r, teprenme:k):KB kamuğ teprenJgli ‘every moving \445\ (i.e. living) crcature’ 1021, 4417; a.o. 1852: xıv Rbg. tepren- (of dry bones, or a mountain) 'to stir’ R III 1124: Muh. (l) taharraka tepren- (-b-) Rif. 130 (Mel. 40, 19 ditren-): Čağ. xv ff. San. i88v. 17 (tepre:-) Xwar. xıv tdpren- (of the heart) ‘to beat’ Qutb 17e: Kip. xıv tepren- (-b-) taharraka Id. 37; depren- (‘with -p-’) ditto do. 47; ditto tepren- (-e-) Bul. 38r.: xv ditto Tuh. 9a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. depren- ‘to move, stir’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 194; II 282; III 184; IV 209.
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D tabrıš- (or taprıš-) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tabn:-. Xak. xı tevey kamuğ tabrıšdı: ‘the camels all jumped about together’ (qafazat, mis-spelt qafarat) Kaš. II 217 (tabrıšu:r, tabrıšma:k, mis-spelt tabraš-).

D tepreš- (d-) Co-op. f. of tepre:-; s.i.s.m.l. with the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. terjrili yĞrli teprešdi ‘heaven and earth shook together’ TT I 92: Xak. xı kiši: kamuğ teprešdi: ‘the people all moved (together)’ (taharraka); also used of any things that move (together) Kaš. II 204 (teprešü:r, teprešme:k; verse); a.o. I 88, 2 (imrem): Osm. xvı depreš- ‘to move together’ TTS II 283.

D topraš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of topra:-. Xak. xı yer kurup toprašdi: ‘the ground dried (yabisat) for lack of rain until dust (al-habe) almost rose from it’ Kaš. II206 (toprašu:r, toprašma:k).

D tapa:ru: tapa:, q.v., with the Directive Suff. attached; syn. w. tapa:. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı one says ol meniŋ tapa:ru: keldi: hadarta ilayya ‘he came into my presence’; and one says ol anıŋ tapa:ru: bardı: ‘he went into his presence’; tapa: is a Particle (harf) meaning ile 'to’, and the -ru: is a Suff. Kaš. I 445; o.o. III 69, i; 440, 20: KB taecib taparu ‘to the Chancellor’ 521; a.o. 5830: xııı (?) At. uluğluk taparu elig sundukuŋ ‘if you have stretched out your hand to greatness’ 28e: Tef. taparu ditto 286 (tabaru): Xwar. ditto Qutb 167.

D tava:rčı: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. tava:r; ‘an animal for carrying merchandise’. Xak. xı Kaš. III 149 (ta:z); n.m.e.

D topra:klığ (earthy) P.N./A. fr. topra:k; n.o.a.b. There is no doubt that the first vowel was normally -0-, but since toz is correctly spelt it seftms likely that the -u- represents a local dialect pronunciation, not a simple error. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit vigataraje ‘whose dust (uncleanness) has disappeared’[gap]ıš toz tupra:klığla:r TT VIII A.6-7: Civ. tozluğ tupra:klağ [gap] ‘dusty and earthy’ do. 1.18.

D toprağa:n Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. connoting Habitual Action fr. topra:-; the word is so spelt in the MS. but the vowel points are \\\ slightly misplaced, and the word has been transcribed topurğa:n. Xak. xı toprağa:n ye:r ‘soft (al-layna) ground’, that is bare ground (al-batna) from which the dust (al-habe’) rises when it is trodden on Kaš. I 516; (there are no homes in the grave, and) toprağa:nda: av bolma:s ‘there is no wild game on bare ground’, they only inhabit places where there is vegetation and water do. 516, 16.

D tavarlığ (wealthy, propertied) P.N./A. fr. tavar (merchandise, trade goods, property, livestock, wealth), q.v., where the ambiguity of al-mel, both ‘cattle’ and ‘property’, is pointed out. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı tavarlığ er racul dü mel Kaš. I 495: xııı (?) Tef. tıvarlığ (sic, spelt ti:farlığ) ‘wealthy’ 303:xiv Muh. bi-mel tava:rlig (-/-) Mel. 6, 4; Rif. 77; dü mel ditto 10, 9 (spelt tufa:rlığ) \ 83.

D tavarluk (storeroom, treasury) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. tavar (merchandise, trade goods, property, livestock, wealth). Xak. xı tavarluk al-xizana ‘storeroom, treasury’ Kaš. I 503.

D teprenčsiz (d-) Priv. N./A. fr. *teprenč N./A.S. fr. tepren-. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. teprenčsiz burxan 'the immovable (or unshakeable) Buddha’ TT VI 412; (that mighty Buddha) teprenčsiz yarp oluryuk ol ‘sits immovable and firm’ TT X 335-6.

D tavarsa:k (property) Hap. leg.; Desiderative Den. N./A. fr. tavar (merchandise, trade goods, property, livestock, wealth). Xak. xı ol er ol tavarsa:k ‘that man craves (muhibb) for property’ (al-mel) Kaš. II 56, 2 (in a grammatical para.).

D tavratıš- Hap. leg.; mentioned only as an example of the Co-op. f. Xak. xı ol anıŋ birle: tavratıšdı: ‘he competed with him in swiftness of foot (/»’/-'acala) to see which of them could go quickest’ Kaš. II363, 6; n.m.e.

D tepretiš- (d-) Hap. leg.; given as an alternative example with tavratıš-, Xak. xı ol yığa:č tepretišdi: ‘he helped to move (ft’I--tahrik) the tree’, or ‘competed with him’ Kaš. II 363, 2; n.m.e.

F tevsi: ‘dish, plate’, and the like; l.-w. fr. Chinese tieh tzü, same meaning (Giles 11,123 12,317; Pulleyblank, Middle Chinese dep to'); this is more plausible than Sir Harold Bailey’s suggestion (BSOAS, 1963, p. 85) that the word is Iranian, see Doerfer I 123. A l.-w. in Mong. as tebši (Kow. 1703). The word survives in various NE dialects R III 1115-17 (in forms which suggest that they are reborrowings fr. Mong.); SW Az. tepši R III 1117 looks the same, but Osm. tebsi/tepsi may be a genuine survival. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A tevsi kovğası ‘his dish (or trough?) and pail’ M I 36, 20 (in a damaged passage relating to catching fish): Xak. xı tevsi: al-xiwan ‘a tray standing on a foot’ Kaš. I 423; a.o. III 50, 26 (ayaklığ): Xwar. xıv tepsi (-b-) ‘dish’ Qutb 17e: Kom. xıv ‘dish’ tepsl CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv šahn ‘dish’ tepsi (-e-) \\ Tuh. 22b. 1: Osm. xvıı i tebsl (spelt) in Rumi, 'a small tray (sinŋ which they call macmua (? ‘a set of trays’) San. 151 v. 15.
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D tapsiz Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. tap. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of diseases) tapsiz bolmaklığ igiğ ‘the disease of loss of appetite’ U II 68, 1 (iii).

D tübsüz (d-) (deep, bottomless, unfounded, false) Priv. N./A. fr. tü:b; survives in SW Osm. dibsiz/dipsiz ‘bottomless’, and metaph. ‘unfounded, false’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 136, 21; 430, 7-8 (ulsuz): Xak. xı KB (man’s mind is like) tübsüz tegiz ‘a bottomless sea’ 211; a.o. 1164: Čağ. xv ff. tüpsüz dibsiz Vel. 201 (quotn., tüpsüz tegiz); tübsiz ‘very deep, bottomless’ San. 167V. 17 (same quotn.).

D tapıšız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. tapı:- Xak. xı KB kali kılsar begler tapıšız tapuğ ‘if a man does service which does not please his masters’ 1611.

D tapıš Hap. leg., at any rate in this sense; N.Ac. (with a connotation of mutuality) fr. 1 tap-. Xak. xı tapıš ‘mutual trust (al-rnuuekala) between two men, or two others’ Kaš. I 367.

tavıš ‘a sound’, and more specifically ‘a soft, not a loud, sound’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. a wide range of phonetic changes, t-/d- and a/1/0 in NC; -b-/-v-/-\v- and -1-/-U-. See Doerfer II 862. Xak. xı tavuš (sic) al-hiss tva’l--haraka ‘slight sound, movement’ Kaš. I 367: tawuš (î«c) same translation, dialect iorm (luga) of tavıš (sic) III 165: xııı (?) Tef. tawıš ‘sound’ (ya'ni ün ‘voice’) 280: Čağ. xv ff. ta\vuš ayak evezt ‘the sound of footsteps’ Vel. 180 (quotns.); tavvuš ‘a sound’ (šade) in general and ‘the sound of footsteps’ in particular San. 165V. 18 (quotn.).

D tapıš- Recip. f. of 2 tap- (find, receive, attain, reach, meet) (tap (attain)); lit. ‘to find one another’, hence ‘to meet’. S.i.s.m.l, in several meanings of which this is the commonest. See Doerfer II 847. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bodun birle tapıšıp ‘consulting with (?) the community’ USp. 24, 4; tušup tapıšıp ‘meeting (Hend.)’ do. 43, 5; (my Chinese boy has disappeared) kač künde tilep tapıšmadın turur [gap] ‘I (or we) have looked for him for several days but not found him’ do. 116, 3-4; tašdın ünse tavar tapıšur ‘if he goes abroad, he finds wealth’ TT VII 28, 27-8; o.o. do. 16, 49 (in these instances there is no visible Recip. meaning): Čağ. xv ff. tapıš- (-uŋ buluš- ‘to find one another’ Vel. lel(quotn.); tapıš- (spelt) \\ Recip. f. hamdîgar-re yaftan ‘to find one another’ San. 151 r. 12: Kom. xıv ‘to discuss’ tabuš- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv tap'?’ (-b-) talaqa ‘to meet one another’ İd. 61.

D tavıš- Recip. f. of tav-; the only authority for the existence of these words is the passage in Kaš. below; it is perhaps significant that Kaš. uses tašarrafa also in the translation of tevir- (twist), but apart fr. the difference in vocalization there are great difficulties about deriving tevir-, with its close association with evir- (turn, overturn, skirt, alternate) fr. *tev- (impale) and the association between the two words is prob. fortuitous. It is equally difficult semantically to derive tavıš fr. tav-. Xak. xı (those two are constantly (revolving) selling and buying (satıšğa:n ališğatn) merchandise), and in another dialect (luğa) one says satıšğa:n tavıšğa:n (revolving sale), taken fr. the words sattı: baa ‘he sold’, and tavdı: tašarrafa ‘he was in possession of’ Kaš. I 518-9.

D tepiš- (d-) Recip. f. of tep-; ‘to kick one another’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle teplšdı: rekalani bi’l-ricl ‘he competed with me (?) in kicking’ Kaš. II 87 (tepišü:r, tepišme:k); a.o. II 113, 16.

D teviš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of tev- (impale); consistently spelt tüviš- in the MS., ?in error. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: et tevišdi: ‘he competed with me in arranging (ft nazm) the meat on the spit’ also used for helping and for other things Kaš. II102 (tevišü:r, tevišme:k).

tevše:-, tüvše:- Preliminary note. The vocalization of these V.s and their Der. f.s is chaotic; they should perhaps be reversed; tüvše:- and its Pass. f. precede tevše:- and its Pass. f. in the MS., but the Caus. f. of the latter precedes that of the former.

?D tevše:- (interlock, tangle) Hap. leg., but see tevšet-, etc.; Den. V. fr. *teviš, perhaps a Dev. N. fr. tev- (impale) in the sense of ‘interlocking’. Xak. xı yı:p kamuğ tevše:di: ‘the thread was all tangled (tašaıv-tvaša) and mixed up (ixtalata) so that the end of it (ra'kuhu) could not be found’ Kaš. III 286 (tevše:rl, tevše:me:k).

VU?D tüvše:- (sweat) N.o.a.b.; presumably Den. V. fr. VU *tüviš. Xak. xı anıg teri: tüvšedi: (sic) ‘he was beaded with sweat (tahabbaba 'araquhu) because of working’ Kaš. III 286 (tüvše:r, tüvše:me:k): xıv Muh. (?) ibtalla ‘to be moist, soaked’ tüvše:- (-/-; unvocalized) Rif. 102 (Mel. 21, 15 öli:- (moist, damp)).

D tevšet- (interlock, tangle) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tevše:- (interlock, tangle). Xak. xı ol yı:pığ tevšetti: ‘he tangled (šaıvıoaša) the thread when he could not find the end of it’. Kaš. II 336 (tevšetü:r, tevšetme:k).

VUD tüvšet- (sweat) Hap. leg.; this is mutilated in the MS.; the following sentence is added after the Infin. of tevšet-, but it should clearly be a separate para. Xak. xı ol anıg terin tüvsetti: (tevšetti:) ‘he made him work (a'yehu) until he was beaded with sweat’, also (kadelika) Kaš. II 336. \\\

D tevšel- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of tevše:- (interlock, tangle); Xak. xı yıp tevšeldi: (tevšüldi:) ‘the thread (etc.) was tangled (iltdtta) owing to its being handled a great deal’ Kaš. II 236 (tevšelü:r, tevšel-me:k, spelt tüvšel-).

VUD tüvšel- (sweat, bead of sweat) Hap. leg'.; Pass. f. of tüvše:- (sweat); the collocation with uvšal- which is ultimately der. fr. uvuš, confirms the theory that this verb is der. fr. *tüviš which, taking all the meanings together, seems to have meant ‘a small pellet, bead of sweat’ and the like. Xak. xı etme:k ušaldı: tüvšeldi: (tevšeldi:) ‘the bread (etc.) was crumbled’ (futta); ušaldı: is the main Verb (ašl) Kaš. II j*35 (tüvselüır, tüvšelme:k, spelt tevšelü:r, tevšülme:k).

D tevšen- (entangle) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tevše:- (interlock, tangle); lit. ‘to entangle oneself (with something)’. Xak. xı er ı:šta: telim tevšendi: (tevšindi:) ‘the man occupied himself (i'tamala) with the affair and was very active’ (taharraka katira (n)) Kaš. II 241 (tevšenü:r, tevšemneık, spelt tevšünü:r, tevšünme:k).

D tapšur- Caus. f. of tapıš-; ‘to hand over, entrust (something Acc. to someone Dat.). S.i.a.m.l.g., except NE?, with the same meaning. Kaš. is the only authority for the Sec. f. tapčur-. Uyğ. vııı fr. Civ. Budašırı bax-šıka tapšurup b^rdimiz ‘we have handed over the property to Buddhasr! the baxšı USp. 14, 16; a.o. do. 17, le: Xak. xı men oğulnı: anarsııja: tapčurdum ‘I have attached (alhaqtu) the boy to his mother and made him her companion’ (alšaqtuhu bihe (MS. bihŋ); the original form (al-ašl) of the -č- was -Š-; also used in other contexts Kaš. II 175 (tapčurur, tapčurma:k): xııı (?) Tef. tapšur- ‘to entrust’ (with Acc. and Dat.) 287: Čağ. xv ff. tapšur- (spelt) sipurdan ‘to hand over, entrust’ San. 15m 14 (tapšurul-teslim olun- ‘to be handed over’ Vel. 160): Xwar. xıv tapšur- ditto Qutb 167; Nahc. 4, 16; 5, 10; 161, 6.

(D) tavıšğa:n ‘hare’; an old animal name ending in -ğa:n. This word has a veiy long history; it was a pre-vııı l.-w. in Kitan as (PU) taoli, see V. S. Starikov and V. M. Nedelyaev, Predvaritel'noe soobshchenie o deshifrovke kidanskogo pis’ma, Moscow, 1964, p. 10, fr. which it passed into Mong. as taolai (Haenisch 145); these words represent, of coursc, the L/R Turkish form *tavılğa:n. It was one of the animals of the twelve-year cycle in Turkish and Mong. Survives in SE Türki tawškan, etc. Jarring, p. 297, and in several SC, NW, SW languages, see Shcher-bak, p. 136. The SW Az. form is dovšan and in Osm. and Tkm. both t- and d- are noted, the former prevailing; initial d- is therefore improbable. In other languages the word for ‘hare’ is koyan (? kodan). See Doerfer II 966. Türkü vııı keyik ydyü tavıšğan yeyü ‘eating wild game and hares’ T 8: vııı ff. IrkB 44 (Ü0Üš-): Uyğ. vııı tavıšğan yıl ‘in the \447\ Hare Year’ Šu. E 8: vııı ff. Civ. tavıšğan (once spelt tavıčğan in TT VID ‘Hare (year, day, etc.)’ occurs in USp. 86, 87, 108; TT VIII P. 1, 36 and is common in TT VII; hare’s gallbladders, brains, and hair (for burning) occur in prescriptions in H I 25, 89, 1le: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘hare’ tavıšğan Ligeti 261: Xak. xı tavıšğa:n al-arnab ‘hare’: tavıšğa:n yılı: ‘one of the twelve years in Turkish: tavuš-ğe:n (sic) ögüz the name of a river which flows past (’aid) the town of Uč Kaš. I 513; in I 525, 25 tavušğa:n (sic) is given as an example of a Common Noun in which -ğa:n is not a Dev. Suff.: xıv Muh. al-arnab (ko:-ya:n in text; in margin) fawša:n Mel. 72, 10; tavıška:n (-/-) Rif. 175; sanatu'l-arnab fawıšğa:n yı:lı: 80, 19; favıšğa :n (-/-) yi:li: 18e: Čağ. xv ff. tawuškan ‘the animal called tavšan Vel. 180; tawuškan xargüš ‘hare’; also the name of one of the Turkish years: abbreviated form tawšan San. 165V. 20: Tkm. xııı al-arnab fawša:n Hou. n, 5: Kip. (?) xıv ditto... also called dawušağari (so vocalized) Bul. 10, e: xv ditto fawša:n Kav. 62, 7; Tuh. 4b. 8 (and see koyan).
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D tavıšsız Hap. leg.?; Priv. N./A. fr. tavıš. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ünsüzin ünüp tavıšsızın tašıkıp ‘getting up silently and going out noiselessly’ U II 76, 3.

D tavıšğa:nlaš- Recip. Den. V. fr. tavıš-ğa:n; Hap. leg., quoted to illustrate the meaning of verbs of this form and prob. only used in the Ger. Xak. xı ol at yarıšdı: meniŋ birle: tavıšğa:nla:šu: ‘he had a horserace with me for the prize of a hare; and the competitor who outlasted the other got it’ Kaš. II 226, 16.

D tavıšla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. tavıš. Xak. xı tavıšla:dı: (tuvušla:dt:) ne:g bada fi’l-šay’ hiss wa haraka ‘a slight sound and movement were noticed in the thing’ Kaš. III 335 (tavıš-la:r, tavıšla:ma:k; spelt tavt/ušla:-).

tevey (d-) (camel) ‘’. There is real doubt about the original form of this word; the oldest recorded form is teve:, but it became an early, First Period, l.-w. in Mong. as temeyenjteme'n (Haenisch 148; Studies, p. 234) which presupposes a final -y. Kaš.'s main entry, III 225, is spelt clearly tevey and occurs in a Section headed 'fa'al, fa'il, fa'ul with various vowels on the second consonant’, the third being alif, wdtc ot yd’. Nearly all the words in the Section end with long open vowels, e.g. tapa:, tapı: and it could be argued that tevey was intended to be an ‘Arabic’ spelling of teve: like ma'nd, which also has a final yd’, but this is improbable in itself and inconsistent with the simultaneous spelling of the Oğuz form deve: with final alif. It seems clear therefore that Kaš. meant the word to be pronounced tevey, and this was prob. the original form. S.i.a.m.l.g.; see Shcherbak, p. 103; the NW \448\ Bashkir, Tat. and SW Az., Gagauz, Osm., and Tkm. forms mentioned there all begin with d-, which was prob. the original initial. See Doerfer II 1015. Türkü vııı T 48 (egri: teve:/: vııı ff. teve:sJ:xjerü: barmi:š ‘ (a man) went i--< his camels’ IrkB 5; a.o. do. 46 (2 titig): Uyğ. 'in if. Civ. various parts and excretions of the ':air.el (teve) are mentioned in prescriptions H I 54, 60, 71 (ügre:), 98: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘camel’ teve Ligeti 264; R III 1127: O. Kır. ıx ff. Mat. n, 9; 46, 3 (egrJ: teve:): Xak. xı tevey al-ibil ‘camel’, with -v-, used both as a Sing, and as a Plur. Kaš. III 225 (and see Oğuz); (the Oğuz and related tribes turn all t-s into d-s) for example the Turks call ‘the camel’ (al-ba'iŋ tevey and the Oğuz, etc. dewey I 31, 20; they call al-ibil tevey and the Oğuz dewe: II 195, 25; the Turks call al-ba'ir tevey with a kasra on the ta, and the Oğuz and tribes that I have mentioned with them say tewe: (sic) with a našb (i.e. fatha) on the te' III 139, 7; the word is common, but the vocalization is chaotic, tevi: as often as tevey, there are three occurrences, no doubt errors, of tewey in Xak. texts: KB teve (sic) burni teg ‘like a camel’s nose’ 20e: xııı (?) Tef. te:ve: (-/-) ‘camel’ 292: Xiv Muh. al-camal dewe: Mel. 15, 11; te:we Rif. 92; al-ibil tva’l-camal tewe: 70, 7; d&we: 172: Čağ. xv ff. tewe deve Vel. 199 (quotn.); the word as such is not listed in San., but two Čağ. phr. containing tewe are listed in 203r. 2-3 and two Rumi phr. containing d6we in 227r. 4-5: Oğuz xı (after Xak. entry) ‘the Oğu^čall it (al-ibil) dewe: Kaš. III 225; o.o. / 31, 2^} 11 195, 25; III 139, 7 (see Xak.): Xwar. xıv t^ve ‘camel’ Qutb 178; Nahc. 133, 7; 415, 3: Kom. xıv ‘camel’ töve CC7; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-camal tewe: Hou. 14,13: xıv dewe: ditto Id. 51; Bui 7, 5: xv ditto Kav. 39, 7; 61, 20; . carnal tiiwe Tuh. 11b. 8.
448

?D tepiz lit. (salty, envy, envious, awkward, uncomfortable) ‘salty ground, a salt pan’, hence metaph. ‘envy’ and the like. Bang’s suggestion in ‘Das negative Verbum in der Turksprachen’, SPAW, 1923, p. 114 that it is a Dev. N. in -iz fr. tep- is possible, but there is no obvious semantic connection. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tepizdeki teve mayaki ‘camel’s dung on salty ground’ H I 98: Xak. xı tepiz al-sabxa ‘salt pan; salt marsh’: tepiz (be’ unvocalized?) kiši: ‘an envious (al-hasûd) man’: tea yuqal li'l-barda'a atvi'l-himli’lladi la yastaqirr rekibuhu and ‘a pack saddle or load on which the rider cannot settle comfortably’ is called tepiz yük (? sic; the only vowel on these words is a damma on the be' which is prob. an error; the word seems to be used metaph. for ‘awkward, uncomfortable’) Kaš. I 365: a.o. II 208, 12 (čokraš-): KB tepizlik bolur bu kapuğda üküš tepiz kayda erse tütüš ol uruš ‘there is a great deal of envy behind these (palace) gates; wherever there is an envious man there are (constant) disputes and quarrels’ 4247; a.o. 4254: Kip. xıv tepiz al-ardul-sabxa Id. 37; al-sabxa tepiz Bul. 3, 9.

topuz (pig, swine) << F lağzı:n ‘pig, swine'; the earliest name for this animal in the twelve-year cycle; later displaced by, q.v. Prob. a Tokharian (Agnean ?) l.-w. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı lağzı:n yıl ‘in the Pin Year' II S 10: lakzin (sic) yıl lit. A. b.2 (ETY II 122): Uyğ. vııı lağzı:n yılka: Šu. N 11: vııı ff. Man.-A ditto M I 12, le: Bud. (some people...) koy lağzın ulatı tınlığlarığ ölürür ‘kill living creatures like sheep, pips, etc.’ PP 3, 1-3.

D tapzuğ U»p. leg.; Dev. N. fr. tapuz-; note that the quotation contains a different word. Xak. xı tapzuğ ‘a riddle’ (al-alğûza) which is used to test (the intelligence) (yuhect biha); one says tapuzğuk (j/'c) tapuzdım ‘I asked a riddle’ Kaš. I 462.

D tapuz- Caus. f. fr. 2 tap- (find, receive, attain, reach, meet) (tap (attain)); pec. to Kaš.\ there is at any rate one word for ‘riddle’ der. fr. 2 tap-, NC Kır. tabıšmak; SC Uzb. topıšmok; see also tapuzğuk; but in other modern languages quite different words are used. Xak. xı ol map: so:z tapuzdi: al-ğaza ilayya'l-kahlm mina’l-alğûza ‘he asked me a riddle’ Kaš. II 86 (tapuzur, tapuzma:k); o.o. I 462 (tapzuğ); II164, 25 (tapuzğuk).

D tepze:- Den. V. fr. tepiz; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol am: tepze:di: hasadahu ‘he envied him’ (tepze:r, tepze:me:k)... ol am: tepse:di: same translation, dialect form (Ittğa) under -z-(fVl-zey) Kaš. III 283 (tepse:r, tepse:me:k); tepze:di: hasada is derived fr. tepiz al-sabxa I iq, 10; o.o. of tepse:- hasada I 463, 10; 155. 17 (umunčluğ): KB kiši tepsemegil ‘do not envy people’ 1302; o.o. 974 (1 öyük), 4248-9, 4254-5: xııı (?) Tef. tepse- ‘to be envious’ 299.

D tepzet- Caus. f. of tepze:-; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ol meni: bu: ı:ška: tepzetti: ‘he incited me to envy ('ale'1-hasad) over this affair’ Kaš. II 335 (tepzetü:r, tepzetme:k); ol meni: tepsetti: ‘he incited me to envy’; luğa fi’l-zey II 336 (tepsetü:r, tepsetme:k).

D tepzeš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of tepze:-. Xak. xı ola:r kamuğ bu: ı:ška: tepzešdi:ler: ‘they all envied one another (tahesadû) over this affair’ Kaš. II 206 (tepzešü:r, tepzešme:k).

D tapuzğu: Hap. leg.; Dev?N./A. fr. tapuz-; in the actual quotation an Adj., in spite of the translation. Xak. xı tapuzğiı: ne:g al-alğûza ‘a riddle’ (lit. ‘a puzzling thing’) Kaš. I 489.

D tapuzğuk Dev. N. fr. tapuz-; ‘a riddle’. Survives in NE Tuv. tabızık R III 973. Xak.xi tapuzğuk al-alğûza ‘a riddle’ Kaš. I 502; (in a para, on verbs ending in -z- which are not Caus. f.s; which is in this case an error) tapuzğuk tapızdı: (sic) alğıtza'l-alğûza II 164, 25; a.o. I 462, 6 (tapzuğ).

D tepizlig Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. tepiz; the passage is in Man. Syriac script which makes the -p- čertain. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (just as if one sows seed) tepizlig yerde (yard) ‘on salty ground’ (it does not come up) M III 14, 4 (iv).

D tepizlik (envy) A.N. fr. tepiz; ‘envy’. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı tepizlik al-ltasad ‘envy’; one says anıg tepizliki: kimke: talka:r ‘whom does his envy injure?’ (yadurŋ Kaš. I 50e: KB 4247 (tepiz), 4250 (possibly spurious).

tu:č (tu:c) (copper alloy, bronze, brass) an alloy of copper, no doubt in an early Turkish context ‘bronze’ (copper and tin) rather than ‘brass’ (copper and zinc). Ar. terminology on this subject is very inexact, if the dicts, are to be trusted; sabah, šu/r, and nuhes all seem to mean basically ‘a yellow metal’ and are translated indiscriminately ‘copper’ or ‘brass’; quluzz the one word translated’‘bronze’ as well as ‘brass’ does not appear below. The word also exists in Pe. as tuc, but clearly as a Turkish l.-w. S.i.s.m.l. in SE, NW, SW; in Osm. tuc and more recently tunc a modern Sec. f. Xak. xı tu:č al-•šabahu'l-ašfar Kaš. III 120; a.o. II 353, 5 (yalrit-): xıv Muh. al-šabah tva'I-f ufr tu:c Me!. 75, 6; Rif. 178: Kom. xıv ‘bronze’ tuč CCI\ Gr.: Kip. xıv tuc al-nuhas Id. 62; al-nühes (bağır and) tu'-c Bul. 4, 9; a.o. do. \\ 6, 7 (bo:rğu:y): Osm. xıv ff. tuc ‘bronze’; c.i.a.p. Tl'S I 699; II 904; IH 685; IV 759-XVIII tuc, in Rumi, ‘a kind of filizz ‘copper alloy’ which they call rüy ‘brass’ San. 169V. 18 (a list of Pe. meanings of tile follows).

1 tat (foreign, stranger) the basic meaning of this word, which is translated very variously, seems to have been not so much ‘stranger’, which is 1 ya:t, as ‘an alien’, prob. a subject, but in any case inferior. Radloff (III 899) says that he had personally heard of it only as applied to a section of the Tatar population in the Crimea; his quotn. fr. Budagov goes back to Vel. As regards SW Osm., Leh. Osm. 286 (repeated mRIII899 and Sami 370) says that it was a word applied to the old Iranian and Kurdish populations of provinces absorbed into the Ottoman Empire and hence came to mean ’miserable, destitute’. Türkü vııı oğlııga: tati:ga: tegi: bum: körü: bilig ‘see and know this (all of you) down to your sons and alien subjects (P)’ I S 12; II N 15: Xak. xı tat among the Turks generally ‘a Persian’ (al-ferisŋ; hence the proverb tatığ kö:zre: tikenig tübre: ‘hit a Persian in the eye and a thorn-bush at the roots’: tat among the Yağma: and Tuxšı: kafara Uygur ‘a pagan Uygur’; I heard this from them in their country; and there is a phr. current there tat tavğa:č ‘Uygur and Chinese’; they have this same proverb similarly explained, because they do not trust them; just as the right thing to do to a thorn-bush is to cut it down at the roots, so also the right thing to do to an Uygur is to hit him in the eye. And they have another proverb tatsız türk bolma:s bašsız börk bolma:s ‘there are no Persians except those mixed up with Turks (sic, le yakûnu’ l-ferist ille wa yuxalifu’l-turk), just as there is no cap unless it has a head to be put on’ Kaš. II 280; a.o. / 453 (tavğač) and several others translated al-ferist, kefir, or Uyğttr: Čağ. xv ff. tat ‘a class of serfs (ri’eye) who do not live in towns and, \\ without being actual slaves (kul), are in the service of landed gentry (akebiŋ; also used of a class of unemployed roughs (bl-kar levend) Vel. 162 (quotn.); tat firqa-i tecik ‘a clan of Persians’ San. I52r. 5 (quotn.); Kip. xıv tat al-falleh ‘a peasant’ (one MS. adds ‘Arab and Persian’) td. 62; t^a:t al-musta'rab ‘assimilated to the Arabs’ (perhaps an error for al-mustağrab ‘foreigner’) Bul. 5, 9: xv hadari ‘villager’ (šart .and) t^at Tuh. 13b. 3; falleh t»t do. 27b. 8.
449

2 tat (? d-) (rust) ‘rust’; survives in NE, several dialects (R III 898), and Khak. tat; Tuv. dat; SE Türki dat B$ 326, tat Jarring 297; NC Kır. dat; Kzx. tat/tot; NW Kk. tat; Kumyk, Nogay tot. Initial d- is very unusual in those languages where dat is used. Cf. bas, 6 kü:g. Xak. xı tat (with fatha, and damma added above) ‘rust’ (al-tab') which attacks swords and the like Kaš. II 281 (prov., see 1 tatık-): Kip. xv Tuh. 22a. n (ün).

ti:t (larch-tree) ‘larch-tree’. Survives in all NE languages R III 1334 including Khak. and Tuv. (dit), but not elsewhere (NC Kır. tit ‘mulberry-tree’ is a Sec. f. of Ar. tiit). Uyğ. vııı fF. Civ. tit sögüt ‘larch-tree’ TT I 163 (butik); VII 29, 17: Xak. xı ti:t ‘the larch (al-sanawbar) tree which grows in the mountains’ Kaš. III 120.

to:d (bustard, Otis spp.) ‘the bustard, Otis spp.’. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. to:y. Xak. xı to:d (mis-spelt bo:d, and immediately following that word) al-huberi ‘bustard’: to:d (also spelt bo:d\ it is possible, but improbable, that that spelling is correct) mončuk ‘beads (xarazdt) made of solid perfume and musk (sukk wa musk) which are worn by women’ Kaš. III 121; Čigil xı to:y al-huberi, luğa fi'l-del Kaš. III 142: KB (in a list of eight game birds) toy 5377: Čağ. xv ff. toy (2) tûğdarî ‘bustard’, also called toy kuš San. i88r. 10 Kip. xııı al-huberi toy Hou. 10, 5: xıv toy al-hubruc ⁽bustard’ Id. 67; doğ (sic) al-huberi do. 49 (Bul. 12, 2 has al-huberi b.rğa:t.y, which is obviously corrupt; reading te’ for be' and tvaw for re' it becomes to:ğa:tay, which looks like a Sec. f. of Mong. toğodak (Kow. 1807) ; doğ, under del-ğayn and so not a mis-spelling, may have some Mong. connection): Osm. xıv ff. toy ‘bustard’ in several texts TTS I 696.

PU tot (so much, totally) peculiar to Uyğ. Bud. and used only in the Hend. tot učuz; presumably ‘worthless’ or the like. See (PU) tota:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bu muntağ tot učuz savların ‘these so worthless words’ U IV 8, 31-2; o.o. U II 77, 19; 86, 36.

tat- (? da:d-) (taste) ‘to taste’ (Trans.); for the -a:- see ta:tığ (taste, flavor), ta:tur-. The relationship between this V. and tati:- ‘to be tasty’ (Intrans.) is obscure. Except in NE where they have been displaced by the Mong. l.-w. amda- and the like, either or both s.i.a.m.l.g., but not necessarily as Trans, and Intrans. respectively. In \450\ SE Türki tati- is both Trans, and Intrans., and in NC Kzx. tat-, but in Kır. tat- is Trans, and tati- Intrans.; in SC Uzb. both tot- and totl- are both; in NW languages tat- is the usual form; SW Az. dad-; Osm. tat- (tad-before vowels) and 'Hem. da:t- (da:d- before vowels) are Trans, only. Uyğ. vııı IT. tili... tatığ tatar ‘his tongue tastes (various) tastes’ TT VI 174; tatmıš tatığığ ‘the taste which he has tasted’ do. 17e: Civ. [gap] čığ tattır TT VIII 1.6 (if this is to be restored as ačığ ta:tir ‘it tastes bitter’, it prob. belongs to tati:-): Xak. xı KB (he brought out various foods and drinks and) ayur azkina tat ‘he said “taste a little” ’ 5440; (he said the morning prayer and) tattı aš-a ‘tasted food’ 5829: xııı (?) Tef. tat- ‘to taste (Trans.)’ 289; At. 209 (1 ačığ) n.o.o.: xıv Muh. daqa ‘to taste’ da:t-Mel. 26, 5; t^at- Rif. 109; tata"ama ditto fa:t-106 (only): Čağ» xv ff. tat- (-ay) tad- (-aytn) Vel. 162; tat- čašidan ‘to taste’ San. 151 v, 8 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto MN 362: Kom. xıv ‘to taste, or savour (something)’ tat- CCİ, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı daqa (a:(- Hou. 40, 9:xiv fat- daqa Id. 64: xv ditto Kav. 77, 18; daqa tat- Tuh. 16a. 3; 16b. 2; ta'ima ditto do. 23b. 9; 24a. 5.
450

tet-, tid-, tit-, tit- Preliminary note. It is reasonably clear how many Verbs of each of these forms there are, but, as they are usually graphically indistinguishable, it is often difficult, and in damaged passages like U III 25, ^T5 (*) and TT III 112 impossible, to determine which Verb is concerned.

D 1 tet- (d-) Caus. f. of te:- with the idiomatic use of Caus. as Pass.; ‘to be said to be, to be called’; almost always in the form tetir ‘is said to be, is called’. Pec. to Uvg. Uyğ. vilt ff. Man. edgü tdtyük nomluğ [ertinig] ‘the precious doctrine called “good” ’ TT III 108: Bud. tetir is vefy common in texts like TT V 4 ff., e.g. tiz yokaru bdlke tegi suv uluğ tetir ‘from the knee up to the waist (the element of) water is said to be predominant’ do. 4, 4; o.o. TT IV 4. 3: VII 40, 71: Suv. no, 6; PP 11,4; 38, 8; 74, 6; tdtirsiz ‘you are called’ U I 23, 11: Civ. tdtir is common in texts like TT VII 14.

2 tet- (te:t-) (resist, oppose, hostile) pec. to Xak., but cf. te:tik, t&tli-, tetln-, tetrü:; it is difficult to fit the first two in semantically with the rest, and they may be derived fr. some other V., perhaps *teti:-. Xak. xı kul begke: tetti: ‘the slave resisted (or opposed, qdwama) the beg' (followed by two illustrations of tetrü:) Kaš. II 292 (tete:r, tetme:k): KB (I was friendly-disposed to you but) maija tetgü teg sen adın boldı söz ‘you seem to be hostile to me and your tone has changed’ 1083. •

tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain) ‘to obstruct, restrain’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. (not SE or SW) usually as, tıy-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. nomuğ törüg ya^tur-matm tıdtımız erser ‘if we have failed to disseminate and have obstructed the doctrine \\\ and rules’ Chuas. 74-5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. ayığda yaratındačılarığ tıdtıgız 'you have restrained those who fall into evil ways’ TT III 74-5; a.o. do. ii2 (?): Bud. yarlığ bolzun tnjmazun ‘let there be an order, let them not obstruct me’ PP 19, 1; o.o. do. 27, 3; 40, 7; 51, 6 (mistranscribed); U II 69, 5 (ii) (čerig); U III49, 25 ; 51, 19; TTX 106, 496, etc.: Civ. kün ay yarukın tıda katığlanur ‘he strives to obstruct the light of the sun and moon’ TT I 27; a.o.o.: Xak. xı ol anı: titti: mana'ahu ‘lie prevented (or hindered) him’; originally tidti: but assimilated to -tt- (udğıma tea šudda) Kaš. II 292 (tıda:r, tidma:k); ol am: tiydr. mana'ahu; originally tidti: but modified (xujfifa) III 244 (tiya:r, tiyma:k); ol am: aška: tı:dtı: mana'ahu li’l-fa'am ‘he prevented him from (getting) food’ III 439 (ti:da:r, ti:dma:k): KB (011 your journey) kerekliknl alğıl kereksizni tid ‘take what you need and discard what you do not’ 1445; yırak ıdmasa tıdsa yığsa erig 'he should not send (the troops) far (from the camp) but restrain and concentrate them’ 2347; o.o. 4671, 5292, 5439, 5581, 6182, 6472: xitt (?) At. sögünč kelgü yolm akılık tiyur ‘liberality blocks the road by which abuse comes’ 232: xıv Muh. (l) mana’a tiy- Rif. 115 (only); a.o. i2i (mis-spelt): Čağ. xv ff. tiy- (-ip, etc.) man' eyle- Vel. 199 (quotns.); tiy- (‘with -ly-’) man kardan San. 203r. 4 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tid-/tiy- ‘to restrain, hold back’ Qutb 192: Kom. xıv ditto tiy- CCI, CCG; Gr. 2el(quotn.): Kip. xv 'atvtvaqa ‘to impede, hinder’ tiy- Tuh. 26a. 11. -

tıt- (? d-) (tear, pluck, separate) ‘to tear to pieces’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NW (?); in NE Khak., NC Kır. tit-; NC Kzx. tüt-; dit-SW Osm. dit-; Tkm. dit-/tüyt-; elsewhere tıt-. See Doerfer II 996 and titimlig. Xak. xı ol et tıtı: mazzaqa'l-lahma'l-muharra ‘he tore the boiled meat to shreds’, also used when one tears a garment to shreds (mazzaqa tamzîqa(n) beliğa (n)) Kaš. II 292 (tıta:r, tıtma:k): Čağ. xv ff. tit- ‘to tear something to pieces (čizi pera pera kardan) with the hands’; and ‘to separate’ cotton lint, etc. from the seed San. iqot. 1: Kip. xııı natafa ‘to pluck out’ (feathers, hair, etc.) tit (-gil) Hou. 36, 20: xıv dıd- (‘with back vowels’) 'to pluck’ (nafaša) wool, cotton, and the like; Imperat. did Id. 48:xv nasala tva nasara ‘to unravel, pluck out’ (VU) tit- Tuh. 37a 1 1 (if with back vowel it would prob. be spelt tıt-).

1 tit- (give up, renounce) ‘to give up, renounce’; pec. to Uyğ. Bud. Cf. ıdala:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit tyaktva ‘having given up’ titip TT VIII D.22, 40; jaheti ‘he gives up’ tite:r do. 39; (in a list of virtues) titmek ‘renunciation’ TT V 24, el(and see note thereon); o.o. TT V 26, 107-8, etc. (ıdaia:-); Kuan-ii-im Pusar 70, 7-11 (yüze:gü:); U IV 48, 82-3, etc.

VU 2 tit- (? töt-) (ache, throb) ‘to ache, throb’; pec. to Kaš. where it occurs twice in different spellings. The main entry opens the list of words of this form, is vocalized with damma and has \451\ the Infin. in -ma:k, but the Dev. N. is vocalized with kasra and ends in -iğ. The -ig can hardly be a mistake and, since Infin. terminations tend to be erratic, it can be taken as certain that this V. had a front vowel, but the position of the main entry before tut- (dut-) (take, hold, grasp, seize, keep, guarantee) suggests that the famma is correct and the word may have been töt- or tilt-. Xak. xı ba:š tötti: (?) ‘the wound ached (amadda) because of a blow’ Kaš. II 291 (töte:r, tötmerk spelt ma:k); one says ba:š titig titti: ‘the wound ached a great deal’ (amadda ayya imded) I 386.
451

D to:d- (? d-) (full, satiated) ‘to be full, satiated’, and the like; apparently a der. f. in -d-/ (see v. G. ATG, ara. 153 and cf. yo:d- (destroy, obliterate, wipe out, wipe off, remove), yU:d- and perhaps 0:$-) fr. to:- (stop), which in this case seems to be a Pass. Suff. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as toy-; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. doy-. Türkü vııı bir todsar ačsık ömezsen ‘if you are once satiated, you do not remember being hungry’ I S 8, II N e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. na pari-püryate ‘he is not satiated’ todma:sa:r (spelt tot-) TT VIII C.9: Xak. xı menip karın to:dti: ‘my stomach was satiated’ (jabi'a) Kaš. III 439 (to:da:r/to:du:r ‘both forms’ (luğa-tayn), to:dma:k); karın toydı: šabi'a’l-batn; originally todti: with the -d- changed to -yin colloquial speech (bi-luğatVl-qawm) III 244 (toya:r, toyma:k); the Čigil Turks say karın todtı: šabi'a’l-bafn, and they (the Kıpčak, Yeme:k, Suwa:r, Bulğa:r, and tribes in the direction of Rûs and Rüm) say tozdi: with -z-732, 16; a.o. 7/324, 22: KB kara karnı todsa ‘if the common people’s stomachs are full’ 988; o.o. 923, 3602, 3611 (arpa:), 3766, 4769: xııı (?) At. harlš todmaz ‘the miser is never satisfied’ 305; a.o. 255; Tef. toy- ‘to be satiated, full’ 30e: xıv Muh. šabi'a to:y- Mel. 27, 9; 41, 10; Rif. no, 131; al-šab' to:ymak 36, 7; 122: Čağ. xv ff. toy- (-mağuŋ toy- (i.e. doy-) Vel. 226; toy- str šudan ‘to be satiated’ Sa7i. i87r. 24 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı doy-/toy- ditto 'Alt 30, 56; xıv toy- ditto Qutb 181: Kip. xıv toy- šabi'd Id. 67; (tok al-ša'ben) ‘the Perf. is toydi:; the regular form (qiyasuhu) should be tokdi:, but I have never heard it’ do. 65; šabi'a toy- Bul. 49V.: xv ditto. Kav. 74,8; Tuh. 21b. 7.

tut- (dut-) (take, hold, grasp, seize, keep, guarantee) ‘to hold, grasp, seize’, and the like. C.i.a.p.a.l. sometimes with idiomatic meanings. The initial d- in early Osm. is not confirmed elsewhere. Türkü vııı tut- is common; e.g. (if you stay in the ötüken mountain forests) beggü: el tuta: olurtačı: sen ‘you will sit (on the throne) and hold the realm for ever’ I S 8: vui ff. IrkB 3 (tapla:-); ol tašı:ğ ozi: üze: tutsa:r (-ts- may stand for dialectal -ц-, a path to Anglo-Sax. tacc-, tac- (tach-), and English “take”) ‘if a man keeps that stone on his person’ Toyok 17 (ETY II 58); a.o.o.: Man. İgld nomuğ törüg tutuğma: ‘holding to a false doctrine and rules’ Chuas. 128-9; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı tut- occurs in several damaged passages: vııı ff. Man. küyü közedü tutmakları bolzun ‘may they watch over us (Hend.) and keep us’ M I 31, 4-5 (ı); a.o.o.: Bud. tut- ‘to keep, hold’, etc. is common, see e.g. Index to TT I-V: Civ. tut- is common, e.g. TT 134-5, 4r (bek); bor sirkesin ağızda tutup ‘holding wine vinegar in one’s mouth’ \\ / 70: Xak. xı it keyik tutti: ‘the dog seized (axada) the antelope’ (etc.); also used for anyone who seizes something; and one says ol mača: elfg tutti: kafala bi ‘he gave me a guarantee’ Kaš. II 292 (tuta:r, tutma:k); 745, 21 (ağırlığ) and many o.o.: KB amul tutğıl ög ‘keep your mind at peace’ 25; bu söz eške tutğıl ‘keep this saying as a companion’ 165; o.o. 99, 183, 306, 540 (ağır), 750 (i:d-), etc.: xııı (?) At. tut- is common; Tef. ditto 312-13: xıv Muh. qabada ‘to grasp’ dut- Mel. 30, 5; 40, 7; qabada wa amsaka (‘to take hold of’) tut- Rif. 114, 129; lezama ‘to cling to’ dut- 30, 15; 115: Čağ. xv ff. tut- (-kusi, etc.) dut- Vel. 201; tut- giriftan wa deštan ‘to seize, hold’ San. 168r. 1 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı dut- ditto 'Ali 26, 30: xııı (?) tut- (or ? dut-) Oğ. in, etc.: xıv tut- ditto Qutb 187; MN 35, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto tut- CCI, CCG; Gr. 258 (quotns.): Kip. xııı amsaka tut- Hou. 35, 5: xıv tut- changed fr. tut- ditto Id. 62; amsaka wa dabata ‘to hold fast’ tut- Bul. 24r.: xv amsaka tut- Kav. 74, 6; masaka tut- Tuh. 35; a. 9, a.o.o.: Osm. xiv-xvi and Plater dut- with various idiomatic meanings TTS I 233; 77 330; 777 217; IV 252.

VU tada: (total) Hap. leg.; perhaps a l.-w., cf. tadu:. Xak. xı tada: al-bayn wahiva qit'a mina'l-ard. qadr madda’l-bašar min 'ašr xata-wat ‘the amount (Sp. toda) of land within eyeshot from ten paces’ Kaš. III 220 (i.e. everything (Sp. toda) in sight as far as the horizon). '

F tadu: l.-w. fr. Sanskrit dhetu ‘an element in nature; an elementary constituent of the body’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (PU) tadu ‘nature’ H II 30, 149; 22, 15: Xak. xı tadu: tab'u'l--insan wa fabi'atuliu ‘the nature and natural elements of a man’ Kaš. III 220: KB bu tört eš mača tört tadu teg turur tüzülse tadu. čın tiriglik bolur ‘these four Companions (of the Prophet) to me are like the four natural elements; if the natural elements are in harmony life becomes upright’ 60; o.o. 882, 10541055 (ičin, arta:-); 6006.

dede: (father, daddy, grandfather, old man, dervish) (daddy) a quasi-onomatopoeic pec. to the Oğuz-Kıpčak group; originally ‘father’ (cf. English colloquial ‘daddy’), later, when displaced in this meaning by baba (another quasi-onomatopoeic) ‘grandfather; old man, dervish’, and the like. Survives in these meanings only (?) in SW Osm. See Doerfer III 1179. Oğuz xı dede: al-eb ‘father’ Kaš. III 220: Kip. xıv dede: al-cadd abü’l-eb ‘paternal grandfather’ Id. 48; dede: (misplaced under del wew) al-cadd, also called ata: do. 51: xv (al-cadd öbüge, Mong. l.-w.) al-cadda ‘grandmother’ dede Tuh. na. 11: Osm. xıv ff. dede not listed in TTS, but the title of the \452\ well-known xıv (or xv) character Dede Korkud: xvııı dede in Rumi ‘paternal or maternal grandfather’, also used of ascetic holy men and dervishes San. 223V. 1.
452

VU tuda pec. to Uyğ., and used only in the phr. ada tuda, see ada:; prob. a mere jingle with that word and not an independent word.

?S tati:- (taste) ‘to taste (Intrans.), to be tasty’. The relationship between this V. and tat-, q.v., is obscure; it can hardly be a der. f. since there is no trace of a Dev. Suff. -1:-, so is presumably a Sec. f. For modern occurrences see tat-Xak. xı aš ağızda: tati:dı: 7vucida ta'm hede'1-ta'em fi'l-fam tva taladdada bihi ‘the taste of the food was ascertained in the mouth, and it (the mouth) found it delightful’ Kaš. III 257 (tati:r, tati:ma:k; prov.): KB tatidi tiriglik ‘life was sweet’ 5627.

PUD tota:- Den. V. fr. tot, q.v.; ‘to disparage’ or the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vjn ff. Bud. sögüp sarsıp totap učuzIap^'*ttH^;sing, abusing, and disparaging (Hend.)’ Suv. 136, 9-10; a.o. U II 77, 17-18 (utrun-): Civ. TT VII 25, 5-6 (terge:š).

tüte:- (smoke, steam) ‘to emit smoke or steam’; survives in most NC, SC, NW languages, and SW Tkm.; the Osm. form tüt- seems to be a Sec. f. rather than the original form. See tütet-, tütek, tütün. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kaltı lmxwa sayu tütün tüterče ol erser ‘when every lotus (Chinese l.-w.) seems to be emitting smoke’ PP 38, 5-7- .

D tatit- (taste) Caus. f. of tati:- (taste); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı tu:z ašığ tatıttı: ‘the salt brought out the flavour (atvcada ta'm) of the food’; also used of anything that impresses on you (ašarra laka) the flavour of anything Kaš. II 299: xııı (?) At. 'asal tatrup ilkin tamak tatıtıp ‘first he makes you taste honey and gives a pleasant taste to your throat’ 207: Xwar. xıv tatut-‘to make (someone) taste (something Acc.) Qutb 173.

D tiitet- Caus. f. of tüte:-; s.i.s.m.l. in NE, NC, NW, ‘to make (something) smoke, to smoke out (an animal from a hole)’. Xak. xı o:t tütü:n tütetti: ‘the fire smoked’ (daxxana'l--duxan) Kaš. II 299 (tütetü:r, tütetme:k; both spelt tiitit-): Xwar. xııı dü:te:t- ‘to smoke’ 'Ali 25 (misdescribed as a Den. V.).

D ta:tığ (taste, flavor) (in Kaš. under the heading fail) Dev. N. fr. ta:t- (tat-) rather than tati:-; ‘taste, flavour’, often with the implication of ‘a pleasant taste’. This is the only form of this word in the early period and it still survives as \\\ tatu: in NIC, NC, but fr. the medieval period a syn. word tat appeared, which survives in all other language groups. There is no good reason for supposing that it is a really old word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A tatağ M III 12, 17 (i) (1 teg): Bud. in Bud. terminology tatığ ‘taste’ is normally the fourth of the six senses, see TT VI 174 ft.; U 111 37, 3°~i (1 ačığ) — in Suv. 118, 7 tatığ must mean concretely ‘tasty food’, (if any are suffering from hunger and thirst) adruk adruk tay tagsuk tatığlar üze todğurdačı bolayın ‘I will be the one who satisfies them with various wonderful (Hend.) tasty foods’ — in Suv. 590, 23 ff. the seven ıığuš of the body are enumerated as ‘flesh, blood, tatığ, skin, bone, marrow, and oluk (?)’; this seems to be an error for tadu:: Civ. tatığlar bütgüke tayağı tdtir ‘it is called a support for the preparation of tasty foods’ TT I 191; o.o. do. 187, 199: Xak. xı ta:tığ al-Iadda ‘a pleasant taste’, one says in a jingle (fVl-izdmec) ta:tığ ta:lığ Kaš. I 408; aš tatğı: tu:z yoğrı:n yd:me:s ‘one gives a flavour (ta'm) to food with salt, but one does not eat it as a (separate) dish’ III 31, 22: KB (when a man reaches the age of sixty) tatığ bardı andın ‘the savour (of life) has gone’ 367; tatığ erdi barča yiğitlik İšim ‘when I was young all my work was pleasant’ 370; o.o. 375 (ÖČ-). 689, 1087, 1891-3, 3586, etc., all with the connotation of a pleasant flavour: xııı (?) At. (the wise man knows) bllig tatğın ‘the sweet taste of wisdom’ 106; Tef. mizec ‘the physical characteristics’ (of a particular kind of water) tatığ 289: xıv Muh. al-dawq ‘taste’ da:t Mel. 34, 2-3; ta:t Rif. 119; al-tam da:f 66, 3; ta:t 165: Čağ. xv ff. tat maza (‘flavour’) tva ladda wa ta'm San. ıszr. 5: Xwar. xıv tatığ ‘taste’ Qutb 174: Kom. xıv ‘taste, savour’ tatığ CC7, tatov CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı (after ta:tlu: ‘sweet’, opposite to ‘bitter’) al-ta'm min kull šay' ta:Č Hou. 27, 10; a.o. 40, 9: xıv ČaČ al-halawa ‘sweetness’; ta:t al-ta'm Id. 64.

D tıdığ N.Ac. fr. tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain); ‘hindrance, obstruction’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. w. similar phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (destroying and putting an end to) örtüg tıdığlarığ ‘coverings and obstructions’ U II 33, 5; o.o. TT IV 6, 48 (bošğutčı); Suv. 73, 21 (adart-); U III 18, 12; 28, 8: Civ. adın kišilerdin tıdığ bar ‘there is obstruction by others’ TT I 213-14: Xak. xı tıdığ al-hazr mina'1-šay’ via'I-man' ‘denial -of access to something, prevention’ Kaš. I 373: KB (out of ten remarks) biri sözlegü ul tokuzı tıdığ, tıdığ söz tübi ašlı barča yıdığ ‘one is a foundation (^.e. constructive) and nine are obstructive, the basis (Hend.) of obstructive remarks is completely disgusting’ 999.

D tutuğ (deposit, security) Dev. N. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ‘to ); with a rather wide range of meanings. Apparently survives in NE Šor tuduğ ‘pillage’ R III 1495; Tuv. tuduğ ‘a building’; NC Kır. tutu: (1) ‘holding, grasping’; (2) ‘the felt cover of a tent’; SW Osm. tutu (1) ‘a stake’ (at gambling); (2) ‘security’ (for a debt). Cf. (homophonic) tutuk (overcast (sky); tongue-tied; paralyzed; closed (curtains)). See Doerfer \453\ III 1449. Türkli vııı ff. IrkB 29 (ur-): Yen. otuz erig bašlayu: tutuğka: badı erinč Mal. 32, 12; the whole inscription is damaged and incoherent; this might mean (be taken as) ‘he bound (someone) at the head of thirty men as a hostage’: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. anın ne (?) tıdığ tutuğ (?) İšigizler (sic) bar erser ‘therefore whatever obstructions and restraints on (?) your work there may be (it holds)’ (get rid of them all) U III 28, 7-8; a.o. USp. 105, 7-8 (ilig): Civ. yarım yastuk kümüške tutuğ ‘security for half a yastuk in coin (i.e. not notes)’ USp. 51, 3: Xak. xı tutuğ al-rahn ‘security, pledge’: tutuğ al-ixd wahwa'l-sa fajmina'l-cinn ‘possession by an evil spirit’; one says anıŋ tutuğı: ba:r ‘he is possessed by an evil spirit’ Kaš. I 373; a.o. 77/63 (yul-): KB ölügll kiši barča ödke tutuğ ‘all mortal men are hostages to time’ 1211; tapuğka turur kut tutuğ ‘divine favour is a security for (good) service’ 4180: xııı (?) Tef. tutığ (?)/tutuğ ‘security; intermediary^)’ 314-15: Xwar. xıv tutuğ ‘the cover of a tent’ (?); (tutuğsuz ‘without security’) Qutb 188; tutuğ ‘security’ Nahc. *63, 7: Kip. xııı rahana tutu: koy- (seize down)... al-rahn tufu: Hou. 36, 19: xv rahn (tusnak Hap. leg. ? and) tutu tuh. 17a. 4.
453

F totok l.-w. fr. Chinese tu-tu (Giles 12,050 12,057; Pullevblank, Middle Chinese tou tok) ‘military governor’ (of a district or region) (lit. “standard-holder”). As pointed out in Doerfer II 874, where numerous occurrences of this word are collected, the correct transcription is totok and not tutuk (overcast (sky); tongue-tied; paralysed; closed (curtains)), as it has usually been transcribed, but see tu:ğ (tag, standard, banner, sign, flag) (tag). In Turkish it occurs both in the transcription of Chinese names and as a title given to Turks by the Chinese Emperor or, very prob. in some cases, assumed by Turks themselves. Türkü vııı oŋ totok ‘Wang Tu-tu’ (a Chinese) / E 31; Türgeš xagan buyrukı: Az Totoko:ğ ‘Az Totok, an officer of the Türgeš Xagan’ I E 39 ; Košo: Totok / N 1; Bukağ Totok//S' 10: vııı ff. Yen. (PU) Könč Toto:k Mai. 35, 2: Uyğ. vııı ff. tarxan kunčuy [gap] beg totok čigši a list of titles in a fragmentary text M III 41, 3-4 (iv): Bud. kebünzün ču totok beglm (?) a? Chinese name U II ?o, 2-3 (ı); el ögesi tsig Edgü Totok... tsig Edgü Totok P.N.s Pfahl. 10, 15: O. Kır. ıx ff. fil Toğan Totok Mai. 1,2; seven other similar names. (The suggested direction of borrowing is more than suspicious, or may be the reverse re-borrowing, since the word is etymologized in Türkic, see tu:ğ; during 1400 years of the Zhou rule, the diverse locals had plenty of time to adopt Türkic terminology, especially military terms)

D tutuk (overcast (sky); tongue-tied; paralysed; closed (curtains)) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); s.i.s.m.l. with a wide range of meanings; ‘overcast (sky); tongue-tied; paralysed; closed (curtains)’, etc. Cf. tutuğ. See Doerfer II 875. Xak. xı tutuk al-xaššl ıoa'1-macbüb ma’a (n) both ‘gelding’ and ‘eunuch’ Kaš. I 380 (these meanings do not seem to occur elsewhere): Čağ. xv ff. tutuk metaph. 'a curtain or screen (parda wa he'it) which they put in front of a door’ San. 169V. 13 (quotns.): Kip. xıv tutuk al-bašxena ‘vestibule’ or the like td. 37.

D tutğu:č (holder, handle) N.I. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); survives in SE Tar., Türki; NC Kır. tutkuč; NC Kzx.; NW Kk., Nog., etc. tutkıš; SC Uzb. tutkič ‘a piece of felt for holding kettles, cooking-pots, etc.; a \\\ handle’, and the like. Xak. xı tutğu:č al-sulfa mina'l-la'em Kaš. I 453 (al-sulfa normally means ‘breakfast’, but al-salf means ‘a (leather) provision bag’, and that is prob. the meaning here).

D tutğa:k (keeping, holding, grasping, seizing, guarantee) Dev. N./A. connoting Habitual Action fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ; survives at any rate in NC Kır. tutkak ‘a fit (of rage)’ and SW tutak Osm. ‘a handle, anything that holds or impedes’ (Red.); Tkm. (of a dog) ‘that holds fast (to its prey)’. A cognate word s.i.s.m.l. in NC, SC, NW as tutka ‘handle’ and the like. This word had several meanings, some of which are obscure. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (as a result of birth, old age, and death come about) ‘and the appearance of depression, anxiety, pain, tutğak, embarrassment, bewilderment, and a great accumulation of pains comes about’ U II 11, 6-7 (obviously an emotion of some kind, perhaps ‘a feeling of frustration’): Xak. xı tutğa:k ‘a mounted detachment (carida) that goes out at night to capture the enemy’s patrols and reconnoitrers’ Kaš. I 467: KB ölüm tutğakı ig tegürmiš elig ‘disease, the advance-guard of death, stretched out his hand (to him)’ 1067; ölüm tutğakı 1352, 3580, 5976; (in the presence of the enemy a general) adırğu üdürgü yezek tutğakı ‘must single out and choose advance-guards and reconnoitring patrols’ 2342: xrv Rbğ. (I am a son of the Prophet) bizde tutkak (sic) 'ıllatı bo!ma:s ‘we do not suffer from seizures (?)’ R III 1488: (xiv Muh. (}) qabdatu’l-sayf ‘the hilt of a sword’ kılıč tutğa:sı: Rif. 173 (only): Kıp. tutğa: qa'imu'l-sayf ditto Id. 64).

PUD todgu:n Hap. leg.; spelt tadğu:n but no doubt Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. to:d- (full, satiated) in the sense of ‘full (of water)’. Xak. xı todğu:n ‘a river’ (al-wadt) like the Euphrates and the like; used in place of ögüz for any constantly flowing river (wadi ceri) Kaš. I 438.

D tutğu:n (prisoner, captured) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ; ‘prisoner, captured’. S.i.m.m.l.g. as tutğun/tutkun, same meaning. Xak. xı tutğu:n al-axtd wa’l--astr ‘prisoner, captive’ Kaš. I 438; o.o. spelt tutğun / 194, 11 (idil-); 205, 6; II 219, 7: KB yıl ay tutğunı boldum ‘I have become the prisoner of years and months’ 373: Čağ. xv ff. tutğun giriftar wa mahbüs ditto San. 169V. 10 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ditto tutğun/ tutkun CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-asir tutkum (and tutsa:k) Hou. 32, 13: xıv tutkun al-asir Id. 64: Osm. xiv-xvi dutğun ditto TTS II 330, 908; III 217; IV 252.

D 1 tatık- (rust, deteriorate) Intrans. Den. V. fr. 1 tat; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı türk tatıktı: ‘the Turk adopted Persian habits’ (taxallaqa... bi-axleqi’l-farisŋ Kaš. II 116 (Aor. and Infin. after 2 tatik-): kılıč tatıksa: ı:š yunčı:r er tatıksa: et tınčı:r (mis-spelt turt (t:ŋ ‘if a sword gets rusty, (its owner’s) affairs deteriorate; if a man adopts Persian habits his flesh putrefies’ (yatarawwah) II 281 11: Kip. xıv tatıktı: ‘his speech and \454\ language became (deteriorated) like the language of a peasant’ (al-falleh) İd. 62.
454

D 2 tatık- Intrans. Den. V. fr. 2 tat; ‘to get rusty’. Survives in NC Kzx. R III 905; in other languages where such a Den. V. exists it is tatla- or the like. Xak. xı kılıč tatıktı: (later revocalized as totukti:) ‘rust appeared Čale'1-fab') on the sword’ Kaš. II 116 (tati-ka:r, tatikma:k, vocalized totuk-); a.o. II281, 11 (1 tatik-).

D tatğan- Refl. Den. V. fr. tatığ; survived until recently in SW Osm. tadan- (now obsolete). Xak. xı er ašığ tatğandı: tnladdada l-racul bi'1-tnem wa tamaffaqa ‘the man found the food delicious and smacked his lips’ Kaš. II 241 (tatğanu:r, tatğanma:k).

D todğur- (d-) (satiate, satisfy) Caus. f. of to:d- (full, satiated); ‘to satiate, satisfy’. S.i.s.m.l. as toyur-/doyur-, cf. to:d- (full, satiated), Uyğ. vııı ff. Suv. 118, ^=İL(tatığ): Xak. xı ol meni: todğu:rdı: (sic, in error) ašba'ani ‘he satiated me’ (todğurur, todğur-ma:k; prov.; verse); and one says ol meni: bu: ı:štın todğurdı: ‘he wearied me (amal-lanŋ with this affair until I acquired a loathing (sa'ama) for it’ Kaš. II 176; men am: todurdum ašba'tuhu originally todğurdum Kaš. II 76 (todururmen, todurma:k); about a dozen o.o. of todğur- and. one of todur- : KB yGtürse ičurse todursa karın ‘if he gives him food and drink and tills his stomach’ 2560; a.o. 3766, 4769 (ačım): xııı (?) Tef. toyur- (and toydur-) ditto 306-7: xıv Muh. ašba'a (to:yğız- Mel. 41, 10) to:yğur- Rif. 131: Čağ. xv ff. toyğar- (-mayın, etc.) doyur-i'el. 225-6; toyğar- sir kardan ditto San. 187V. 19 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv toyur- ditto Qutb 182: (Kom. xıv ditto toydir- CCG; Gr. 248 (quotns.)).

D todğurt- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of todğur-; mentioned only in a para, on the formation of Caus. f.s with -t- fr. V.s ending in -r-. Xak. xı men anı: todğurttum ‘I gave orders that he should be satisfied’ (bi-išbaihŋ Kaš. II 256, 6.

D tatığlığ (tasty) P.N./A. fr. tatığ; always specifically ‘having a pleasant taste’. S.i.m.m.l.g. but in the shorter form tatlığ/tatlı/tatlu: and the like, cf. tatığ. Türkü vııı ff. Toy. III ir. 6-7 (1 a:š (food)): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (tatağ-lağ in M I 27, 2 is an error for tapağlağ, see 1 a:tlığ); körtle (Y^TU) tatağlağ nomi ‘his lovely, sweet doctrine’ Man.-itig. Frag. 400 heading: Man. Wind. 250, 36 (ur-): Bud. tatlğlığ soğančığ nom nomladi ‘he preached the sweet and excellent doctrine’ PP 46, 4; tatağlağ (sic) aš ičgü ‘savoury food and drink, do. 71, 6; a.o. Suv. 647, 4 (ašat-): Civ. TT I 118: Xak. xı tatlğlığ ne:g ‘a delicious (laddid) thing’, originally ta:tığlığ Kaš. I 495; the shorter form also occurs in verse quotns. tatlı:ğ ašı:ğ ‘delicious food’ I 45, 20; tatlığ öter sanduwa:č ‘the nightingale sings sweetly’ I 529, 7; III \\\ 178, 16; (a bird’s) tatlığ ünün ‘sweet song’ III 194, 15: xııı (?) Tef. tatlığ/tatluğ/tatlu: ‘sweet’ (of fruit, water, words) 289: xıv Muh. al-hulw ‘sweet’ (opposite to acı: ‘bitter’) daitlığ, sü:cü: Mel. 54, 7; (sü:cü: Rif. 151); lahu fa'm ‘tasty’ (opposite to ta:tsiz ‘tasteless’) da:tluğ 66, 3; ta:tlığ 165: Čağ. xv ff. tatlığ fatlıı Vel. 167; tatlığ be maza ‘tasty, savoury’; abbreviated in Ritmi to tatlu, which is also used for ‘sweetmeat’ San. 152T. 4: Xwar. xıv tatlığ/tatlı ‘sweet’ Qutb 173; MN 163: Kom. xıv ‘sweet’ tatlı CCI, CCG (common); Gr. 237 (quotns.); ‘savoury’ tatığlı CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hulw (opposite to ‘bitter’ ačı:, etc.) tniflu: ya'ni dii fa'm Hou. 27, 9: xıv tatlu: al-hulw, also pronounced taflu: Id. 62: xv al-me’u’l-hulıo ta: (:lı: šu: Kav. 58, 15; hulw t^tli Tuh. 13a. 12; in do. 32a. 1 is given as one of thirteen translations of laban ‘milk’.

D tıdığlığ P.N./A. fr. tıdığ; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. künikeki (sic, PkündekJ) ıšıg tıdığlığ ‘your day-to-day work is obstructed’ TT I 161; a.o. (? misread) do. 185: Xak. xı tıdığlığ ne:ŋ ol-šay'u'l-mamnu' 'ani’l-toušül ilayhi ‘a thing access to which is obstructed’ Kaš. I 496.

D tutuğluğ P.N./A. fr. tutuğ; n.o.a.b. (P); SW Osm. tutukluk ‘paralysis’ is an A.N. fr. tutuk. Xak. xı tutuğluğ ye:r al-macanna, that is ‘a place occupied by evil spirits who injure anyone that goes there’ Kaš. I496.

D tıdığsız P.N./A. fr. tıdığ; ‘unhindered, unimpeded’; pec. to Uvg.; particularly common in TT VI where tıdığsız bodisatv translates Sanskrit asaitga bodhisattva, see p. 56, note 010. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tıdığsız burxan kutin bul[tuguz] ‘you have attained the divine favour of the unimpeded burxan' (? Manŋ TT III 107; tıdığsızın ‘without impediment’ do. IX 23: Bud. (the demon Hidimba went to meet him) tıdığsız kögülin ‘with an imperturbable mind’ U II 26, 16; tıdığsız berdi ‘he gave unstintingly’ PP 8, 6; tıdığsız bodisatv TT VI010, etc.; TT VIII G.19; Suv. 186, 1.

D tutukla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. tutuk. Xak. xı ol oğlın tutukla:di: ‘he castrated (xnš<î) his son, or destined him (nasabahu) for castration’ Kaš. III 337 (tutukla:r, ” tutukla:ma:k).

D tatığlan- Refl. Den. V. fr. tatığ; survives with the same meaning in SW Osm. as tatlan-, and in NW Kaz. as tatudan- ‘to become reconciled’; (tatu:laš- exists with the latter \455\ meaning ii. NC Kır.) Xak. xı üzüm tatığ-landi: ‘the grapes became tasty and delicious’ (4e fam wa ladda) Kaš. II 265 (tatığlanu:r, tatığlanma:k).
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D tutuklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tutukla:-. Xak. xı ura:ğut tutuklandı: ‘the woman procured a eunuch as chamberlain to walk in front of her’ (heciba (n) yaqdamuha) Kaš. II 265 (tutuklanu:r, tutuklanma:k).

D todğurumsın- Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. a N.S.A. fr. todğur-; mentioned only as an example in a grammatical section. Xak. xı ol anı: todğurumsındı: ‘he pretended to satisfy him’ Kaf. II 263, 2.

D todğurun- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of todğur-; mentioned only as a grammatical example. Xak. xı ol karın todğurundı: ‘he pretended to fill his stomach, or devoted his whole attention to filling it’ Kaš. II 202, 4.

D todğuruš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of todğur-; mentioned only as a grammatical example. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: karın todğurušdı: ‘he competed with me in filling the stomach’ Kaš. II 201, 24.24.

D tatığsa:- Desid. Den. V. fr. tatığ; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı er tatığsa:dı: ‘the man longed for something sweet’ (al-halewa) Kaš. III 333" (tatığsa:r, tatığsa:ma:k); a.o. 1276, 26.

D tatığsıra:- Hap. leg.; Priv. Den. V. fr. tatığ. Türkü vııı ff. Man. bilge biligi tatığsırayur ‘he loses his taste for wisdom’ M III 18, 12 (ŋ. ’ ’

D te:tik morphologically a Dev. N./A. fr. 2 tet-; semantically there is no obvious connection with that V., but a close connection with te:til-; ‘quick-witted, intelligent’; s.i.a.m.l.g., but some meanings in NC, NW are hard to connect with the original one. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of'göod qualities) tetik odğurak ‘quick-witted and wide awake’ TT VI 279: Civ. TT VII 28, 53-4 (bilge:): Xak. xı oğlı: tetik al-waladfatin ‘her intelligent son’ Kaš. III 33, 27; n.m.e.: KB tetik is a stock laudatory Adj.; e.g. ajunda tetik er yedi bu cihen ‘in this world the quickwitted man conquers the world’ 279; o.o. 297 (adut), '475, 883, 1188; in 58 tedük, for which there is no obvious etymology or explanation, may be a distortion of this word to rhyme with bedük, akı erdi elgi yüreki tedük biliglig sakınuk kör atı bedük ‘his hand was generous, his heart intelligent?)’ wise, and thoughtful, he had a great reputation’,: xııı (?) At. (an occasional mistake comes) neče tetik erdin 'from a man however intelligent he may be’ 361: XIV Muh. (?) al-daki ‘sagacious’ te:tik Rif. ıšı (only): Čağ. xv ff. tltik ‘active, enterprismg; capable in business matters’ Vel. 183 (quotns.); (teyik («V) of a sick man ‘losing his.senses and talking wildly’ do. 182 (quotn.)); tetik (spelt) same translation and quotn. as teyik above; also pronounced \\\ tetik; the Rumi author (Vel.) translated it ‘active, enterprising; capable’, and 7eli'-i Harawi (see Bad. 52b. 9) translated it ‘in good health’ (šahih) as opposed to ‘ill’ (marid) and quoted this verse; they were mistaken San. i52r. 15; tetik similar translation (same verse as Vel. s.v. tdtik) also pronounced tetik do. i9or. 7 (there is obviously considerable confusion here; Vel.'s first translation and Teli'-i Harawi's translation are substantially correct, San. was mistaken in accepting Vel.'s second translation based on a misunderstanding of the verse quoted): Kip. xııı al-daki (opposite to ‘stupid’ PU abru:) te:tik Hou. 26, 11: xıv tetik ‘the key (miftah) to something secret, which no one knows except its maker’ Id. 37.

F di:dek Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w., prob. Iranian. Xak. xı di:dek ‘the cover of the litter (habisatul-za'ina) in which a bride hides from the neighbours on the day of her wedding’ Kaš. I 408.

D 1 titig Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. 2 tit-; ‘aching’. Xak. xı Kaš. 7₃86 (2 tit-).

2 titig ‘mud’, both in its natural state and as a raw material for house-building. N.o.a.b., see balčık. Türkü vııı ff. teve: tithgke: tüšmi:š ‘a camel fell into mud’ IrkB 4e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (he drew mortals) sansarlığ kök titigdin ‘out of the grey mud of sarp-sera’ TT V 26, 85-8; titig yuğuru ‘kneading mud’ (to build a house) TT VI 82; a.o. Suv. 619, 15: Civ. emdi titig kılğu künlemi ayalım ‘now let us prescribe the days appropriate for making (builders’) mud’ TT VII 38, 12; yerde sidip titigin alıp ‘urinate on the ground and take the mud so made’ HI 74; o.o. TT VIII 1.7 (čatuk); H II 26, no: Xak. xı titig al-lin ‘mud’ Kaš. I 386; o.o. I 150, 7 (očaklık); 506, 12 (küzečlik); IJI 297, 22 (suvla:-).

D tütek Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. tiite:-; etymologically ‘something which steams or smokes’, in practice ‘a spout’ or more generally ‘a tube; a pipe as a musical instrument; water-pipe’, and the like. Survives in NC Kır. tütük; Kzx. tütik: NW Kk. tüte/tütik; Krım düdük; Nog. düdik; SW Az., Osm. düdük; Tkm. tüydük; l.-w. in Russian as dtidka. Xak. xı tütek ‘the spout’ (sunbuŋ of a ewer and the like Kaš. I 38e: xıv Muh. al-šabeba ‘reed pipe, flute’ dü:dük Mel. 63, 2 (only): Kip. xııı al-šabeba dü:dük Hou. 24, 10; 41, 7: xıv düdük ditto Id. 48: xv daff ‘tambourine’ (dümrŋ Tkm. düdük Tuh. 15b. 8: Osm. xv ff. düdü/düdük ‘reed pipe’ TTS III 254. •

D titigči: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. 2 titig; ‘a man who makes mud walls’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of workmen) titigči Atsız Pfahl. 24, 29.
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D tetiklik A.N. fr. te:tiı , ‘intelligence, quick-wittedness’. Survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı KB tetiklik bile kıldı yalguk iši 'with intelligence a man does his work (properly)’ 2222; o.o. 2188, 2224: xııı (?) At. 55 (o:z-).

D tetiker- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. tetik; properly ‘to be quick-witted, intelligent’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man’s hair turns white while he is still young; if he sweats frcclv and is bad-tempered) artukrak yaruk yašıik tetikerser tülinde yana ot körser ‘if he has a brilliant intellect (?) and constantly sees fire in his dreams’ (you should know that that man has a bilious disposition) Suv. 594, IO-II.

PU?F todlıč Hap. leg.; this word occurs in Xak. xı KB 5377 together with ‘swan, pelican (?), cranc, and bustard’ (toy) in a list of eight game-birds; the other three like this are Hap. leg. If pure Turkish, the word must be connected with either to:d ‘bustard’ or to:d- (full, satiated), but there does not seem to be any other occurrence of a suffix -lıč; and the ending -la:č which occurs in other names of birds like sundıla:č and karğıla:č is prob. foreign, and all these words prob. l.-w.s.

D tatil- (? d- -d-) Pass. f. of tat-; survives in SW Tkm. dardil-. Xak. xı a:š tatildi: ‘the food (etc.) was tasted’ (diqa) Kaš. II 120 (tatilu:r, tatilma:k). '

D te:til- morphologically Pass. f. of 2 te:t- but semantically connected not with that word but with te:tik. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xıoğla:n tatildi ‘the boy became intelligent’ (fatin) Kaš. II 121 (te:tilü:r, te:tilme:k; in a Section headed fa'aldi, which implies a short vowel in the first syllable, everywhere vocalized teytil-); a.o. I 106, 8.

D tıdıl- Pass. f. of tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain); ‘to be obstructed’ and the like. Survives in the same languages as tı:d-, except NE, with the same phonetic changes, and some extensions of meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. [gap] sarsığ sözlemekdin ttdilzunlar ‘let them be prevented from using... and rough language’ U III 24, 3; tıdılğalı unamadi ‘he refused to be held back’ do. 49, 26; odğurak ttdılmadın kelgey ‘he will assuredly come without being prevented by anything’ TT X 72; a.o. U IV 40, 181: Civ. (the sun sank below the horizon) yaru-makı tıdıldı ‘its light was cut off’ TT I 23; tıdılıp tutulup turmağaymen ‘I will not be obstructed and held back and stand still’ USp. 45, 12; (in a remedy for nose bleeding) tidilur ‘it is halted’ H I 130; a.o. H II 14, 133: Xak, xı er ı:štın tıdıldı; ‘the man \\ abandoned (imtana'a) the enterprise’; also used when he is prevented by someone else (mana'a ğayruhu); yata'adde wa la yata'adde ‘Active (i.e. Intrans. ?) and Passive’ Kaš. II 126 (tıdılur, tidilma:k): KB 4428 (? ; see tİrel-): Čağ. xv ff. tıyıl- (spelt) mamnu šudan ‘to be prevented’ San. 203r. 29 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tıyıl- ‘to be restrained, held back’ Qutb 192: Kom. xıv ‘to cease, desist’ tıynet’G7; Gr.

D tıtıl- (d-) Pass. f. of tıt-; survives in most of the same languages with the same phonetic changes. Xak. xı et bıšıp tıtıldı: taharra’a'l--lalim bi'l-tabx ‘the meat was boiled to rags’; also used of clothing when it has become shabby and torn to rags (axlaqa wa tamazzaqa) Kaš. İl 120 (tıtılu:r, tıtılma:k).

D tutul- (caught, grasped, seized) Pass. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 45, 12 (tidil-): Xak. xı keyik tutuldi: ‘the wild animal (etc.) was caught’ (uxida) Kaš. II 120 (tutulu:r, tutulma:k): xııı (?) Tef. tutul- (of a man) ‘to be caught’ (by the legs Abl.); (of a road) ‘to be blocked’ 315: Čağ. xv ff. tutul- girifta šudan ‘to be grasped, seized’ San. i68v. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı tutul- ‘to be held fast’ 'Ali 25: xııı (?) tutuldi ‘battle was joined’ Oğ. 160: xıv tutul- (of the moon, etc.) ‘to be eclipsed’ Qutb 188: Kip. xıv tutulmak ‘an eclipse of the moon’; tutul- xasafa İd. 64; al-xttsiif ditto Bul. 2, 15: xv xustif wa’l-hustlf (‘an eclipse of the sun’) tufulmak Tuh. 14a. 2; tutul- is conjugated do. 48a. 8 ff.: Osm. xıv and xv dutul-, later tutul- occurs in 5 or 6 idiomatic meanings TTS I 235; II 333, 909; III 691; IV 254.

D tirtlan- Vlap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. ti:t; quoted only as a grammatical example. Xak. xı ta:ğ tntlandi: ‘the mountain was covered with larch-trees’ (šanaıobar) Kaš. III 199, 5.

D tidhn- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tidil-. Xak. xı er ı:štın ttdlındı: ‘the man gave up (imtana'a) the enterprise’ (etc.); also used when he has been reluctant to speak (tawaqqafa fi kalömihŋ Kaš. II 242 (tıdlınu:r, tidlinma:k).

D tutuldur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tutul-, Uyğ. vı 11 ff. Man. fgap]larığ tutulturtuguz ‘you have caused the ... to be restrained’ TT III 79.

F didim (crown, diadem) ‘crown’; l.-w. fr. Greek SıeSıj/ıa, obtained through Sogdian byhn. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. TT II 8, 67 (ur-): Xak. xı didim (sic) ‘the crown (al-iklil) which a bride wears on her wedding night’ Kaš. I. 397.

D titim (d-) Hap. leg.?; N.S.A. fr. tit-, but judging by titimlig, q.v., already with front vowels. Xak. xı KB (a beg must, be stout-hearted and a good shot) yürek birle boldı yağıka tltim ‘with a stout heart he becomes destruction (or the like) to the enemy’ 2043, dis: ddn
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D tutum (tutom) (grasp, handful) N.S.A. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ; lit. ‘a single act of grasping’, but normally used as a Conc.' N. meaning ‘a handful’, with other cognate meanings. In the medieval period became tutam, presumably because the original form was tutom (cf. tutüš), and s.i.a.m.l.g. in this form. Osm. tutum ’sumach’ is a Pe. l.-w., not connected with this word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yeti tutum talkan ‘seven handfuls of meal’ TT VII 24, 9; 25, 9-10: Xak. xı KB (man is born to die) tutamča tiriglik tüker alkinur ‘his handful of life comes to an end and perishes’ 5265: Čağ. xv ff. tutum (1) girift-i ker wa eter-i ker, ‘seizing a thing and traces of a thing’; (2) turši wa hamiidet ‘pickles’ (and in Pe. ‘sumach’) San. 169V. 17 (the first translation is obscure; neither meaning seems to be noted elsewhere); her tutam tört elig ‘every tutam is two double handfuls’ Babur (P. de C. 222): Kip. xıv (ufam al-qabda ‘a handful’ İd. 64; Bul. 9, 10.

D tutma: (chest, coffer) Pass. (?) Dev. N. fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); Hap. leg. in this meaning, but a common N. Ac. in some modern languages. Xak. xı tutma: al-sandtiq ‘chest, coffer’ Kaš. I 431.

D tutma:č (noodle dish) Dev. N. in -ma:č (denoting kinds of food); some kind or kinds of farinaceous (starchy, grainy) food, ‘noodles, macaroni, vermicelli’, and the like; popular in the medieval period, but now obsolete; the latest trace is in SW Osm. tutmac ‘ (for tutma aš!)’ ‘a dish of stewed mutton in gobbets with chick peas’ Red. 1251. See Doerfer II 876. Xak. xı tutma:č ‘a food (fa'em) well known to the Turks’, followed by a story about Du’l-qamayn, who is said to have provided this food when his troops said tutma: ač ‘do not keep us hungry’ Kaš. I452; o.o. III 119 (čö:b); 3 o.o. translated tutmec: Čağ. xv ff. tutmač ‘a kind of food (aš) made by rolling out dough and shredding it’ San. 169V. 12: Kip. xıv tutma:č (-c) ‘handfuls (qabdat) of dough placed in meat soup’; its meaning is ‘held back for hunger’ (al-mumsak li'l-caw); tutma: ‘do not hold back’, ac ‘hungry’; the phrase (al-cumla) is used as a name id. 64; (in a list of foodstuffs) al-tutmec qibceqiya ‘a Kip. word’ Bul. 8, 12: Osm. xıv to xvııı tutmač ‘macaroni soup’ in several texts TTS II 907; III 689; IV 766.

D titimlig (d-) (destructive, disruptive) P.N. fr. titim; pec. to KB; the context indicates some meaning like 'destructive, disruptive’. Xak. xı KB (an army commander in the face of the enemy must be as brave as a lion, with a wrist like a leopard’s) toguz teg titimlig ‘as destructive as a wild boar’ (as strong as a wolf, etc.) 2311; o.o. 2328 (tupul-), 5905.

ta:dun (calf) originally ‘a calf, one or two years old’. Survives only in NE Kač., Koib. (R III 928); Khak. tazın (-d- > -z-) 'an ox, a gelded bull’. Xak. xı tadun al-cada' mina'l-baqar ‘a two-year-old calf’; and the feminine is tiši: tadun Kaš. I \\\ 400; ta:dun ( ?; -d-) al-labVmina'l-baqar ‘a one-year-old calf’ HI 171.

VU?D tı:dın n.o.a.b. For the description in Kaš. cf. türk; in a Section in Kaš. headed fe'il together with ta:dun and to:dun. If the -d-could be taken as an error for -d- this might be an Abl. of ti: with which there is some semantic connection. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man, because he does not understand this, takes entirely different views) azu ters tetrii (PU) tıdınča yarjiluk nomlasar ‘or preaches errors at inappropriate times’ (?) TT VI 195 (one of several v.l. of this para.; the translation is purely hypothetical, but it is hard to see any alternative): Xak. xı tı:dı:n (sic, but an error under fail) harf yunbt' 'ani'J-ivaqt ‘a Particle connoting time’; hence one says bu: ti:din (sic) keldi: ce'a fi miti hede'l-waqt ‘he came at about this time’ Kaš. III 171.

to:dun (hitherto transcribed tudun, but the Chinese transcription indicates to:dun, cf. totok); a Türkü title of office. It occurs fairly frequently in Chinese records regarding the Türkü, where it is spelt t'u t'un (Giles 12,100 12,232; Pulleyblank, Middle Chinese tou dusn), see Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux, St. Petersburg, 1900, Index s.v. t’ou-t'ouen and tou-doun. In the list of Turkish offices in the Chiu T'ar.g Shu, Chap. 194b. (Chavannes, p. 21) the t'u-t'un occupies the 7th place, coming after the hsieh-li-fa (elteber); when T’uij Yavğu:, who w’as the Western Türkü xagan in the first quarter of the 7th century, conquered foreign countries he gave their rulers the title of Ğlteber, but sent a to:dun to supervise them and collect the taxes (Chavannes, p. 24); the word appears in these records, as an element either first or second, in P.N.s, e.g. T’ung todun and Todun Šad (Chavannes, Index). By xı the office had obviously lost importance. N.o.a.b. in Turkish texts. See Doerfer III 1194. Türkü vııı todun (VU) Yamtarığ ıt (t)ım ‘I sent the todun Yamtar’ (telling him ‘attack the Karluk to the south’) II E 42; Kül Todun inisi: ‘younger brother of Kül Todun’ Ixe-Asxete a.ı; b.ı (ETY II 121-2): vııı ff. Uruıju: Todu:n Čigši: Miran A 2-3 (ETY \\ II64); Xak. xı todun ‘the headman (’arif) of a village, and the man who allocates water for watering livestock’ (muwazzi'u'l-miyah fVl--širb) Kaš. I 400; to:dun ‘the man who allocates water for watering livestock among villagers’ III 171.

D tütün (smoke) Dev. N. fr. tüte:-; ‘smoke’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as tütün, but NW Kk., Nog. tütin; Kaz. töten. See Doerfer II 953. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tamğakında kara tütün tašıkar ‘black smoke comes out of her throat’ M II 11, 20: Bud. tütsügnüg tütüni ‘the smoke of incense’ Suv. 424, 12; o.o. PP 38, 6 (tüte:-); TT V 12, 130: Civ. tütün occurs frequently in lists of taxes mentioned in contracts, e.g. kalan kurut tütün kabın USp. 14, 12; 21, 12; a.o. do. 88, 44; its exact significance is obscure, perhaps a hut tax (see \458\ Caferoğlu in TM IV, p. 42): Xak. xı tütün al-duxen ‘smoke’ Kaš. I 400 (prov.); o.o., spelt tütürn II 72, 9; II 299, 8 (tütet-): KB kišiler evinde bu koprur tütün ‘this man raises smoke in people’s houses’ 341; yaruk-lukı azrak üküši tütün ‘he gives out very little light and a lot of smoke’ 6127: xıv Muh. at-duxan tü:tü:n Mel. 68, 16; Rif. 169: Xwar. xıv tütün ‘smoke’ Qutb 191; Nahc. 439, 4-5: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-duxen tütün Hou. 40, 8: xıv ditto Id. 37; dütün al-duxen already mentioned under t- but commoner (aktar) with d- do. 47; al-duxan tütün Bul. 4, 12: xv ditto Tuh. 15b. 8: Osm. xıv ff. diitün is the normal form untilxvi but tütün is noted fr. xıv onwards; c.i.a.p. TTS I 706; II 350, 913; III 230; IV 265.
458

D tatın- (? d-d-) (taste, sample) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tat-; quoted only to illustrate this meaning of the Refl. f. Xak. xı ol aš tatindi: ‘he pretended to taste (yadiiq) the food without actually tasting it’ Kaš. II 158, 17.

D tetin- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of 2 tet-. Xak. xı ol agar tatindi: qawamahu wa'ctara'a 'alayhi ‘he opposed him and took a bold stand against him’; hence one says anil) yü:zlıje: tetinü: baksa: bolma:s ‘a man cannot look at his face boldly (? ; MS. Iaınxa (tt) 7iešira (n) which might have this meaning; or, reading lamha (n) ‘stealthily’) because of his beauty’ Kaš. II 144 (tetinü:r, tetlnme:k). .

D tıdın- (restrain, control) Refl. f. of tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain); ‘to restrain, or control, oneself’ and the like. Survives in NR Tel.' tıyın- R III 1311. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (if our praises and prayers have not reached God, but) ne yerde tıdmtı tutunti erser ‘have been obstructed or detained somewhere’ Chiıas. 217-18: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. titmu umatin TT III hi (damaged; sic but Pbelongs here): Chr. (then the Magi approached and entered) tidinu ‘keeping control of themselves’ U I 6, 11 (so read, quite clear in the MS., Müller, in error, titiriŋ: Xak. xı er ı:štın tıdındı: ‘the man gave up (itntana’a) the enterprise’ Kaš. II 144 (tıdınu:r, tidinma:k).

D tıtın- (d-) Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of tit-. Türkü vııı ff. toğan kuš tırrjakı: suču:-lu:nmi:š yana: tıtı:nmi:š ‘the falcon’s claws were skinned and tom’ IrkB 44.

D todun- (d-) Refl. f. of to:d-; usually ‘to be satisfied, satiated’; survives in NC Kir., Kzx. toyun-, Xak. xi er todundi: ‘the man pretended to be satiated’ (şa'bân); also used when he has been satiated (taşabba'a) Kaş. II 144 (todunu:r, todunma:k; mis-spelt todun-).

D tutun- (take, caught, adopted, retain) (tutor) Refl. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); s.i.m.m.I. with a wide range of meanings. Türkü vm T 25 (ığaç): vm ff. Man. Chuas. 217-18 (tidin-): Uyğ. vm ff. Bud. UIV8, 37(sıçğanak): Civ. II I 37 (tişi:): Xak. xi kü:n tutundi: 'the sun was eclipsed (caught)’ (kusifat); and one says ay \\\ tutundi: ‘the moon was eclipsed’ (caught) (xttsifa); and one says beg meni: oğul tutundi: ‘the beg adopted me (tabannenr) and took me as a son’; also in other contexts (wagayruhu kadalika); and one says er keyik tutundi: ‘the man devoted himself to catching (istabadda... bi-axd) the antelope’; also used of catching anything when one concentrates on it (infarada bihŋ; and one says o:t tutundi: ‘the fire caught hold’ (ittaqadat) (tutunu:r, tutunma:k; spelt tutan-, cf. tutum; verse) and one says ol avurta: tutundi: ‘he engaged (ittaxarja) a wet-nurse’; and ol meni: ötügči: tutundi: ‘he engaged me as an intercessor with the king’ (kadelıka'1-mašdar ‘with the same Aor. and Infin.’) Kaš. II 143; čaksa: tutunu:r ‘if one strikes (a strike-a-light) the fire catches hold’ II23, 17: KB atı edgü bolsa tutunsa bodug ‘if a man’s reputation becomes good and retains its colour’ 1957; (listen to) özin tutnur er ‘the man who controls (holds) himself’ 4103; a.o. 1697 (adaš), 227e: xııı (?) At. (if the fire of anger) yalınlansa tutnup ‘catches hold and flames up’ 339; Tef. tutun- ‘to take (as one’s own God, friend, etc.)’ 315.

D tutunču: (adopted) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. tutun- (take, caught, adopted, retain) (tutor). Xak. xı tutunču: oğul ‘a boy whom a man has adopted’ (tabanne) Kaš. III 375.

D todunčsuz Priv. N./A. fr. a Dev. N. fr. todun-; ‘insatiable’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 252-3, etc. (l su:k): Bud. todunc-suz yaruk yula teg ‘like an insatiable burning lamp’ TT V 6, 49; o.o. Chuas. Berlin 27, 7-8 (amran-); Suv. 582, 4.

D tatindi: Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tatin-. Xak. xı tatindi: sü:t al-ğubr (MS. al-'ubr, but this has no suitable meaning) vtina'l-laban ‘the residue of milk’ Kaš. I 449.

D tıdındı: Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tıdın-, Xak. xı tıdındı: ne:ŋ (misvocalized tadındı:) al-šay'ıı l-tnumanna' ‘something inaccessible’ Kaš. I 449.

D tütünsüz Priv. N./A. fr. tütün; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı o:t tütünsüz bolma:s ‘there is no fire without smoke’ Kaš. I 400, 19; III 16, 18; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. tütünsüz ditto 319.

tatir perhaps "survives in NC Kzx. tatir; this now means ‘salt pan’ (which should be teplz) but may originally have meant, more generally, 'flat ground’. Cf. tatırlığ. Xak. xi tatir y£:r al-qarah mina'l-artf ‘a flat sown field* Kaş. I 361 (or ‘land free from salt’).

titir (female camel) 'female camel’; the difference in mean-wide range of meanings. Türkü vııı T 25 ing, if any, between this word and ingem is (ığač): vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 217-18 (tidin-): not apparent. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 20 Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. UIV8, 37 (sıčğanak): Civ. (buğra:): Xak. xı tltir al-naqa ‘female camel’ III 37 (tiši:): Xak. xı kü:n tutundi: 'the Kaš. I 361: KB (the grey cranes fly) tlzllmiš sun was eclipsed’ (kusifat); and one says ay titir teg ‘like camels tied in a line’ 74; o.o. \459\ 206, 2312 (1 ö:č), 5370: Kıp. XIII (al-neqa i:nge:n); al-niyequ I- arabiya 'Arab female camels’ titir Hou. 14, 13.
459

D tetrü: (inverted, inside out, the wrong way, wrong, topsy turvy) presumably Ger. of *tetür-, Caus. f. of 2 tet- (cf. tetriH-), used as an Adv./Adj., with a rather wide range of meanings some of which can only be inferred. The word is several times spelt quite clearly tertrü: and survives in SE Türki as tertür/tetür/te:tü: 'inverted, inside out, the wrong way, wrong, topsy turvy’ Jarring 304; Tar. te:ttir ditto R III 1093. It is possible that this was the original pronunciation, but the vocalization in Türkü and SE Türki exclmles the possibility of connceting this word with tart- and there is no other trace of *tert-. Türkü vııı ff. (VU) tığuğ tertrü: («c) klše:mi:š ‘ (a man) hobbled the roan horse (?) crosswise’ (it stands unable to move) IrkB 39: Man. (being deceived by those who say) tertrü (sic) yana igldeyü ‘wrongly and untruthfully’ ChuaSj i35*- Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tertrü (sic) sačlığ kurta (sic, error for kurtğa) yek ‘an old female aemon with dishevelled hair’ M II 11, 16; same phr. with tetrü and kurtğa do. 12, i (ii); körürler erti sizlge tetrü ‘they were looking askance at you’ TT III 82: Bud. t^trü körmeklig yarukın ıdtı ‘she sent the brightness of a sidelong glance’ (at the king) UII 23, 11-12; o.o. of tetrü kör- in TTX — in the phr. tetrü uk- U II 7, 6 etc. and tetrü sakın- (think, reckon, count, desire, worry) (think) TT V 22, 14-21; U II 5, 4 ff. the word has no pejorative significance and seems to mean (to understand, or meditate) ‘deeply, thoroughly, through and through’ — ters tetrü (sic) körüm öritdlmiz erser ‘if we have caused false (Hend.) omens to arise’ TT IV 8, 74; o.o. of ters tetrü TT VI 331; VII40, 37; VIII 0.2: Civ. tetrü sakmč TT /no: Xak. xı tetrü: (wc) al-ma'kûs ‘inverted’, of anything Kaš. I 420; (after tet-) and one says ol aga:r tetrü (sic) bakdi: ahdaqa'l-nazar ilayhi ‘he stared fixedly at him’; and one says of a handsome man ' (al-cannl) aga:r tetrü: baksa: bolma:s ‘a man cannot stare fixedly at him’; tva qad yakiın bi-ma'ne nazari'l-šazr ‘and it (also) means “looking askance”’ II 292: KB yarağlığ yarağsızm tetrü körüp; ‘looking closely at his useful and useless qualities’ 328; (if you love someone his faults become virtues) kamuğ t^trüsi og ‘everything crooked about him is straight’ 536; o.o. (all pejorative) 1670, 1902, 1984, 5507: Kip. xıv detrü: bak- nazara hedda (n) ‘to look intently at (someone)’ Id. 48. '

PU tudrıč Hap. leg.; so spelt, but ?read -d-. Arğu: xı tudrıč al-zibl 'dung’ Kaš. I 453.

?E tutruğ (will, testament) Hap. leg.; n.m.e.; prob. an error for *tutzuğ, see tutsuğ. Xak. xı iglig tutruğı: e:d bolur tvašiyatu’l-marîd takün lahu fel hasan ‘a sick man’s will is a good omen for him’ Kaš. I79, 13.

D tutruk Hap. leg.; this is the reading in all three MSS. and can be explained as a Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tutur- (seize), lit. ‘one who is ordered \459\ to hold’, but it may be an error for buyruk which would suit the context; the verse occurs in a passage about the functions of begs. Xak. xı KB bu 61 tutrukı ham tübi bekliki ‘the basic quality of this man who is put in charge of the realm is his firmness’ 2132.
459

PU?D tütrüm pec. to Uyğ. Bud. and found only in the Hend. tütrüm terig presumably ‘profound, deep’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tütrüm terlŋ qualifying nom ‘doctrine’ TT V 22, 18; VI 283 (v.l.); Hüen-ts. 214; tütrüm terig yörüglüg nom ‘a doctrine of which the interpretation is deep (?) and profound’ Suv. 87, 20; 88, 16; 371, 3; tütrüm terig edgüsltı ‘his deep (?) and profound goodness’ Hüen-ts. 1958.

D ta:tur- (? da:dur-) Caus. f. of tat-; ‘to make or let (someone Dat.) taste (something Acc.)'; as such n.o.a.b., buts.i.s.m.I. astattur-/ tattır-; SW Tkm. da:dir-. Xak. xı men agar aš taturdum ‘I made him taste (adaqtuhu) the food’ Kaš. II 73 (tatururmen, taturma:k); ol maga: aš ta:turdi: ‘he made me taste the food’ (etc.) III 186 (ta:turur, ta:turma:k); o.o. I 515, 22; II 74, 11: xııı (?) At. ’asal tatrup ‘giving him honey to taste’ 207; a.o. 263; Tef. tatdir- ditto 289: Čağ. xv ff. tatur- (-mas) tatdur- Vel. 162 (quotn.); tatur- (spelt) čašenidan ‘to cause to taste’ San. i52r. 3 (ditto): Kom. xıv ditto tatir-CCG; Gr. 237 (quotn.): Kip. xııı datvtvaqa fa:ttur- (sic) Hou. 40, 9.

D te:tür- (d-) Caus. f. of te:-; survives with the same meaning in SW Az. dedirt- (sic); Osm. dedir-/dedirt-, Cf. 1 tit-. Xak. xı ol andağ te:türdi: kallafa hatte qila kade ‘he arranged for it to be said thus’ Kaš. III 186 (te:türür, te:türme:k): Xwar. xııı (?) (there was a stretch of uncultivated steppe) muga Čürčet tetürürler (? d-d-) erdi ‘they had it called Čurčet’ Oğ. 261.

D tıdtur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain); prob. here ‘to let oneself be obstructed’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VII40, 19 (boğun-).

D tutur- (seize) Caus. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); ‘to order to seize’ etc. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as tuttur-, Xak. xı ol agar it tuturdi: ‘he set (ağre) the dog on him to seize him’ (li-ya'xudahu; this is irregular; grammatically it should mean ‘he ordered him to seize the dog’); and one says (qad ytiqal) tutturdu (this was no doubt the original text, it has been changed by a later hand to tütgürdi:) originally it contained three te's, it tutturdu with -tt- (mušaddada), and one of them was elided as an abbreviation (taxfifa (n)) Kaš. II73 (tutturur, tutturme:k; this spelling may be a deliberate correction by a later scribe, cf. tutuš- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); it is unlikely to be original); beg oğrı:nı: tutturdu ‘the beg ordered the capture (bi-axd) of the thief, and he was captured’ II 174 (tutturur, tutturma:k; spelt with two te's, not a tašdid): xıv \\ Muh. (l) atvše 'to bequeathe’ tutu:r- Rif. 105 (this is the likeliest of several meanings of atvše in this context and the likeliest transcription of the Turkish word which is unvocalized, but it might be an error for tutu:z-, q.v.): Xwar. xıv tutur- ‘to order (someone Dat.) to accept (a command Acc.)’ Qutb 188: Kom. xıv ‘to order to hold’ tutur- CCG\ Gr.
460

titre:- (? d-) (shiver, shake, tremble, shudder, quake, earthquake, move) (tremble) 'to shiver, shake’. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as titre-/titire-; NW Kk., Nog. dirilde-; Kaz. derelde- may be a Sec. f.; in SW Az. ditre-/titre-; Osm. ditre-; Tkm. titre-, Cf. bez- (shiver, tremble, shudder, aversion, dislike, distaste, annoyed). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U 111 43. 3° (etc.) (bez-); do. 8, 5: Civ. (the branches of the larch) mig törlügin titreyür ‘shiver a thousand wavs’ TT I 164; ba:šı titre:r ‘his head shakes’ VIII I.4: (Xak.) xııı (f) Tef. titre- ‘to shake, shiver’ 303: xıv Muh. irta'ada ‘to tremble’ titre:- Mel. 22, 5; Rif. 103; harraka ‘to move’ (Trans.; ? read haraka) ditre- 40, 19 (130 tepre-); Rbğ. yer titredi ‘the earth shook’ R III 1391: Čağ. xv ff. titre- (spelt) larzidan ‘to shiver, tremble’ San. 189V. 12 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to tremble, quake’ titre- CCI, CCG\ Gr. 246 (quotns.): Kip. xıv ditre- irta'ada Id. 48; xv ditto titre- Tuh. 6b. 3; ra'da ‘shudder’ titremek do. 17a. 4; zalzala ‘earthquake’ ditto do. 17b. 10: Osm. xv ff. ditre- ‘to shiver, quake, tremble’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 213; III 201; IV 232.

D titret- (? d-) (shiver, shake, tremble, cold fever, ague) Caus. f. of titre:- (? d-) (shiver, shake, tremble, shudder, quake, earthquake, move) (tremble); ‘to shake (something), to make (it) tremble’, etc. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M I 18, 4 (ii) (butarla:-): Bud. TT X 450-1 (tepret-): (Xak.) xıv Muh. (?) a'rada ğayrahu ‘to shake someone’ titre:t- Rif. 103 (only): Čağ. xv ff. titret- Caus. f. larzenidan ‘to make (something) shiver, tremble’; also used as an Intrans. (lezim) for larzldan San. 189V. 27 (quotns.): Kip. xıv al-humma l-berida ‘a cold fever, ague' ditretmek (spelt -mak in error) Bul. 9, 16.

D tetrül- (turned round, reversed, perverted) Pass. f. of *tetür-, see tetru:; ‘to be turned round, reversed, perverted’, and the like. N.o.a.b., always with -e-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. az bilig eyin tetrülmekig ‘being perverted by lust’ TT II 16, 25-6; o.o. do. 34-5, 46-7: Bud. [tejtrülmiš bašlığ kıldačı siz [xan] üskindekilerig ‘you make those who stand before the king confused (?)’ Hüen-ts. 2065-e: Xak. xı ye:l tetrüldi: ‘the wind veered (inqalaba) from south to north or north to south’; and one says tetrüldi: ne:i| ‘the thing was reversed and inverted’ (inqalaba... tva'n'akasa); and one says er kılıkı: tetrüldi: ‘the man’s conduct (etc.) deteriorated’ (se'a) Kaš. II 229 (tetrülü:r, tetrülme:k).

D tatruš- (? da:druš-) Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of ta:tur-, Xak. xı ola:r bi:r İkindhke et tatrušdı: ‘they gave one another meat (etc.) to taste’ (adaqa) Kaš. II 217 (tatrušu:ir, tatrušma:k). \\

D titreš- (? d-) Co-op. f. of titre:- (? d-) (shiver, shake, tremble, shudder, quake, earthquake, move) (tremble); ‘to shiver, shake, etc., together’. Survives in SW Osm. ditreš-, Xak. xı kiši: tumlığdın titrešdi: ‘the people (all) shivered (irta'ada) because of the cold’; also used of a thing when it shakes (tazahzaha) Kaš. II 217 (titrešir, titrešme:k): xııı (?) Tef. titreš- 303: Čağ. xv ff. titreš- ba-hatn larzıdan ‘to tremble together’ San. 189V. 2e: Xwar. xııı titreš- ditto 'Ali 54: Osm. xıv ditreš- ‘to tremble (in awe)’ TTS IV 232.

PU tatırğa: Hap. leg.; the word is slightly misplaced under -K- between tararku: and tavilku: and may be mis-spelt. Xak. xı tatırğa: al-qadam wahtva cild abyad ntadbıiğ ‘white tanned skin’ Kaš. I 489 (this seems to require some meaning like ‘vellum’ for al-qa<Jlam, but it is not in the dicts.).

D tuturğu: Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. tutur- (seize). Xak. xı tuturğu: ne:Q šay' haqquhu yti'az fihi ‘something to be recommended’ Kaš. I489.

PU?F tuturka:n ‘rice’; spelt dearly with -kin TT VIII and Kaš.; other Uyğ. spellings are ambiguous; later forms all have -ğ-; unless it is a l.-w., which is quite possible for a commodity like rice, it is hardly likely to be a basic word, but there is no semantic connection with tutur- (seize). An early (? xiv) l.-w. in Mong. as tuturğan (see N. Poppe, Mongol’skü slovar' Mukaddimat al-Adab, Moscow-Leningrad, !938, P- 356), but obsolete in Turkish soon after that date. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tuturkan suvsuš ‘rice wine’ Iliien-ts. 1941-2: Civ. tuturka:n TT VIII 1.13 (burčak); llyi ašı tuturkan tetir ‘its (appropriate) food offering is said to be rice’ VII 14, 28: Xak. xı (under -K-) tuturka:n al-uruz ‘rice’ Kaš. I 521: xıv Mult, al-uruz tuturğa:n Mel. 78, 1; Rif. 181: Čağ. xv ff. tuturğan/tuturğu (the latter an error, nün read as waw) in Mong. (sic) ‘rice’ (birine), in Ar. uruz Satt. 169V. 12: Kom. xıv ‘rice’ tuturğan CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-uruz tu:furga:n Ilotı. 9, le: xıv (ufurgan/ tuturğan al-ruzz Id. 64; al-uruz tufurgan Bul. 6, 15: xv ditto Kav. 63, 13; Tuh. 5a. 1.

D tatırlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. tatir. Xak.xi tatırlığ ye:r arčl dot cadad wa šaleba ‘smooth, hard ground’ Kaš. I 494.

D tutsık (control) Dev. N./A. tr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee). N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı (there has never been a better place than the ötüken mountain forest) el tutsık yer ötüken yıš ermiš ‘the ötüken mountain forest was the place which controls the realm’ I S 4; a.o. I S 10-11, II N 8 (ölsik).

D (S) tutsuğ (will, testament) ‘a will, testament’; prob. a Sec. f. of *tutzuğ (will, testament) Dev. N. fr. tutuz-, for which tutruğ (will, testament), q.v., is prob. a scribal error. N.o.a.b.; cf. xuma:ru:, and, for the form, 1 tütsüg. Xak, xı tutsuğ al-wašiya ‘a will, testament’; \461\ one says men agaı’ tutsuğ tutuzdum aıvšaytuhtı bi-ıvašiya ‘I made a will in his favour’ Kaš. I 462.
461

D (S) 1 tütsüg (incense) ‘incense’ and the like; prob. a Sec. f. of *tützüg, Dev. N. fr. tütüz-; owing to the ambiguity of the Uyğ. script this may in fact be the Uyğ. form. Survives in SW Az. tütsü ‘smoke’; Osm. tütsü ‘fumigant, incense’; Tkm. tüssü ‘smoke’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 36-7 (ur-): Chr. arığ tütsüg ‘pure incense’ M III 49, 12 (in: Bud. küji tütsüg ‘incense sticks’ U II 40, 105-6; 47, 77; edgü yıdltğ yıparlığ tütsüg küyürüp ‘burning sweet-scented, fraerant incense’ TT V 8, 72-9; o.o. 17 \\ 61, 6; TT VII 40, 60; Suv. 129, 8; 424, 10-12 (tütün); USp. 101, n; 102b. 21: Xak. KB kayusı elig sundı tütsüg tutar ‘some stretch out their hands, holding incense’ 98: Čağ. xv ff. tütsi diid wa baxür ‘smoke, fragrant odour’ San. 169V. 9: Xwar. xnt dütsl ‘smoke’ ‘Ali 57: xıv tütsü ditto Qutb 191.

?E 2 tütsüg (hostile) ‘hostile’; 1 tütsüg, though it occurs in KB, is not listed in the present text of Kaš., and it seems likely that some word meaning ‘incense’, prob. al-baxür, followed tütsüg in Kaš. I476 and was followed by some word meaning ‘hostile’; as the next word is türpig, the second consonant might have been -t-, -č-, or -d-, but some word ending in -g and cognate to tetrü:, tetrül-, possibly *tetrüg is the likeliest. Xak. xı (PU) tütsüg kiši: al-mušahin ‘a hostile person’ Kaš. I 476.

D tutsuk- (caught, seized) Emphatic Pass. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); ‘to be caught, seized’, etc. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. oğrı oğurlasar tutsuksar ‘if a thief steals and is caught’ TT VI no: Xak. xı er yağı:ka: tutsukdı: ‘the man was captured (uxida) by the enemy’ Kaš. II 227 (tutsuka:r, tutsukma:k).

D *tütsüglüg P.N./A. fr. 1 tütsüg; ‘containing incense’; n.o.a.b.; the omission of -g- is prob. inadvertent; loğ is a Chinese l.-w. Uyğ. vııt ff. Bud. (then the officiating priest must take black incense sticks (küjŋ, recite the dherani seven times, and) tütsülüğ (sic) loğda küyürmiš kergek ‘burn them in the censer’ TT V 12, 130 (and see note).

D tiitsüglük A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. 1 tütsüg; ‘censer’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ^liginde tütsüglük tuta bu tütsügüg urup meni okizun ‘let him take a censer in his hand, put this incense in it, and call on me’ Suv. 129, 7-9.

VUD tudasiz Priv. N./A. fr. tuda:, q.v.; pec. to Uyğ. and used only in Hend. with adašız, q.v.

D tı:dıš Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (connoting reciprocity) fr. tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain). Xak. xı tı:dıš al-mumena'a ‘mutual obstruction’ Kaš. I 407.
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D tutuš/tütüš (? tutoš) (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) Dev. N./A. (connoting reciprocity) fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ; with various meanings, usually ‘quarrel’ and the like. For the vocalization see tutuš- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); consistently spelt tütüš; all modem forms have back vowels. Survives as tutaš meaning either ‘continuous, complete’, or ‘touching, adjacent’ in SE Türki; NC Kır., Kzx.; SC Uzb.; NW Kk., Nog. (tutas); Kumyk; SW Osm.; tuduš/tutuš ditto in NE Alt., Tel., Tuv.; SW Tkm., and tudis ‘quarrel, fight’ in NE Khak. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (he pacifies) alku kor ayığ tütüš keriš karıšmakığ ‘all damaging, evil quarrels (Hend.) and disputes’ U II 58, 4-5 (ı): Civ. tütüš kerište tezgil ‘fly from quarrels (Hend.)’ Tt I 48; o.o. of tütüš kerlš do. 177, 180; VII 28, 5; (if a man misbehaves in what he does) tütüš bolur ‘a quarrel ensues’ TT I 195; o.o. do. 196; VII 33, 16; 36, 5: Xak. xı (after tapıš ‘mutual trust’) (VU) tutuš ašlab lafza (n) minhu, al-mu’axada a stronger expression, ‘clinging to one another’ Kaš. I 367: KB (wine is an enemy) kılınčı (VU) tutuš boldi kılkı uruš ‘its actions are quarrelsome and its conduct pugnacious’ 2098; o.o. 2651, 4247 (tepiz), 4586 (axsumla:-): Xwar. xıv tutuš rüza tutmağıl ‘do not fast continuously’ Nahc. 260, 15; a.o. 416, 14.

D tü:deš N./A. of Assocn. lit. ‘having hair the same colour’, but used more indefinitely. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı any class (cins) of things which resemble (yušbih) one another is called tü:deš ne:g, derived fr. tü: (hair (body)) (fur) ‘hair’ (al-ša'ŋ; one says of an animal bu: at ne: tü:lüg ‘what are the markings (šiya) on this horse?’; and -deš harf mušehaba wa muqarana ‘a Particle connoting companionship and association’... tü:deš muqarinu'l-Iawn wa’l-šiya ‘of the same colour and markings’ Kaš. I 406-7; a.o. III 207 (tü:): KB adašlı kadašlı ikigün tüdeš ‘friends and kinsmen are like one another’ (English ‘birds of a feather’) 3485; kögli tüdeš ‘like minded’ 5721.

D tutšı: (constantly, continuously) ‘constantly, continuously’; Dev. Adj./ Adv. fr. tutuš- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee), N.o.a.b.; common in Xak.; the original form *tutušı: (tutošı:) does not occur, but the Sec. f. tuta:šı: occurs in Xak.; often corrupted to tutčı: and even (metri gratia?) tučı:, which is prob. the commonest form in KB. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tutčı üzüksüz ‘continuously and uninterruptedly’ TT III 26, 41: Xak. xı tutšı: al-šay'u'l--muqarinu'l-mucawir ‘something associated or adjacent’; one says amŋ yeri: menirj yerke: tutšı: ol ‘his land is adjacent to (i.e. continuous with) mine’; -š- and -č- are close to one another (tataqaraban) here and one (also) says tutčı:: tuta:šı: an alternative form (luğa fthŋ; one says men saga: tuta:šı: barı:rmen ‘I am constantly (da'iba (n)) going to you’ Kaš. I423; about a dozen o.o. of tutčı: often translated abada (n) ‘everlastingly’: KB the word meaning 'constantly, continuously’ is common, the form depends on the position in the verse, tutašı (^ - -) 31 (ulam), 434, etc.; tutčı ( — ) 41, 878; tučı (^ -) 119,126 (evren), \462\ 492, 909 (ögdil-), etc.: xııı (?) Tef. tutašı ditto 314: Xwar. xıv tutšı/tutšu ditto Qutb 188.
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D tıdıš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of tıd- (? tı:d-) (obstruct, restrain). Xak. M ola:r bi:r bi:rig tıdıšdı: tnmenaüfi šay'i (n) ‘they obstructed one another over something’ Kaš. I1 93 (tıdıšu:r, tıdıšma:k).

D tıtıš- (d-) Co-op. f. of tıt- (tear, pluck); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol mapa: yuŋ tıtıšdı: ‘he helped me to pluck (ft nafš) the wool by hand so that it might be spun’ (yıığzat); also used for competing and when two people tear (tnazaqa) one another’s clothes Kaš. II 89 (tıtıšu:r, tıtıš-ma:k, altered from or to (?) -me:-k): Xwar. xııı (VU) didiš- (sic) ‘to tear one another, quarrel’ 'Ali 57.

D tutuš-/tütüš- (? tutoš-) (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) Recip./Co-op. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); on the variations in vocalization, which are not quite without parallel but have no obvious explanation, see Kaš. and cf. tutuš/ tütüš. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. a variety of meanings, in some languages as tutaš- (which points to an original form tutoš-) and in others as tutuš- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee), cf. tutuš/tütüš. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tütüšüp ‘lighting’ (all kinds of incense sticks) U II 47, 77; iki elig tutušup (sic) ‘clasping the two hands’ TT V 26, 88; tütüšgeči keriš-gečl bolur ‘they become quarrelsome (Hend.)’ UIII Si, 1: Civ. tütüšgülük emgek bar ‘there is the pain of conflict (?)’ TT I 72; edgü ögli tutušdačı (jı'c) ‘clinging to the well-disposed VII 17,23; süsgüni arkası tutušur his back (Hend. ?) grips him painfully (?)’ do. 25, 4: Xak. xı ola:r ikki: tutušdı:la:r ‘they seized (axada) one another’; also used of anything that sticks (lasiqa) to something else (tutušu:r, tutušma:k); and one says ol maga: keyik (VU) tutušdı: ‘he helped me to catch ('ale axd) the wild animal’ (etc.); also for competing; and one says ola:r ikki: tütüšdi:le:r ‘those two quarrelled’ (taše-care) (tütüšü:r, tütüšme:k); the original form (al-asl) is the first Kaš. II 88; tutuškalı: (sic) yakıštı: ‘they drew near one another to seize (li-ya'xud) one another’ I 170, 19; tütüšmeginče: tiizülme:š ‘without quarrelling (al-tašecuŋ one cannot be reconciled’ II 71, 13 (in Kaš. at any rate the implication is that tütüš- means ‘to quarrel’ while tutuš- conveys all the other meanings): KB maga kelse (VU) tütšü ‘if he comes to quarrel with me’ 815; kanı ol tütüšügü dunyS üčün ‘where is the man who fought for the sake of this world?’ (this world remains, but he died by violence) 6442: xııı (?) Tef. tutaš- (51c) (of a fire) ‘to catch light’ 315: xıv tale-zama ‘to cleave to one another’ dutuš- Mel. 47, 7 and 15; tuta:š- Rif. 133: Čağ. xv ff. tutuš-/tutağlaš- Recip. f. ham-digar-re giriftan [lacuna] one another’ San. i68v. 13 (quotns.); [lacuna] -giriftan usually in the mean- [lacuna] or ‘to strike up’ (a [lacuna] 10 (quotns.): [lacuna] 48: \\\ xıv tutaš-/tutuš- ditto Qutb 187-8: Kip. xııı ixtasama ‘to quarrel’ tütüš- (-gil) Hou. 37, 3: xıv ditto Id. 37: xv ’aliqn min qadhi’l--zand ‘to catch fire from a strike-a-light’ tutaš- Tuh. 26a. 8.

D tütüšlüg (? tütöšlüg) (quarrelsome, mutually hostile) (тусовка, потасовка) P.N./A. fr. tütüš (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); ‘quarrelsome, mutually hostile’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. otlı suvlı teg tütüšlüg bolur ‘they become mutually hostile, like fire and water’ TT VI 64-5; VIII 0.8 (spelt tötöšlüg): Civ. sözlenılš savıg tütüšlüg ‘whatever vou say meets with opposition’ TT I 38 (cf. yağı:lığ (d-) (hostility, quarrel)).

D tutyak (grasping) Dev. N. in -yak fr. tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); this seems to be the only occurrence of this Suff.; it might be an early example of the sound change -o- > -a-, and thus a Sec. f. of -yuk which may originally have been -yok just as the Pass. Dev. N/A. Suffix -uk was originally -ok; for this same sound change see tutuš-/tütüš- (? tutoš-) (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee). Normally used to translate the Buddhist technical term upedena ‘grasping’, Chinese ch'ii (Giles 3,118), the fourth of the twelve links in the chain of Nidana. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ, vııı ff. Man. ot teŋrinig teŋri yarindeki tutyaklığ [long gap] ‘the Fire God’s ... in the country of the Gods’ M III 36, 9 (iii)): Bud. tutyakta ötgürü kılınč bolur ‘action (bhava) comes about precisely from grasping (upedena)' U II 8, 22-3; o.o. do. 6, 8 ff.; in do. 6, 9-10 mis-spelt (or mistranscribed?) tutayak; in do. ii, 2-14 replaced by tutyaklanmak; ( (bring all your wealth here quickly) tutyaksız kögülin bušı bergülük ‘to give it away in alms with an ungrasping mind’ U III 12, 12).

VU?D titiz ‘unpleasant’ and the like; there is some semantic connection with 2 tet- and it should perhaps be spelt tĞtiz, and taken as a Dev. N./A. Survives in SW Osm. titiz ‘peevish, captious, meticulous’, and the like. Xak. xı titiz ne:g ‘anything with a bitter (or pungent, 'afiš) taste, like the taste of a myro-balan’ (ihlilac) Kaš. I 365: xıv Muh. (>) (after ‘sweet, sour, bitter, salty’) karih ‘disagreeable, unpleasant’ titi:z (MS. tifi:ŋ Rif. 165 (only).

D tutuz- (entrust, grasp, added ?) Caus. f. of tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee); ‘to entrust (something Acc., to someone Dat.)' and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı [gap] tutuzti: eki:si:n özi: altuzdi: ‘he ordered to grasp... and himself had two of them taken’ I E 38: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (you have shown the bridge of the true doctrine; you have taught the excellent \463\ doctrine in the mind) [small gap] ıduk anč-<um>anka tutuztuguz ‘you have entrusted ... to the divinely blessed community’ TT III 57: Bud. sizige tutuzurmen ‘I entrust to you’ (my beloved son) PP 25, 5; o.o. do. 67, 8; U II 34. 9! HI 27. *8; 83, 9 (urunčak); Hüen-ts. 273. 1952: Civ. yagirtu tutuzup ‘entrusting (property to them) afresh’ USp. 88, 18-19: Xak. xı men aga:r sö:z tu tuzdum ‘I communicated (awaztu) a statement to him, or something which he ought to bear in mind (grasp)’ (yurar) Kaš. II 86 (tutuzur, tutuzma:k); a.o. 1462,9 (tutsuğ): KB bayatka tutuzdum muni ‘I have entrusted him (my son) to God’ 1483; o.o. 1578, 3816, 3834/6184 — (after a speech) yana ok tutuzdi ‘he then added' (another speech) 5011.
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D tütüz- Caus.f. of tüte:-; ‘to fumigate’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. H I 22-3 (ara:): Xwar. xıv (he washed his face) takı özige 'üd tütüzdi ‘and fumigated himself with aloe wood’ Nahc. 33, 1: Kip. xv baxxara ‘to fumigate’ tütüz- (Tkm. buğlat-) Tuh. 8r. 10.

VUD titizlik (irritability, fussy) A.N. fr. titiz; survives in SW Osm. titizlik ‘peevishness, fastidiousness’, etc. Xak. xı titizlik al-'afüša ‘bitterness, pungency’, like the taste of myrobalan Kaš. I506. .

1 da:ğ/da:ğ (not) Pec. to Kaš. whose etymology in this case may be correct. Arğu: xı da:ğ/da:ğ (sic) a Partide (harf) meaning laysa ‘it is not’; one says ol andağ da:ğ ol ‘it is not so’; and the Oğuz took it from them (the Arğu:) and changed their phr. da:ğ ol and said tegül meaning laysa, because the Oğuz are neighbours of Arğu:, and in their phraseology mixed with them (ft alfazihim muxalata bihim) Kaš. III 153; a-o-1393 (tegül).

F 2 da:ğ (tag, “tag it”) (tag) ‘a livestock brand’; in spite of Kaš.’s remarks a l.-w. fr. Pe. değ; s.i.s.m.l. See tağla:-, tögü:n. Xak. xı da:ğ (tag) ‘the brand’ (al-kayy) with which horses and other livestock are branded (yılsam); this word comes from the Turks and it should not be said that it is a word of the Persians (al-furs), because they have no livestock (daıvebb) so as to have names for marks on them (li-simetihim asme'); I heard this word in the Moslem frontier posts (ft tuğûri’l-Islem) Kaš. III 153: xııı (?) Tef. dağ (tag) ‘a mark’ (put by God on a man’s forehead) 116.

1 ta:ğ (d-) (mountain) ‘mountain’. C.i.a.p.a.l., usually as tag or taw; in NE Tuv.; NW Knm; SW Az., Osm. dağ; Tkm. da:ğ. See Doerfer II 859. Türkü vııı (VU) Tögkeš tağda: ‘on the Töıjkeš mountain’ II S 8; I E 12 (en-) a.o.o.: vııı ff. tağ üze: ‘on a mountain’ IrkB 17; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı kömür tağda: ‘at the Coal Mountain’ Šu. N 8; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Bud. tağ ‘mountain’ is common; see also tağdm: Civ. ditto: Xak. xı ta:ğ al-cabal ‘mountain’ Kaš. III 153 (prov.) and nearly 70 o.o.: KB yazı tağ ‘plains and mountains’ 21, 69, 96, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. ta:ğ/ta:ğ ditto 281: xıv Muh. al-cabal da:k (sic) Mel. 24, 13; ta:ğ Rif. 178; qullatu’l-cabal ‘the crest of a mountain’ da:ğ ba:šı: Mel.; ta:ğ ba:ši: Rif. do.: Čağ. xv ff. tağ kûh ‘mountain’ (also ‘tamarisk’ a Pe. l.-w.) San. i57r. le: Xwar. xııı (?)tağ ditto is common in Oğ.: xıv ditto Qutb 168: Kom. xıv ‘mountain’ tağ/tav CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-cabal ta:ğ Hou. 5, 17: xıv ditto Id. 64 (tağ); Bul. 3, 9: xv al-cabal t^a:ğ, also called taw bi’l-waui Kav. 58, 11; cabal taw ‘also with -ğ’ Tuh. 11a. 9.

tak (sorrow, distress, need) in the early period occurs only in association with mug (bug) ‘sorrow, distress’, but seems to mean something like ‘need’. N.o.a.b.; the tak which has various meanings in several modern languages cannot be satisfactorily connected with this word. See Doerfer II 860. Türkü vııı fî. Man. Chuas. 200, 251 (bug): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 26, 1 (bug): Xak. xı mug ta:ğ ‘wisdom tooth’ Kaš. III 359 (bug): KB 391 (bug): Xwar. xııı t^qati tak ‘his strength is exhausted’ 'Ali 57 (perhaps belongs here); Osm. xv gerči anıg armağana takı yok ‘it is true that he has no need of gifts’ TTS I 670.

tı:ğ (brownish) the colour of a horse’s coat; the Ar. words used to translate it are apparently imprecise, but the colour seems to have been some kind of ‘roan’, dark or light. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı fF. tığ at IrkB 50; a.o.? do. 39 (t^trü:); in Toyok n (ETY II 58) tı:ğ ta:š ‘a brown (?) stone’ is associated with the moon (this docutnent is based on a Sogdian document with Man. associations): Xak. xı tı:ğ at al-faras fyayna'l-ašqar via’l-kumayt ‘a horse with a coat between roan (bay, sorrel, or chestnut) and reddish brown (or dark bay)’ Kaš. III 127.

1 to:ğ (dust) ‘dust’; an early l.-w. in Mong. as to'ostin (the -sun a common Mong. Suff.; Haenisch 151); survives only (?) in SE Türki toğ ‘dirt which as the result of a dust storm gathers on the leaves of trees and bushes’ Jarring 309. Cf. 1 to:z (dust, cloud, mist). Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘dust’ toğ (VU) tömel Ligeti 265: Xak. xı to:ğ ‘the dust (al-habe’) which rises from horses’ hooves’ Kaš. III 127; a.o. III 183, 1 (tuğ-): KB tuğa keldi toğ ‘the dust rose’ 5672; o.o. 1773, 4893: Čağ. xv ff. toğ toz... ğuber ma'nestna ‘dust’ Vel. 213 (quotn.; only): Xwar. xıv yüzümdeki toğnı kiterdl ‘he wiped away the dust on my face’ Nahc. 153, 2.

?D 2 to:ğ (obstructed; obstruction, barrier) the basic meaning seems to be something like ‘obstructed; obstruction, barrier’, and the like; if so perhaps a Dev. N./A. fr. to:- (stop), and also perhaps the origin of a word meaning ‘barren’ (of an animal, i.e. ? ‘with an obstructed womb’) which survives as NE Sag., Šor toğ R III 1157; Koib., Sag. tuğt/o. 1430; NC Kır., Kzx. tu:. Türkü vııı (we marched for ten days) yantakı: toğ evirü: ‘skirting the \464\ spurs on the side (of the mountains)’ T 2e: Uyğ. vııı (PU) Kutyar (? , -y- uncertain) tag toğı:n [long gap] ‘the spurs of the Kutyar (?) mountain’ Šu. W 3 (a possible reading): vııı ff. Bud. anın ol ögîiz suviniQ berü bu kölke kelgüllik toğ ağızın yemirip suvuğ ögi kemišmišlerin kördİ ‘then he saw that they had breached the mouth of the embankment (by reason of which) the water of that river came in this direction to this lake and diverted the water elsewhere’ Suv. 602, 8-11: Xak. xı to:ğ sikrtt'1-me' ‘a dam in a stream’; one says suvka: to:ğ ur da' li'l-ma sikr ‘put a dam against the water’; to:ğ sided kull šay' ‘a stopper, obstruction to anything’; hence one says tüplük to:ğı: sidedu' I-kmtnva ‘something to block up a snioke-hole (or window)’, etc. Kaš. III 127: KB Xitay arkıšı kesse arkıš toğı ‘if a ban on caravans cut off the China caravan’ 4426.
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F tu:ğ (tag, standard, banner, sign, flag) (tag) ‘a royal emblem’, that is essentially some kind of drum or standard; in the early period it is not easy to decide which is meant. Acc. to Kaš. the standard was a silk flag (no doubt an idea derived fr. China), but the traditional Turkish standard was a horse’s tail or a bunch of horsehair (bunchuk ~ bunch). No doubt a l.-w. fr. Chinese tu ‘banner, standard’ (Giles 12,056; Pulleyblank, Middle Chinese dok), see Doerfer II 969; the vowel in Chinese was originally -o- and became -u- at some date which is uncertain but presumably before the Turks borrowed the word, since there is no evidence of a pronunciation to:ğ in Turkish; on the other hand in the case of totok, which occurs in Tibetan as todog (see Doerfer II 874), the borrowing prob. occurred before similar sound changes took place in this word. An early l.-w. in Mong. as tuğ (Haenisch 153); s.i.a.m.l.g. as tuğ/tuw (NW Kk.)/tu:. Uyğ. vııı (I said ‘let us start a campaign’) tuğ tašıkar erikli: ‘just as the standard was setting out’ Šu. E 5: vııı ff. (by the power of the divine Buddha to effect distinguished rebirths (see kelig) you attain) kentü özi tuğ belgü kılmıš nomluğ etözin belgürtme etözin ‘the Dharmakeya and Nirntenakeya, which make themselves their banner and distinguishing sign’ Hüen-ts. 157; (hang this charm) tuğda alamda siiıjüde ‘on a banner, flag (Ar. 'alanı), or lance’ USp. 104, 18; o.o. U II 38, 77 (1 u:č); 40, 107 (učruğ); Hüen-ts. 1909 (örü): Xak. xı tu:ğ ‘a drum or kettle-drum’ (al-kits wa’l-tabl) which is beaten in the presence of the king; hence one says xa:n tu:ğ urdı: daraba'l-maliku l-nawba ‘the king told his drummers to beat’; tu:ğ al-'alanı ‘a flag, standard’; hence one says tokuz tu:ğluğ xa:n ‘a king or xan who has nine standards’; the number of nine standards is not exceeded (Id yuzed); if there are more than nine provinces or titles of honor (? , al-wilaya wa'l--nianzihŋ they choose nine by lot (yatafe'altın); these nine king’s standards are made of brocade or orange silk (dibdc aw hartr narincŋ as the lots determine (tafe’a/a (tıj bihŋ Kaš. III 127; o.o. I 194 (urul-); 195, 2: KB built kükredi urdı nawbat tıığı yašın yašnndı tarttı xakan tuğı ‘the cloud thundered and the drummers beat the drums; the lightning flashed and the xakan unfurled his standard’ 86; (he gave him the post of wazir, a seal, a title) tuğı küvrügi ’his standard (?) and drum’ (and a suit of armouŋ 1036; a.o. 2553: xıv Muh. al-'alam tu:k Mel. 51, 4 (Rif. 146 süngü:): Kom. xıv ‘flag’ tow CCI; Gr.

D 1 tok (full, satiated) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. to:- (stop); ‘full, satiated’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some extended meanings. Türkü vııı (O Türkü people) tok arkuk sen ‘you are satiated and refractory’ / S 8, II N 6 (? so read); bodun boğazı: tok erti: ‘the people’s throats were satisfied’ T 8: (Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tok in USp. 3, 5 is an error for boğ): Xak. xı tok kiši: al-insdnu'l-ša'ben ‘a man who is satiated’ Kaš. I 332; / 358, 5 (tokač), and 3 o.o.: KB ay köglüm tokı ‘O thou of whom my mind is full’ 801; o.o. 2721 (umdusuz), 4729, 5384:xiv Rbğ. köklüm tokı R III 1144; Muh. al-ša'ben to:ğ Mel. 54, 15; fork Rif. 152: Čağ. xv ff. tok ‘satiated’ (siŋ opposite to ‘hungry’ (gursita) San. i8ov. 25: Kip. xııı al-šaben tok Hou. 26, 5; 29, 19: xv ditto İd. 65 (to:d- (full, satiated)): xv ditto Tuh. 20b. 8.

VU 2 tok (shaven) Hap. leg., but see 2 tokluk; cf. ta:z. Xak. xı tok er ‘a man who, like the Turks, has no hair on his head’ (the implication is ‘close shaven’ rather than ‘naturally bald’); tok yılkı: ‘a hornless (al-acamm) animal’, that is one that has no horns Kaš. I 332.

3 tok (boom) in the Reduplication tok tok an onomatopoeic; see tokı:la:- (thud, boom (sound)) and tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle). Xak. xı tok tok etti: ‘the solid (al-musmat) thing made a noise (šaıoıoata) like one stone falling on another’; and one says er kissi: (sic) birle: tok tok boldi: ‘rough language was exchanged (tvaqa'ati'l-xušfına) between the man and woman’ (or husband and wife ?) Kaš. I 332.

tak- (taq-) (tack, fix, attach, fasten) ‘to fix, or attach (something Acc., to something Dat.)'; the early occurrences confirm Kaš.'s statement that in his period this Verb was Oğuz, but it s.i.a.m.l.g., and he does not so describe taktur- (fix) or takıl- (fastened, hampered). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kumbandı takzun TT VII 25, 19 (in a damaged passage; dubious, kutn-bhetıda is a kind of demon): Oğuz xı er burunduk butlu:ka: takdi: ‘the man fastened the leading rein to the camel’s nose peg’; also used of any cord, when it is fastened to something Kaš. II 16 (taka:r, takma:k): Čağ. xv ff. tak- bastan ‘to fasten’ but only in certain special contexts (mawarid) such as ‘to put on’ (ornaments), 'to fasten’ (a cord or rope to something), ‘to put 011’ (a bracelet or necklace), and the like San. i57r. 25 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı dak- (and dağ-) ‘to fasten’ 'Ali 13: Kom. xıv tak- CCI; Gr. 235 (1 a:t (name)): Kip. xıv tak- ’allaqa ‘to suspend (something from something)’ td. 65.
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VU tığ- (blunt, dumb, тупой) ‘to blunt (something Acc.)'; so vocalized everywhere, but the Pass. f. is everywhere vocalized tağıl-; in the phr. bašı tığ- (тупая голова) the Verb seems to be used metaph. Pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ok bašakın ta:š tığdı: ‘the stone blunted (kallala) the point of the arrow’, that is removed (adhaba) its sharpness by striking it Kaš. II i4 (tığa:r, tığma:k); bulun bo:lup bašı: tığdı: ‘becoming a prisoner he bowed his head’ ( (a’/a’a ra'sahu; lit. ‘he blunted his head’) / 307, 18: eren körrüp bašı: tığdı: ‘when lie saw (my) men, he veiled his head and fled’ (tnqanna'a ra'sahu via haraba) II 83, 24; in III 230, 18 the correct reading seems to be udu: kama: tifpün (unvocalized) tığdı: (first letter undotted and marked with fatha) ‘then he lowered and blunted (the crown of) his head’, but the translation, which is very loose, does not confirm this.

tık- (thrust, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up) ‘to thrust, squeeze, or cram (something Acc., into something Dat.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (the demons drag the lost souls to hell and) töpüsin togtaru tıkar ‘‘push them in head downwards' M II 13, 5; a.o. M III 28, 4 (iii): Bud. tıkmıš erdi uluğ ögüzüg tetrü nomluğ taluyka ‘he has thrust the great river into the sea of false doctrine’ Hüen-ts. 1912-13: Civ. (if you crush garlic cloves and) Jki kulakiga tolu tiksar ‘push them into both his ears (until they are) full’ HI 176-7; a.o. II 16, 11: Xak. xı ol ka:bka: u:n tikdi: ‘he forced (šadda) the flour into the container’ (al-zarf); also used for anything which is inserted into a container by force (udxila fl ıvi'e bi-šidda) or by kicking or squeezing it; hence ‘compressed grapes’ (al-'inebu’l--mutarekimu’ l-habbat) are called tıkma: üzüm Kaš. II 16 (no Aor, or Infin.): xıv Muh. al-šadd dokmak (error for dikmak or dokimak?) Mel. 34, 16; ditto unvocalized Rif. 120: Čağ. xv ff. tık- anbeštan wa fapendan ‘to fill up, cram’ San. i95r. 18 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to stop up’ tix- (or tixa-?) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı sadda (sic) ‘to stop up, dam’ tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть) Hou. 41, 2: xıv ditto (but tık-) Id. 65; Bul. 47r.: xv ditto Kav. 9, 12; haša ‘to fill up, stuff’ tık- do. 13, 17; haša (sok- and) tik- Tuh. 13b. 10; sadda tık- do. 24a. 4. (tıkıt-, tiktur-, tıkıl-, tıkıš-) (ODT 558: (snake) tikti stang, tikdim I installed, tiktiɣiz you fixed, tikgil mount) (dyke, dike “standing barrier”), Spanish (dique - “levee, upright wall, vertical rock stem protruding to the surface”))
TIK- I шить: (sew, stitch)
ΤΙΚ- II жалить (sting)
TIK- III 1. устанавливать, втыкать, водружать (fix, pin, put up)
TIKÄN 1. шип, колючка (в прям. и перен. знач. (thorn, spine)
2. общее название колючих кустарников (general name for stinging bushes) (OTD p. 558)
о Ср. jeδ-, jiδ-, köbi-, kübi-, tefčit-, tik-I, tevči, шить

toğ- (to:g-) (d-) (go straight, cut through) n.o.a.b.; the Caus. f. toğur- (go straight, cut through) is equally rare, except in the Ger. toğuru: (truth, true, straight, upright, uprightness, honest, equal, level, facing), q.v., which still survives; the general connotation seems to be ‘to go straight for (something Acc.)' disregarding such things as curves in the road. Türkü vııı (wading through the snow and) Kögmen yıšığ toğa: yorıp ‘marching straight on (or through ?) the Kögmen mountain forest’ I E 35, IIE 27; (we marched) [altum yıšığj toğa: ‘going straight through the Altai mountain forest’ I E 36-7 (IIE 27 substitutes aša: ‘crossing’).

tuğ- (d-) (emerge, born, rise, inchoate) ‘to be born’, with some extended and metaph. meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. The vowel is -u- in TT VIII and all modern language groups except SW where the form in Az., Osm., Tkm. is doğ-. In the medieval period \465\ the Verb became Trans. ‘to give birth to (a child)’, etc. in some languages, and is now Trans, in NC Kzx.; SC Uzb., and some NW languages; in NC Kır. tu:- is both Trans, and Intrans.; in other languages the Caus. f. is used for Trans., doğur- in SW and tuğtur-or the like elsewhere. Türkü vııı ff. kün tuğdı: ‘the sun rose’ IrkB 26; a.o. do. 52: Man. kentü tuğmıš kılınmıš ‘the spontaneously born and self-created (gods)’ Chuas. I 14; (if we say that the sun and moon) erk-sizin tuğar batar ‘rise and set involuntarily’ Chuas. 24: Yen. on ay eltdi: öglm oğlan tuğdım ‘I was born a boy carried (in her womb) by my mother for ten months’ Mai. 29, ; o.o. do. 26, 2; 48, 5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. axšılığ burxan terjri tuğtuguz ‘you have been born as a divine teaching Burxan’ TT III 129-30; (under the influence of the Wind God all kinds of shrubs, trees, and plants) tuğar ‘emerge (from the ground)’ Wind. 8; a.o. do. 11: Bud. Sanskrit medyajalajatam iva ‘as if born in dirty water’ arığsızlığ su:vta: ünmišig teg a:zu tuğmıšığ (sic) teg TT VIII D.36; jetijarem ‘being born and growing old’ tuğma:k ka:nma:k do. E.48; ne üčün karımak ölmek tuğar ‘why do old age and death come about?’ U II 5, 14; tuğa teglük ‘born blind’ UII 29, 14; 31, 41; U III 77, 20; o.o. PP 5, 1; U I 24, 6; U III 36, 22 etc.: Civ. kün tuğa: (sic) ‘at sunrise’ TT VIII L.8; özümde tuğmıš... oğlum ‘my own son’ USp. 51, 2; in contracts tuğmıšım ‘my descendants’ is common do. 13, 12; 30, 17 etc.; a.o.o.: Xak. xı kü:n tuğdı: ‘the sun rose’ (tala'at); and one says oğul tuğdı: ‘the child was born’ (wulidat) Kaš. II 14 (tuğa:r, tugma:k; prov); to:ğ tu:ğdı: ‘the dust which was kicked rose’ (sata'a) III 183 (tu:ğa:r, tu:ğma:k; verse; the -u:- is prob. an error, there is no other evidence for it and Tkm. has doğ-); nearly 20 o.o. in both senses: KB tuğ- is common, e.g. tuğuğlı ölür ‘man is born and dies’ 180; o.o. 99, 234, 1932, etc.: xıı (?) KB VP tuğmıš elindin čıkıp ‘leaving the country where he was born’ 58: xııı (?) At. Postscript tuğa körmez erdi ‘he was born blind’ 485; Tef. tuğ- ‘to be bom; (of the sun) to rise’; tuğa közsüz ‘born blind' 305: xıv Muh. fala’a duğ- Mel. 20, 3; Rif. 100; tuğ- 33, 8; 118; wulida dug- 32, 5; tuğ- 1le: Čağ. xv ff. tuğ- (-ğan etc.) doğ-1toğ- Vel. 213 (quotns.); tuğ- zaidan ‘to be bom’; metaph. teli' šudan ‘to rise’ San. 178V. 14 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı tuğ- ‘to be bom; to rise’ 'Ali 37, 45; tuğ- ditto Qutb 181 (toğ-); MN 262, etc.: Kom. xıv toğ-/tov-/tuv- ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 247 (quotns. and note): Kip. xııı (among the P.N.s) Ayduğdı:/Ayduğmuš ‘the moon rose (bazağa), that is was bom’ (wulida); Künduğdı:/Künduğmıš similar translation Hou. 29, 10-12: xıv duğ- tala'a, originally duw-; also t^ue- td. 49; tuğ- wulida, hence Ay tuğmıš mawlud qamar; Künduğmıs mawlud šatns; the meaning is both wulida and tala'a do. 64: xv tala'a tuğ- Kav. 58, 9; ašraqa ‘to rise and shine’ duğ- Tuh. 6a. 3; Künduğdı, Ayduğdı noted as P.N.s do. \466\ 42b. 9: Osm. xıv ff. doğ- noted in various phr. TTS 1 214; 111 202; IV 234.
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tağı: (female ass) n.o.a.b., in contexts suggesting that it is the female of the kula:n (wild ass), q.v.; if so ‘female of the wild ass, Equus hemionus'. L.-w. in Mong. as taki ‘wild horse, wild ass’ (Kow. 1656, llaltod 392). Uyğ. XIV Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. see kula:n. Xak. xı KB kulan ye tağı tut takı kök teke ‘capture the male or female wild ass and the grey he-goat’ 5375.

?D takı: (d-) (and; furthermore, also, таки) prima facie Ger. of tak- (tack, fix, attach, fasten) used as an Adv., but there is this difficulty that there is no evidence that tak- was ever *dak- while the evidence that this word originally had d- is unusually strong. It is most often used in the early period as a Conjunction at the beginning of a sentence meaning ‘and; furthermore’, or after one or two words meaning ‘also’, but there are other usages which need a special study. S.i.a.m.l.g., sometimes as takı/tağı or dakı/dağı (in NC Kır.; NW Kk. both tağı and dağı occuŋ, sometimes (NE Tuv.; SC Uzb.; NW Kaz.) in the extended form tağm, sometimes as an enclitic ta/te/ da/de. In SW Az., Osm. enclitic da/de is common; in Osm. two forms daxi ‘and, also’ and daha ‘more’ evolved; in Tkm. only dağı. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 3 (tü:); 33 (ur-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (at the beginning of a sentence) takı yeme ‘and again’ M I 7, 1; 8, 4; (ditto) takı ‘and’ do. 8, 9 and 13 a.o.o.: Man. takı ‘and’ TT III 92 a.o.o.: Chr. (at the beginning of a new para.) takı yeme ‘and in addition’ U I 9, 9: Bud. takı and takı yeme at the beginning of a sentence are common, and takı ‘also’ after one or two words: Civ. ditto; üč yüz takı sekiz altmıš ‘three hundred and fifty eight’ TT VII 9, 12-13: Xak. xı takı: a Particle (fuirf) meaning ayda (n) ‘too, also’; hence one says takı: yarma:k be:r ‘give another (axar) dirham’; and it also occurs meaning ma'a ‘with’ in Oğuz; hence one says \\ ol takı: anda: ‘he too (ayda (n)) is there with him’ (ma'a (tı)) Kaš. III 226; the Turks say takı: meaning ayda (n) and the Oğuz daki: II 195, 26; a.o.o.: KB takı ‘and, also’ is common both by itself and in association with the enclitic -ma/-me; it occurs both at the beginning of a sentence, e.g. takı ‘and’ 874; takı ma ‘and also’ 122, and near it, e.g. adın ma takı bolsu m: xııı (?) Tef. takı ‘and, also’ at or near the beginning of a sentence 282: xıv Muh. ğayr wa ayda (n) ‘in addition to, also’ takı: Mel. 16, 7; Rif. 93: Čağ. xv ff. dağı daxi; dağı bir birisi daxi Vel. 257; takı digar ‘another’ San. 157V. 22 (quotn.); daxi digar, also takı/dağı 223r. 22; dağı digar, also taki/daxi 224r. 4 (quotn.); a.o. 57r. 19 (adruk): Oğuz xı see Xak.: Xwar. xrıı (?) takı (or daki?) ‘and’ is common in Oğ. both at the beginning of a sentence, 2, etc., and in such phr. as ya takı kalkan ‘bow and shield’ 97-8: xıv takı ‘and, also’ Qutb 171; tağı (once dağı) MN 15, etc.: Kom. xıv dağı/tağı, dağın, -da/-de CCI, CCG; Gr-^! 71, 81 many quotns.): Kip. xııı ayda (tt) is dağı:, and if you wish to say qala ayda (n) you say dağı: ayıttı:... and for a tint ayda (n) bergil dağı: or dağı: bergil Hou. 56, 8: xıv takı: bi-ma'ne ayda (n); and it has been explained (šuriha\ i.e. in the grammatical section, 150, 4 ff., q.v.); takı: axar Id. 39: xv da:ğı: ayda (n) Kav. 20, 22;^fujtne annahu ‘like (wise)’ (yene, gene) dağı, and they also mean ayda (7ŋ Tuh. 31a. 8; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. daxi (in xıv and xv also dağı/dakı) with six or seven shades of meaning; c.i.a.p. TTS I 171; II 250; III 162; IV 186 (there are no refces. to daha or -da/-de in TTS).

VU 1 toğa: (illness) ‘illness’; n.o.a.b. Not to be confused with tuğa:, Ger. of tuğ- (q.v.), which occurs in such phr. as tuğa: teglük ‘born blind’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Hud. ig toğa ‘illness’ (Hend.) (7/45, HI 41, 4 ("); Suv. 592, 9 etc. (common); a.o. PP 67, 3-4 (bušıcı:): Civ. ig toğa TT I 17: Xak. xı toğa: al-da wa tiqlul-nafs ‘illness, dyspnoea (difficult breathing)’; hence one says i:g toğa: same translation Kaš. III 224.

VU 1 toku: (? toko:) (ceremony) n.o.a.b., always in association with törö:, q.v., in contexts which suggest some meaning like ‘traditional ceremonies’. The only possible survival seems to be SW xx Anat. toka SDD 1372, which is generally a survival of 2 toku: (buckle) but in one district is syn. w. dörü/dürü ‘wedding present’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when a man dies, they choose an auspicious day and) uluğ törü toku eterler ‘perform a great (funeral) ceremony’ TT VI 231; o.o. of törü toku do. 285 (a funeral), 334 (3 feast), 344 (a wedding): Xak. xı KB törü ham toku ögdi yinčge tapuğ uluğ lıecib etse ačar yol kapuğ ‘if the Chancellor observes the traditional law, ceremonies, and customs and (performs) scrupulous service he opens (all) ways and doors’ 2490; törü yok toku yok yeme kılk kılınč törüsüz tapuğčı yaramaz erinč ‘a servant who does not observe the traditional laws and ceremonies and is undisciplined in his character and conduct is really useless’ 3739: Č^a&- ^xv ff-toka asbeb-i tacammuI wa atat ‘formal clothing and equipment’; takım is used in the same sense San. 18 ir. 23 (the translation looks like a mere guess; the illustrative quotn., taken fr. Bebur (Gibb Memorial facsimile 237V. 5) töre wa toka bile elčilik kılurm koyğıl seems to mean ‘stop carrying out your, diplomatic functions in accordance with the traditional rules and ceremonies’).

2 toku: (? toko:) (buckle) ‘buckle’ and the like; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) as toka/toğa; l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 910. Xak. xı toku: ibzimu'l-mintaqa ‘belt buckle’ Kaš. III 22e: Čağ. xv ff. (after toka (1 toku:) tokka ‘with -kk-’ (be qef nıušaddad) ‘a buckle with a tongue (halqa-i zabenadeŋ made of iron or bronze through which they pass \\ sword-belts or saddle girths’ San. i8ir. 25: Kom. xıv ‘buckle; ring on a horse’s bit’ toğa CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv t°ğa: al-ibzim Id. 64: xv ditto Tuh. 4b. 6; razza ‘staple, hinge’ ditto do. 17a. 7.
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tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle) lit. ‘to hit, knock (something)’, hence ‘to beat (an enemy)’; ‘to weave (a fabric)’, presumably because the weft is beaten down from time to time to consolidate it, and other metaph. and extended meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?), usually with -u- or -a- as the second vowel and nearly always for ‘to weave’; SW Az. toxu-; Osm. doku-; Tkm. doki-, Kom. xıv toğu-, Kip. xııı doki:-. Türkü vııı (a Chinese army approached) tegip tokı:dım ‘I met and beat it’ II S 8: o.o. IN 6 (eğir- (twist, spin)), II E 31: Uyğ. vııı tokı:dım ‘I beat’ (an enemy) Šu. E 6, E 8, S 2, W 3: vııı ff. Bud. kazğuk tokıyurmen ‘I knock in a peg’ UII 61, 18; (some of them tore their hair and) tokıdılar ‘beat’ (their breasts) U III i5> 5 (ı); iki kala tamirim tokıp ‘my pulse beats twice’ (but cannot beat a third time) do. 37, 36; tarn tokıyu ‘building (beating) a wall’ TT VI 82; o.o. PP 2, 4-5 (‘to weave’, bodut-); TT IV 10, 7 (bedük); 12, 43; U II 26, 14 (1 ok (arrow)): Civ. (take the ashes and) kara ingek sütirje tokıp ičip ‘beat them in the milk of a black cow and drink them’ TT VII 26, 13-14; similar phr. do. 27, 12 and 16; H I 45-6; o.o. TT VII 41, 23; VIII 1.14: Xak. xı ol kapıığ tokı:dı: ‘he knocked (qara'a) at the door’; and one says, in Oğuz, ol kulın tokı:dı: ‘he beat (daraba) his slave’; the Turks use a Hend. and say urdı: tokı:dı: for daraba; and one says temürči: kılıč tokı:dı: ‘the blacksmith forged (taba'a) a sword’ (or knife, etc.); and one says er bö:z tokı:dı: ‘the man wove (nasaca) cotton cloth’ (etc.); and one says am: suv tokı:dı: ‘the water drowned him (garraqahu) and carried him away’; and one says erni: ye:l tokı:dı: ašeba’l-racul sa'fa mina'l-cinn ‘demoniacal possession struck the man’ (see ye:l) Kaš. III 268 (tokı:r, tokı:ma:k); o.o. / 12, 19 (daraba); 21, 17 (nasaca): KB yorıp tın tokığlı exir ölgüsi ‘ (a man) walks about and draws breath, but in the end he will die’ 233: xııı (?) Tef. tokı- ‘to knock (at a door); to drive in (a peg); to beat; to erect (a gallows); to compose (a story)’ 307: xıv Mtth. heka ‘to weave’ doku:- Mel. 25, 3 (Rif. 107 corrupt); nasaca ditto 31, 13 (only): Cağ. xv ff. toku-beftan ‘to weave’ San. 180r. 3 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto MN 82: Kom. xıv toğu- ‘to weave; to devour’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı nasaca doki:-, also daraba and 'aqaba ‘to punish’ Hou. 35, 19: xıv tokı- daraba darb waci ‘to strike a painful blow’; also nasaca (and ‘a weaver’ (al-haik) is called tondukı:čı: (? ton dokı:čı:)) Id. 65: xv nasaca t°^u- Tuh. 36b. 13: Osm. xıv ff. doku- (less often toku-) ‘to strike; to drive in (a nail)’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 214; II 311; III 202; IV 235.

yorıp (walk, journey) tın (breath) tokığlı exir (final) ölgüsi (die) (a man) walks about and draws breath, but in the end he will die

D tokač (loaf, cake) ‘a loaf or cake’; Kaš. may be right in linking this word with tok; if so, it is a Dim. f. Survives with the same meaning in SE Tar. toğač R III 1160; Türki tokač; SC Uzb, tükač. Osm. tokač ‘a mallet, a bat (for beating washing)’ seems to be the same word with the meaning changed owing to a supposed derivation fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle). Xak. xı tokač (qef unvocalized, the 4^amma 'ⁿ *h^e printed text is an error) al-qurš ‘a loaf or cake’, taken from the phrase tok er ‘a man who is satiated’ (al-šab'en), because it satiates him (yušbi'uhu) Kaš. I 358: Čağ. xv ff. tokač ‘a piece of wood (čûbŋ which they put at the back of a door so that it cannot be opened’, in Pe. matars; also ‘a mallet (tilqmaq, a Turkish l.-w.) which is used to beat laundry when washing it’ San. i8ov. 25.

D tuğčı: (standard-bearer) N.Ag. fr. tu:ğ (tag, standard, banner, sign, flag) (tag); ‘a standard-bearer’; the word occurs in Čağ. xvı Abu'1-ğezt and is a l.-w. in Pe., see Doerfer II 973. Xak. xı KB (the Chief Gate-keeper should supervise the cup-bearers, bed-makers, and the cooks and also) tuğčıka 2557.

PUF taxček Hap. leg.; unvocalized, the second consonant is he\ presumably an error for xe’, cf. taxtu:; obviously a l.-w. fr. an unidentifiable language; the -x- is not very likely to occur in a Chinese l.-w. Xak. xı taxček darb min lıarîri’l-šin ‘a kind of Chinese silk’ Kaš. I 476.

F taxtu: Hap. leg.; obviously a l.-w. fr. an unidentifiable language, cf. taxček. Xak. xı taxtu: al-qazz qabla l-ğazl ‘raw silk before it is spun’ Kaš. I 416.

D tağdın Den. Adj./Adv. fr. 1 ta:ğ (mountain); ‘on, or to, the north’ (lit. ‘the mountain’); pec. to Uyğ., where it is used instead of Türkü yırdın, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 83-5; Suv. 466, 5-10 (ögdün): Civ. TT I 6, etc. (ögdün).

D tıkıt-(thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) Caus. f. of tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up); as such Hap. leg., but there is in SW Osm. tıkat- Caus. f. of tıka- a Sec. f. of tık-. Cf. tiktur-. Xak. xı ol arjar aš tıkıttı: alqamahu iyehu'l-ta'am bi-unf ‘he ordered him to feed him forcibly’; originally used of anything which is inserted into a container with a violent kick (bi-rakl šadld) Kaš. II 308 (tıkıtu:r, tıkıtma:k).

D tokıt- (d-) Caus. f. of tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle), with the same range of meanings. S.i.s.m.l., usually for ‘to have (something) woven’. Türkü vııı taš tokıtdım ‘I had a (memorial) stone driven into (the ground)’ IS 12; beggü: taš tokıtdım I S 12-13; 13 (the parallel passage in II N 14 is lost, Orkun’s reconstruction tokt:dtm is an error): Uyğ. vııı Šu. E 8 (čıt): vııı ff. Bud. uluğ küvrüg tokıtıp ‘ordering that the great drum should be beaten’ PP 31, 8: Civ. TT VIII 1.11 (begni:): Xak. xx ol amŋ boynm tokıttı: ‘he ordered that his neck should be struck’ (adraba 'unuqahu) (tokıtu:r, tokıtma:k); and one says ol bö:z tokıttı: ‘he had \\ cotton fabric woven’ (ansaca); and one says ol kılıč tokıttı: ‘he had a sword (or knife) forged’ (atba'a) (tokıtu:r, tokıtma:k); and one says ol kapuğ tokıttı: ‘he had the door knocked’ (aqra'a) Kaš. II 308: Čağ. xv ff. tokut- bafendan ‘to order to weave’’ San. i8or. 16.
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D taktur- (fix) Caus. f. of tak- (tack, fix, attach, fasten), but unlike that word not described as Oğuz. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı et sr.ška: takturdi: ‘he strung (nazama; ? error for nazzama ‘he had... strung’) the meat on a spit’ Kaš. II174 (takturur, takturma:k).

D tıktur- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up) Caus. f. of tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up); survives in NW Kaz. tıktır-. Cf. tıkıt-, Xak. xı <ol> u:nuğ ka.'bka: tikturdi: ‘he urged the man to insert (bi-idxal) the flour into the container and force it in’; also used of other things Kaš. II 174 (tıkturur, tıkturma:k).

D tuğtur- (d-) Caus. f. of tuğ-, q.v.; survives in SE, SC in the normal meaning ‘to give birth to’ and in NC Kır. (where tu:- means both ‘to be born’ and ‘to give birth to') tu:dur- (1) ‘to give birth to’ (lit. and metaph.); (2) ‘to deliver a woman (of a child)’. Xak. xı teŋri: oğul tuğturdı: au'lada'llöhu’l-walad mina’l--mar’a ‘God caused the child to be born of the woman’; originally tuğurturdı: (sic, but ptuğurtdı: in the original text). This is in accordance with the rule, which is that if a verb is a Caus. f. without the attachment of -t- (ilhaqu l-te’) then when a -t- is attached to it it makes it Causative in such a way that the Object (al-maftd) is operated upon by two Subjects (rt/-/JV/rtM)> one of whom gives an order and the other performs an act; for example su:v ičürdi: ašraba’l-tne' ‘he gave (someone) a drink of water’, but if one says su:v ičtürdi: («V, but Pičürtdi: in the original text) it means ‘he ordered someone else to give (someone) a drink of water’; again ol anı: boğdı: means ‘he strangled him’, but if one says boğturdı: it means ‘he ordered someone else to strangle him’; there is the same difference of meaning in Ar. between laqata and alqata and naqata and anqata, where the addition of a- makes the verb Causative with two Subjects (fe'ilen) operating on the Object Kaš. II 173 (tuğturur, tuğturma:k; MS. boğturur, boğturma.'k; it is prob. that it was a copyist, and not the author, who made nonsense of this para.; the translations of Ičür- and ičtür- are identical in Kaš.; there is no other trace of ičürt-, which is clearly the form required by the words ide ulhiqat bihi'1-te').

D tokıtil- (d-) Pass. f. of tokıt-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ınča kaltı uluğ 1 ığač küčlüg katığ yelke tokıtılıp kamilmiš teg ‘just as a great bush or tree when it is struck by a strong and violent wind falls to the ground’ Suv. 625, 13-14; azu amp tozı toprakı yel üze tokıtılıp tegser ‘or if the dust (Hend.) from it is driven by the wind and reaches them’ U II 39, 89-90.

D tokığ (tokığlı) (beating (n.), striking (n.), happening) fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave); -ğ- - deverbal nominal/adjectival suffix, see > sight (ğ > ght), read reading (ğ > ing); -lı - conjoin relational suffix (walk and run), denominal verbal suffix, sight > sighted, reading > reading (and memorizing)

D tağık- (go to the mountains) Intrans. Den. V. fr. 1 ta:ğ (mountain); ‘to go to the mountains’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı I E 12 (en-): Xak. xı ečkü: tağıktı: ‘the goat (etc.) became wild and took to the mountains’ (ta’abbada... wa lahiqa bi’l-cahal) Kaš. II 117 (tağıka:r, tağıkma:k).

takı:ğu: (etc.) (domestic fowl, poultry) ‘a domestic fowl’; a very old word both in its natural meaning and as one of the animals in the twelve-year cycle. An early l.-w. in Mong. as takiya (Haenisch 144; Studies, p. 235). C.i.a.p.a.l. in a bewildering variety of forms, which are set out very fully in Doerfer II 861. Doerfer suggests that it is by origin a quasi-onomatopoeic, but it is more likely to be an old animal name ending in -ğu:, unless it is a l.-w. Uyğ. vııı takığu: yılka: ‘in the Fowl year’ Šu. N 10; W 4: vııı ff. Man.-A takığu (distinguished as erkek and tiši) ‘fowl’ (‘cock/hen’) M I 36, 5 ff.: Bud. takığu igidgüči ‘poultry keeper’ TT IV 8, 55-6; a.o. Suv. 4, 12 (ördek): Civ. takığu as an animal of the cycle is common in TT VII and VIIi: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘domestic fowl’ taka’u Ligeti 257; II III 800: Xak. xı taka:ğu: (sic) a generic term for ‘cocks and domestic fowl’ (or ‘hens’, al-dik wa’l-dacac), they are differentiated by saying erkek taka:ğu: for ‘cock’ and tiši: taka:ğu: for ‘hen’ (prov.): taka:ğu: yılı: ‘the name of one of the twelve years in Turkish’ Kaš. I 447: xıv Muh: al-dacec taku:k Mel. 73, 5; 81, 1 (in the cycle); da:ku:k Rif. 176; tağu:k 18e: Čağ. xv ff. tağuk murğ ‘a bird’; also tawuğ/tawuk, in Ar. daceca San. I57r. 23; takuk the same as taxuk murğ do '. 157V. 21; tawug/tawuk murg-i ximagi ‘domestic fowl’; in Mong. (sic) tağuk/taxük/taxakuy, in Ar. daceca do. 165V. 22; (taxuk/taxakuy murğ in Mong., in Ar. daceca; also the name of one of the Turkish years do. 152V. 3): Tkm. (sic) XI takuk al-dacec bi-luğati'l-Turkmön Kaš. II 286; o.o. (not so described) III 13 (yalığ); 114 (yalığlan-): Xwar. xıv tavuk ‘fowl’ Qutb 174; takuk čakırmakıga ‘before the cock crows’ Nahc. 318, 7: Kom. xıv ‘fowl’ tawuk CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-dacec dağık (sic); Tkm. dakuk Hou. 10, 12: xıv takuk al-dacec Id. 65; Bul. 12, 7 (mis-vocalized tokuk): XV dacec tawuk Kav. 39, 4; 62, 12; Tuh. 15b. 7.

D tokığu: (drum-stick) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); ‘a drum-stick’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (just as a sound is constantly produced from a drum by the combined action of wood, leather) tokığu ‘a drum-stick’ (and the (human) hand) Suv. 375, 7.

D takukluğ (poultry) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. takuk (takı:ğu:). Oğuz xı takukluğ er ‘a man who owns poultry’ (dacac) Kaš. I 497.
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PUD toğa:klık an A.N. (Coııc. N.) pec. to Kaš. and mentioned twice with slightly different spellings. There is no trace of *toğa:k/toka:k ‘a strainer (of liquids)’ or of any verb of which it might be a Dev. N.; the normal word for ‘to strain’ is süz- (sift, strain, filter, clarify, purify, look, glide) (see), but süzgeč 'a strainer’ is not noted earlier than Čağ. Xak. xı toğa:klık ‘a piece of wood (xašab) suitable for making a strainer’ (al-fidem) Kaš. I503 ; (in a note on the significance of the Suff. -lık/-lik) toka:klık yığa:č similar translation I 505, 11.

VU?D tuğıl n.o.a.b.; the context suggests ‘shining’, but there is no etymological basis for such a meaning; perhaps Dev. N./A. fr. tuğ-, lit. ‘rising’. It cannot be connected with tokuluğ as suggested in a note on the passage where the latter word is mistranslated. Uyğ. viu ff. Man. Tokharian (Agnean ?) Ikesi iukye ‘shining to see’ (like the crown of Brahma) körgeli tuğıl TT IX 14; a.o. (Tokharian lost) do. 20.

tokli: ‘a lamb a few months old’; older than a kozi: but younger than a ko:fi, the exact age varying in different languages. S.i.a.m.l.g except SE, see Shchcrbak 115 (where the word is incorrectly connected with tuğ-) and Doerfer II 909, which mentions its appearance as a \\ l.-w. in other languages. Xak. xı tokli: al-cada' nıina'1-den ‘a lamb’, that is one which has reached the age of six months Kaš. I 431; tokli: bori: kati:lsu:n (sic, MS. apparently kaytilsu:n) fa-yanıši'1-dib ma'a'l-cada'a mina’l--den (so read, MS. dib which is clearly an error due to the earlier occurrence of this word) ‘let the lamb and the wolf go together’ (lit. ‘be intermingled’) I 106, 10: xıv Muh. al-'anz li-sana ‘a one-year-old goat (Rif. al-ğanam ‘one-year-old sheep’) to:kli: in Turkistan, to:xli: in ‘our country’ Mcl. 8, 8; Rif. 80; (under ‘sheep’) al-harvlî ‘one-year-old’ toğlı: 70, 14; to:kli: 172: Kip. xııı (al-xanlf ‘lamb’ kozu:) al-xariif ibn sana tokli: Hou. 15, 2: xıv al-xarilfu'l-ivasat ‘a middle-sized lamb’ (okli: (‘a small one’ kozi:) Bul. 7, 13.

DF tıığlığ (tag, standard, banner, sign, flag) (tag) P.N./A. fr. tu:ğ (tag, standard, banner, sign, flag) (tag); 'having... standard (s)’, etc. Survives in SW Osm. tuğlu. As Red. says that tu:ğ, at any rate in Osm., meant, inter alia, ‘a badge worn on a helmet’ it seems prob. that Mong. duğulğa (Kotv. i810) ‘helmet’ which occurs in some modern languages in place of yošu:k, q.v., is a l.-w. fr. this word with the usual metathesis and sound changes (cf. *nudruğ > nudurğa; köprüg > ke’ürge, Studies, pp. 228, 238). Uyğ. vııı üč tuğlığ türkü bodun ‘the Türkü people with three standards’ Šu. N 8; W 7: Xak. xı Kaš. III 127 (tu:ğ; similar phr.).

D 1 tokluk (satiety) A.N. fr. 1 tok; ‘satiety’, etc. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı tokluk al-šiba' ‘satiety’ Kaš. I 469: KB ajun tokluki ‘the satiety of this world’ (is really hungeŋ 5317: xııı (?)v4f. (be satisfied with enough to wear and) karın \\ toklukin ‘a full stomach’ 18e: Čağ. xv ff. tokluk sirî ‘satiety’, and metaph. arzani wa ruxš wa wuffir-i ni'mat ‘cheapness, plenty, and abundance of good things’ San. 18 rr. 4 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tokluk ‘satiety’ Qutb 182: Kom. xıv ‘superfluity’ tokluk CCG; Gr.

VUD 2 tokluk Hap. leg.; A.N. fr. 2 tok. Xak. xı tokluk al-camam, that is, ‘of a man’s head being hairless, or of an animal being without horns’ Kaš. I 469.

D takıl- (fastened, hampered) Pass. f. of tak- (tack, fix, attach, fasten); s.i.s.m.l. w. some phonetic changes, e.g. tağıl-, Cf. tev- (impale). Xak. xı et sı:ška: (sic and altered later to švška:) takıldı: ‘the meat was strung (nuzima) on the spit’ (etc.) Kaš. II 129 (takılur, takılma:k): xııı (?) Tef. takıl- ‘to be unrolled’ (? ; dubious) 283; Čağ. xvı ff. takıl- basta šudan ‘to be fastened’ San. 157V. 15: Xwar. xıv laškarım takılmasun ‘may my army not be hampered’ (?) Qutb 171 (very obscure).

VUD tığıl- (blunt, dumb, тупой) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of (VU) tığ- (blunt, dumb, тупой), q.v., but everywhere vocalized tagil-. Xak. xı ok bašakı: taška: tegip tığıldı: (sic) ‘the point of the arrow (hidda našl), when it hit a stone, was blunted and broken’ (kalla wa'nkasara), also used of anything pointed when it is blunted by hitting something hard or a rock Kaš. II 129 (tığılur, tığılma:k, hie).

D tıkıl- (tığıl-) (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) Pass. f. of tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up); s.i.s.m.l. w. some phonetic changes, e.g. tığıl-, Xak. xı ken-dükke: u:n tıkıldı: ‘the flour was poured (squeezed) into the large storage jar under pressure’ (subba... bi-šidda wa dağt); and one says evke: kiši: tıkıldı: ‘the people crowded (crammed) (izdahama) into the house’; also used of anything that crowds together until its space is restricted (tadiq makenahu) Kaš. II 129 (tıkılu:r, tıkılma:k): Čağ. xv ff. tıkıl-/ tıkılıš- be camfat wa izdihem ba-ce'i tapıdan ‘to crowd together (squeezed) in one place’ San. I95V. 2.

D tokıl- (d-) Pass. f. of tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er tokıldi: ‘the man was beaten’ (duriba); and one says bö:z tokıldi: ‘the cotton fabric (etc.) was woven’ (nusica); and one says kılıč tokıldi: ‘the sword (or knife) was forged’ (tubi'a); the phr. er tokıldi: is Oğuz Kaš. II 129 (tokılur, tokılma:k; sic, the other occurrences are vocalized tokul-): Čağ. xv ff. tokul- befta šudan ‘to be woven’ San. i8or. le: Oğuz xı see Xak.: Xwar. xıv tokul- ‘to be woven’ Qutb 182.

DF tağla:- (d-) Den. V. fr. 2 da:ğ; ‘to brand (an animal)’. S.i.s.m.l., usually as dağla-. Xak. xı ol atın tağla:dı: ‘the man branded (wasama) his horse’; also used of other animals, not originally a Turkish word (luğa ğayr ašliya) Kaš. III 294 (tağla:r, tağla:ma:k).
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D toğla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 2 to:ğ. Xak. xı ol yarrığ toğla:dı: sadda'l-batq ‘he blocked the breach’ (in a river bank or the like) Kaš. III 294 (toğla:r, toğla:ma:k).

DF tağlat- (d-) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of tağla:-. Xak. xı ol atın tağiattı: ‘the man had his horse marked with a branding iron’ (atcsania... bi’l-kayy)\ the Persians (al-furs) took this word from the Turks, so that they say dağ for al-tvasm, just as they took from the Turks the word for ‘castle’ (al-qal'a) and sav diz; in Turkish it is ti:z ye:r ‘a high place’ Kaš. II 344 (tağlatu:r, tağlatma:k; both statements are, of course, false).

VUD toğalığ Hap. leg. (?); P.N./A. fr. 1 toğa:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (blind, dumb, lame, crippled, mad) igüğ toğalığ ‘ill’ (Hend.) M 111 49. 4~5.

VUD tokuluğ P.N./A. fr. 1 toku:; pec. to Uyğ. Bııd. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (that king) yaırlıkančučı kögülüg törülüg tokuluğ erip ‘having a merciful heart and being faithful to the traditional law and ceremonies’ JJ III 39, 24-5; similar phr. do. 80, 25; körkle kövsek tokılığ (sic) inimiz ‘my lovely, gentle younger brother, faithful to the traditional ceremonies (?)’ Suv. 619, 22; a.o. USp. 43. 10.

D tokı:la:- (thud, boom (sound)) elongated Den. V. (cf. čatula:-) fr. 3 tok; survives in NE Alt., Tel. tokılda- R III 1149; NC Kır., Kzx. tokulda-; the vocalization in the MS. is chaotic, a kasra below the te' and what looks like a fatha turned into a davıma above it, but -o- is certainly correct.' Xak. xı tokı:la:di: ne:j) ‘the solid (al-musmat) object made a noise (šaıv-wata) because it fell on something hard’, for example a cross beam falling on a column (al-drida 'ale'1-seriya) and the like Kaš. III 326 (tokı:la:r, tokı:la:ma:k).

D toku:la:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 2 toku: (buckle). Xak. xı er kadıš toku:la:di: ‘the man fastened a buckle (rakkaba... halqa) on the strap’ Kaš. III 325 (toku:la:r, toku:la:ma:k).

D tuğum (d-) N.S./A. fr. tuğ-; ‘birth’. S.i.s.m.l.; not to be confused with tukuin ‘seed’ in NC Kır., Kzx.. etc. which is a l.-w. fr. Pe. tu xııı , same meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tuğum ajun ‘rebirth’ (Turco-Sogdian Hend.) TT III 26, 79; tört tuğum ‘the four (kinds of) rebirth’ do. 38; IX 49; yek tuğum 'rebirth as a demon’ IX 61: Bud. Sanskrit jetibhava ‘birth and existence’ tuğum a:jun TT VIII A.tf , o.o. do. A48;e\48;t//J8, 18; emgeklig tuğumlarığ ‘unpleasant rebirths’ U II 33, 6, a.o.o.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. R I 1658 (2 uruğ): O. Kır. ıx ff. eki: & (l)ig tuğum (so read?) yašda: ‘in my forty-second year’ Mai. 49, 3.

D tokum (d-) N.S./A. fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); s.i.a.m.l.g. except SW as tokum or the like ‘a numdah, under-saddle felt’; a (fairlv recent?) l.-w. in this sense in Mong. as tokom. Xak. xı tokum al-cazfir ‘an animal for slaughter’; this is generally used of a horse for slaughter Kaš. I 396; o.o. I 472, 26 etc. (2 yilz-): Čağ. xv ff. tokum ‘a pack-saddle which they put on an animal’s back’; also ‘a horse blanket’ (cull-i asb) San. i8ir. 23; a.o. 347V. i4 (yona:k).

D tıkma: (compressed) Hap. leg.?; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up); ‘compressed’. Xak. xı Kaš. II 16 (tık-).

D tokı:mak (d-) Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); ‘club, mallet’, and the like; the second vowel was elided in the medieval period and the word, sometimes w. further phonetic changes, s i.a.m.l.g. and has become a l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 877. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U IV 8, 39-40 (batrak): Xak. xı toknmak mibzaru (mis-spelt mi’zarn)'l-qaš-šer ‘a fuller’s]mallet’ Kaš. III 177: xıv (under agricultural implements) al-midaqqa ‘a mallet’ tokmak Mel. 60, 2; Rif. 159; (under fuller’s implements) küdln (jte) ‘a mallet’ tokmak 61, 2; 159: Čağ. xv ff. tokmak ‘the well-known implement (elat) used to drive in tent pegs’ (also the name of a Turkish tribe) San. 1871. 7 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tokmak ‘mallet’ Qutb 182: Kom. ditto CC7; Gr.: Kip. xıv tokma: (sic, ? error) al-irzabba wa’l-mihadda ‘iron bar; pickaxe’; Arabicized as al-duqmaq Id. 65: xv dabbiis ‘club’ (inter alia) dokmak Tuh. 15b. 5-e: Osm. .win tokmak... and, in Rumi, mušla-i hallec ‘a cotton-dresser’s implement’ San. 181 r. 7.

tağun (flattery) N.o.a.b.; ‘flattery’? Perhaps the origin of SW xx Anat. dağna- ‘to despise, put to shame’, etc. Cf. tağuııčı:, tağunla:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT IV, 18, note A72, 8 (azğanču:).

toğan (d-) (falcon) 'falcon’ of some kind. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. where doğan is a generic term for ‘falcon’ and, acc. to Red., specifically ‘a lanner, Falco lanarius'; it forms part of the names of seven or eight other related birds. It is often used as a P.N. Cf. 1 čavlı: etc. See Doerfer III 1351. Türkü vııı ff. ürüŋ esri: toğan ‘a white dappled falcon’ IrkB 4; o.o. do. 43, 44 (titin-), 64 (buymul): O. Kır. ıx ff. Küİüji Toğan P.N. Mai. 44, 7: Xak. xı KB 24.58 (ünlüg): Čağ. xv ff. toğan ‘a kind of bird of prey used in hunting’ (caue-rih-i šikerı) also called ötelgü Satı. 179V. 2 (the latter a l.-w. fr. Mong. itelgü Manner falcon’); toğan same translation, but itelgü; and metaph. šuce' xašm-afgan ‘intrepid, overthrowing enemies’; also a P.N. do. 26ir. 29: Kip. xııı (under birds) al-cerih minhe tnutlaqa (n) ‘bird of prey’ in general foğa:n Hou. 9, 19; ditto asa P.N. do. 29,5: xıv foğanal-bezi ‘falcon’ Id. 64; čağan ($rc) al-bezi, also called togan do. 43; al-bezi čoğan (sic) and (PU) \\ soğanğuš (unvocalized)... al-hida'a 'a kite’ de:lü: foğa:n Bul. ıı, 9-10: xv bez toğan Tuh. 7b. 2; zeğ ‘crow, rook’ ditto do. 18a. 4 (čoğan is a possible, but improbable, Sec. f. of toğan there; may be some confusion with Mong. čağan ‘white’).

tağna: Hap. leg.; perhaps a l.-w.; 1 yava:, q.v., seems to be some kind of fungus or truffle; al-mahrüt, lit. ‘cultivated’, is an elusive word but Steingass’s Persian (sic) Dict. translates it ‘root of benzoin’, and that may be the meaning here. - Xak. xı a kind of al-mahrüt is called tağna: yava:, it is (a substance which is) cut up and mixed (yum/ac ma'quŋ with sour milk and used to colour (fi sibağ) tutmač (q.v.) Kaš. I 434.

D tıkın- Refl. f. of tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er yu:Q tağa:rka: tıkındı: ‘the man applied himself (tazvalle) to putting wool in a sack by pushing and kicking it’; and one says <er> aš tıkındı: akala'l-racid bi-'unf ‘the man stuffed himself with food’; a man uses this expression only when he is angry with him (ğadiba 'alayhŋ Kaš. II 147 (tıkınu:r, tıkınma:k).

D tokm- (d-) Refl. f. of tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); s.i.m.m.l.g., usually ‘to collide with’ but also in various idiomatic meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the elephant ; . .) keyikči er közige tokındi ‘caught sight of the hunter’ U III 58, 8-9: Xak. xı er ta:mka: tokındi: ‘the man collided with (sadama) the wall’; and, in Oğuz one says er tokındi^ ‘the man was beaten’ (duriba); and one says kılıč tokındi: ‘the sword was forged’; and one says tokum tokındi: ‘he slaughtered a beast for himself’ Kaš. II 147 (tokınıı:r, tokınma:k; in some places spelt tokun-); a.o. III 12, 26 (yoduğ): KB (he sobbed and) urundi tokundi ‘beat his breast’ (Hend.) 6292: xııı (?) Tef. tokın-/tokun-‘ (of a coin) to be struck; to encounter’ 307: Čağ. xv ff. tokun-/tokuš- of two things, ‘to collide (ha-hant xrcurdan) violently or run into one another’ (musedamat kardan) San. i8or. 19 (quotns.): Oğuz xı see Xak.: Xwar. xııı dokun- ‘to touch, come in contact with’ 'Ali 5e: Tkm. xıv Id. 67 (tufıa:ğ): Kip. xıv ašeba'1-ğarad ‘to hit the target’ dokun- Bul. 25V.: xv iriš adama wa’ndaraba wa'ndaqqa ‘to coflidc, to be hit, to be knocked’ tokun- Tuh. 6a. 2, a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. dokun-, occasionally dokan- ‘to strike’, etc. in one or two texts TJ'S H 311; III 202; IV 234.

D tağunčı: Hap. leg.?; N.Ag. fr. tağun. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the king Ajetasatru took a floweŋ tağunčısıga sunup TT X 458; the context suggests that the meaning is ‘and handed it to his confidant’ (the Brahmin Ratikara).

D tağunla:- Hap. leg.?; Den. V. fr. tağun; ‘to deceive by flattery’ (?). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT IV 8, 72 (azğanču:la:-).
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tağa:r (container, sack) ‘a large container’, usually but not necessarily ‘a sack’; perhaps a l.-w.; s.i.s.m.l., and a l.-w. in Pe. and several other languages, discussed at great length in Doerfer II 905. Xak. xı taga:r ‘a sack (al-ğarera) for containing wheat and other things’ Kaš. I 411; 7 244 (artıl-), and three o.o., same translation: ( xııı (?) Tef. tağara ‘an earthenware dish’ 281: xıv Muh. al-cireb ‘a leather bag’ tağarčuk Mel. 69, 7; Rif. 170): Čağ. xv ff. tağar (1) ‘a clay jar (tašt-i gilin) or large bowl’ (qadah) (quotn.); (2) ‘a fixed measure or quantity’ (Pe. quotn., Wassaf); (3) ‘soldiers’ rations’ (ğalla) (ditto); (4) ‘a kind of long narrow sack’ (čıııoel) San. 1571. 19.

takır (clatter (sound)) an onomatopoeic; survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı at ada:kı: takır takır etti: ‘the horse’s hooves clattered’ (šazvrvata); one also says tigir tiglr etti: with the same meaning Kaš. I 361.

D tuğar Aor. of tuğ- used as a N.; ‘sunrise, east’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı tuğardm čadan kopti ‘Scorpio rose from the east’ 4889; o.o. 63 (ögdün), 6219: xııı (?) Tef. kün tuğar ‘the cast’ 305: Xwar. xıv tuğar ‘east’ 181.

S toğru: See toğuru: (d-) (straight, upright, uprightness, truth, true, honest, equal, level, facing).

D tığra:k N./A.S. fr. tığra:-; ‘firm, tough’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (on her beautiful bosom) katığ tığrak bürtgeli yumšak iki emigleri ‘her two breasts, firm (Hend.) but soft to touch’ TT X 445: Civ. ked tığrak ‘very tough’ TT VII 17, 8 (damaged): Xak. xı tığra:k er ‘a tough (cald) man’ Kaš. I 468 (verse); a.o. II212 (tığraš-): xıv Muh. al-cald (opposite to ‘weak’ küčsüz) tığra:ğ Mel. 54, 1; tığra:k Rif. 150: Kıp. xııı al-mutafamıinul-nabîh ‘versatile and sagacious’ t*ğra:k Hou. 25, 7: xıv tığrak al-šefir ‘cunning, deceitful’ Id. 64.

VU?D toğra:ğ prima facie a Dev. N. fr. toğra:- (cut, chop), but with no obvious semantic connection; spelt toğza:ğ in the MS. but this must be an error since the Refl. Den. V.s of this word, q.v., and tuğra:ğ are dealt with together in one para. Pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı toğra:ğ ‘any horse which a king gives his troops on the day of the start of an expedition (al-rikeb) or a battle and takes back from them when they return’ Kaš. I 462; keldi: berü: toğrağı: at en a bariduhu ‘his mounted messenger came to us' III 65, 13 (misvocalized Uğrağı:; the word is not very apt and was perhaps used merely for the sake of the rhyme).

tuğra:ğ (signature) ‘a royal sign manual’; survives only (?) in SW Osm. as tuğra. See Doerfer III 1344. Oğuz xı tuğra:ğ tebi'u'l-malik tea tatoqi'uhu ‘the seal and signature of a king’ in Oğuz; the Turks do not know the word and I do not know its origin (ašlahu) Kaš. I 462: xıv Muh. al-tawqi tu:ğra: (and other words) are pronounced with a vigorously articulated ğayn in Turkistan, and with a tveıv in our country Mel. 6, 12; Rif. 77; a.o. 51,2; 146.
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?D toğrak (poplar) ‘poplar’; survives only (?) in SE Türki Shaw, BŠ, Jarring, the last specifying ‘balsam poplar, Foptdus halsamifera’, but the refce. to ‘nuts’ in IrkB is puzzling; al-hamad is not traceable in the dicts, and may be corrupt. Türkü vııı ff. (of a falcon) yağaklı:ğ toğra:k üze: tüšü:pen 'settling on a toğra.k full of nuts’ IrkB 64: Xak. xı toğrak al-ğarab (MS. al-garb) ‘a poplar’, tea huwa šacaru’l-hamad Kaš. I 468.

D toğrıl a bird of prey, exact identity unknown, describe by Kaš. as larger than a sipkur, q.v.; it is best known as a P.N. and has not survived as a Common Noun; prob. Dev. N. fr. toğra:- (cut, chop) with which there is a clear semantic connection. See Doerfer III 1445. IJyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Alp ToğrulTegln P/a/,7. 23, 13: Civ. Toğrıl occurs several times and Toğrul once as an element in P.N.s in USp. and Studies, p. 98: Xak. xı toğrıl ‘a bird of prey’ (cerih min sibe'i'1-tayŋ; it kills a thousand ducks and eats one of them; men are called Toğrıl after it Kaš. I 482; a.o. III 381 (sigkuŋ: (Gancak xı (VU) toğrıl (completely unvocalized) ‘a length of gut stuffed with meat and fruit’ (possibly the same word) Kaš. I 482): xıv Mh/i. (?) (among birds) nmv mina'l--cmvdrih ‘a kind of bird of prey’ toğrıl (ra’ unvocalized) Rif. 175 (only): Čağ. xv ff. toğrul (spelt) ‘the name of a hunting bird’ (paranda-i šikerı)-, also the name of a well-known Salcuk padišah whose father was Alp Arslan San. 261 v. 5; (zağanus in Rûmî, same translation, also called toğrul do. 228r. 22; Red. translates zağanus ‘the hunting owl, Bubo maximus’ trained like a falcon): Kip. xıv toğrul ‘the well-known bird’; when it is sent after cranes it goes on attacking and killing one after another until it reaches the end of them; then it cats only the first one that it has killed Id. 64. '

D toğur- (d-) (dü(ğ)rüst) (upright, straight, straightforward) Inchoative (P) f. of toğ- (go straight); as such n.o.a.b., but the Ger. toğuru: (truth, true, straight, upright, uprightness, honest, equal, level, facing) is common and the Pass. f. toğrıl- is used to translate istaqema ‘to be upright, straight, straightforward’ in Tuii. 5a. 9 and survives as doğrul- in SW Osm. See also toğruš-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (may I reach the jewelled island after surmounting huge difficult snowdrifts and) kečlnčsiz terig talııy ögüz suvın toğurup ‘traversing the waters of deep oceans hard to cross' TT VI, p. 62, footnote I. 2: Xak. xı ol maga: toğurdı: ‘he came precipitately (mutağaštnira (n)) to me, leaving the road’; also used of anyone who has a slapdash attitude (muta'assif) towards something Kaš. II 80 (toğurur, toğurma:k; the vocalization is imperfect and shows signs of an attempt to make the word toğru-).

D tuğur- (d-) (parturition) Caus. f. of tuğ-; ‘to give birth to (a child Acc.)'. Survives, as doğur-, onlv in NW Krım R III 1706; SW^T Az., Osm., Tkm. In other modern languages either tuğ- or tuğtur- is used in this sense. Uyğ. vııı eki:

yagı:ka: küıı tuğuru: sügüšdhn ‘I started the battle at sunrise on the second day of the month’ Šu. E 1; a.o. do. S 5: vııı ff. Man. tuğurtuguz ‘you have caused them to be born’ TT III 60: Bud. USp. 102a. 4-5 (alpirkan-): Civ. (if a woman wears this amulet) učuz tuğurur ‘she gives birth without difficulty’ TT VII 27,13 ; o.o. do. 15 (arkuru:); HI 118: xı Xak. ura:gut oğul tuğurdı: ‘the woman gave birth (icaladat) to a son’; also used metaph. (*ale'1-isti'era) of animals giving birth Kaš. II 80 (tuğurur, tuğurma:k; prov., containing tuğ-): KB (1 was in the dark of night and) tuğurdı künüm ‘it made my sun rise’ 383 ; (a feast to celebrate) tuğursa oğul ‘the birth of a son’ 4575: xııı (?) Tef. tuğur- ‘to give birth’ 30e: xıv Muh. (under woman) allatî ıvaladat duğurmıš Mel. 53, 4 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tuğur- Caus. f.; zeyenidan ‘to give birth’ San. I79r. 9 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ditto tuvur-/tu (w)ur-/toğur- CCG; Gr. 247 (quotns.): Kip. xııı walada mtna’I--tcileda İuğur- Hou. 43, 15: xıv walada duğur- Bul. 88v: xv ditto tuwur-; Tkm. tuğur- Tuh. 38b. 6.

tığra:- (tough, sturdy) (tiger?) ‘to be tough, sturdy’; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı er tığra:dı: ‘the man was tough, sturdy’ (caluda) Kaš. III 277 (tığra:r, tığra:ma:k; and see tavra:-): xıv M«/i. (?) tacaUada tığra:- (unvocalized) Rif. 106 (only).

toğra:- (d-) (cut, chop) ‘to cut, or split into slices or small pieces’; s.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic variations; except in some NC and NW languages which have tuvra-/tu:ra-, consistently spelt with -o-; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. doğra-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. H I 76 (uvša:k): Xak. xı <ol> et toğra:dı: ‘he sliced (xardala) the meat for tutmač or something else’ Kaš. III 277 (togra:r, toğra:ma:k); the word, translated qata'a ‘to cut’, occurs frequently in the list of conjugational forms in III 311 If.: Čağ. xv ff. toğra- (spelt) riza kardan ‘to break in pieces’ San. i79r. 13 (quotns.): Kip. xıv toğ^ra" qatfa'a ‘to cut in pieces’ İd. 64.

D tığrat- (tough, sturdy) (tiger?) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tığra:- (tough, sturdy) (tiger?). Xak. xı oğlın ı:ška: tığrattı: ‘he toughened (šaddada) his son and made him forceful (calad) in all negotiations and business transactions’ Kaš. II 330 (tığratu:r, tığratma:k); a.o. II 330 (tîgret-).

D toğrat- (d-) Caus. f. of toğra:- (cut, chop); s.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı ol agar et toğrattı: ‘he ordered him to cut the meat in slices’ (bi-qat'... muxar-dala); used only of foodstuffs (al-šay’i'1-maf'üm) Kaš. I1 330 (toğratu:r, toğratma:k): Čağ. xv ff. toğrat- Caus. f.; riza kunettidan ‘to order to break in pieces’ San. ijqr. 27.

D toğral- (d-) Pass. f. of toğra:- (cut, chop); s.i.m.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. [gap] toğrulup (sic) yidip sasip ‘broken in pieces and stinking (Hend.)’ U III 25, e: Xak. xı et toğraldı: ‘the meat was cut in slices’ (qufi'a muxardala (n)) (toğralu:r, toğralma:k); and one says to:n ki:rdln toğraldı:’ the garment was \\ tattered (tafazzara) because of dirt’; also used when cracks (al-šaqeq) appear in a foot or a fabric (fi'l-ricl wa'l-mansiic) for any reason Kaš. II 230 (toğralu:r, toğralma:k): Čağ. xv ff. toğral- riza šudan ‘to be broken in pieces’ San. I'jqr. 29 (quotns.).

D toğran- (d-) (cut, chop) Refl. f. of toğra:- (cut, chop). Xak. xı ol ö:zige: ct toğrandı: ‘he pretended to cut (annahu yuqaffi') meat (etc.) in pieces for himself’ Kaš. II 240 (toğranu:r, toğranma:k): Kip. xv taqaffa'a ‘to be cut in pieces’ fowran- ; Tkm. toğran- Tuh. 10b. 5.

D tığraš- Hap. leg.?; Co-qf5. f. of tığra:- (tough, sturdy) (tiger?). Xak. xı oğla:n tığrašdı: ‘the boy was thoroughly tough and sturdy’; taken from their word tığra:k for al-calad Kaš. II 212 (no Aor. or Infin.).

D toğraš- (d-) Co-op. f. of toğra- (cut, chop); the second sentence is separated fr. the first by tığraš- and toğruš-. Xak. xı ol maga: et toğrašdı: ‘he helped me to cut the meat in slices’ (toğrašu:r, toğrašma:k)... and one says to:n ki:rdln toğrašdı: ‘parts of the garment were tattered (tafazzara) because of dirt’; also used of anything when cuts and cracks appear in it Kaš. II211-12 (toğrašu:r, toğrašma:k).

D toğruš (d-) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of toğur-, Xak. xı ol meniŋ bile: yo:lka: toğrušdı: ‘he competed with me in travelling (fVl-sayŋ and cutting (qat*) a path precipitately (mutağaš-n\ira (n)) to the objective’ Kaš. II 212 (no Aor. or Infin., see toğraš-).

D toğuru: (d-) (truth, true, straight, upright, uprightness, honest, equal, level, facing) Ger. of toğur- used as an Adv. and N./A., originally (physically) ‘straight’, hence metaph. ‘straight, honest, upright, true’. Soon contracted to toğru:; s.i.a.m.l.g. in a variety of forms, e.g. NE toğra; SE toğra/togri; NC tu:ra; NW Kk. tuwn; Nog. tuwra; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. doğrı/doğru. A l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 971. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. toğuru (or toğru) tumlitu satdim ‘I have sold outright and irrevocably’ is a common stock phr. in contracts in USp. 13, 14; 56, 6 etc.; a.o. do. 32, 19 (PU töleč): Xak. xı toğru: 'the tang (al-silen), that is the tail (danab) of a sword, knife, or dagger which is stuck into the handle’ Koš. I 420: xııı (?) Tef. (they went) ar>ar toğru ‘straight to him’ 305: xıv Muh. šedaqa ‘to tell the truth’ doğru: ayt- Mel. 25, 15 (Rif. 111 corrupt); al-tiqa ‘trustworthy, honest’ doğru: 52, 1 (147 ba:yik); al-muqawwam ‘straight’ doğrı: 56, 5 (154 koni:): Čağ. xv ff. toğrı (1) rast ‘true’, opposite to durüğ (truth) ‘lie’; (2) barabar wa muhede ‘equal, level, facing’ San. 179V. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı doğrı ‘exactly opposite’ (?) 'Ali 55: xıv toğrı/toğru ‘straight, honestly’ Qutb 181: Kom. xıv ‘straight’ toğru CCI; tuvra CCG (arkuru:); Gr.: Kip. xııı al-mustaqim ‘straight’ (opposite to egri: ‘crooked’) Čoğru: Hou. 28, e:. xıv foğru: al-muqawwam wa'l-šediq \\ ‘straight, true’, one says toğru: sözler ‘true statements’ Id. 64: xv qawdm ‘uprightness, truth’ to (w)ra; Tkm. toğrı Tuh. 29b. 7; 73b. 13; mustaqim ditto do. 34b. 10 (oŋ in margin in second hand).
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?F tokurka: (spout) Hap. leg.; ‘a spout’; un-Turkish in form and prob. a l.-w.; not to be connected with Mong. toğurka ‘the felt fabric of a tent’ (Kow. 1815) which is listed as Čağ. in San. 179V. 13. Xak. xı tokurka: al~ -šunbûr fı'l-dinen tva'l-matehir ‘the spout of a wine jar or jug’; also the name of a place in the summer station (al-muštef) of Kešğar Kaš. I 489. ‘

D tığraklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. tığra:k. Xak. xı er tığraklandı: ‘the man demonstrated his own toughness’ (azhara... min nafsihi čalada) Kaš. II 274 (tığraklanu:r, tığraklanma:k; verse).

VUD toğrağlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. toğra:ğ. Xak. xı oğla:n tograğlandı: ‘the boy had a toğra:ğ’, that is a horse which the king gives his troops when he goes out with his retinue (yawma'l-mawkib), and which is returned to him when they dismount Kaš. II 272 (toğrağlanu:r, toğrağlanma:k).

D tuğrağlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. tuğra:ğ; mentioned only in a note after toğrağlan-. Oğuz xı ‘it is also used in Oğuz of a document when it is signed’ (al-hiteb ide wuqqi'a).

VU?D tuğsa:k (widow) Hap. leg. See tu:l. Xak. xı tuğsa:k al-armala ‘a widow’; usually used in the Hend. (muzdawica (n)) tu:l tuğsa:k Kaš. I 468.

D tuğsık (sunrise, east) Dev. N. fr. tuğ-; used only in the phr. kü:n tuğsık ‘sunrise, east’. N.o.a.b.; cf. batsık, tuğar. Türkü vııı ilgerü: kün tuğsık (k)a: ‘eastwards towards the sunrise’ I S 2 (II N 2 but tuğsıkı:ga:); ögre kün tuğsıkda: ‘in the east where the sun rises’ I E 4, II E 5: Uyğ. ıx ilgerü: kün tuğsu:k [ (k)a:] III B 7 (ETY II 38); kün tuğsuk (k)a: batsık (k)a: Sıtci 4: vııı ff. Man.-A kün tuğsukdunkı y«ül ‘the east wind’ M III 9, 1 (in: Xak. xı ‘the east’ (al-šarq) is called kü:n tuğsi/uğ (sic, both kasra and damma marked) Kaš. I 463: xııı (?) Tef. kün tuğsukı ‘the east’ 306.

C tokso:n (d-) crasis of tokkuz o:n, which phr. was used down to Uyğ. inclusive; ‘ninety’. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as toksan; SW Az. doxsan; Osm. doksan; Tkm. toksan (although ‘nine’ dokkiz). An important word as giving an incontrovertible example of modern -a- representing earlier -o-. Xak. xı tokso:n the numeral ‘ninety’, originally tokuz o:n that is ‘nine times ten’ and then \474\ combined (ctı'ilate ıvehid) Kaš. / 437: Xm (?) Tef. toksan: xıv Muh. tis'üna dokuzaın Mel. 8ı, 15; toksam Rif. 187: Kıp. xııı tis'ina toksan Hou. 22, 7: xıv tokšan ditto td. 65; toksan Bul. 12, 14: xv tokša:n Kav. 4, 21; a.o.o.; Tuh. 60b. 10.
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D tokıš (d-) (shuttle (loom), quarrel, fight, battle) Dev. N. connoting reciprocity fr. tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle). S.i.s.m.l.; SW Osm. dokuš. Xak. xı tokıš (vocalized tokuš) al-harb ‘battle’ Kaš. I 367 (verse tokıš (sic) al-hayce' ‘battle’); o.o. / 12, 17 (uruš); II 83, 23; III 172. 12 (2 ula:ğ): KB 2366 (ö:glen-)_: xı 11 (?) Tef. tokuš ‘quarrel, fight’ 307: xıv Muh. (?) aİ-mašajf ‘battle array’ Rif. 146 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tokuš (1) mekü-yi čûleha 'a weaver’s shuttle’; (2) ‘a violent collision between two things’ San. i8ir. 22: Xwar. Xm (?) Oğ. 266 (uruš): xıv tokuš ‘battle’ Qutb 182; Nahc. 12, 13-15.

D takšut (verse, poem, song) Dev. N. fr. *takıš-; ‘verse, poem, song’, lit. ‘ (words) strung together'. Pec. to Uyğ.; cf. 2 kü:g, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Afrin Čor [tegin kügi tjakšutları bititdim ‘I have had the hymns and poems of Afrin Čor Tegin written down’ M II 7, 1-2: Bud. ötrü šlok takšutm mča tep tedi ‘then he recited the following verses (Hend., Sanskrit sloka)’ U I 26, 4; o.o. of šlok takšut Sim. 93, 17; Kuan. 171-5; TT VI 295 (v.l.); USp. 106, 45; Hüen-ts. 1832.

D tıkıš- (crowd) Co-op. f. of tık- (thrušt, squeeze, cram, push, force, kick, squeeze, fill up, stop, stuff, dam) (ODT 558: sow, sting, fix, pin, put up). Survives in SW Osm. ‘to crowd together (Trans, and Intrans.)’. Xak. xı kiši: evde: tıkıštı: ‘the people crowded together (izdahama) and filled the house’ Kaš. II 104 (tıkıšu:r, tıkıšma:k).

D tokıš- (d-) Recip. f. of tokı:- (d-) (hit, knock, beat, strike, accomplish, weave) (tackle); s.i.s.m.l., usually meaning ‘to collide’ and the like. Xak. xı begle:r tokıštı: ‘the begs (etc.) fought one another’ (haraba) Kaš. II 103 (tokıšınr, tokıšma:k; verse); four o.o. translated haraba/ taheraba, sometimes vocalized tokuš-: jciii (?) Tef. tokıš-/tokuš- ‘to quarrel, fight’ 307: Čağ. xv ff. San. i8or. 19 (tokın-): Kip. xv tašedama ‘to collide’ tokunuš-, with note in margin 'also without -nu-’ Tuh. rob. r: Osm. xıv ff. dokuš- (occasionally tokuš-) ‘to fight; to collide with’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 693; II 897; 111 682; IV 755.

D takšur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of *takıš- Recip. f. of tak- (tack, fix, attach, fasten); ‘to compose (verses)’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U III 75. *1 (») (bitit-).

tağa:y (d-) (maternal uncle) ‘maternal uncle’ (unlike 1 iči: without reference to the question whether he is older or younger than the mother). S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as tayi; in NW Kk.; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dayı. See kükü:y and Doerfer III 1176. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ulati ka kadaš yeğen tağay (so read) ‘all the family and kinsmen, nephews, and maternal uncles’ Pfahl. 24, 26; yeğen tağay U III 33, 17; tağay Toga Sagun ‘uncle Toqa Sarjun’ U II 80, 67: Civ. tağayım in a list of various kinds of relatives concerned in a contract USp. 114, 9; 115, 14: Xak. xı tağa:y al-xel ‘maternal uncle’ Kaš. III 238: xıv Muh. ditto Mel. 49, 6; Rif. 144: Čağ. xv ff. fağay/ tağayı birednr-i medar 'mother's brother’, in Ar. xal San. 26ir. le: Kom. xıv ‘maternal uncle’ tağay CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-xal ta:y also called t^,;ğ^a: (so spelt, perhaps a muddle of t^ağa:y) a dialect form (luğa); al-xala ta:y eje: (sic) Hou. 31, 20: xıv t^ay> al-xal Id. 67; al-xel ta:y; al-xe/a (ana: kız karındaš and) (ağza: Bul. 9, 3.

tokku:z (d-) ‘nine’. There is no doubt that this word and some other numerals originally had a medial double consonant, see Clauson, ‘The Turkish Numerals’, JRAS, 1959, p. 20, and this double consonant would not have been written in the Runic or Uyğ. scripts. It survives at any rate in SC Uzb. tükkiz; SW Az. doğğuz and Čuv. tftxxar, as well as texer Ash. xv 7, 11. The initial d- survives in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. A l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 976. Türkü vııı toku:z IN 6, 9: vııı ff. toku:z IrkB 55, 60: Yen. tokuz Mal. 30, 2; 32, 10: Uyğ. vııı tokuz Šu. E 3: vııı ff. Bud., Civ. tokuz is fairly common: O. Kır. ıx ff. tokuz Mal. 23, 1; 51, 2; toku:z do. 45, 2: Xak. xı toku:z Kaš. I 437 (tokso:n); III 127, 14; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. tokuz 309: xıv Muh. tis'a dokuz Mel. 8r. 8; toku:z Rif. 18e: Čağ. xv ff. tokuz 'adad-i nuh, in Ar. tis'a San. i8ir. 9; in do. 20V. 15 mentioned as one of the numerals spelt alternatively ba-tašdid or ba-taxfif, i.e. as tokkuz or tokuz: Kom. xıv togüz CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı tis'a tokuz Hou. 22, 7: xıv ditto Jd. 65; t°kkuz (jic) Bul. 12, 12: xv tokuz Kav. 5, 1 a.o.o.; takuz (<tc, in error) Tuh. 60b. 8.

PU (D) tağuzmak Hap. leg.; a dubious word, the last syllabic is unvocalized but otherwise certain, the -ar- might be an error for -r- with a cazm over it, but there is no obvious etymology. Xak. xı tağuzmak er al-raculu’l--buhturu'l-qafir ‘a short stout man’; also spelt with -k- and used of other than men Kaš. I 5<H.

D tokuzunč (d-) Ordinal f. of tokku:z; 'ninth’. S.i.a.m.l.g., but everywhere with final -i/-u, cf. üčünč. Türkü vııı tokuzünč IN E; vııı ff. Man. ditto Chuas. 191: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ditto Pfahl. 6, 2: Civ. ditto several times in TT VII and USp.: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. tokusunč 309 (under tokuz).

D tokuza:r (d-) Distributive f. of tokku:z; ‘nine each’. Survives in SW Osm. dokuzar, but rare or unknown elsewhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tokuza:r ta:šığ ‘nine stones each’ TT VIII I..17.
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1 te:g (d-) (like, as, ostensibly, как, словно, будто, подобно) Postposn. ‘like’; together with üčün, üze: and birle: one of the ‘four old postposns.’ discussed in K. Gronbech, Der türkische Sprachbau, Copenhagen, 1936, p. 35. When attached to the oblique stem of ol it soon became fused with it as antağ, q.v.; later it became similarly fused with the oblique stem of 1 bu: (this). S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW where it is replaced by other words like Osm. gibi (kib); the vowel varies between -e- and -a-, and the final between -g and -y, but the initial is consistently d- everywhere (te:g, ta:g, te:y, ta:y, de:g, da:g, de:y, da:y). Türkü vııı teŋri: teg ‘god-like’ I S 1, I N 1, a.o.o.: Uyğ. vı 11 ff. Man. bulit teg ‘like a cloud’ M II 11, 17, a.o.o.: Bud. mončuk teg ‘like a (pearl) necklace’ PP 6, 8; many o.o.: Civ.' mum teg kilsar ‘if he acts like this’ H I 154; a.o.o.: Xak. xı te:g harf tašbîh ‘Particle of comparison’; hence one says ol andağ te:g ‘he is like that’ Kaš. III 155; o.o., spelt teg 7 353 (sürk); 354, 18; 490 (čekürge:); 497 (karaksi:z): KB tolun teg yüzin 'his face like a full moon’ 48: xııı (?) At. bilig teg ’like wisdom’ 100; a.o.o.: xıv Muh. Adverbs of comparison. The commonest is teg, and some of ‘our Turks’ change the t- to d- when it is (attached) at the end of a word; e.g. ‘his tongue is like a sword’ dili: kı:lı:č deg; ‘this is as sweet as honey’ bu da:tlu: dur ba:l deg Mel. 18, 4; ti:li:... teg; sü:čüg teg Rif. 9e: Čağ. xv ff. the word is mentioned several times in San. as an adet-i tašbih ‘Adv. of comparison’; the forms quoted are deg 17r. 24 (quotns.); 22ev. 3 (quotns.); teg 198r. 15: Xwar. xiti (?) teg (or deg?) is common in Oğ., e.g. adaki ud adaki teg ‘his legs were like an ox’s legs’ 12: xıv teg ‘like’ Qutb 176; teg MN 5, etc.; Nahc. 263, 15; 387,15: Kom. xıv ‘like’ dek/dey CCG; Gr. 82 (quotn.): Kip. xıv deg mitl ‘like’ Id. 49.

2 te:g (d-) (till, up to, before, at first, beforehand, до, вплоть до, перед, сначала, прежде) (te:g, ta:g, te:y, ta:y, de:g, da:g, de:y, da:y) (OTD p. 546, о Ср. ävväl, ävväl, öŋ, teg, tegi, tegïn II, teginč II, tegü II, послелог до, вплоть до, перед, сначала, прежде)

tek Preliminary note. There was certainly a word tek meaning 'only' (только), which is not mentioned in this meaning by Kaš.; it seems likely, however, that his translation 'for no particular purpose' is a misunderstanding of it. There was also certainly a word tek meaning 'silent (ly)' (silent, silently, тихо) which is generally used to qualify tur-, and must be carefully distinguished fr. tik (silent, silently, тихо) which is similarly used. There is a modern word in NC Kzx. teg/tek ‘family, origin', which Radloff, certainly in error, read in some early texts; in Türkü VlH ff. Yen. Mai. 28, 1 the correct reading is prob. tegme: 'all'; in Xak. xı KB the readings are all due to scribal errors in the Vienna MS., in 344 akran teki for evren bašı; in 950 tegin for teŋin and in 1630 teginde for beginde. A word tek ‘under' first mentioned in Cağ. Xv ff. San. J57v. 24 and surviving in several modern languages looks like a corruption of Ar. taht, which is the word used to translate it in San.

1 tek (alone, solitary, odd (not even), только) ‘only’; survives with some extended meanings, 'alone, solitary, odd (not even)’ in \\\ NC Kzx., several NW languages and SW Az., Osm., Tkm. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bir tek... tek bir ödün ‘only once ... on one single occasion’ Kuan. 90-1; tеgin alkuni tapla-madı tek taluy ögüzke kirmišig tapladı ‘the prince did not approve any (of these proposals), and only approved of going to sea’ PP 15, 2-3; a.o. Hüen-ts. 253 (seč-): Xak. xı tek kalima wa ma’nehu bi-le qašd ‘a word meaning (the phr.) without any particular purpose’; hence one says tek keldim ‘I have come without any particular purpose’- Kaš. I 334 (i.e. ‘the only thing I have done is to come’): KB till kögll bir tek ‘unequivocal and single-minded’ 53 (sic, not teg as in Arat’s text): xııı (?) At. eri bardı kaldı kuruğ tek yeri ‘the man has gone (i.e. died), only his empty place has remained’ 202; o.o. 304, 434: Čağ. xv ff. tek fard wa tanhd ’alone, solitary’ San. 157V. 24; tek ditto i98r. 17 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv t<jk ‘only; one only’ Qutb 177; MN 95: Kip. xv fard tek/tdk TtJt. 27b. 9; 62a. 10-11; b. 4.
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2 tek (silent, silently, тихо) ‘silent, silently’; normally used to qualify a verb, generally tur-. Survives in such phr. in NC Kır.; SC Uzb.; NW Kk., Nog.; SW Osm. Cf. šük (quiet, silent, still). (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. tek ‘silently’; tek tur- ‘to be silent’ 295-i: xıv Muh sakata ‘to be silent’ deg dur- Mel. 27, 5; tek tur- Rif. no: Čağ. xv ff. tek ‘silent’ (sekit wa xwemûš) San. i98r. 16; tek tur- ‘to stand silent’ I97r. 21 (quotns.); dek ditto 226V. 5: Oğuz xı and one says tek tur uskut in Oğuz Kaš. I 334: Xwar. xıv tek/tek tur- ditto Nahc. 309, 9; 418, 1: Kom. xıv ‘to be silent’ tek tur- CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı sakata mina'l-suküt wa’l-šamt tek tur- also tekyü:ri:- Hou. 38, i: xıv tek oltur- sakata ay qa'ada sekita (n) (‘to sit silent’) Id. 39; sakata tek tur- Bid. 48r-v.: xv šah ‘hush! tektur, or more emphatically tep tektur Kav. 52, 1; uskut. b (also epsem) do. 75, 13; sakata tek tur- Tuh. 20a. 5; 59b. 12.

?F tik (d-) (straight; vertical, upright, precipitous, cliff, acclivity, column) (uptick) ‘straight; vertical, upright’; hence (of a cliff) ‘precipitous’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE?; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dik; almost the only word in Kaš. which preserves the original d-. A l.-w. in Pe., Doerfer II 1005. As he points out, practically syn. w. Chinese chih (Giles, 1,846, Pulleyblank, Middle Chinese dpk), and prob. a l.-w. fr. it. Its relationship to Mong. čike (Kow. 2175) is obscure, on balance it is perhaps more likely to be a l.-w. fr. Turkish than direct fr. Chinese, although the unvoiced initial and the fact that the Mong. word has Sec. meanings peculiar to Chinese point rather in the other direction. Xak. xı 'when a thing is vertical’ (ide'ntaša-ba'l-šay' qe'ima (n)) one says dik turdı: Kaš. I 334: ( xııı (?) Tef. the phr. spelt ti:k tur- but transcribed tek tur- in 295-6 seems to belong here): xıv Muh. (?) al-'aqaba ‘cliff, acclivity’ ti:k Rif. 177 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tik (‘with -i-, not -e-’) ‘straight’ (rast) opposed to 'crooked, bent’ San. i98r. 20 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘a column’ tik ağač CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv Tuh. 36a. 8 (örü:).
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PU 1 tüg (? d-) (several, many) Particle meaning ‘several, many’ placed before high numbers; perhaps best explained as an alliterative jingle before tümen subsequently used also before mig, but this does not explain the d- in Kaš. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tük (sic) tümen tınlıglarığ kutğartıgız ‘you have saved many myriads of mortals’ TT III 67: Bud. tüg tümen kišiler Siw. 587, 1: Xak. xı düğ miŋ me baytta'l-ulilf ‘several thousand’; one says düg mig yarma:k ‘several thousand dirhams.’ Kaš. I 334: KB tusulmaz saga etse tüg mig tulum ‘even if one prepares several thousand weapons, they are no use against you’ (O death!) 1537.

PU dük Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı dük urdı: ‘he struck him gently (daraba... darb xafif) with his fist’ Kaš. I 334.

teg- (d-) (reach, attack, touch, concern, worth, attain, worth) properly ‘to reach (a place Dat.)’ but with various extended meanings from an early date, including ‘to attack (someone), to touch (something), to concern (someone), to be worth (i.e. to reach a price of, so much)'. S.i.a.m.l.g., in NC, NW generally tiy-; in NW Knm; SW Az., Osin, deg-; Tkm. deg-. Türkü vııı teg- occurs over 30 times meaning either (1) ‘to attack’ e.g. Kül Teğin yadağın oflayu: tegdi: ‘Kul Tegin attacked on foot gasping’ I E 32, or (2) ‘to reach’ e.g. (I campaigned in the Shantung plain and) talu:yka: kičig tegmedim ‘only just failed to reach the sea’ I S 3; similar phr. IS 3, II N 3: vııı ff. üze: teŋri:ke: tegi:r ‘it reaches the sky above’ IrkB 20; o.o. do. 59 (yidit-); Toyok 24-5 (1 u:č): Man. (if our prayers and praises) teŋrike tegmedi erser Chuas. 216-17; o.o. do. 200 (bu:g); MI 7, 19 (toš): Yen. yağ[ı:ka:J tegmiš ‘when he attacked the enemy’ Mai. 26, 8; a.o. 28, 8: Uyğ. ıx (my fame and reputation) tegdi: ‘reached’ (the sunrise and sunset) St/ci 5: vııı ff. Man. tulumluğ (? so read, MS. tonumlıığ with tail of -ı- omitted) tegir ‘the armed man attacks’ M II ri, 12: Bud. teg- ‘to reach, attain’ is common, e.g. ertinilig otruğka tegdiler ‘they reached the island of jewels’ PP 33, 7-8: Civ. ditto e.g. edgüke tegir ‘he attains goodness’ TT VII 28, 47; (let my wife, after I am dead) erke begke tegmedin ‘not marry again’ (but keep my house and look after my son Aitmiš Kaya. If my sons Kosaq and Esen Kaya say) ögey anamız bizke tegir altrbiz ‘our step-mother belongs to us, we will take her’ USp. 78, 5-9 (text revised by Arat); a.o. do. 116, 17 (ağıŋ: Xak. xı ol evke: tegdi: 'he reached (balağa) the house’ (etc.) Kaš. II 19 (tegi:r, tegme:k; prov., verse, aza:k); I 48 (1 ok (arrow)) and about 20 o.o.: KB ajun enčke tegdi: ‘the world has attained peace’ 103; (a wise, understanding man) tilekke tegir ‘achieves his desires’ 155-9; (one is the Secretary, the other the Minister) bu iki kišike söz ačmak tegir ‘it is the duty of these two people \\\ to express their views’ 2679; o.o. 263, 713, etc.: xııı (?) At. bu kün tegsü mendin durud Met my praise reach (the Prophet) today’ 29; a.o.o.; Tef. teg- ‘to reach’, etc. 292: xıv Muh. ašeba ‘to attain’ deg- Mel. 22, 14 (Rif. \\ 103 degür-); tvašala ‘to reach’ teg- 32, 3 (misvocalized tükc-); 116 (-g- marked); 132: Čağ. xv ff. teg- (so spelt) (1) ‘to hit’ (xivurdan) of one thing like an arrow, stone or blow hitting another; (2) ‘to reach’ (rasidan); (3) ‘to be worth’ (arzidatt) San. 195%'. 7 (quotns.): Xwar, xııı teg- ‘to reach’ 'Ali 38; deg- ‘to be worth, to cost’ do. 57: XI11 (?) teg- ‘to reach’ Oğ. 319: xıv ditto Qutb 177; MN 91: Kom. xıv teg-/tey- ‘to reach, touch’ CCI, CCG; ‘to be worth’ CCI; Gr. 238 (quotns.): Kip. xıv deg- wasala İd. 49; Bul. 88r.: xv massa ‘to touch’ tey- Kav. 10, 1; šeba ‘to hit (a target, etc.)’ (uruš- and) tey- Tuh. 22b. 13: Osm. xıv deg- ‘to reach’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 187; II 268-9; III 174; IV 198.

tik- (d-) (erect, stick, insert, stung, sew, plant, ткнуть) basically ‘to insert (something Acc., in something else Dat.)’ with a wide range of specialized meanings, e.g. ‘to erect (a memorial stone), to plant (a plant)’, (in both cases lit. ‘to insert’ (in the ground)); ‘to sew’ (insert (stick, ткнуть) a needle), etc. Although in some meanings there is a connotation of inserting vertically, it is prob. that the phonetic identity with tik is fortuitous, esp. if that is a l.-w., unless this is also one, which is improbable. S.i.a.m.l.g.; see östik- (hungry, attack, hurry). Türkü vııı balbal tikmiš ‘they erected memorial stones’ (to my father the xağan) I E 16; o.o. I E 25; II S 9, 11: vııı ff. Yen. Mai. 28, 4 etc. (beggü:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 46-7 (biligHg): Bud. (listen) tike kulğakın ‘with pricked ears’ TT X 30; I'M IV 254, 93; (accept the flowers and) bašıgda tikgil ‘stick them in (the hair of) your head’ TT X 488; o.o. TT V, p. 16 (čıča:muk); Hüen-ts. 1909 (örü:): Civ. kim kayu kiši sögüt tikser ‘if anyone plants a tree’ TT VII 28, 42: Xak. xı er to:n tikdi: (sic) ‘the man sewed’ (xata) the garment’; and one says atı: yıla:n tikti: (sic) ‘the snake bit (stung) (lasa'at) the horse’ (etc.); also used of a scorpion (stinging); and one says er yığa:č tikdi: ‘the man planted (ğarasa) a tree’; also used of anything that one sets up vertically (erect) (našabahu qe’ima (n)) Kaš. II 20 (tike:r, tikme:k); o.o. I 195, 2; 401, 3 (tiken); III 25 (yigi:); 229 (ditto); 367, 11 : KB (he sat down quietly and) közin yerke tikti ‘fastened (stick) his eyes on the ground’ 769, 95e: xııı (?) Tef. tik-‘to stick’ (a staff in the ground) 301; ‘to insert’ (something in a leak) 304 (tik-?): xıv Rbğ. čadır tikip ‘pitching (erect) a tent’ R III 1346; Muh. xata tik- Mel. 25, 11; Rif. 108; al-xayeta ti:kmek 34, 13; tikmek 119; al-ğars tikmek 120 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tik- (‘with -i- not -e-’) (1) duxtan ‘to sew’; (2) metaph. našb kardan ‘to erect’; (3) ‘to plant (ğars kardan) a tree’ San. 195V. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tik- ‘to pitch (erect) (a tent); to fix (stick) (one’s eyes on something)’ Qutb 178: Kom. xıv ‘to sew together, to plant’ tik- CCI; Gr.: Kip. XUI ğarasa min ğarsi'l-šacar tike koy- ((s)tick down) Hou. 36, 7; \477\ xeta whta’l-xayefa (Ik- do. 39, 20: xıv tik- laqqama ‘to feed (stick)’ (as a bird feeds its young) tva xeta Id. 39; dik- ğarasa wa xeta wa našaba do. 49; xayyafa wa laqqama tik- Bul. 43r.; lasa’a tik- do. 79V.: xv tik- xayyafa tva ğarasa Kav. 9, 7; a.o. do. 75, 10; laqqama tik- Tuh. 32a. 6; (našaba’l-cem ‘to set out (plant) the drinking cups’ kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up) do. 36b. 13; a later (? SW) scribe misunderstanding this connected al-cem with lacama ‘to sew’ and added dlktl): Osm. xıv ff. dik-, dike, etc. in several meanings, fairly common TTS I 204-5; 77 296; III 193; IV 222.
477

VU tö:g- (d-) (pound, crush, grind) ‘to pound, crush, grind’; as the vowel is long, -ö:- rather than -ü:- is prob., and this vowel survives in SW Az. döy-; Osm. dög- (usually pronounced döy-); Tkm. döv-, but the word also survives as NC Kzx. tüy-; SC Uzb. tuy-; NW Kk., Kumyk, Nog. tüy-, so the point is not clear; similar doubts arise regarding VU tögi: (cereal (processed)), q.v. It is possible that a sound change occurred at a fairly early period. Xak. xı er tu:z tö:gdi: ‘the man crushed (daqqa) the salt’ (etc.) Kaš. III 184 (tö:ge:r, tö:gme:k): Xwar. xıv tög- (of hail) ‘to beat down’ (flowers); ‘to forge’ (iron) Qutb 183 (tög-ltök-): Kip. xııı daqqa (VU) düg- IIou. 40, 4: xıv tüw- daqqa Id. 37: xv daraba ‘to beat’ (inter alia) tüy- Tuh. 23b. 11 (in margin in second hand, ‘also tüg-/düg-’).

tüg- (d-) (tie, knot, knit (brows)) (tough) ‘to tie (a knot), to knot (a string)’, and the like, hence metaph. ‘to knit (the brows in anger, etc.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes in -g-; in SW Az. düy-; Osm. düg-/ düy-; Tkm. düv-. Türkü vııı ff. tığ at kudrukın tügü:p ‘knot the bay horse’s tail’ IrkB 50: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 59, 3 (iii) (alınlığ): Xak. xı er tügü:n tügdı: ‘the man knotted the knot’ (etc.) ('aqada... al-uqda) Kaš. II 20 (tüge:r, tügme:k; prov.); o.o. 7472, 10; 77 243, 9, (same translation): KB kalık kašı tügdı ‘the atmosphere knitted its brows’ (and poured out tears, i.e. rain) 80; o.o. 191, 770 (ačıt-), 1586 (iriglen-), 1673 (čırğuy), etc.: Čağ. xv ff. tüg- (specifically so spelt) girih zadan ‘to knot’ San. 181 r. 26 (quotns.): Kom. xıv tü-/tüv- ‘to knot’ CCG; Gr. 252 (mis-spelt tu-): Kip. xrv düg- 'aqada Id. 49.
(OTD о Cp. ba-, saru-, tаŋ-, tüg-, urun-, повязывать, обвязывать, заматывать, завертывать, наматывать, обматывать)

tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter) ‘to pour out (a liquid Acc.)’, hence more generally ‘to spray out, scatter’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NW Krim, SW Osm., Tkm. (but not Az. ?) dök-. Türkü vııı the word has been read in T 52 where the stone is very’ much weathered between (A) and (B); (neither sleeping at night, nor sitting down by day) kı:zıl (A) kanım tökti: kara: terim yügürü Jšig (B) kü:čüg bertim ök ‘I gave my services (to the xağan) with my red blood streaming and my black sweat flowing’; tökti: with -t- following -k- cannot be right, tökülü: would suit the sense best and be parallel to yügürü:, but cannot be read with confidence; [gap] tökdi: Ix. 17 (no translation possible); the word may also occur in Ix. 4 alpı: erdemi: anta: tökdi: ‘he poured out his bravery and manly qualities there’, the t-is not clear, but the rest is, and kükdi: which has been read here is not attested elsewhere; in both Ix. passages tükedı: is the likelier reading: vııı ff. Man. töktümüz sačtımız erser ‘if we have poured out or scattered’ (the light of the five gods) Chuas. 239: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if a man has a worm in his tooth he should hold wine vinegar in his mouth and) blrgerü (so read ?) tökgü ‘spit it out together (with the worm)’ 77 7 70-1: Xak. xı oğia:n su:v tökdi: ‘the boy poured out (araqa) water’ Kaš. II 19 (prov.; no Aor. or Infin.): KB sözüg barı tök ‘pour out all that you have to say’ 195; tökme kan ‘do not shed blood’ 1395:xiv Rbğ. kan tökmek R III 1242; Muh. baddada ‘to scatter’ dö:k- Mel. 23, 15; tök- Rif. 105; sakaba’l-me’ ‘to pour out water’ su:nı: dö:k- 27, 7; tök- 110; sakbu’l-me' dökmek 34, 14; tökmek 120: Čağ. xv ff. tök- rixtan ‘to pour out’, used as both Trans, and Intrans. San. i8ir. le: Xwar. xıv tök-‘to pour (water); to shed (blood)’ Qutb 183: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı sakaba tök- Hou. 34, 6; baddada tök- do. 38, 15; šabba min šabbi'1-me’ ‘to pour out’ tök- do. 41, 10: xıv tök- baddada td. 39; dök- baddada wa šabba do. 49; baddada tök- Bul. 3sr.:xv ditto Tuh. 8a. 12; šabba wa baddada tdk-do. 22b. 9; katta (‘to pour out’) wa baddada tök- do. 31a. 13.

teke: (he-goat, козел) ‘he goat’; the difference of meaning, if any, between this word and erkeč is obscure. S.i.a.m.l.g., see Shcherbak, 112, 118; a l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 917. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (two ewes, two she-goats) bir teke ‘one he-goat’ USp. 36, 3: Xak. xı teke: fahlu'l-ziba ‘the male mountain goat’, out of whose horns bows are made: teke: al-tays ‘he-goat’; hence a man with a scanty beard (al-kawsac) is called teke: saka:l because his beard is like a goat’s Kaš. III 228:xiv Muh. al-tays teke: Mel. 70, 16; Rif. 172: Čağ. xv ff. tekke (so spelt) buz-i nar ‘a he-goat’, in Ar. cady and tays San. is8r. 6 (quotn.; also the name of a Türkmen tribe): Kip. xııı al-tays teke: Hou. 15, 8: xıv ditto Id. 39; deke: al-tays, also pronounced teke: do. 49; al-tays teke: Bul. 7, 13: xv ditto Tuh. 8b. 13.

D tegi: (d-) (until) Ger. fr. teg- (reach, attack touch concern worth attain worth) used as a Postposn. after Nouns in the Dat. meaning ‘up to, as far as’ (a place), and ‘until’ (a time). Like some other words, e.g. akru:, 09İ: it acquired a final -n in the medieval period for no obvious reason (Brockelmann’s suggestion in para. 141 (i) that this form is a Participle is not plausible) and s.i.s.m.l., usually in this form \\ e.g. SW Osm. degln/deyin/deg. Türkü vııı tegi: is fairly common, e.g. Šantu:g yazi:ka: tegi: süledim ‘I campaigned as far as the Shantung plain’ 7 S 3; a.o. 7 S 6, 77 N 4 (uğuš) (the word has been erroneously read in 7 N 5 where the right reading is sü[g]ügi: sındı: ‘his lance was broken’, not sü: [t]egi:- \478\ s inde:): vııı ff. (a 1 >ig house was burnt down) katcga: tegi: kalmaduk 'right down to the foundation nothing remained’ IrkB g; o.o. do. 9, le: Man. uluğka klčlgke tegi ‘from great to small’ Chuas. 86-7; bastan (sic) adak (k)a tegi ‘from head to foot’ M I 5, 13; amtika tegi ‘until now’ TT II 8, 40: Uyğ. vııı Selege:ke: tegi: ‘up to the Selenga river’ Šu. E 4: vııı ff. Man. amtika tegi TT III 65: Chr. kök kalikka tegi ‘up to the sky’ U I 8, 13-14: Bud. (a man must make efforts) Sanskrit tevat ‘to such an extent’ anča: (ğ)ka tegi, vet'at ‘as’ ne:če:ke: tegi (will ensure that he profits) TT VIII E.44; amtika tegi TT X 5; bu künki ktinke tegi ‘until today’ do. 97-8; a.o.o.: Civ. yeti künke tegi ‘for seven days’ TT VII 26, 4; o.o. do. VIII L. 15, etc.; mig yıl tümen künke tegi ‘for a thousand years and ten thousand days’ is a stock phr. for describing an irrevocable sale in USp. 13, 16, etc.: Xak. xı (küni:) küni:nig külige: tegü: (sic, ? error for tegi:) yağı: translated ‘a co-wife is an enemy until her ashes are scattered in the eyes of her co-wife’ Kaš. III 237, 10; n.m.e. (in I 349, 11 kirk yılka: tegkn ba:y čığa:y tüzlinür ‘at the end of forty years rich and poor will be equal’ (i.e. both dead) the tegi:n was inserted in the margin by a later hand, and is not in an XI form): KB ediz 'aršta altın tareka tegi ‘from the high vault of heaven (l.-w.) down to the earth (l.-w.)’ 24; bu ödke tegi ‘until now’ 1259, 3744; tuğardın batarka tegi ‘from east to west’ 4714: xıı (?) Tef. tegi/tegin ‘up to; until’ 292-3: xıv Rbğ. Ğmdike tegi a.o.o. Brockelmann, para. 141 (ı): Čağ. xv ff. degin ‘up to, until’ (ile tva hatte) used to indicate a terminal point (intihe’j San. 226V. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tegi ‘until’ MN 436; Nahc. 233, 13-15; tegin MN 40.
478

E teki the existence of a word of this form (in the Index tegl) meaning ‘family’ in Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. is suggested in USp. with a refce. to Radloff’s similar suggestion regarding tek (see Preliminary note thereon), but it is clear that this is an error arising fr. misunderstood uses of the Den. Suff. -teki, e.g. (if I die before paying the debt) Nomkulimg-tekiler bile köni b^rstinler ‘let the Nom-kulis also honestly repay it’ USp. 1,8; cf. (if I die before paying the debt), inim kasuk evtekiler bile könl b^rsünler ‘let my younger brother (PU) Kasuk together with those in his house honestly repay it’ do. 7, 7-8; the latter is a revised text, Radloff in USp. read Kusuknig tekiler and there is no doubt that the -nig- in 1,8 is also an error for ev, and that a similar error occurred in other parallel passages in USp. 8, 10, 34, etc.

PU tigi: (sound) ‘a sound’. Kaš.’s etymology, though no doubt false, suggests that the second consonant was -g-, the first vowel might be -e-, N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 166, 6 (Čoğı:): Civ. yağız yerde tigi ündi: ‘a sound rose from the brown earth’ TT I 90; süzük suv tigisi ‘the sound of clear water’ do. 135: Xak. xi tigi: 'a sound’ (dawi) heard at night; the \\\ Turks believe that the spirits of the dead assemble once a year at night and go to the places (al-amšar) where their bodies were when they were alive, and visit their relations (ahalîha), and that anyone who hears that sound at night dies. This is widely known (mašhur) among the Turks. The word is spelt with a kasra on the ta', but in my view it would be more correct (actvad) wirh a fatha (bi'lnašb), because when a woman, who has been given in marriage, visits her family one says tegdi: keldi: ‘she has come visiting’ (za'irata(n)) Kaš. III 230. (OTD p. 559, TIKI I звук, шум, журчанье sound, noise, murmur, TIKI II см. teki I. TEKI I привидение ghost)

D tikü: (dikgö:) (slice, piece) Kaš.'s suggestion that this is a contracted Dev. N. in -gü: fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть) is prob. correct, cf. tikim. S.i.s.m.l. and a l.-w. in Pe. and other languages usually as tike/tikke (rare) see Doerfer II 918. Xak. xı one says bi:r tikü: et ‘a piece (or slice, falda) of meat'; originally it had a double -kk- then it was shortened and (one k) absorbed in the other (wuffifa wa ulhiqa li-axawetihŋ Kaš. III 229: Čağ. xv ff. tikke ‘a piece’ P. de C. 263; kak göšttın bir iki tike aldım ‘I took one or two pieces of dried meat’ (quotn. Babuŋ do. 406 (s.v. kak): Kip. xv luqma ‘morsel, mouthful’ tik (later vocalized tiki, Pread tike; and (VU) sukum) Tuh. 31b. 8.

tüge: (? d-) ‘a (half-grown) calf’; survives in SW Az. düge/düye; Osm. düve; Tkm. tüve usually for ‘heifer’, Shcherbak, p. 101; nce. to Sami 871 (s.v. dana) a düye is a female, and a tosun a male, calf bigger than a buza:ğu: or dana; Kaš.’s translation is cryptic, but unless tiši: has fallen out before the second tüge: it may mean that this word already meant ‘a female half-grown calf’. Xak. xı tüge: ‘a calf’ (waladu l-baqara) when it has reached the second year; and the female (al-unta) is called tüge: Kaš. III 229: Kip. xııı al-ceriya ‘slave girl’ (kirna:k, also called kara:va:š, kara:-ba:š and) tu:ge: Hou. 32, 17 (prob. the same word used metaph.).

VUD tögi: (d-) (cereal (processed)) Dev. N. fr. (VU) tö:g- (pound, crush, grind), q.v.; ‘crushed or cleaned cereal’; the first vowel is given as -Ğ- in TT VIII in a text in which the spelling is erratic, but all modem forms have ü or the equivalent see Doerfer II 979 where its forms as a l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, are shown. S.i.s.m.l. in NW and SW fairly consistently with d- even in languages in which this initial is rare. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tögömin... tögödern (spelt töhö) TT VIII K.3 (sika:-); do. VII 14, 8 (üyüŋ; do. 17, etc. (konak): Civ. (VU) tügi ‘husked millet’ (?) is mentioned twice in a list of deliveries of foodstuffs, etc. USp. 91, 5 and 24: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. mi ‘hulled rice’ (Giles 7,802) ttigi Ligeti p. 270; R III 1539: Oğuz xı (VU) tügi: ‘millet seeds (lubbu’l-duxn) after the husks have been removed’ Kaš. III 229: Kom. xıv ‘crushed millet, millet flour’ tüwi/tü CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv (under te' followed by wew) tüwgü: (? tü:gü:) al-düra, ‘maize’, also called ü:gre Id. 40 (glossed al-dnxnu'l-maqšûr ‘husked millet’ in one MS.).

PU tükü: Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic. Xak. xı one says, in calling a puppy (al-carw) tükü: tükü: Kaš. III 229.

tüke:- (finish, end) ‘to come to an end, finish’, and the like. Survives in SE Tar., Türki tüge-/tügü-; SC Uzb. tuğa-. Türkü vııı ff. (a hymn) tükedi: ‘is finished’ Toy. 1 v. 4 (ETY II 177); a.o. IrkB 3 (tü:): Uyğ. vııı [long gap] barča: tükep teze: [long gap] ‘all coming to the end (of their strength) ran away’... Šu. S a.: vııı ff. kirü tükeser ‘if they have finally entered’ TT V 22, 35; tuyğuluk bilgülük yol tolmıš tükemiš üčün ‘because the way which they must perceive and know is fulfilled and completed’ do. 24, 79; (Sanskrit lost) tüke:miš do. VIII A. 11; (I could not prevent him) erklin tükemedl ‘my authority was insufficient’ PP 27, 4; (loading the ship) tüke-güče ‘until (its capacity) was exhausted’ do. 34, 3: Civ. tükedi altı otuz [«akıš] ‘number 26 is ended’ TT VII 21, 5; a.o.o.; tüke- ‘to come to an end’ occurs several times in the calendar text TT VIII L. : Xak. xı ı:š tüke:-di: ‘the task has been completed (tamma) and nothing has remained’; and one says bu: a§ kamuğka: tüke:di: ‘the food went round (fvaŠala... wa balağa) tö everyone’; this is one of the words with two contrary meanings (mina'l-added) Kaš. III 270 (no Aor. or Infin.; the two contrary meanings are ‘to come to an end’ and ‘to go round completely without being exhausted’): KB 114,‘etc. (alkin-), 976, 1047, 1050, etc.: xııı (?) At. tükedi söz! ‘his speech has come to an end’ 486; Tef. tüke- ditto 3le: xıv Muh. fana ‘to come to an end’ tü:ke- Mel. 30, 3 (tüken- Rif. 113).

D tiküč (cooking stick) Hap. leg.; crasis of *tikgüč N.I. fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть). Xak. xı tiküč al-mimağa ‘a pastry-cook’s implement for ornamenting bread and cakes’ Kaš. I358- , .

D (K) tegit Plur. in -t of tegi:n, q.v.; the only other word which forms a similar Plur. is tarxan and there is no doubt that both these titles were borrowed fr. some earlier language (see tarxan), and that the Plur. Suff. -t is foreign also. There is, however, no reasonable doubt that its resemblance to the Mong. Plur. Suff. -d is purely fortuitous. The other supposed Plurs. in -t listed in v. G. ATG para. 65 are not Plurs.; sü:t (sü:d) is a basic word, takšut a Dev. N. in -ut and the other words Dev. N.’s in -ğut. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (in a list of dignitaries) tarxan tögltler elči bilgeler MI 31, 5 (in: Bud. (in a list) tĞgitler buyruklar U III 42, 24; o.o. Suv. 608, 10; 620, 9: Civ. (in a list öf persons, etc., to whom fines are to be paid) oğlan tegltlerke USp. 78, 12; a.o. 115, 16-17: Xak. xı tegit Plur. of tegi:n it was originally a word for ‘slave’ (al-'abd) then it was turned (šuyyira) into a title (laqab) of the sons of xaqans (al-Xeqentya); it is an irregular ('ah7 ğayri’l-qiyeš) Plur.; one says \479\ öge: teglt that is 'senior commoners (al-kiber mina'l-suwaqa) and junior princes’; the two words are used together (muzdawica (n)); the origin of the name öge: was in the time of Du’l-qamayn, when there was a conflict between his troops and the troops of the Turks before they made peace Kaš. I 355. (The “there is no doubt” is quite doubtful, first because the speculation does not have any base in any alien language, and second, because the presumption that any language was born formed and codified is nonsense. The pl. -s and -t are attested as archaic. English retained -s, a western form. Numerous Türkic words have two forms, Türkic and Mongolian, ascending to at least to the Syanbi time, and probably a millennium or two before that, as is asserted archeologically, but the greatest impact happened recently, in the historical time, within the Mongol Empire and its successor states. Languages do change, Cf. English)
479

D tüket- (tüke:t-) Caus. f. of tüke:-; (finish, complete) ‘to bring to an end, complete’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g.; see tüketi:. Uyğ,. vııı ff. Bud. tüket- seems to be used only as an Aux. V. denoting completed action, e.g. kılu tüketmiš ayığ kılınčlarım ‘the sins which I have committed’ Suv. 139, 3-16; 140, 7; idi tüketmiš ‘he has sent’ Hüen-ts. 75; munda tegü tüketip ‘having arrived here’ do. 96-7; a.o. do. 2071-2: Xak. xı ol ı:šın tüketti: 'he has finished (farağa) his task’ Kaš. II 309 (tüke:tü:r (sic), tüketme:k): KB kimig yašı altmıš tüketse sakıš ‘whoever reaches the age of sixty’ 367; a.o. 1051: xııı (?) At. tüketür 'umurnı bu yazım küzüm ‘this summer and autumn complete my life’ 472: Tef. ditto 317: Čağ. xv ff. tüket- tamem kardan ‘to complete’ San. i82r. 13’ (quotns.)’Xwar. xıv tüket- ‘tö finish’ (e.g. a speech) Qutb 189; 102: Kip. xv if you wish to say ‘finish the work on which you are engaged’ or ‘eat up (finish) the food which is in front of you’ you say tüket Kav. 77, 2; tüket- is also entered in the margin of Tuh. 6a. 13 against aqna'a ‘to kill’ (kır- in text).

D tiktür- (d-) (stick, insert, erect, sew, dwell, settle, pitch) Caus. f. of tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); s.i.s.m.l. with a more restricted range of meanings than tik-. Xak. xı ol to:n tiktürdi: ‘he ordered the sewing (xiyeta) of the garment, and it was sewn’ Kaš. II 174 (tiktürür, tiktürme:k): (xiv Muh. (?) sakana wa qarra - ‘to dwell or settle in’ diktür- Rif. no; this should prob. be read dik tur-) Čağ. xv ff. tiktür- (spelt) Caus. f.; ‘to order to sew’ (düzemdan) and ‘to order to erect’ (ba-nasb farmiiddn) San. i97r. 18: Xwar. xııı (?) kırk kulač ığačnı tiktürdi ‘he had a pole forty fathoms high erected’ Oğ. 364’: xıv tiktür- ‘to have (a tent) pitched’ Qutb 179.

D töktür- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter) Caus. f. of tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol su:v töktürdü ‘he ordered the pouring out (šabb) of the water’ (etc.) Kaš. II 174 (töktürür, töktürme:k): Čağ. xv ff. töktür- Caus. f.; ‘to order to pour out’ (rızemdan) San. ı82r. 12.

D tüketi: (completely) Ger. of tüket- (finish, complete) used as an Adv.; ‘completely’ and the like. Survives in some NE languages as tügede R III 1638. Türkü vııı I S 1, II N 1 (ešld-): vııı ff. Man. teŋri ayğın tüketi ıšlayur biz ‘we carry' out God's commands completely’ TT II 6, 3; o.o. do. 8, 55İ Chuas. 212 (edgü:ti:), 257, 285: Bud. alku tüketi berip ‘giving everything completely’ PP 28, 3; o.o. U II 21, 19-20, etc. (tüzü: (all)): O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 11, 3 (?) (yılkı:).
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D tikig (itching, pricking) (tickling) Dev. N. fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); meaning obscure, but clearly some kind of discomfort, ‘itching’ or ‘pricking’? N.o.a.b., but cf. tikiglig. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the Buddha washed the sick monk; and with the touch of the hair on his soft arm) etözindekl afğrığ]? tikigi sönüp ‘the pain (?) and itching in his body died down’ (and his illness disappeared) U III 38, 35.

PUD tügek (d-) Dev. N. fr. tüg-. Survives in SW Osm. dügek/düvek ‘a trailing plant’. Xak. xı tügek al-faris that is ‘a wooden ring at the end of a cord with which loads are fastened’ Kaš. II 287.

D tügük (d-) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tüg-; lit. ‘knotted’. Pec. to KB? Xak. xı KB bu kašım tügüki ‘this knitting of my brows’ 816; sakınčın tügük ‘frowning in deep thought’ 1563; tügük yüz ačığ söz ‘a frowning face and bitter words’ 2577.

D tökük (d-) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter); lit. ‘poured out’. Survives in SW Rep. Turkish dökük (and dökük sačık) (of hair, etc.) ‘hanging loosely over the shoulders’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ač yeklerke İčgeklerke sačığ tökük ‘scattered offerings and libations to the hungry demons (Hend.)’ TT VI 265-e: Civ. sačığ tökük TT VII 25, 7.

D tikiglig (d-) (stitched, sewn) P.N./A. fr. tikig (itching, pricking) (tickling); survives in SW Osm. dikili ‘stitched, sewn’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 585, 13-15 (ağnğlığ): Xak. xı tikiglig to:n ‘a sewn (muxayyat) garment’ Kaš. I 509.

D töküklüg (d-) P.N./A. fr. tökük; lit. ‘poured (into a containeŋ’. Xak. xı töküklüg tarığ ‘wheat (etc.) which is stored’ (mašün) Kaš. I 509.

(? C) tegül (d-) (is not) ‘is not’. The word seems to have been specifically Western, rather than Oğuz in the narrow sense. Kaš.’s etymology looks like a folk one but may be correct, and is supported by the NW Kk., Nog. form tuvil. Also survives in NW Kaz. tügel; Kumvk tügül; SW Az. deyil; Osm. degil/deyil; Tkm. del. Oğuz xı tegül laysa kadelika ‘is not so’; originally taken from the Arğu: phr. da:ğ ol with d- changed to t-, -ğ- to -g-, and the two alifs elided Kaš. I 393; III 153 (1 da:ğ) and four o.o. in Oğuz phr.: xııı (?) Tef. degül ditto 117; tegül 294: xıv Muh. if you (wish to) say ‘it was not’ (me kena) you say yo:k erdi: or deyü’.l erdi: meaning me kena or laysa kena Mel. 19, 17; Rif. 99: Čağ. xv ff. tügül degül Vel. 217 (quotns. fr. Lutfŋ: Xwar. xııı degll 'Ali 27: xıv degül MN 353: Kom. xıv dewül .CCG; Gr. 83 (quotns.): Kıp. xıv degül laysa Id. 49: xv laysa both degül and tügül; the first is better known (ašhar) and most commonly used Kav. 28, 3: (in a grammatical Section) and the negative is tüyül, you say alası tüyül men ‘I will not

take’; the Tkm. say alacak and the negative is degül Ttdi. 47a. 9; a.o.o.: Osm. xıv ff. c.i.a.p.; until early xvı spelt degül TTS I 188; II 270-1; III 175-6; IV 199: xvııı degül (spelt) nist ‘is not’ (quotn. Haydar Telbe); this word is not used in Čağ., but is used by the Turks of Iran and Rum San. 224r. 17.

D tüke:l Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tüke:-; ‘com- / _y plete, entire’, and the like. Survives in SC Uzb. tugal. Türkü vııı ff. (three years later they rriet again) kop esen tüke:l ‘all safe and sound’ IrkB 15; o.o. (tükel) do. 27, 42: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A tükel erdemlig ‘completely virtuous’ MI 12, 18: Bud. tüke:l bilge: ‘the all-wise’ (Buddha) TT VIII II.5, 6; U II 79, 54; III 34, 2; 35, 24; esen tükel PP 22, 6; 24, 3 etc.; on ayağ kılınč tükel kıldımız erser ‘if we have committed all the ten evil deeds’ TT IV 8, 75; a.o. do. VIII B. 10 (bıš-runul-): Civ. (the three signs of thirst) tUke:l közönür ‘all appear’ TT VIII 7.9; such phr. as tükel aldım ‘1 have received in full’, and tükel birdim ‘I have paid in full’ are common in USp.: Xak. xı tüke:l al-tamem ‘completion’; and one calls ‘a complete thing’ (al-šay’u’l-temtn) tüke:l; hence one says tüke:l alğıî ‘receive in full’ (tenıma (tı)) Kaš. I 412; 6 o.o. (tükel/tüke:l/tü:ke:l) usually meaning ‘completely’: KB tükel kıl tilek ‘fulfil his every wish’ 116; (if wisdom is combined with understanding) bolur er tükel ‘a man becomes complete’ 225; tükel bolsa ... ay ‘when the moon becomes full’ 733; a.o.o.: xııı (?) At. hawadarlikimm tükel bilsü ‘may he fully know my love for him’ 80; a.o. 199 (egsü:-); Tef. tükel ditto 3le: (Čağ. xv ff. tükel tafahhus wa cust-cü ‘investigation, diligent search’ San. i83r. 6; obviously based on a misunderstanding of some kind, cf. Osm.): Xwar. xııı tükel ‘all, complete (ly)’ 'Ali 52: xıv ditto Qutb 189: Kom. ‘complete, completion’ tükel/tügel CCG; Gr. 259 (quotn.): \\Kip. xıv dükel al-cami ‘all’ Id. 49: Osm. xıv ff. dügell ‘all, the whole’; very common till about xvıı TTS I 238; II 335; III 220 (occasionally tükeli; the only word der. fr. tüke:- in which d- is at all common): xvııı tügeli (spelt) in Rumi, cami' wa cumla; also spelt with d- San. i83r. 7; same entry reversed do. 225r. 23.

D teglük (d-) contracted Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tegil-, q.v.; ‘blind’. N.o.a.b.; modern languages use for ‘blind’ either the Pe. l.-w. kür (in Turkish köŋ or Mong. sokor or a periphrasis. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 24 (emig): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (they curse one another saying) teglük teg ‘ (you are) like a blind man’ M I 9, 15: Man. közsüz teglük ‘blind (Hend.)’ M İ 18, 6 (ı); a.o. TT III 89: Chr. teglük M III 49, 3: Bud. tuğa teglük ‘born blind’ U II 29, 14, etc. (tuğ-): Civ. teglük bolur TT VII 33, 11: Xak. xı teglük al-darir ‘blind’; hence one says teglük közlüg ‘a blind man’ Kaš. I 477 (misvocalized tüglük): Kom. xıv ‘blind’ töwluk CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-a'me ‘blind’ (közshz; and one says) \\ tewlük Hou. 26. 8: xıv (under te' with lem) tü:lUk al-a’me Id. 4; (? misunderstanding of tewlUk or töwlük?).

D tegil- (d-) Pass. f. of teg-; properly 'to be reached’, but nearly always ‘to be blinded’ (i.e. reached by some sharp object). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A özüt axro:jankaru ağmak tegilmek ‘the ascent of souls to the calendar and their absorption in it (?)’ M III 12, 13 (ı): Man. tegilmis közler [gap] ‘blinded eyes’ TT III 71: Bud. (the merchant in the dark fell over a tree and) sögüt butıkıga közi tegip bir közi tegildl 'his eye ran into the branch of the tree and one eye was blinded’ TT III, p. 28, note 71, 3-4: Xak. xı amŋ kö:zi: tegildi: ‘his eye was blinded’ (a'warrat) Kaš. II 130 (tegİlür, tegilme:k): xııı (?) At. tegilmez muredka akı er teger ‘the generous man attains unattainable wishes’ 234; Tef. tegll- ‘to be attained (?)’ 293; ‘to be blinded’ 301 (mistranscribed tikil- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть)).

D tikil- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть) Pass. f. of tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); s.i.m.m.l.g. with the same rather wide range of meanings; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dikil-. Xak. xı yığa:č tikildi: ‘the tree was planted’ (ğurisat); also used when something is set up vertically (üntašaba qe'ima (n)) Kaš. II 130 (tikilür, tlkilme:k).

D tügül- Pass. f. of tüg-; ‘to be knotted, tied’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı tügü:n tügüldi: in'aqada'l-'uqda 'the string got into a knot’; also used when someone has knotted it ('aqadaha ğayrulıu; i.e. ‘to be knotted’); both Intrans. and Pass. (tügülür, tügülme:k); and one says aš boğazda: tügüldi: ‘ (the man) choked (ğussa) over the food, and it got caught (in aqada) in his throat’ Kaš. II 130 (tügülür, tügtilme:k repeated): KB tügüldi yüzüg ‘your face (i.e. brow) was knitted’ 795; tügülmiš tügün 5817: Čağ. xv ff. tügül- (‘with -g-’) girth šudan ‘to be knotted’ San. 181 v . 28 (quotns.).

D tökül- (d-) (poure out) Pass. f. of tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter); ‘to be poured out’ and the like’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Osm., Tkm. dökül-. Türkü vııı T 52 (? ; see tök-): vııı ff. Man. irig kan tökülür ‘the foul blood pours out’ MI 6, 4-5; a.o. do. 5, 11 (tešil-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U I 26, 15-16 (üstürti:); USp. 106, 46 (ığla:-); Suv. 566, 3 (ÖS-): Civ. (if one breaks a vessel) ičindeki tatığ tökul-güke [gap] ‘[it makes] the delicacies in it spill’ TT I 199: Xak. xı su:v töküldi: ‘the water was poured out’ (urlqa); also used of anything composed of individual units (tcze’) which pour out and scatter (tanhel wa tanšabb) for example wheat or flour when it is scattered over something; this verb is both Intrans. and Pass. Kaš. II 130 (tökülür, tökülme:k): xııı (?) At. tilindin töküldi telim er kanı ‘many men’s blood has been shed by the tongue’ 142; Tef. tökül- ‘to be shed, scattered’ 309: Čağ. xv ff. tökül- rixta šudan ‘to be poured out’ San. 181 v. 27 (quotn.): Xwar. \\\ xııı tö:kü:l-/dökü:l- ‘to come to an end’ 'Ali 48 (these look like errors for tükel-, but in view of the spelling must be old ones): xıv tökül- ‘to be poured, shed’ Qutb 184: Kom. xıv ‘to be poured out’ tögül- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv tabaddada ‘to be scattered’ tökel- (sic, ? in error) Bul. 4or.
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D tiklin- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tikil- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть). Xak. xı yığa:č tiklindi: intašaba'l-xašab ‘the piece of timber (etc.) was placed vertically’ Kaš. II 244 (tiklinti:r, tiklinme:k).

D tüglün- (d-) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tügül-. Xak. xı su:v boğazda: tüglündi: ‘the water got caught (in aqada) in the throat, and the man choked (šariqa) over it’; and one says yip tüglündi: ‘the cord (etc.) got into a knot’ (in'aqada) Kaš. II 244 (tüglünü:r, tüglünme:k).

D töklün- (d-) Refl. f. of tökül-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. töklün- ‘to be poured out’ H II 6, 9: Xak. xı su:v töklündi: ‘the water was poured out’ (inšabba wa sukiba) Kaš. II 244 (töklünü:r, töklünme:k).

D tegler- unusual Caus. f. in -er- (-ür- might be expected) of tegil-, N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (they threw stones at Zrušč Burxan. The stones came back at them and) bašların [? sıdı közlerin] teglerti ‘[broke] their heads and blinded [their] eyes’ Man.-utg. Frag. 400, n-12: Bud. amti mum iki köz teglerip sančayın ‘now I will pierce both his eyes and blind him’ PP 57, 5-6; a.o. 58, 5-e.

D tikliš- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tikil- (d-) (stick, insert, plant, ткнуть). Xak. xı yığa:č tiklišdi: ‘the piece of timber (etc.) was placed vertically’ (intašaba) Kaš. II 207 (tiklišü:r, tiklišme:k).

D tüglüš- (d-) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tügül-. Xak. xı yıpla:r tüglüšdi: ‘the cords (all) got into a knot’ (in’aqada) Kaš. II 207 (tüglü-šü:r, ttiglüšme:k).

D töklüš- (d-) Co-op. f. of tökül-. Survives in SE Tar. tökülüš- R III 1243. Xak. xı töklüšdi: ne:g inšabbati’l-ašye wa taseyalat ‘the things were (ail) poured out and allowed to flow’ Kaš. II 207 (töklüšü:r, töklüšme:k; the second vowel looks more like -e-).

PUD tigilig P.N./A. fr. tigi:; ‘noisy, resounding’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tigilig yagkuluğ... ünin ‘with a resounding echoing voice’ TT X 191-2; same phr. do. 318; Suv. 346, 21.

D tükellig (perfect) P.N./A. fr. tükel; ‘perfect’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A barča edgü kılınčka tükellig bolalım ‘may we become perfect in all good deeds’ M I 29, 30-1: Bud. bilge biligke tükellig ‘perfect in wisdom’ U IV 10, 77-8; kertgünč üze tükellig ‘perfect in faith’ USp. 59, 6; o.o. TT VI 352; VIII D.37, etc.: Civ. alku ediremke (for \482\ erdemke) tükellig ‘perfect in all virtues’ TT VU 17, 2i.
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VU tügültü:n Hap. leg.; various attempts have been made to find an etymology and meaning for this word, but it seems likelier that it is merely a geog. name. Türkü vııı I S 6,11 N 5 (čoğay).

PUD tigi:le:- Den. V. fr. tigi:; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yel üze yel tlgilep 'wind upon wind blew howling’ TT I 15-le: Xak. xı tigi:le:di: ne:ŋ ‘the thing buzzed and rüstled’ (daıcıve tva hajfa) Kaš. III 326 (tigi:Ie:r, tigi:Ie:me:k). , D tlkürle:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. tikü:. Xak. xı ol maga: et tlkü:le:di: ‘he offered me (neıvalanŋ a piece (Ittqma) of meat’ (etc.); and one says ol begke: ne:g tikü:le:di: ‘he bribed (raše) the beg with something’; taken from the first (meaning) Kaš. III 326 (tikü:le:r, tikü:le:me:k).

PUD tigileš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tigi:le:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT I 74 (čašut).

D tegim (d-) (entitlement, what is due) N.S.A. fr. teg-; ‘entitlement, what is due’, or the like. N.o.a.b,, but see tegimlig. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in a short note instructing one person to give another) altl otuzka tegim kezik aška bir kap bornı ‘one skin of wine for rations due up to the 2eth’ (of the current month) USp. 75, 2-3; (I have received ten si/irs in coin) onunč ay on yagıka tegimče bĞrürmen ‘I will repay it duly on the 10th of the 10th month’ do. 113. 4-5.

D tikim (d-) (sowing, planting, stuffing) N.S.A. fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); survives in SW Osm. dikim ‘an act of sowing or planting’. Xak. xı ‘a piece of stuffed meat, ball’ (al-bidda mina'1-zumetvard) is called- bi:r tikim türme:k Kaš. I 396.

D tegme: (d-) (every, any) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. teg-;, ‘every, any’, and the like; the semantic connection with teg- is obscure. Survives with the same meaning in SW Osm. degme/deyme. Not to be confused with tĞgme: Participle in -gme: fr. te:- used in such phr. as sidi t^gme išig küdügüg ‘undertakings called siddhV U 1 34, 17. Xak. xı tegme: a word (kalima) meaning ‘every’ (kull ahad) Kaš. I433 (prov.); and 9 o.o.: KB kišike kerek tegme yerde biliš ‘a man needs acquaintances in every country’’ 497; tegme künde ‘every day’ 967: xııı (?) KBPP tegme biri ‘every one of them’ 18; Tef. tegme ditto 293: xıv Rbğ. tegme yerde R III 1040: Xwar. xııı tegme ditto 'Ali 52; xıv ditto Qutb 177; tegme MN 250; Nahc. 250, 10: Kom. xıv ‘every’ tegme CCI', Gr. : Ktp. xıv teyme kull Id. 41; (Tkm.) kull degme: (and har) Bul. 16, 1; degme: kull; one says degme: kiši: ‘everybody’, and in Kıp. teyme kiši:. Teyme meaning kull and \\\ this degme: occur in the same way thal kull occurs in Ar., the following word being annexed to it (yudef ilayhe); also (the phr.) teyme bir anča: meaning ‘some’, with opposition (xilef) between the annexer and the annexed in this language; bir means ‘one’ and anča: ‘like it’ (mitluhu) but the whole phrase means ‘some’ id. 49 (obscure, but this seems to be the meaning): xv kullame ‘every time, whenever’ teyme:, for example ‘every time (kullame, teyme:) that you write a page, I will give you a dirham'; and teyme: is used for kull connoting repetition (al-takraŋ; one says ‘I will give you a dirham every month’ (teyme: ayda:) Kav. 21, 21; kull teyme (Isic, MS. time; Tkm. haŋ Tuh. 31a. 10 (in margin in SW (?) hand degme): Osm. xıv ff. degme ‘every’’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 186; II 267; 111 174; IV 198. :

D tikme: (d-) (sewn) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); ‘sewn’, etc. Survives in SW Osm. as dikme ‘sewn’; a l.-w. in Pe., see Doerfer II 914. Xak. xı tikme: ne:g ‘something sewn’ (muxayyaf) Kaš. I 433: Kom. xıv tikme ‘sewn together’ CC7; ‘a post, pillar’ CCG; Gr.

D tügme: (d-) (button, knotted, ruined building) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. tüg-; properly ‘knotted’; the ordinary meaning ‘button’ prob. originally referred to a cord knotted and re-knotted at the end to form a button of a type still common in China. S.i.s.m.l. meaning ‘button’, in SW Az. düyme; Osm. düğme/ düyme; Tkm. dügme/düvme. See Doerfet III 1187. Xak. xı tügme: 'a button’ (zirŋ on a shirt; also the buttons of tunics and cloaks Kaš. I 433: xıv Muh. al-zirr tü:gme: (-g-marked) Mel. 67, 1; Rif. 166; (under, ‘buildings’; al-talela 'ale taleta axšeb (Rif. xašabet) ‘a ruined building standing on three timbers’ (i.e. with the fourth gone?) (VU) tügme: 76, 13; 180; perhaps to be transcribed tögme: and derived fr. tö:g- (pound, crush, grind)): Čağ. xv ff. tügme (spelt) ‘silk buttons' (denahe-yi ibrišim) which they sew on garments instead of tapes '. derived fr. tüg- ‘to knot’ San. i83r. 12 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘wily, intriguing’ tökme (sic; if so a different word, but hard to connect semantically with tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter)) CCI; Gr.; ‘button’ ttiwme ditto: Kip. xııı al-zirr tügme:, which also means al-raculu*l- ayvar ‘an intriguer’ Hou. ıe, i; al-ayyer (PU) tügme: do. 25, 8: xıv (under te’ followed by mtm) tü:me: (? read tüvraıe:) al-zirr Id. 40; (Tkm.) düğme: al-zirr; (PU) dtigme: al-kattru'l-htla ‘very wily’ do'. 4g:'xv al-zirr tüyme; Tkm. dtigme Tuh. 18a. 5.

D tegimlig P.N./A.. fr. tegim; ‘worthy, deserving’, and the like; usually preceded by Noun in Dat. or Verb in Ger. in -ğali:/-geli: ‘worthy of, or to be’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tekimligče (sic) išlerig išietigiz ‘you- have done your work worthily’ TT III 72; Tokharian (Agnean ?) (a jewel) ‘worthy to be worn on the crown of the head’ töz töpüte tutkalı tekim-lig («c) do. IX 16; a.o. do. 2e: Bud. ayağka.
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tegimlig (respected) 'worthy of respect’, a very common stock epithet of gods, Buddhas and holy men U I 28, 12; 77 32, 64; 77, 18; TT IV 10, 29; VIII A.29; X 83, 108, etc.; [gap] körgeli tegimlig bolt! ‘has become worthy to see (or be seen by?)’ U III 17, 13; a.o. U IV 46, 57-8 (ata:-): Civ, ayağka tegimlig ‘venerable’, perhaps here a Noun ‘monk’ follows P.N.s in USp. 15, 8; 61, 4; 84, 3; 88, e: Xak. xı KB sllig bolsa kutka tegimlig bolur ‘if he becomes pure, he deserves the favour of heaven’ 2446.

D tegimsiz (unworthy, disrespectful) Priv, N./A. fr. tegim; ‘unworthy (of)’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. biz tapin-ğuka tegimsiz ermiš biz 'we were unworthy of respect’ U I 9, 1: Bud. U IV 46, 64-5. (ata:-): Xak. xı KB tegimsiz tapuğ birle törke tegir ‘an unworthy man by rendering service attains a place of honor’ 614; tegimsiz kiši 2516, 4074.

D tügmelen- (d-) (button) Refl. Den. V, fr. tügme:;' ‘to button’. The basic form tügmele- is noted in Kip. and survives with the same meaning in SW Az. düymele-; Osrîı. düg-mele-/düymele- and with a slightly different' meaning in Tkm. düvmele-, with this Refl. f. as the Pass. Xak. xı er tügmelendi: ‘the man fastened the buttons (šadda , . . azreŋ of his shirt’ Kaš. III 202 (tügmelenü:r, tügmelenme:k).

(F) tegin (or ? tegi:n) (prince, crown prince) (but North Indian word thakur is a Wanderwörter form of tegin, tegir “host, the owner”, Sanskrit thakkura- “chief, man of rank, object of reverence, deity”, modern thakur and Thakur = Tagore) a very old title, like tarxan, q.v., inherited fr. some earlier non-Turkish language, as shown by the fact that it had the non-Turkish (why not, the eastern Türkic Sprachbunds could have used different combination of pl. markers than the western Sprachbunds) Pl. f. tegit, q.v. In the Türkü period it meant ‘prince’ in the limited specific sense of ‘a son, or grandson, of a ruling xağan; after that period it was used in a much less restricted sense as a title of honor of diminishing importance, but did not survive the Mongolian invasion. Its history is discussed at great length in Doerfer II 922 (which contains some errors) and more briefly in Bosworth and Clauson, ‘al-Xwarazmi on the Peoples of Central Asia’, JRAS, 1965, p. 7. It is noteworthy that both Kaš. and San. give wholly erroneous accounts of its origin. Türkü vııı the prince commemorated in I was Kül Tegin, younger son of Ilteriš Xağan; both I and II were drafted by YolIuğ Tegin,^’ the atı: (‘grandson or nephew’) of Bilge:^: Xagan (see I S 13; SW; II SW) who was himself a tegin (see 7 E 17, 77 E 14) when his uncle succeeded his father as xağan; four tegins attended the funeral of Küli Čor Ix. 24: Uyğ. vııı Ozmıš Tegin xan bolmıš ‘Ozmiš Tegin became xan’ Šu. N 9 (N.B. the^-last Türkü xagan): vııı ff. Man. M III 14, 3 (Hŋ (igld-): Bud. the two royal princes in PP were called Edgü ögli tegin and Ayığ ögli' tegin; Tegriken Kutliığ Bars Tegin P.N.' (prob. not a royal prince) TT IV, p. 20, note' B69, 2: O. Kır. ıx ff. er atım Yanık Tegin \\\ ‘my adult name was Yaruk Tegin’ Mai. 15, i (not a royal prince): Xak. xı tegi:n in its original meaning (// ašli'1-luğa) ‘a slave’ (al- abd); hence one says kümüš tegi:n ‘a slave of faultless colouring like silver’, alp tegi:n ‘a robust (calad) slave’ and kutluğ tegi:n ‘a blessed (muberak) slave’. Then this noun was made an exclusive appellation (sima mahda) for the sons of the Xaqans and is combined with the names of birds of prey, e.g. Čağrı: tegi:n, that is ‘a prince (tigi:n) with the strength of a falcon’ (al-bezŋ; küč tegi:n ‘strong prince’. This name was transferred from slaves (al-mawalŋ to the sons of Afresiyeb becnuse they respected their fathers and whenever :hey addressed or wrote to therrf they said or wrote ‘your slave has done so-and-so’ depreciating themselves and exalting their fathers. After that they were known specially by this name; but the word remained as the name of a slave when it was combined with something which was dearly distinguished from them (i.e. princely names) Kaš. I 413; o.o. 7 355 (tigit); 357 (begeč); 777 368 (toga:): (KB kayusı tegin beg, 4068, is an erroneous conjecture by Arat; the MSS. indicate rather kayusı kül erkin): xıv Muh. (?) (in a list of titles) min abne'i'1-umare ‘an amir’s son' tegim (mis-spelt begi:n) Rif. 145 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tegin in the (Pe.?) Oğuz Nema in introducing the account of Buğra Xan it is said that he had three sons named el Tegin, Kuzı Tegin, and Sübük Tegin; and the meaning of tegin in the language of the Turks is 'good-looking’ (rükû fûrat) San. i58r. 9: Kip. xlll (iri the list of names of slaves) aydeghn amir qamar ‘ruler of the moon’, tva hutva luğa Hou. 29, 18. (The “there is no doubt” is quite doubtful, first because the speculation does not have any base in any alien language, and second, because the presumption that any language was born formed and codified is nonsense. The pl. -s and -t are attested as archaic. English retained -s, a western form. Numerous Türkic words have two forms, Türkic and Mongolian, ascending to at least to the Syanbi time, and probably a millennium or two before that, as is asserted archeologically, but the greatest impact happened recently, in the historical time, within the Mongol Empire and its successor states. Languages do change, Cf. English. Before asserting some speculations, an archaic version of the language, in this case the archaic Türkic, must be considered)

D tiken (d-) (thorn) crasis of *tikge:n Dev. N./A. fr. tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); ‘thorn’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Osm. diken, but Az., Tkm. tiken; see Doerfer II 915. A Dim. f. tikenek, is first noted in Kip. xııı and also s.i.s.m.l. with the same or a slightly different meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (there is an iron tree a mile high) altı yigirml ergek uzum temirlig tikenleri ol ‘it has iron thorns sixteen fingers (i.e. inches) long’ TM IV 253, 65-e: Civ. 77 77 6, 5: Xak. xı tiken ‘a thorn’ (al-šatuk), it is so pronounced only as an abbreviation (al-xiffa); by rule (al-qiyas) it should be pronounced tikken with -kk-; this noun is derived from tikdi: ğaraza aw cazzaza aw naxasa ‘to prick or pierce’ something; the (first) -k- is basic, and the second is added to make it an Adj. (šifa) (other examples of the same construction follow, tevdi: — tevge:n, čömdi: — čömge:n, sikti: — sikke-.n) Kaš. I 400; 777 44 (yandak) and 4 o.o. air spelt tike:n: KB tiken ol ukušluğka dünye tolu ‘to a man of' understanding this wtirld is full of thorns’ 6383; a.o. 3846 (čikne:-): xııı (?) Tef. tiken ‘thorn’ 301: At. 376 (edle:-): Čağ. xv ff. tiken xer ‘thorn’, in Ar. šaıtk San. I98r. 23 (quoth.): Xwar. xıv ditto MAT7, etc.; (tiken-8İZ ‘thornless’ Qutb 178): Kom. xıv ‘thorn’ \484\ tigenek CCG; Gr.: Kip. xnr al-šatvk tike:-nek; Tkm. tike:n Hou. g, i: xıv tlkenek al-šatvk id. 39; (Tkm.) diken ditto 49: xv al-šatvk tlkenek (mis-spelt tekenek) Kav. 59, 9; šatvk tlkenek Tuh. 21a. 3 (‘also without the final -ek’ in the margin).
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VUD tögü:n (? dögö:n) (brand, tamga) ‘a brand’; presumably Dev. N. fr. tö:g- (pound, crush, grind) although the semantic connection is obscure. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. dögün ‘tattoo mark’ Red. 926 (only?). See 2 da:ğ, tögne:-, tögünlig. Xak. xı tögü:n al-wasm toa'l-kayy ‘a mark (of ownership), brand’ Kaš. I 414; xııı (?) Tef. tögün ‘brand’ 318 (tükün): Čağ. xv ff. tögen (sic, ‘with -ğ-’) değ ‘brand’ Vel. 216 (quotn.); ditto San. i83r. 7 (quotn.).

D tügün (d-) (knot) Dev. N. fr. tüg-; ‘a knot’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes; in SW Az. düyün; Osm. dügün/düyün (‘marriage, or circumcision, feast’, see Kip. below; ‘knot’ is dügüm/düyüm); Tkm. dügln/düvün. See Doerfer II 978. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. amran-maklığ bağ tügünin ‘with the bonds (Hend.) of love’ U III 83, 1: Xak. xı tügün al-'uqda ‘a knot’ Kaš. I 400; III 270 (bekü:-), and about 30 o.o., all except one spelt tügü:n; KB yazıldı tügün ‘the knot was untied’ 150; o.o. (mainly with yaz- or yazıl-) 172, 283 (berk) 1084, 1856, 4029, etc.: Čağ. xv ff. tügün (‘with -g-’) girih ‘knot’ Vel. 216; tügün (spelt) girih wa 'uqda San. i83r. 11 (quotn.); dügün (1) girih; (2) stir wa 'anisi ‘a wedding feast’ do. 225r. 2e: Xwar. xıv tügün ‘a knot’ Qutb 189: Kip. xıv dügün al-'uqda; (after düg-) hence cam'u’l-'urs ‘a wedding party’ is called dügün, that is in aqada'1-camV ‘there was a contract of marriage’; hence Sancar dügünindeyidük ‘we were at Sancar’s wedding’ Id. 49: xv ‘a knot’ ('uqda) in a cord or the like (baw and) tüyün Tuh. 25a. 3.

PU tekne: (trough) ‘a trough’; perhaps an early l.-w. Survives in (SE Türki tegle/tegne ?); NC Kzx. tegene; SC Uzb. tegana; SW Az., Osm. tekne. Xak. xı tekne: al-naqir ‘a trough’ Kaš. I 434: xıv Muh. (?) al-tašt ‘basin’ (PU) tekne: (unvocalized) Rif. 170 (only): Kom. xıv ‘basin, water trough’ tegene CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv tekene: (sic) al-naqir Id. 39: xv dasqari (sic, corrupt Pe.) ‘basin’ tekene Tuh. 15b. 8: Osm. xvııı tekne: (spelt) in Rümi, ‘a large round vessel carved out of wood in which they wash things and knead dough’; and metaph. ‘a small round boat used to cross a piece of water’ San. i58r. 5.

D teginč Dev. N. fr. tegin-; etymologically this should mean ‘reaching, attainment’, but the meaning in Uyğ. is obscure, and in Tef. the word is syn. w. tegi: and looks like an abbreviation of the Equative form in -če of tegin (tegi:). Cf. teginčsiz. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit kšanasamnipetam ‘whose meeting lasts (onlv) a moment’ teğinčniŋ yığıl-ma.-kın TT VIII D. le: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. \\\ egnidln ellıje teginč ‘from his shoulder to his hand’ (is seventy cubits) 293.

D tegin- (d-) (reach, attain, penetrate, venture (dare), sensation, perception) Refl. f. of teg- ; with a curiously wide range of meanings; (1) (occasionally) ‘to reach, attain (something Dat.)', very occasionally without an Indirect Obj.; (2) teginmek was the word chosen to translate the Buddhist technical term vedane ‘sensation, perception (of external objects)’; (3) most commonly it is used as a self-depreciatory Aux. V. following a Ger. in -u:/-ü: ‘to venture (to do something) (dare)’ in direct antithesis to the Honorific Aux. V. yarlika:- ‘to deign (to do something)’. Survives in NE Koib., Sag. tegin- (of a sword or lance) 'to penetrate’ R III 1034. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. okiyu tegindim ‘I have ventured (dare) to recite’ M I 29, 15; ötünü tekinürmen (sic) ‘I venture (dare) to ask’ TT IX 54; o.o. do. 5, 44; TT III 175: Chr. bitlyü teglnellm Zaxariya dindarmg ölüm teginmiši ‘we shall venture (dare) to recite how the high priest Zacharias met his death’ UI 9, 9-11: Bud. (may we be saved from this sinful body and) kurtulmak yolka teglnellm ‘attain the way of salvation’ PP 52, 1-2; anın biziıj yertinčü közetči tep atımız teginür ‘this is how we have come by (attained) our title of “world guardians” ’ (Sanskrit lokapela) Suv. 401, 9-10: teglnmek translating vedane TT V 24, 66 ff. (alın-); U II 6, 14 ff.; yagıšlığ tapiğımıznı teginip ‘noticing our service of sacrifice’ Suv. 29, 8-9 (possibly an error for tegürüp ‘offering’); a.o. (?) U III 4, 1 (ii) (damaged; sigiŋ; taplayu tegindim ‘I have ventured to be satisfied’ (to keep your commandments) U III 36, 2; and many o.o.: Civ. USp. 15, 17 (elİg): Čigil XI when a king or amir in Čigil is notified of the arrival of someone one says to him ol tegindi: that is ‘he has arrived’ (hadara) meaning ‘he is glad to have arrived’ (taballnğa bi'l-wušfd)\ similarly when he has gone one says to him tegindi:; the Oğuz dislike (tubğid) this word Kaš. II 143 (teglnü:r, teginme:k; presumably the Oğuz disliked the self-depreciatory connotation): Kip. xııı tawassala ‘to reach’ degin- Hou. 39, 3 desin.

D tüken- Refl. f. of tüke:-; ‘to come to an end, be exhausted’, and the like. Prob. only fortuitously first noted in xııı (?). Survives in NC Kır. tügön-; SW Osm., Tkm. tüken-. (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. tavarsızka bilgi tükenmez tavar ‘to the poor man his knowledge is inexhaustable wealth’ 127; Tef. tüken- (of food) ‘to be exhausted’ 316 (tügen-): xıv Muh. fane tü:ke:n- Rif. 113 (Mel. tü:ke-, q.v.): Čağ. xv ff. tüken- tamem šudan ‘to come to an end’ San. 182V. 2 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı düken- ditto ’Ali 5e: xıv tüken- ditto Qutb 189; MN 439: Kom. xıv ditto tügen- CCG; Gr. 259 (quotns.): Kip. xıv tüken- farağa ‘to come to an end, be idle’ İd. 39: (Tkm.) düken- ditto do. 49 ;farağa tüken- Bul. egv.:xv ditto Kav. 9, 22; 77, 2; Tuh. 28b. 1; tamma ‘to come to an end’ tüken- do. 9a. 5; naqida \\ ('to be broken, abraded’) tva /arağa ditto 37b. 1.

D tügün- (d-) Refl. f. of tüg-; n.o.a.b. ? Xak. xı ol tügü:n tügündi: ‘he concentrated on tying a knot’ (bi-’aqdi’l-'uqda); also used for pretending to tic Kaš. II 143 (tügünü:r, tügünme:k).

D tökün- (d-) Refl. f. of tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter). Survives in SW Osm., Tkm. dökün- ‘to pour (e.g. water) over oneself’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. tümen sav töküni seni de (sic, ?for sende) boltı ‘innumerable words came pouring out in your favour (?)’ TT I 126-7.

VUD tögne:- (d-) (brand, cauterize) (tag) Den. V. fr. tögü:n; ‘to brand, cauterize’. Perhaps survives in SW Tkm. dövne-, but with quite different meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 21 is a text regarding the effects of bleeding, cauterizing and making incisions on various days of the month; tögneser ‘if one cauterizes (the patient)’ 2, 14 (see also 2 ba:š, kana:- (bleed)): Xak. xı ol ba:šın tögne:di: kazve qarhatahu bi’l--ner 'he cauterized his wound’ Kaš. III 301 (tögne:r, tögne:me:k): xıv Muh. (?) daw-tuağa (hybrid Pe.-Ar. word fr. değ) ‘to brand’ tö:gne:- Rif. 109 (only).

D teginčsiz Priv. N./A. fr. teginč; ‘inaccessible’ or the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if I have committed grievous sins) tamu pr^t yılkı ajunında asunlar yĞrinde ulatı sekiz törlüg teginčsiz orunlarka eltdeči ‘which carry me to the eight kinds of inaccessible (?) places, rebirth in hell, or as a harmful ghost (Sanskrit l.-w.) or animal or in the country of the demons’ Suv. 138, 8-10; a.o.o.

D tügü:nük (d-) ‘the smoke hole in the top of a tent’; apparently Dim. f. of tügün. Syn. w. türjlük, q.v.; both words seem to survive, but only NE Alt., Leb., Tel. tü:nük; NC Kzx. tünük R III 1553 seem to go back to this word. Türkü vııı ff. (in a para, relating to various parts of a tent) tügü:nüki: ne: teg ‘what is its smoke-hole like?’ IrkB 18: Kip. xıv dügnük (so vocalized) qubbatu'l-xargah ‘the dome of a tent’ Id. 49.

VUD tögünlüg Hap. leg.; this word is more likely to be a P.N./A. fr. tögü:n than one fr. tügün which would be hard to translate in this context. Türkü vııı (I sent out distant patrols; I erected the watch-tower at Arkuy (?); I reported the approach of the enemy; I persuaded my xağan to take the field; by the favour of heaven, among this Türkü people I did not allow enemy in armour to gallop about) tögünlig atığ yügürtmedim ‘I did not let the branded horses run wild’ T 54.
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D teger (d-) (value, price, share) A or. of teg- used as a Dev. N.; in Uyğ. ‘share’ i.e. that which comes to some \485\ one; later ‘value, price’. Survives in SW Osm. deger ‘value, price’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 55, 26 (ana:): Xak. xı Kaš. II 82 (bokur-); n.m.e.: Kip. xıv al-qiyma ‘price’ degir (mistranscribed diger) Bul. 6, 2.

tigir (clatter (noise)) Hap. leg. but see tigre:- ; onomatopoeic for a clattering noise. Xak. xı Kaš. I 3el(takıŋ.

D tegre: (d-) Dev. N. (?) fr. *tegir-; used both as an Adv. (and Postposn.) meaning ‘ (all) around’ and the like, and as a N. meaning ‘surroundings’. Survives in both meanings in SC Uzb. tegra. See tegrek. Türkü vııı T 8 (učuk): vııı ff. Man. (the sun and moon gods) tegre (so i^.id) toll tegzinür ‘revolve round and round’ Chuas. 10-11: Uyğ. vııı [long gap] tegresi: eli: ‘his surroundings (?) and his realm’ Šu. N 2: vııı ff. Bud. (all the people in the town came together and) tegre toll tururlar erdiler ‘were standing round him’ PP 71, 4; teŋri Burxan tegresinde [gap] yügürür [erdi ?] ‘he ran round and round the holy Buddha’ TT X 349-50; o.o. do. 337 (?); TM IV 252, 35: Civ. etözüŋ tegre ada bar ‘there is danger round about your body’ TT I 60; (if a man) etözüt) tegre körser ‘consults an oracle about your body’ do. 219; in TT VII 29, 6 ff. the same phr. is spelt tegere körser: Xak. xı tegre: hawin'l-šay' wa hiteruhu ‘the surroundings or rim of something’; one says kuduğ tegresi: (sic) ‘the rim of a well (etc.)’ Kaš. I 421; / 310 (ava:la:-); six o.o. as Adv. or Postposn.: xııı (?) Tef. degre ‘the fence’ (round a garden) 117; tegre ‘surroundings, around’ 294: Čağ. xv ff. tegre (‘with -g-’) de’ira ve afrdf ‘surroundings, around’ Vel. 191 (quotns.); San. ig8r. 25 (quotns., but dawra ?in error): Xwar. xııı tegre ‘the rim’ (of a well) ’Ali 48: xıv tigre ‘around’ Qutb 177-8; bu madina tegresinde ‘round this city’ Nahc. 27, 17: Kom. xiv‘surroundings’ teyre CCI; Gr.

D tegrek (d-) Dim. (?) f. of tegre: and syn. w. it. S.i.s.m.l. with some phonetic changes, e.g. NE Alt., Tel. tegerek R III 1031; NC Kır. tegerek; Kzx. tögerek/tögerek; NW Nog. tögerek. See tegnkle:-. Xak. x’i tegrek ‘the rim (hiteŋ of anything’; hence one says kuduğ tegreki: ‘the rim of a well’ Kaš. I477: Kip. xv halqa ‘ring, circle’ tegrek Tuh. 13a. 3; (mudaiowar ‘circular’ togerik 34b. 10).

D tegür- (d-) Caus. f. of teg-; lit. ‘to cause to reach’, but usually ‘to deliver or convey (something Acc.) to (someone Dat.)'. Survives in SE Türki tegür- Shaw 86; SW Tkm. degir-, but in most other languages the Caus. f., not always with the same meaning, usually assumes other forms, e.g. SE Türki tegdür-/tegüz-Jarring 305; SC Uzb. tegiz-; SW Osm. değdir-. Türkü vııı (I mobilized an army and) šantug yazıka: taluy ögü:zke: tegü:r-tim ‘took them to the plain of Shantung \486\ and the sea’ T 18-19; ^{o n}- do. 26, 47: vııı ff. öghge: kagı:ga: tegü:rmi:š ‘it brought him to his father and mother’ IrkB 35: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A yaruk teŋri yerige tegürdečl ‘conveying them to the country of the god of light’ M I 26, 17-18: Chr. ked kögül tegürüp ‘concentrating your minds’ U I 6,1: Bud. yagalar beglge kın kızğut tegüreyin ‘I will inflict tortures (Hend.) on the lord of the elephants’ U II 20, 1 (ii); taluy ögüzke kıdığıga tegilrdl ‘he conveyed him to the sea shore’ PP 52, 4-5; o.o. U II 15, 8-13; TT V, p. 16, note Â54, 6 (alın), etc.: Civ. H I 178 (salkım): Xak. xı ol maga: begdin sö:z tegürdi: ‘he brought me (ballağanŋ a message from the beg' (or someone else) Kaš. II 84 (tegürür, tegürme:k); and several o.o.: KB tegürgll ‘convey’ (my greetings to all his four Companions) 31; kılıčka tegürgil sen ötrü elig ‘then put your hand to your sword’ 222; o.o. 61, 781, r78r, 4462 (te:ŋ, 5864 (yoga:ğčı:): xıı (?) KB VP bu xašš hecib atın tegürmiš muga ‘he bestowed on him this title of Privy Counsellor’ 62: xııı (?) At. 331 (1 emgek); Tef. tegür-/ tegdür- ‘to bring, bestow’ 292-4 (tegrü- is a crasis of tegürü u-): xıv Rbğ. tegür- ‘to bestow’ R III 1038 (quotn.); Muh. (?) ašeba ‘to attain’ degür- Rif. 103 (Mel. 22, 14 deg-); au'šala ‘to bring, deliver’ tegür- 132 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tegür- (spelt) Caus. f., rasenidan ‘to convey, deliver’ San. i97r. 10 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı tegür- ‘to stretch out (the hand)’ 'Ali 48: xıv tegür-/tegür- ‘to offer, present’ Qutb 174-7; MN 130, etc.; ‘to bring’ Nahc. 381, 2: Kom. xıv ‘to deliver, grant’, etc. teyir- CCG; Gr. 239 (quotns.): Osm. xıv ff. degür- (rarely degir-) ‘to convey, deliver’, etc.; common till xv, sporadic till xvıı TTS I 185; 7/267; III 173; IV 197.
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D tigre:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. tiglr; see tigret-. Xak. xı at ada:ki: tigre:di: ‘the horse’s hooves clattered’ (dawiya); and one says oğla:n tigre:di: ‘the boy toddled’ (tada'da'a, not tara'ra'a as in printed text) Kaš. III 280 (tigre:r, tlgre:me:k).

D tegürt- (d-) Caus. f. of tegür-; n.o.a.b.; the word in Satı. 4V. 16-17 which might be read tigürt- is in fact yitkürt-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if you would let me have a list of the scriptures that you want) tegürtü ötünelim ‘we shall venture to have them sent to you’ Hüen-ts. 1850-1; Civ. negü yeme ıš küč tegürtmegü üze ‘without being required to perform any services’ USp. 88, 8-9. ‘

D tigret- Caus. f. of tigre:-; n.o.a.b. The Türkü spelling proves the -g-. Türkü vııı ff. (knot the bay horse’s tail and) tlgret ‘make it break wind’ IrkB 50: Xak. xı ol atın tlgretti: ‘he made his horse break wind on the move' ('alal-haftffVl-cary); and one says ol oğulm: tlgretti:, alternative form of tığrattı: (Itığa fi'l-ğayn) Kaš. II 330 (tlgretü:r, tigretme:k; if Kaš. is right this would mean ‘he made the boy tough’, but it seems likelier that it meant ‘he made the boy toddle’).

D tigreš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of tigre:-. Xak. xı atla:r ada:ki: tfgrešdi: ‘the horses’ hooves clattered (together)’; and one says oğla:n tigrešdi: ‘the boys toddled (together)’ (tadada'at, not tara'ra'at as in printed text) Kaš. II 209 (tigrešü:r, tlgrešme:k).

PUD tigitsiz Hap. leg.?; this and the following word seem to be mis-spelt and both present morphological difficulties; they are, perhaps, Priv. N./A.s fr. Dev. N.s fr. tigre:- and tepre:- respectively, but even so are hard to interpret. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ınčıp tlglrtsiz (? tlgretsiz) teplrtsiz (? tepretsiz) alku tigl čoğı ırak ögl üdrülmiš ‘thus all sounds (Hend.) (even) those which are not noisy and stirring (?) are distant and far removed’ Suv. 166, 5-7.

D tegreki: (d-) (vicinity) N./A.S. fr. tegre:; ‘in the neighbourhood of’ and the like. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ol tegrekl yer orun ‘places (Hend.) in that vicinity’ USp. 103, 22; o.o. U II 22, 2 (tapığčı:); do. 25, 21-2; TT X 51-2 (bodun).

D tegirme:/tegirmi: (d-) (round, circular) ‘round, circular’; Dev. N./A.s in -me: and -mi: fr. *tegir-. The spelling with -mi: is pec. to Uyğ. and seems to be sufficiently common to exclude the. possibility of mistranscription, it survives in SW Az. deylrml; Osm. deglrml, but there does not seem to be any other trace of such a suffix. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (a golden drum) kün teŋri tilgenl teg tegirml ‘round like the disk of the sun’ Suv. 92, 18; a.o. do. 490, 2i: Civ. (if a mouse) tegirml ısırsar ‘bites a round hole’ (in a garment) TT VII 36, 3; a.o. do. I 57-8 (esrük): Xak. xı tegirme: ne:g ‘anything circular’ (mudawwar) like a loaf, mill-stone, or coin’ Kaš. I 490: Oğuz xı the Oğuz when they wish to stress the circular character of something sav tes tegirme: Kaš. I 328: Kom. xıv ‘circular’ tegirme CCI; C/r.: Kip. xıv teylrme: yüzli: ‘round-faced’ Id. 41; xv Tuh. 34b. 10 (see tegrek; in margin in SW (?) hand) deglrml.

VUD tegirmek (d-) Hap. leg.; if correctly spelt Dev. N. fr. *tegir-, but the semantic connection is tenuous and a Den. V. fr. tegür-mcaning ‘a conveyance’ is possible. Xak. xı tegirmek al-hawdac ‘a camel litter’; the Oğuz call it ügürmek Kaš. I 506.

D tegirme:n (d-) Dev. N. fr. *tegir-; ‘a rotary mill’ for grinding corn. S.i.a.m.l.g,, in some much abbreviated e.g. NE te:rmen/te:rben; Tub. de:rbe; NW Kumyk tirmen; Nog. termen; with initial d- in NW Kk. dlgirman; SW Az. deyirman; Osm., Tkm. değirmen. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of household equipment; kitchen, guests’ quarters, large and small doors, well, fireplace) sokğu tegirmen ‘a mortar, a (hand) mill’ TT VI 86 (two separate objects, not a Hend. as in the translation): Xak. xı tegirme:n is a generic term for ‘a mill’ (al-fehün) Kaš. III \\ 266 (tlše:-); n.m.e.: (xiv Muh. al-rahetvî 'miller' deglrmenči: Mel. 57, 9; teğlr-me:nči: Rif. 155): Čağ. xv ff. tegirmen esiye ‘mill’ San. 198V. 2 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv tegirmen/tiğlrmen ‘mill’ Qutb 174-7: Kom. iciv ‘mill’ tegirmen CCI, Gr. 238 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-tehün teyirme'n Hou. 6, 9: xıv ditto te. 41: xv fehıln t^ylrmen; Tkm. değirmen Tuh. 43b. 12.
487

VUD teŋrikle:- so transcribed, but apparently a Den. V. fr. tegrek; there may, however, have been a Dev. N. *teŋrik fr. *tegir-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı tf. Bud. siisln tegresinde teŋriklep ‘assembling his army around him’ TT X 337; [gap] keyiklerln teŋriklep kĞsari arslan turmıš teg ‘like the lion Kesarin rounding up the deer of .1 .’ UIV 18,215. -• _:

D tegirmi:le:- (d-) Den. V. fr. tegirmi:; pec. to Uyğ. but the der. f.s değirmilet-, değirmilen- survive in SW Osm, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the demons) tegirmileyü avlap ‘crowding round him’ U IV 8, 20 (I 41, 4); 18, 192; 20, 232; 36, 89-90; etözÜT)Ü7, yaruki tegirmileyü yaruttı ondın sigar yer suvığ ‘the light of your bedy illuminated the country all round in all ten directions’ Suv. 348, 7-8; Civ. tegirmileyüki yağıg telim bolti ‘the enemies surrounding you have become numerous’ TT 1 58.

D tügsi:n Dev. N. ultimately der. fi-, tüg-; there is no other known occurrence of a Suff. -si:n; the word may be a Dev. N. fr. the Simulative f. *tügsi:-. In its second meaning it may be the same word used metaph., but is more likely to be a Chinese l.-w. or an old title like tegi:n inherited fr. some earlier language. N.o.a.b., but see Doerfer II 912; his conjecture that the word also occurs in KB 4069 (possibly spurious) is improbable. Xak. xı tügsi:n ‘a kind of knot’ (mina'l-uqad) tied with four components (adla, lit. ‘ribs’) (verse): tügshn ‘the title of a commoner (mina'l-siiqa) who is in the third rank (al-daraca) below the king’ Kaš. I 436.

PUD tigisiz Priv. N./A. fr. tigi:; ‘noiseless, silent’. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud, U III 10, 13 (čoğısız); Suv. 484, 17-18 (amul). .

D tegiš (d-) (exchange) Dev. N. (connoting reciprocity) fr. teg-; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes, sometimes contracted to ti:š; SW Osm. değiš; usually means ‘exchange’. Xak. tci tegiš ‘exchange’ (af-munezvata) in the sense" that a morsel (ftiqma) is givert to you and that you give one in exchange: teglš al-ğdya wa’l--made fi kull šay' ‘the objective or goal’ of anything Kdš. I 368: Čağ. xv ff. tögiš (spelt) (1) ‘meeting one another’; (2) ‘encounter, collision, hostilities’ (quotn.); (3) ‘price, value’ (arziš) San. ig8v. 3: Xwar. xıv teglš ‘a meeting’ Qutb 177.

D tegšüt (d-) (exchange) Hap. leg.; abbreviated Dev. N. fr. tegiš-, Xak. xı tegšüt ‘an exchange (badl) of something by way of exchange’ (al-'iwad), as for example base coin (al-zuyûf) is given and good received Kaš. I 451.

D tegiš- (d-) Recip. f. of teg-; s.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes and a rather wide range of meanings, ‘to meet one another, to exchange’, and the like; in SW Az. deyiš-; Osm., Tkm. deglš-; see Doerfer II 921. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: begke: tegišdi: ‘they two summoned one another (tahekame) to appear before the beg’; and one says meniŋ eliglm taruska: tegišdi: ‘my hand reached (tea šala) the ceiling’ Kaš. II105 (tegišü:r, teglšme:k; prov.; see tikiš- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть)): KB tegišgü ‘one must attack’ 2375-6; ačığ olarka tegiš ‘present gifts to them’ (foreign ambassadors) 2495: Čağ. xv ff. tegiš- (spelt) tabdil wa mudwada kardan ‘to exchange’; (2) ‘to meet or encounter one another’, and metaph. ‘to fight’; this is the word which the Turkmen of Iraq incorrectly pronounce dögüš- San. 196V. 3 (the Tkm. word is actually dö:güš-, q.v.): Xwar. xıv tegiš-/tegiš- ‘to meet, come into contact with (someone)’ Qutb 174-8: Kom. xıv teyiš- ‘to present (a gift) to a superior’ CCG\ Gr. 239 (quotns.): Kip. xv qdyada ‘to barter’ deyiš-; Tkm. değiš- Tuh. 30a.’13.

D tikiš- (d-) (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть) Co-op. f. of tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol mapa: to:n tikišdi: ‘he helped me to sew (ft xiyata) the garment’; and one says ol maga: türme:k türme:k (sic) (PU) tikišdi: nawalani-l zumaward ‘he exchanged (sticked) meat balls with me’ Kaš. II 106 (tiklšü:r, tikišme:k). Čağ. xv ff. tikiš- Co-op. f.; ‘to sew (xiyatt kardan) together’ San. 196V. 2.

VUD tö:güš- (d-) Recip. f. of tö:g- (pound, crush, grind), q.v. regarding the first vowel. Survives, usually meaning ‘to fight one another’ in NC tuyis-SW Az. döyüš-; Osm. dögüš- (/dövüš-); Tkm. dövüš-, Xak. xı ol meniŋ blrle: tu:z tö:güšdi: ‘he competed with me in crushing (ft daqq) salt’ (etc.); also used for helping Kaš. II 106 (tö:güšür, tö:güšme:k): Tkm. xvııı dögüš- San. 196V. 3 (teglš-).

D tügüš- (d-) Recip. f. of tüg-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: tügü:n tügüšdi: ‘he competed with me in tying knots’ (ft 'aqdi'l-uqda); also used for helping Kaš. II 106 (tügüšü:r, tügüšme:k): Čağ. xv ff. tügüš- (‘with -g-’) girth zadan ‘to knot’ San. ı82r. 9 (quotn.).

D töküš- (d-) Co-op. f. of tök- (d-) (pour (liquid), spray, scatter); s.i.s.m.!. Xak. xı ol maga: tarığ töktišdi: ‘he helped me to pour out (ft šabb) the stored grain’; also for pouring out water in a spray (rešša (n) lahu), and for competing Kaš. II }o6 (töküšüır, 488

töküšme:k): Čağ. xv ff. töküš- ‘to pour (rixtan) on one another’ San. i82r. 9.

D tegšil- (d-) Pass. f. of tegiš-; usually ‘to be changed’. Survives in SW Osm. degišil- (Red. only?). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (just as a lamb or a calf) etözi tegšilip ‘when its body is changed’ (becomes a lion or wolf cub) M I 8, 5; adın özkc tegšilmeki ‘their being changed into another living being’ (on reincarnation) M III 12, 14 (ı): Bud. tegšil-medin artamadın ‘without being changed or deteriorating’ U 111 23, 3 (iii); o.o. Suv. 71, 20-1 (uvšat-); S95, 13; TT V 5, 21 and 42; VI 20e: Civ. Tt 1 117 (eski:), 118 (bok-dam), 192 (bıšığ).

D tegšür- (d-) Caus. f. of tegiš-; ‘to change, alter (something Acc.)'. N.o.a.b.; in some languages replaced by some form of tegištür-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kork merjiz tegšürmek 'changing one’s appearance’ M I 25, 29-30; a.o. do. 19, 13: Man. körg tekšürüp (j«c) TT III 124: Bud. TT V 10, 115 (bayarki:); USp. 104, 4 — 5: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. tegšür-‘change, give in exchange’ 294, 296 (tekšür-): xıv Muh. baddala ‘to exchange’ degšür- Mel. 23, 16; tegšü:r- Rif. 105 (but ğayyara ‘to change, alter’ degištür- 29, 11; 113): Kip. xııı ğayyara degšür- ; hence al-dagšûri (l.-w.; ‘horse-dealer’) because he changes the kinds (šifet) of horses when he sells them Hou. 42, le: xıv ğayyara degšür- Bul. 6er.: xv badala ‘to change’ (in margin in SW (?) hand degšür-) Tuh. 8b. 5: Osm. xıv ff. degšür- ‘to change, exchange’; fairly common down toxvi TTS I 187; II 269; III 174; IV 199; this word as well as devšür-, occasionally occurs as a corruption of deršür- (Caus. f. of teriš-) ‘to assemble, collect, recruit’.

D tegšürül- (d-) Pass. f. of tegšür-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB (see, too, my characteŋ bir yagin özüm tegsürülmez yarukta ögin ‘unlike the light I myself am not changed in any wav’ 835; tadu tegšürüldi ‘his constitution altered’ (and he became ill) 1054; ajun tegšürüldi 'the world has changed’ 6487.

D tegšürüš- (d-) Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of tegšür-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (one party to a contract having given (berip) a property which is described, and received (alıp) another property) tegšürüšt[imiz] ‘we have exchanged them’ USp. 30, 8.

PU tügüz (blaze (spot)) ‘having a white blaze on the forehead’. The first vowel is uncertain; in I 365 the te' is unvocalized, in 1 367, 24 it has a clear damma\ in the A.N., q.v., it twice has a fatha. Not connected with Čağ. xv ff. tüküz ‘complete, perfect’ Vel. 217 (quotn.); San. i83r. 10 noted in SW Osm. as tügüz/dügüz Sami 632, which is a Dev. N./A. fr.

tüke:-. Xak. xı tügüz at ai-farasul-aqmh ‘a horse with a white blaze on the forehead’ Kaš. I 365; a.o. 7 367, 24.

D tegzinč (twister, scroll, swirl, eddies, whirlpool, winding) Dev. N. fr. tegzin- (revolve, rotate, travel about); with various related meanings. For the metathesized form see tegzin-. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the Sutra named so- and-so) bir tegzinč ‘one scroll’ TT IV 14, 68; USp. 106, 85; üčünč tegzinč ‘third scroll’ (i.e. Chapter of a Sütra) USp. 102, 2; uluğ tegzinčler tegzinür ‘great eddies (or whirlpools) swirl’ (in the river of ashes in hell) TM IV 253, 54; similar phr. PP 17, 8; ešičteki tegzinčler ‘the eddies in a cooking pot’ U III 44, 3 (ı); (drawing him out of the bottomless) tuğmak ölmeklig sansarlığ tegzinčtin ‘whirlpool of the cycle (Sanskrit samsera) of birth and death’ Suv. 430, 8-9: Xak. xı tezginč (sic) ma'e(ifu'l--cabel ‘the folds of a mountain range’ and the like; and one also says tezginč yo:l ‘a winding (al-multawŋ road’ Kaš. III 387; a.o. do. (yörgenč): KB 126 (tegzin- (revolve, rotate, travel about)).

D tegzin- (revolve, rotate, travel about) Refl. f. of tegiz-(revolve, rotate, travel about); ‘to revolve, rotate, travel about’, and the like. The etymology of this word is obscure; tegiz- is tbe current Caus. f. of teg- in SC Uzb., but this word seems nil her to be related to *tegir- and its der. f.s. Except in SW Osm. it became metathesized to tezgin- at an early date, and is now obsolete everywhere. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 10-11 (tegre:): Yen. ilimde: tört tegzindim ‘I made four circular tours (?) in my realm’ Mai. 29, 6; üč kata tegzinti: do. 31, 4; tokuz tezghnip (sic) do. 32, 11: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A mar amu mojak balık[?ın]da tegzindi buši koldi ‘Mar Amu Mojak wandered round in his (?) town and begged for alms’ M 1 32, 11-12: Man. (living beings) teksinürler (m'c) ‘revolve’ (in the cycle of rebirths) TT II 17, 79: Bud. uzun sansar ičinde tegzinip ‘revolving in the long cvcle of rebirths’ (Sanskrit satpsara) U III 76,’ 15-16; (the sun) tegzinü yonr ‘revolves (round the earth)’ Iliicn-ts. 186; o.o. do. 93-4 (kez-); U 11 4, 10 ff. (ağtar-); do. 41. >7 (°D^aru:)‘> TT VI 195 v.l. (bat- (dip, bathe)); TM II, IV 253, 54 (tegzinč): Civ. it VIII 7.8 (udikia:-): Xak. xı čığrı: tezgindi: («c) ‘the pulley rotated (derat); and one says ol ye:rig tezgindi: ‘he walked about (tefa) the country’; also used of anyone who walks about a place Kaš. II 241 (tezginü:r, tezginme:k); korkup bašı: tezginür ‘they are dizzy with fear’ 77 312, 6; a.o. 77 303, 9 (ud-): KB ajun tezginür ‘the world revolves’ 114; (God created the heavens; they constantly revolve) anıg birle tezginč yeme tezginür ‘and therewith they rotate’ (?) 126; (merchants) ajun tezginürler ‘travel all over the world’ 4420; o.o. 344, 669, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. tezgin-‘to rotate; (of water) to swirl; to travel about’ 295: xıv Rbğ. tezgünürde ‘when walking about’ R III 1104: Čağ. xv ff. tezgin- (spelt) \489\ datvr zadan ‘to revolve’, also called čezgin-; they also say teskin- San. i94r. 1; teskin-the same as tizgin- do. i94r. 2e: Xwar. xıv tezgin- ‘to revolve’ Qutb 175; ‘to walk about’ Nahc. 20, 9; 106, 14; 1 r6, e: Kom. xıv bašım tezgindi '1 was dizzy’ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv tezgin- (vocalized tezgen-) dera Id. 38: xv daxa ‘to be giddy’ tezgin- Tuh. 16a. 4; dera (ayla-; in margin in SW hand) also degzin-, čevrün-do. 15b. 13: Osm.xjvfF. degzin- ‘to revolve, walk about, be dizzy’; fairly common until xvı TTS I 188; II 272; III 176; IV 200.
489

PUD tügüzlük Hap. leg.; A.N. fr. tügüz; in both cases the la' carries a fatha. Xak. xı tUgüzlük kawnu' l-farasi' l-ağarr ‘the condition of a horse with a white blaze on its forehead’ Kaš. I 507 (prov.).

D tegzindür- (d-) Caus. f. of tegzin- (revolve, rotate, travel about); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. USp. 102b. 22 (ötlüm): Civ. tıyuktakı taš köprüg örjdün sıgarkı tegzindürü (mistranscribed tekšir-türiŋ tamlığ kavlalıkımm *my vegetable garden with an encircling wail to the east of the stone bridge at Tiyuk’ USp. 15, 2-3: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tef. tezgindür- ‘to make (something) revolve; to pass round’ (e.g. wine cups) 295: Čağ. xv ff. tezgindür- Caus. f., dawr dedatı wa de'ir sextan ‘to cause to revolve’ San. I94r. 15 (quotn.); teskindür-same as tezgindür- i94r. 26.

1 ta:l (? d-) (tree, branch, twig, willow) the earliest meaning seems to be ‘branch, twig’; this meaning survives in SW Osm. dal; everywhere else the word has meant, from a fairly early period ‘willow tree’, which in Osm. is sögüt and in Tkm. both ta:l and rövüt. See talu:. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. liu ‘willow tree, Salix spp.’ (Giles 7,251) tal Ligeti 258; R III 875: Xak. xı ta:l al-qadibu’l-rafb ‘a green branch’; hence a slim, supple man is called ta:l bo:dluğ (lit. limb-like bodied) as a metaphor for his suppleness; the term is chiefly used of tall slim girls Kaš. III 156; (of a girl) bo:dı: anıŋ ta:l I 412, 21 ; a.o. II 105 (büküš-): KB köni tal bodı ‘his figure (body) is like a straight branch (tall)’ 1102; a.o. in 1495A a spurious (p) verse in the Vienna MS. only: Čağ. xv ff. tal dal budak ma'nesina ‘a branch’ (quotns.); also sögüt ağačı ‘willow tree’ (quotns.) Vel. 171: tal the name of ‘the willow tree’ (diraxt-i bid), in Ar. xilaf San. 160r. 23 (quotns.): dal ( (1) ‘shoulder or back’, i.e. Mong. dalu)); (2) ‘tree’ in general and ‘willow tree’ in particular; and in this context they call cheap red cloth (landra) which they cut out and sew in an intricate branching fashion (ba-tarh-i mtıštacar) dalbar (i.e. dal with Pe. (sic!) Suff. -bar ‘bearing’) do. 224V. 4: Xwar. xıı (?) (he tied the stag to the tree) talnug čıbıkı birle ‘with a willow shoot’ Oğ. 29-30; köp telim tallar köp telim ığačlar ‘very many willows and other trees’ do. 209:xiv tal ‘willow’ Qutb 168; MN 243: Kip. xııı al-šafšef 'willow tree’ ta:l; Tkm. sögüt Hou. 8, e: xv šafšef tal ağač Tuh. 22b. 2: Osm.xvi tal ‘branch’ in one text TTS IV 731:xvi 11 tal... in Rumi šaxca-i diraxt ‘a small branch of a tree’ San. rs8r. 25.

2 ta:l (? d-) (tall, slim, limber) (tall) a slim, supple man is called ta:l bo:dluğ as a metaphor for his suppleness; the term is chiefly used of tall slim girls Kaš. III 156; (of a girl) bo:dı: anıŋ ta:l I 412, 21 ; a.o. II 105 (büküš-): KB köni tal bodı ‘his figure (body) is like a straight branch (tall)’ 1102

Instead of obscuring etymology of the English tall, the artfully concealed metaphorical use is rising to prominence, making the origin of the English tall logical and poetic. Unwittingly, mundane expressions like “tall building” and “tall order” gain imperceptible flavor of twigs, branches, and sprouts. Without the effort of elaborate concealment the direct genetic link would be hard to infer, and it would remain speculative.

til (d-) (tongue, informer, information, secret, language) (tell, tale) lit. ‘the tongue’; hence metaph. ‘an informer, information, particularly secret information, language’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dil; as the vowel is short in Tkm. it was prob. always short; it was -ı- in Türkü and Kaš., apparently both -ı- and -i- in KB and -i- in Uyğ. and all later languages except NE Tuv. dil. Türkü vııı (if the enemy do not come) tillğ savığ alı: olur ‘stay there collecting informers and reports’ T 32; tılığ kelü:rti: ‘they brought an informer’ T 36; a.o. IN 11 (sığıt): vııı ff. Man. (seeing with the eyes, hearing with the ears) tılın sözlep ‘speaking with the tongue’ Chuas. 313: Uyğ. vııı (my men attacked his skirmishers and) til tutmıš ‘captured an informer’ Šu. E 12: vııı ff. Man.-A öz tilin tegšürüp ‘changing (i.e. disguising?) his own speech (tale)’ M I 19, 12: Man. ešsiz iduk tiliŋiz iize ‘with your incomparable sacred tongue’ TT III 108: Bud. enetkek tilindin tavğač tilinče evirmiš ‘translated from the language of India into the language of China (Tabgach Türkic)’ U I 14, 2; etözdeki kögüldeki tildeki (sic) kılmčlar ‘actions by the body, the mind, and the tongue’ II 7, 9-10; (may the king) tilke (sic) kirmezün ‘not become subject to criticism’ PP 12, 2; o.o. do. 11, 2 (erinč); 65, 7; U III 33, 22; Hüen-ts. 2151, etc.: Civ. böriniŋ sögükin tilin kurıtıp ‘drying the bones and tongue of a wolf’ HI 79; ündedeči til ağız tapğay ‘the vociferous tongue and mouth will serve (?)’ TT I 108; a.o. do. 74 (čašut); til tar tegmezün ‘may criticism not come to restrict us (?)’ TT VII 27, 3; a.o. do. 36, 10: Xak. xı til al-kalem ‘speech’; one says ol apar til tegürdi: ‘he injured him (edehu) with his tongue and his speech’: til al-lisen ‘the tongue’ (prov.): til al-luğa ‘a language’, one says oğuz tılı: luğatu'l--ğuzziya ‘the Oğuz language’, and Yaba:ku: tili:; this word corresponds to Ar. in meaning, because al-lisen means ‘speech’ and ‘language’ (as well as ‘tongue’; Arabic quotn.); and ‘a prisoner’ (al-axid) taken from the enemy is called til; hence one says til tuttım ‘I captured a man from the enemy to question him about the situation’ Kaš. I 33e: ti:l (sic, ? error, see above) al-lisen (same prov.): tı:l al-luğa; hence one says Uyğur ti:li: ‘the Uvgur language’ and xita:y tili: (sic) ‘the language of China (al-šin)’: tı:l al-kalem-, hence one says ol begke: tı:l tegürdi: ašeba'l-amir bi-kalem fihi sabb ‘he used abusive language to the beg': tul al-cesüs ‘a spy’; hence one says yağı:dın tı:l tutti: ‘he captured a spy (al- ayn) from the enemy’ III 133; several o.o. in both spellings: KB 162 ff. (Chap. VID describes the merits and defects of til ‘the tongue’; the Dat. in 168 is tilka but the Acc. in 312 (ülgüle;-), 490 \\ 623, 774 (tepret-) is tilig, rhyming with bilig; (a general must first) til alğu ‘get hold of an informer’ 2351: xııı (?) At. til (Dat. tHke 148) is very common; Tef. til ‘tongue, language’ 301: xıv Muh. al-lisen di:l in ‘our country’, ti:l in Turkistan Mel. 7, 16; Rif. 79; o.o. dil (and several phr.) 47, 3; ti:I (ditto) 140: Čağ. xv ff. til dil Vel. 193; til (‘with -i-’) zaben ‘tongue, language’, etc. San. 200r. 19 (quotn.): Xwar. xhi til ‘tongue’ 'Ali 14; dil do. 21; sİzniŋ dilče ‘in your language’ do. 22: xnt (?) (of an infant) till kele bašladı ‘he be Ran to speak’ Oğ. 11: xıv til ‘tongue’, etc. Qutb 179; MN 35, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘tongue, language’ til CCI, CCG; Gr. 244 (quotns.): Kip. xıv til al-lisen td. 39: dil al-lisen, also called til do. 49: xv al-lisen til Kav. 60, 14; Tuh. 31b. 5.
490

tu:l (d-) (widow, widower) ‘widow’; and perhaps also ‘widower’ with a word attached to indicate the sex. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm. dul, Tkm. du:l. Türkü vııı ff. terkin tul tonta tasıkıp tezdi ‘he immediately stripped off his mourning garments and ran away’ MI 7, 10-n: Talas xatuni: tuh: kalmi:s ‘his wife remained a widow’ has been read in Ta. I 2; IV s, and tuh: in III 4, but very dubiously ETY II 133 ff.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. [gap; if a man has a mole somewhere] tul kisi (so read) alğučı bolur ‘he will marry a widow’ TT VII 37, 2: Xak. xı tu:l ura:ğut al-armala ‘widow’ Kaš. HI 133 (prov.); a.o. I 468 (tuğsa:k): KB tul erdim ... bu tul tom sučlup 'I was a widow... stripping off these mourning garments’ 84; (benevolent to) čığay tul yatimke ‘to the poor widows and orphans (l.-w.)’ 2473; a.o. 5302: xııı (?) Tef. tul xatun ‘widow’ 311: xıv Muh. (l) al-armala tu:l Rif. 149 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tul dal 'avrat ... ki eri olmaya ‘a widow who has no husband’ Vel. 220 (quotn.): tul (‘with -u-’) zan-i bî-šaıchar tva bhva ‘widow’, in Ar. armala San. i84r. 29 (quotn.; adding ‘also a horse in mourning (ta'ziya) trappings’): Kom. xıv tul xatun ‘widow’ CCG; Gr.: Kip, xııı al-armala tul epči: Hou. 25, 1:xiv tul al-mar'atu'l-ayyim ‘widow’ Id. 6e:xv armala tul Tuh. 15b. 12.

tö:l (d-) (newborn, baby, fetus, offspring, progeny, descendants, children, lambing, calf, moment of parturition) basically ‘progeny, descendants’; s.i.a.m.l.g. with this meaning but in some languages also with extended ones, for example SW Osm. döl ‘foetus, unborn child’; Tkm. dö:l ‘semen; (a fruit) crop; lambing’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. Ğldin xandm töli yok ‘the realm and the xan have no progeny’ TT I 202-3: Oğuz xı tö:l (bi'1-imela ‘with a front vowei’) waqtu'l-nitec ‘the season when animals give birth to their young’; and al-nitec ‘the new born young’ are called tö:l Kaš. III 133: (xiv Muh. dii’l-nasl ‘having progeny’ tö:llüg Mel. 49, 3; Rif. 143): Čağ. xv ff. töl ‘the progeny (nitec) of ewes or cows’ San. 184V. 2: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 64-5, etc. (boğuz): Osm. xıv ff. döl ‘progeny, descendants; young (of animals)’ and in phr.; fairly common TTS I 221; II 319; III 207; IV 240. \\\

tül (dream) ‘dream’; syn. w. 2 tü:š (d-) (dream, ejaculation); an unusual example of a //r form in Uyğ. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (then an angel appeared) Yawsip-nıŋ tülinde ‘in a dream to Joseph’ U I 10, 5: Bud. bu muntağ tül tüšeyük men ‘I have dreamed a dream like this’ U II 24, 27 (and III 54, 15); alku bulğanmıš yavız tülierig ‘all confused bad dreams’ do. 58, 1 (ii); o.o. TT VII 40, 38; USp. 104, 5; Suv. 475, 10-11 (amırtğur-); 593, 23; 594, 5; 620, 17; U II 58, 2 (iii) (yokadtur-).

tal- (d-) (frail, faint) ‘to lose strength; to lose consciousness, to faint’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with these meanings; SW Osm. dal- also means ‘to be sunk in (thought, sleep, etc.)’, and hence ‘to dive (into water)’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ögsüz bolup talip ‘becoming insensible and fainting’ U IV 40, 171; o.o. PP 61, 6 (ögsire:-); Suv. 620, 10: Xak. xı talğa:n ig al-šar' ‘epilepsy’ (lit. \\ ‘a disease involving frequent fainting’) Kaš. I 438; n.m.e.: ( xııı (?) Tef. zametıa talmıš belgürtmiš ‘an appointed time’; hard to connect with this verb 283): Čağ. xv ff. tal-yorul- ‘to be exhausted’ Vel. 173 (quotn.): tal- (1) xasta šudan ‘to be infirm, ill’; syn. w. ar-, har-, talik-, tavšal- (the second is a corruption of 1 a:r- (tired, exhausted, weak); the third and fourth are not early words); (2) firii raftan ‘to plunge, be plunped’, esp. into water (ba-eh) or in thought (ba-fikŋ San. i58r. 10 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tal- ‘to become exhausted’ Qutb 169: Kip. xıv tal- ta'iba ‘to be or become exhausted’; but in Tkm. it is used for ğafasa ‘to dive, plunge’ td. 65: xv ta'iba tal- Kav. 74, 11; (nr and) tal- Tuh. 9b. e: Osm. xvııı dal-in Rumi the same as tal- in the meaning ‘to plunge into water, to dive’ San. 224V. 3.

tel- (d-) (pierce, bore, break through, break open) ‘to pierce’ and the like; survives only (?) in SW Az., Osm. del-; other languages use öt-, teš- (note the -l-/-š- correspondence, cf. tül/2 tü:š (dream, ejaculation)), and occasionally o:y- (hollow out, gouge out, engrave, pierce < hole, to hole) in this sense. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud [gap] telip kuna kesip kapığ ačıp ‘breaking through (walls?), robbing and cutting off, breaking open doors’ U II 76, i: Xak. xı er ta:m teldi: ‘the man broke through (taqaba) the wall’ (etc.); and one says ol oğla:kığ sağlıkka: teldi: ‘he put the kid to the milch-ewe (al-na'ca labttn) ’tö suck’, that is when the she-goat’s (al-ma'za) milk is insufficient, or it has died, and the kid or lamb has been left uncared for Kaš. II 22 (teli:r, telme:k): xııı (?) Tef. tel- ‘to pierce’ 29e: xıv Muh. taqaba del- Mel. 24, 13; Rif. 10e: Čağ. xv ff. til- sûrex kardan ‘to make a hole (in something)’, derived from (sic) telük San. 198V. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tel-‘to pierce’ Qutb 177-9: Kip. xııı taqaba tel- (sic?) Hou. 37, re: xıv del- ditto Id. 50: xv ba.vaša ‘to bore’ tel-/teš- Tuh. 8b. 3; taqaba ditto do. 11 a. 6.

til- (d-) (slice) (> till “to plough”) ‘to cut into slices’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Osm,, Tkm. dil-. Cf. toğra:- (cut, chop). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the Brahman) tildi ‘sliced’ (the king's flesh) U III 30, 7: Xak. xı er yarın- \\ da:k tlldi: qadda' l-raculu'l-qidd mina'l-cild ‘the man sliced off a strap from the hide’; also used of anything when one splits it lengthways (šaqqahu tûla (n)) Kaš. II 23 (tlle:r, tllme:k): Čağ. xv ff. til- čizi-re xatf xatf tva šar ha šar ha burtdan ‘to cut something into strips or slices’; derived (sic) fr. tilim ‘slice’ San. 198V. 9 (quotns.): Kip. xııı qadda ‘to slice’, in the sense of slicing a melon, etc. with a knife dil- (misvocalized) Hou. 42, e: xıv dil- šaqqa dölika'l-mašqüq İd. 50: xv (šaqqa wa) qadda til- (in margin del-, sic) Tuh. 21b. 1 (under š-); qadda til- do. 30a. 5.
491

D to:l- (d-) (completed, filled, full) Pass. f. of to:- (stop); ‘to be filled, or full’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with these and some extended meanings like ‘to be fulfilled’; in SW Az., Osm. dol-, Tkm. do:l-, the last proving the long vowel. Uyğ. vı 11 ff. Bud. ağılıkım tsagim tolzun ‘may my store-house and treasury (Chinese l.-w.) be full’ U I 29, 2-3; cambudvıp yer suv tolu uluğ yel ‘a great wind filling the universe’ TT V 8, 81-2; tuyğuluk bilgülük yol tolmıš tükemiš üčün ‘because the way which they must perceive and know is fulfilled and completed’ do. 24, 79: Civ. in an astronomical text the Chinese term man ‘to be full’ (Giles 7,622) is' translated tolmak TT VII it, 3: Xak. xı Kaš. I 430 (toplu:); n.m.e.: KB yağız yer yıpar toldi ‘the brown earth is full of fragrance’ 64; (the moon) yašık birle utru bakıšsa tolır ‘when it and the sun look squarely at one another is full’ 137; o.o. 70, 536, 732, 759 (^ne:0). 975. 1052, 5731 (asığlığ), 5913 (čilcıš): xııı (?) At. anıg wuddi birle kögüller tolup anıg yedı birle ajun tolsu tep ‘saying “may (all) minds be full of love for him and the (whole) world full of memory of him”’ 73-4; 199 (i:ril-); a.o.o.; Tef. tol- (and tola- ?) ‘to be full’ 308: xıv Muh. imtala'a ‘to be full’ do:l- Mel. 23, 7; to:l- Rif. 104; al-imtile' to:lmak 35, 14; 121: Čağ. xv ff. tol- (-ğum, etc.) tol- Vel. 218; tolpur šudan ‘to be full’ Sati. i83r. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv tol- ditto MN 253, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr. 248 (quotns.): Kip. xıv tol- imtala'a Id. 65.

VU tul- (enter, go down, plop; shove, jostle, prod, push, jog, lunge, thrust) the Xak. verb seems to be Hap. leg. but see English tap (v.) tı; except for the Uyğ. phr. below, which it is hard to connect semantically, there does not seem to be any other trace of a Trans, verb, tol- (completed, filled, full) or tul-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tüzü yügün tulmıš [gap] translates the Chinese phr. ping p'ei ‘gathering together the reins’ (Giles 9,282 8,837) Hüen-ts. 162: Xak. xı er tobıknı: adri: bile: tuldi: ‘the man struck the ball with a forked stick’ (‘aid šubatayn); this is a kind of Turkish game, and is played as follows. When one of the players wishes the game to start and strikes in this way, the (right to) start the game is given to the man who is most capable (aqdar) at it; and for ‘playing tipcat’ (darbi’l-qal wa'l--quia) one says tuldi: (vocalized taldı:) Kaš. II 22 (tula:r (sic), tulma:k unvocalized): (KB tulmadim in 171 is an error for bulmadım ‘I have not found’). \\
(OTD p. 585, TUL- I страд. (passive) от tu- (close, block) входить (enter, go down, plop); TUL- II толкать: o Cp. it-, tul- толкать (shove, jostle, prod, push, jog, lunge, thrust))

talu: (choice, select, chosen) ‘choice, select, chosen’. N.o.a.b. This word has no connection with dalu (sometimes dali/dal) ‘shoulderblade, shoulder’ in some modern languages, which is a Mong. l.-w. Xak. xı talu: ne:g al-šay'u'l-muxter ‘something chosen, choice’ Kaš. III 232: KB talu is common, e.g. (the Prophet) bodunda talusı kišide kedi ‘choicest of the people, the best of men’ 34; (my moon was full, but now it has waned) talu erdi kılkım barir bu talu ‘my character was excellent, but this excellence is going’ 1071; o.o. 57, ri2, 688 (yaviz), 825, 2349, 4491, etc.: xııı (?) At. ol ol halq talusi ‘he (the Prophet) was the choicest of men’ 23; a.o.o.: xıv Muh. (?) al-muxtar talu: Rif. 190 (only).

PU?D tili: Hap. leg.; presumably üev. N. fr. til- (slice) in the sense of a narrow strip of hide or the like. Xak. xı tili: rašefatu'1-sahm ‘the thong (strip) which ties the head to an arrow’ Kaš. III 233.

1 toli: (d-) ‘hail’. Survives in NE Kiier. toll R III 1196; Tuv. dolu; Khak. tog dol (tog ‘frozen hard'); NC Kır. dobul/do:l; SC Uzb. dül; SW Az., Osm. dolu; Tkm. doll, with a remarkable prevalence of initial d-. ‘Hail’ in other languages is burčak (fragrant object) (metaph.) or the Mong. l.-w. möldür. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. iglemeklig toll yağmur 'hail and rain of illnesses’ (pour down on you) U III 14, _4^-5: Xak. xı toli: ‘the hail (al-barad) which descends from the sky’ Kaš. III 233; o.o. I 139, 19; 354, 24: KB 6013 (1 bu:z): Čağ. xv ff. tolu tagarg ‘hail’; in Pe. jdla, in Ar. hdliib (sic) and barad San. 184V. 15: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 182: (Kom. xıv in CCI ‘hail’ is translated burčak in Kom. and toolu in Pe.): Kip. xııı al-barad burčak; Tkm. tolu: Hou. 5, 8: xıv toli: al-barad Id. 66.

VU 2 toll used only in the phr. tegre toll ‘all around’; not connected etymologically with either 1 toli: or tolu:. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. IO, II (tegre:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 71, 4 (tegre:).

D tolu: (do:lo:) (full, completed, whole) Dev. N./A. fr. to:l- (completed, filled, full); ‘full’. S.i.m.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm. dolu; Tkm. do:lı. Cf. tolun. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 25, 11 (erüš): Bud. tolo TT VIII B.9-10 (bıšrunul-); maytrı sakınčın tolu ‘full of Maitreya-like thoughts’ TT X 185: (at the end of a colophon; this book) tolu tükel boldi ‘has been completed’ Suv. 199, 20; yarımlı tolulı nomlarığ ‘the half and whole doctrines’ Hüen-ts. 1923: Civ. (if one cuts up a garlic bulb and) iki kulakiga tolu tiksar ‘stuffs his ears full of it’ H I 176-7: Xak. xı tolu: idiš ‘a full (al-mal’an) vessel’; also used for anything full to overflowing (tdfih) Kaš. III 232; o.o. I 100, 7; III 357 (2 Čig): KB megesi tolu ‘with a full brain’ 57; sevinčin tolu ‘full of love’ 117; o.o. 825, etc. (i:ril-), 1351: xııı (?) Tef. toli/tolu (and toluğ) ‘full \492\ 308: xıv Muh. al-mal'en dolu: Mel. 54, 9; do:lu: Rif. 151: Čağ. xv ff. tola (sic) tolu pur ma'nesina ‘full’ Vel. 218 (quotn.); tola pur wa mamlu San. 184V. 4 (quotn.; this form with -0: > -a survives in SW Uzb. tüla): (Xwar. xıv toluğ ‘full’ Qutb 182): Kom. xıv ‘full’ tolu CCI, CCG; Gr. 249 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-mal'en tolu: Hou. 27, le: xıv tolu ay ‘the full (mutala nura (n)) moon’ td. 65 ; imtala'a ‘to be full’ tolu: ol- Bul. Sow: xv mal'dn foil Tuh. 35a. 13: Osm. xıv ff. dolu 'full’ (cup, moon, etc.); c.i.a.p. TTS I 216; II 313; III 203 ; I V 235.
492

tala:- (damage, pillage, violate) ‘to damage, pillage’; an early l.-w. in Mong. tala- (Haenisch 144); s.i.a.m.l.g. with some extended meanings. Cf. talaš-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. nomt törüsi talağuluk ermez bolğuluk ‘his doctrine and rules must not be violated, they must be (observed)’ Hüen-ts. 118-19: Xak. xı KB (the Taciks call him Afresiyeb) bu Afresiyeb tuttı eller talap ‘this Afresiyeb seized and pillaged (many) realms’ 280: Čağ. xv ff. tala- (-y, etc.) yağma eyle-ltarac eyle- ‘to pillage’ Vel. 172 (quotns.); tala- ğerat kardan ‘to pillage’ San. 158V. 12 (quotns.): Kip. xıv fala- xarbaša'l--kalb ‘of a dog, to bite, tear’ Id. 65: xv ttahaba ‘to plunder’ tala- Tuh. 37b. 5: Osm. xıv ff. tala-/dala- ‘to pillage; of a dog, to bite’; c.i.a.p.; in TTS instances with the first meaning are indexed under tala- and those with the second under dala- but the difference is not real TTS I 173, 670; II 253, 872; III 165; IV 731; xvııı tala-... and, in Rumi, gazidan-i sag ‘of a dog, to bite’ San. 158V. 12.

tile:- (d-) (seek, desire, ask for, wish, request) originally ‘to seek (for something Arc.)'; hence ‘to desire (something Acc.); to ask (someone Abl.) for (something Acc.)'. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually in all meanings; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dile-, Türkü vııı yirčl tiledim ‘I sought for a guide’ T 23: vııı ff. IrkB 24 (emig): Man. M III 22, 3-5 (ii) (itiglig): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A barča kišiler ınča tîleyürler ‘all men seek for (or desire?) this’ M I 23, 30-1: Man. kutrul[ğu yol ViQakl]arığ tileyü ‘seeking for the way (Hend.) of salvation’ TT III 60: Chr. U I 6, 1 (iste:-): Bud. [gap] sözög tiler (sic) ‘he seeks for a... word’ TT VIII A.25; burxan kutın tileyü ‘seeking for (or desiring) the blessed state of being a Buddha’ (for all mankind) PP 47, 7 ff.; bir kugkaw tilep ‘asking for a guitar (Chinese l.-w.)’ do. 69, 7; 70, 3; (if a woman) urı oğul tileser ‘wishes to have a son’ U II 15, 3; tileyürmen küseyürmen ‘I desire (Hend.)’ U III 8, 18; a.o.o.: Civ. ed tavar tileser (co-ordinate with küseseŋ ‘if you desire wealth’ TT I 10; o.o. do. 183, 184, 197: Xak. xı ol am: tile:di: talabahu wa tafaqqadahu ‘he sought and searched for him’; and one says teŋri: andağ tlle:di: ‘God so wished’ (areda) Kaš. III 271 (tlle:r, tlle:me:k); about a dozen o.o., usually translated talaba: KB tile- is very common, e.g. (God) tiledl ‘wished’ (and created the universe) 4; yalavač ševinči tiled! ‘he desired (or sought for?) the Prophet’s love’ 52; bayat birdi barča tilemis tilek ‘God granted his every wish’ 90: xıı (?) KBVP hlla bu düšman čerigin sığuka tile ‘seek for a devicc to breajc this enemy’s ranks’ 45: xııı (?) KBPP (God) neni kim tiledı erse kıldı ‘did whatever he wished’ 3-4; At. (take food and clothing from the things of this world) artuk tiieme ‘do not seek for (or desire?) more’ 190; a.o.o.; Tef. tile- (and? tila-) ‘to desire; ask for’ 301-4: xıv Muh. arada ti:Ic:- Mel. 17, 19; Rif. 94 (and 103 margin); ibtağe ‘to wish, request’ tile:- 102 (only); talaba tea atada dile:- 24, 11; ti:le:- 112; al-talab dilemek 36, 11; thlemck 122: Čağ. xv ff. tile- (-p, etc.) dile- Vel. 193-4; tile-/tileš-xzvastan tva talab kardan ‘to wish, request’, etc. San. I99r. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı dile- ‘to ask for (pardon, etc.); to wish’ 'Ali 26, 5e: xııı (?) tile- ‘to ask for, to wish’ Oğ. 11, 25, etc.: xıv ditto Qutb 179; MN 36, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 244 (quotns.): Kip. xııı talaba tile:- Hou. 34, 12; 38, 8: xıv tile- talaba, also pronounced dile- Id. 40; dile- areda tva sa'ala (‘to ask for’); one says ne dilersen ‘what are you asking for, or do you want?’ do. 50; talaba dile- Bid. 57r.: xv talaba (izde-, and also) tile- Kav. 74, 19; Tuh. 24a. 2; sa'a/a tile- Kav. 76, e: Osm. xiv-xv dile- ‘to beg (for alms, etc.); to intercede for’ TTS I 206; IV 224.

D 1 töle:- (d-) (bore, deliver, родить) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. to:l. Oğuz xı ko:y töle:di: unticati'l-ğanam ‘the ewe lambed’ Kaš. III 271 (töle:r, töle:me:k).

?F 2 töle:- (toll, compensation, fee, remit) ‘to pay (a debt), repay (a loan)’; almost certainly a Mong. l.-w. fr. tölö- (Kow. 1922, Hal tod 435); the only early occurrences are in late Uyğ. texts containing other l.-w.s. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW only Tkm. See Doerfer II 980, and töleč. Uyğ. xııı (?) Civ. bu men Tasık yanıp kelip Turıka tölep birsermen ‘if I, Tasik, return and repay (the debt) to Turi’ USp. 32, 15; a.o. do. 98, 27-8 (boym) Kom. xıv ‘to pay; to remit (sins)’ töle- CCI, CCG; Gr. 250 (quotn.): Kip. xv ğarima ‘to pay (a debt)’ töl- (sic?) Tuh. 27a. 12.

D tüle:- (tü:le:-) (molt, molting) ‘to moult, shed feathers or hair’; Den. V. fr. tü: (hair (body)) (fur). S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı at tüle:di: ‘the horse (etc.) moulted’ (a'aqqa), that is the winter coat fell out and the young hair ('aqiqatuhu) grew’ (tüle:r, tüle:me:k) originally tü:le:di: but the -Ü:- was shortened Kaš. III 270: Čağ. xv ff. tüle- 'itvad kardan ‘to exchange, change’, and in particular, of birds of prey‘ exchange their feathers’ (i.e. ‘moult’), the Dev. N. is tülek San. 183V. 7.

D tolp (d-) (all, whole, completely) crasis of tolup (all, whole, completely) Ger. of to:l- (completed, filled, full), and perhaps merely a shortened scription for that word which does occur occasionally in the same sense; ‘all, whole, completely’. Since tolu is sometimes used in much the same \493\ sense, some of the occurrences below may be misreadings of that word, but tolp is written quite clearly in Manichaean script. There seems to be a further abbreviation to top in one passage below, and there are traces of such a meaning for top in some modern languages; otherwise n.o.a.b. Cf. barča: (all, be, is, exist), Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (your human bodies) tolup (sic) barča teven... itmiš yaratmıš ol 'have been entirely made and created by deceit’ (trickery and the like) M 111 g, 11-13: Man. bu tolp sansar İčindeki tınlığlarığ ‘mortals involved in this whole cycle of rebirths’ (Sanskrit samsera) TT 11 16, 39-40; tolp sansanğ do. III 78; top (sic) yokadturur ‘he completely destroys’ do. II 17, 70-1: Bud. tolp etözin ‘his whole body’ TT X 547; tolp nom ukušındakı tmlığlar 'all mortals who have understanding of the (true) doctrine’ Suv. 137, 19; o.o. U III 15, 9; 83, 7-8 (urunčak); TM IV 252, 21; 253, 63 (osul-); Suv. 188, 11; 646, 4: Xak. xı KB neče mig tirig öldl tolup batar ‘however many living beings have died, they all sink out of sight’ 4835.
493

D tolup See tolp. tolup (all, whole, completely) Ger. of to:l- (completed, filled, full)

tilve: (d-) (lunatic, mad) ‘lunatic, mad’. The evidence seems to point to -i- rather than -e- as the original first vowel. Survives in SE Türki telbe (Jarring 302); SC Uzb. telba; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dell; l.-w. in Pe. and other languages, see Doerfer II 1008. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kal tilve (-/-) teg ertller ‘they were like lunatics (Mend.)’ TT III 115: Bud. ögsüz kal telve U III 76, 13-14: Xak. xı telve: al-macnün ‘lunatic’ Kaš. I 42e: KB tilve (sic), often in Hend. with munduz, is common 295, 473, 741, 963, 2099, 2655, 6394: xııı (?) Tef. delü ‘mad’ 117; telve ditto 29e: xıv Rbğ. telbe ‘mad’ R III 1090; Muh. al-macmln (opposite to ‘sane’ ukušluğ) delü: Mel. 55, 7; tilbe Rif. 152; cunna ‘to be mad’ (mun- (deranged, disturbed, senile, feebleminded, mad), likewise) delü: o:l- 107 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tilbe delü Vel. 195; tilbe (spelt) diwana ‘mad’ San. 2oor. 23 (quotn.): Oğuz xı telü: al-ahmaq ‘an idiot’ Kaš. III 232; a.o. III 156, 13: Xwar. xıv delü ‘mad’ Qutb 47; telbe do. 174: Kom. xıv ‘fool’ tell CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-macmln te:li: Hou. 25, 21; 33, e: xıv delü al-macmln... also telü:, teli: Id. 50; al-hida'a ‘the kite’ (bird) de:lü: toğan Bul. 11, 10: xv maenün tell Tuh. 33b. 4.

VU tolvir (veil, canopy, screen, hut, shelter) the Ar. words used to translate this are ambiguous, meaning both ‘a veil’ covering a woman’s head and body, and ‘a canopy, screen’, and the like; as such n.o.a.b.; in the three occurrences the te' carries damma twice and fatha once, the ve’ kasra twice and nothing once. Perhaps survives as talvar in SW Osm., see below, and as talvar/talfar/talpar ‘a garden hut or shelter, animal shelter’, and the like SDD 1307. Xak. xı tolvir al-sitr, that is al-hical which is stretched (yumadd) over women, and is made of brocade and silk \\\ Kaš. I 457; o.o. II 173 (talpır-); III 100 (yilvir-): Osm. xvı talvar ‘a shelter for garden-watchers built in the branches of a tree’ in three Ar.-Turkish dicts. TTS II 872; IV 732.

talpı:- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate) ‘to flutter, palpitate, pulsate’, and the like; not noted before the medieval period but see the der. f.s below. Survives only (?) in NE Tel. talbi-; SW Osm. talabi-. Xwar. xıv talbi- ‘to struggle, flutter’ Qutb 169: Kip. xıv falabi- farqa'a'l- te'ir canehahu ‘of a bird, to flutter its wings’ Id. 6e: Osm. xıv ff. talabi-, occasionally spelt talbi- and inxvi dalabi-‘to flutter’; (of the heart) ‘to beat fast’ in several texts TTS I 173; II 252; III 164; IV 187: xvııı talabi- (spelt) in Rumi, tapıdan ‘to palpitate, flutter’ San. i6or. 22; a.o. I59r. 28 (talpin-).

D talpın- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate, struggle) Refl, f. of talpı:- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate) and syn. w. it, with some extended meanings like ‘to struggle’, S.i.m.m.l.g., but not NE or SW, as talpin- and the like. Xak. xı kuš talpındı: 'the bird struggled (idtaraba) and fluttered (xafaqa) its wings’, also used of anything that struggles Kaš. II 239 (talpınu:r, talpınma:k): Čağ. xv ff. talpm- (mak) dürüš- ve čalıš- ‘to struggle, strive’ Vel. 174 (quotn.); talpin- (so spelt) fapidan 'to palpitate, flutter’, in Rumi talabi- San. isgr. 27 (quotns.): Kip. xv rafrafa ‘to flutter’ talpin- (in margin in second hand talabin-) Tuh. 17a. 10: Osm. xıv toxvi talbın-, occasionally dalbın-, ‘to flutter, palpitate’ in several texts TTS I 174; III 164; IV 732.

D talpır- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate, трепыхаться) Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of talpı:- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate); syn. w. yilvir-, Xak. xı kuš talpırdı: ‘the bird fluttered (xafaqa) its wings’; (VU) talvir (sic) talpırdı: xafaqati’l-hacala ‘the canopy (?) fluttered’; also used of anything which struggles (idtaraba) Kaš. II 173 (talpıra:r, talpirma:k).

D talpıš- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate, трепыхаться) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of talpı:- (pulsate, flutter, palpitate). Xak. xı kušla:r kamuğ talpıšdı: ‘the birds all fluttered (xafaqat) together’; also one says batrak (sic, later altered to bayrak?) kamuğ talpıšdı: ‘the flags fluttered, and the silk pennons of the points of lances and the like were agitated’ (idtarabat) Kaš. II 204 (talpıšur, talpıšma:k).

PU?F töleč (free, gratis, without payment) n.o.a.b.; in Uyğ. spelt tölč; morphologically inexplicable, since although there is some semantic connection with F 2 töle:- (toll, compensation, fee, remit), -č is not a possible suffix either in Turkish or Mong. Both Uyğ. occurrences are in very late documents relating to the same man, (PU) Tun, which contain several l.-w.s. The meaning seems to be ‘free, gratis, without payment’. Uyğ. xııı (?) Civ. töleč kuruğ kalmayın ‘let me not remain unpaid and without the land’ (?) USp. 24, io (this seems to be the meaning, but the whole document is very obscure); (if I do not return within three years and give thc>-e things to Tun) borluk 'İ'urıka toğru töleč bolsun ‘let the vineyard go to Tun outright and free of charge’ do. 32, 19-20: Kom. xıv töleč bergil 'give it free, gratis’ CCG’; Gr.
494

D tölet (seat, cushion) (toilet) n.o.a.b.; the context suggests the meaning ‘cushion’ or the like; apparently a Dev. N.; there is obviously no semantic connection with 1 (töle:- bore, deliver, родить) or 2 töle:- (toll, compensation, fee, remit), and the word seems rather to be derived fr. *töle: (spread out) ~ as an l/r form of töše:- (toss, spread out) (toss), cf. tül (dream)/tüš Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (food to eat, clothes to wear) olurğuluk orunin töletin töšekin ‘a seat, cushions, and mattress to sit on’ Suv. 513, 13; a.o. TT VIII D. 12 (orun).

D tılda:ğ/tılta:ğ (d-) (cause, reason, pretext, eloquent) Dev. N. fr. tılda:- (lingua, “lip”, make excuses, seek pretexts, abuse, incite, induce, lie); prob. with -It- in Uyğ. and -Id- later; the meaning is very elusive; in some Uyğ. passages ‘cause, reason’ suits the context best, in others perhaps ‘pretext’, which is nearer the etymological meaning of tılda:-. N.o.a.b., but NE Tob. tildak (eloquent) ‘eloquent’, R III 1333, seems to be a parallel Dev. N./A in -k. Became an early l.-w. in Mong. as šiltağ/šilta'a (<*čıltağ) ‘reason, cause’ (Haenisch 140); this word was then reborrowed in this form but with meanings more akin to those in Xak., in Čağ, (San. z6ov. 3), Kom. (siltov CCG; Gr. 238) and various modem languages, as well as in Pe. and other foreign languages, see Doerfer I 236. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. in TT IX Tokharian (Agnean ?) tu sa ‘thereupon, therefore’ is variously translated anın, anı üz.e and (1. 32) ol tıltağ üze: Chr. ol ıığurka bükün (sic) küııke tegi moğočlar o:tka tapınmak tıltağı bu erür ‘therefore this is the reason for which the Magi worship fire down to the present day’ U I 9, 3-5 : Bud. tıltağ ‘cause, reason’ is common, e.g. Sanskrit sûktaheto ‘because of the good preaching’ edgü (etkiŋ nom tılta:ğında: TT VIII D.5; o.o. do. E-3, 4 etc.; yavlak eš tuš tıltağında ‘because of (or under the influence of) evil companions (Hend.)’ TT IV 6, 21; o.o. U I \\ 24, 2 (anvant); TT V 22, 27; 24, 71-2 (adruk); U II 8, 26 etc.: Civ. USp. in, 3-4 (alıš): Xak. xı tılda:ğ al-tacanni 'ale’l-insen ‘a false accusation against a man’; hence one says ol agar tılda:ğ kilu:r ‘he makes a false accusation against him’; in Pe. it is bahena Kaš. I 462; munıla: adın ttlda:ğ (the lem was later ( P) altered to kef) ok wa ğayr hede mina'l-asbebi'l-muhlika 'ilia ‘and in addition to this there is a reason among its (time’s) destructive causes’ I 160, 4: KB (If God asks 'why did you behave like this?’) negü tilda-ğım bar ‘what excuse have I got?’ 6544: xıv Muh. (?) (VU) al-'ard (? read al-'urda ‘purpose, intention’) tı:İda:ğ Rif. 190 (only): Xwar. xıv tıltağ ‘motive, cause’ Qutb 192: Kip. xııı (ihtacca mina'1-ihticec ‘to offer an excuse’ dılda:ğla:-); al-hucca ‘excuse, pretext, argument’ dılda:ğ Hou. 37, 12: xıv diltak al-hucca, more commonly pronounced with t- td. 50. .

D tilet- (d-) (seek, search) Caus. f. of tile:- (seek, desire, ask for, wish, request); s.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bizig kut tiletü yarlıkap ‘deigning to order that the favour of heaven should be sought for us’ USp. 88, 13: Xak. xı ol am: tiletti: ‘he ordered someone to seek him’ (yatlubahu), so he searched for him (fa'ftaqadahu) Kaš. II 310 (tiletü:r, tiletme:k): Čağ. xv ff. tilet- Caus. f.; talabamdan ‘to order to seek or summon (someone)’ Son. 199%'. 8 (quotn.).

D tölet- (d-) (1. bore, deliver, родить; 2. molt, molting) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 töle:- (bore, deliver, родить); Kaš.’s explanation of the origin of the word (molt, molting) would be applicable to a Caus. f. of tüle:- (molt, molting); either he confused the two words or some words have fallen out. Oğuz xı ol ko:y töletti: natacati'l-ğanam (error for nataca) ‘he helped the ewe to lamb’; ašluhu isqati'l-'aqfqa mina’l-ša’r ‘its origin is making the hair fall out’ Kaš. II 310 (töletü:r, töletme:k).

D tılda:-/tılta:- (d-) (lingua, “lip”, make excuses, seek pretexts, abuse, incite, induce, lie) Den. V. fr. til; regarding the phonetics see tılda:ğ; etymologically this should mean ‘to use the tongue’, but in practice it seems usually to mean ‘to make excuses, to seek pretexts’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NC Kır. tilde- ‘to abuse’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in a pledge by executors of an estate; ‘if anyone presents these documents to us’) negüke tutamayın bütürüp birgeybiz ‘we will pay in full, without seeking any pretexts’ USp. 12, 9-10; a.o. do. 14-15 (čamsız): Xak. xı KB (if you are now willing to learn) tilin tıldama emdi kesgil sözüg 'do not make any excuses and stop talking at once’ 4030: Xwar. xıv tilta- ‘to incite, induce (someone Acc., to do something Dat.)' Qutb 192: Kom. xıv tıltağan söz ‘a false statement’ CCG; Gr.

VU?D tölte:- (seat, cushion) (toilet) Hap. leg.; perhaps Den. V. fr. tölet (seat, cushion) (toilet) which could mean ‘to provide with cushions’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 34-5 (it-).

D tiltan- (d-) (pretext, excuse) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of tilta:-; perhaps ‘to make (something Dat.) an excuse’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 267 (1 i:š).

D taltur- (d-) (tire, exhaust, plunge) Caus. f. of tal-; s.i.s.m.l., usually as taldur- ‘to tire out, exhaust’, but SW Osm. daldır- means ‘to plunge (something Acc.) into water’. Xak. xı ol am: urup talturdi: ‘he beat him until he almost fainted’ (keda an yuğše 'alayhŋ Kaš. II 174 (talturur, talturma:k).

D teltür- (d-) (pierce, bore, break through, break open) Caus. f. of tel- (pierce, bore, break through, break open); survives in SW Osm. deldir-, Xak. xı ol ta:m teltürdi: ‘he ordered the piercing (bi-taqb) of the wall’ (etc.); the second te' is changed from del (MS. lem), as they say in Ar. qatara and qadara with the same meaning (quotns.); a del may be changed from te', and a te' (MS. be’) from del (quotns.) Kaš. II 174 (teltürür, teltürme:k).

D tiltür- (d-) (slice, strap, strip, stab) Caus. f. of til- (slice); s.i.s.m.I.g., usually as tildir-, TUdür- in Kaš. follows tuldur- (collide) so presumably belongs here, although \495\ semantically it is nearer teltür-, but the text is in some disorder and it is followed by biltür-, tamtur-, etc.; the scribe was obviously confused between -t- and - (1-, but biltür- is misplaced in any event. Xak. xı er yarmdark tiltürdi: 'the man ordered that a strap (lit. strip) should be cut’ (bi-qaddi’l-qidd); also used of anything when it has been cut in strips (qudda), e.g. leather, and the like Kaš. I1 175 (tilturür, tiltürme:k): <ol> anı: biče:k bile: tlldUrdi: ‘he stabbed him (waca’ahu\ ?read awca’ahu ‘had him stabbed’) with a knife’ II 176 (tildürü:r, tildürme:k).
495

D toltur- (d-) (fill) Caus. of f. to:l- (completed, filled, full); ‘to fill’. S.i.m.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm. doldur-; Tkm. do:ldur-. Xak. xı ol ayak tolturdi: ‘he filled (amla'a) the cup’ (etc.) Kaš. II 175 (tolturur, tolturma:k): xııı (?) Tef. toldur-‘to fill’ 308: xıv Muh.(?) amla’a to:ldur- Rif. 104 (only): Čağ. xv ff. toldur- Caus. f.; pur kardan ‘to fill’ San. 183V. 4 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ditto toltur- CCG; Gr. 249 (quotn.): Kip. xıv t°H^ur- mala'a Id. 65; mala'a doldur- (once foldur-) Bul. 8ov.: xv mala'a (olfur-‘with two ts; some people pronounce it with two ds Kav. 74, 1; mala’a toldur- Tuh. 35b. 8.

VUD tuldur- (collide) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of tul- (enter, go down, plop; shove, jostle, prod, push, jog, lunge, thrust). Xak. xı atlığ am: tuldurdi: ‘the horseman (etc.) collided with him’ (šadamahu) Kaš. II 175 (no Aor. or Infin.).

PUD tültür- Hap. leg.; the passage occurs in a list of the unpleasant results of sin; the spelling is quite clear in the MS.; v. 1. C. suggests that it means ‘to make (someone) dream’, connecting it with tül, this is possible only by assuming a homophonous V. and N. of this form, but there is no other trace of VU *tül- or this verb, and no convincing sense is given by assuming that either this word or tuldur- (collide) is mis-spelt. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tüš iize olurup (so read) tültürür (the demons) ‘sit on your chest and ?’ M II n", 12-13.

VUD toldra:- Hap. leg.; this verb is listed in,a Chapter devoted to disyllables, in a small section containing three other verbs all of which are onomatopoeics; the vocalization is chaotic; in the case of this verb the 1 and d carry cazms in the Perf. but are unmarked in the other tenses; in the case of the other verbs the third consonant usually carries a kasra, but this seems to be an error. Prima facie a Den. V. fr. *toldir, possibly onomatopoeic ‘to clatter away’ or the like. Oğuz xı bo:y (misspelt to:y) toldra:di: tafarraqa’l-nes min kull cenib ‘the people scattered in every direction’ Kaš. III 447 (toldra:r, toldra:ma:k).

D tıltağlığ P.N./A. fr. tıltağ; ‘having ... as a cause’. N.o.a.b. More or less syn. w. töz-lüg. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yel tıltağlığ Ig toğa ‘an illness (Hend.) caused by wind’ (? sic here, not ‘an evil spirit’) Suv. 592, 9 (cf. 591, 12 yel tözlügig), _ .

talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)) the basic meaning of this verb, which is pec. to Kaš. but without a main entry is obscure. It survives as talkı- ‘to work (eš) while tanning it; to scutch (hemp)’ in NE Alt., Šor, Tel. (Tuv. dalğı-), and NW Kaz. R III 890. Cf. talku: (tanning tool), talğuč (talɣuč палка, укрепление поклажи на спине животного), (talɣuq клин на топорище ) talkıt- (talqï- отталкивать, сбрасывать), talkıl- (talqïl- отброшенный, сброшенный), Xak. xı talka:r yadurr ‘injures, harms’ Kaš. I 506 (tepizlik); ödleg karıtmıška: boduğ talkma:s ‘hair-dye does not shame (le ya'ib) a man whom time has made whitehaired’ II 304, 23; n.m.e.

tala:k (d-) (spleen) ‘the spleen’. Survives in NC Kzx.; SC; NW as talak or the like and SW Az., Osm. dalak; Tkm. da:lak. Xak. xı tala:k al-tihal ‘the spleen’ Kaš. I 411: Čağ’ xv ff. talağ/talak supurz ‘spleen’, in Ar. tihel San. i6ov. 6; dalak same translation do. 224V. 8 (prob. Rumi, though not so described): Kip. xııı al-fihal tala:k Hou. 21, 17: xıv talak ditto Id. 6e: xv ditto t^ala:k (vocalized tola.k) Kav. 61, 10; talak Tuh. 23b. 4.

ta:liğ Hap. leg.; obviously a mere jingle Xak. xı Kaš. I 408 (ta:lığ).

D tila:k (d-) (clitoris) Dim. f. of til; ‘the clitoris’. Survives in SW Osm. dılak and prob. all modern language groups, but the kind of word often omitted fr. dicts.; l.-w. in Pe., see Doerfer II 925. Čigil XI tila:k mataul--mar’a 'clitoris’ Kaš. I 411; (Xak.?) tila:k farcu'l-mar'a ditto I 335, 3: Kip. xııı al-bazr ditto tila:k Hou. 21, 5: xıv tilak al-zun-büru'lladi fi’l-farc ditto Id. 6e: xv bašr (misspelt badŋ tilak Tuh. 7a. 5: Osm. xvı ff. dılak/tılak (also dilčik) ‘clitoris’ in several Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS II 292, 893; IV 217.

D tıllığ P.N./A. fr. til; ‘having a tongue’. S.i.m.m.l.g. usually w. a preceding qualifying Adj., ‘having a... tongue’; but tillig in some NE languages means ‘eloquent’ and SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dilli ‘glib, voluble’. Xak. xı yavla:k tı:llığ be:g ‘a foul-mouthed husband’ Kaš. III 133, 15; n.m.e.: xıv Muh. al-faslh ‘eloquent’ (opposite to ‘stammering’ ti:lsi:z) dillü: Mel. 55, 11; ti:llig Rif. 153; a.o. do. 150 (ö:glüg): Xwar. xıv tillig/tilli ‘having a... tongue’ Qutb 179.

VUD tuluk (barrier) fr. tu- (close, block) (stop) Hap. leg.; the meaning can only be conjectured; the editors suggest a connection with modern words of similar form meaning ‘wine-skin’ and the like, no doubt der. fr. to:l- (completed, filled, full), but this is not very plausible; the meaning seems rather ‘barrier’, or the like, which is a possible meaning for a Pass. Dev. N./A fr. tul- (enter, go down, plop; shove, jostle, prod, push, jog, lunge, thrust), Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when a murderer is reborn in hell, the lords of hell lay him face downwards on a surface of red-hot iron) üzesinde yalınlayu turur yoğun tuluklar tegresinde tokıp aniQ ičinde batururlar ‘they fasten thick barriers (?) constantly flaming on the top round him and lower him within them’ TM IV 252, 34 ff.
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D talku: (tanning tool) prob. a crasis of *talkğu: Dev. N. fr. talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)) ; survives in NE Tel. talku: ; NC Kır. ditto; Kzx. talkı; NW Kaz., Nor. ditto ‘an instrument for working leather while it is being tanned’. It is difficult to see the semantic connection of the Xak. word with this, but it is connected with the meanings of other der. f.s. Xak. xı anything ‘spun or twisted’ (maftül mııdauıvar) is called talku:; hence a ‘twisted cord’ is called talku: yıšığ. Kaš. I 427.

D talğu:č Hap. leg.; abbreviation of *talk-ğu:č N.I. fr. talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)); ‘a toŋgle’ and the like. Xak. xı talğu:č ‘the name of the piece of wood (ial-xašaba) which is inserted between a package (al-'idl) and the cord (round it)’; the cord is twisted several times (yuftal. . .fatalet), until the cord is stretched (yumadd) and the load secured (yuštadd), so that the package cannot shift (le yu'atvwac) Kaš. I 453.

D talkığ (stick to tension something) Dev. N. fr. talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı talkığ muštadimu'l-hibel (so read, MS. cibel) *tension (?) (tensioner, strainer) of cords’; talkığ ta'wiqu’l-umür ‘a business complication’ Kaš. 7463.

D talğu:k (nail, pin, peg, shaft, rivet) abbreviation of *talkğu:k N.I. fr. talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. terkin beš yüz talğuklarığ anutğıl ‘quickly prepare the 500 iron nails’ U III 47, 9: Xak. xı talğu:k ‘the peg (or tang, al-watid) which is inserted in the handle (maqbad) of a spade or axe, so that the (spade or) axe-head can be secured (yaštadd) to it’ Kaš. I 469.

D tolğa:ğ (d-) (twisting, twisted) Dev. N. fr. tolğa:- ; lit. ‘twisting, something twisted’, and the like; Kaš. give three meanings; in the third ‘snow-storm’ it is vocalized talğa.ğ; this meaning is not found elsewhere, but there is no reasonable doubt that it is the same word in the sense of ‘something swirling’, ft is possible that the Uyğ. word was a parallel Dev. N. in -k, tolğa:k, which would have the same meaning, and most modem forms seem to go back to this word rather than tolğa :ğ; they include NE Šor tolğak; Khak. tolgax; Tuv. dolğak ‘twisted, intertwined,’ and the like; SE Türki tolğak ‘birth pangs’; NC Kır. tolğo:/tolğok ditto, and ‘the act of twisting; pressing, urgent’ Kzx. tolğak ditto; SC Uzb. tülğok ‘birth pangs'; NW Kh., Nog. tolğak ditto; SW Az. dolağ; Osm., Tkm. dolak ‘puttees’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tolğağ (or tolğak?) ‘pain, distress’, occurs both by itself, e.g. ayığ adalı ğ tolğağ ‘evil, dangerous pain’ USp. 99 II b. 10, and in lists of near synonyms, e.g. Ig kem sıkığ tagığ ada tuda (burn total) tolğağlarında ‘in diseases (Hend.), constrictions (Hend.), dangers (Hend.) (burn total), and pains (cringes)’ U II 73, 2 (iii) ff.; and in Priv. N./A. form e.g. emgeksiz tolğağsız ‘without pain’ TT VI 280: Civ. tolğağ bolup sönmeser ‘if a man has colic (?) and it is not relieved’ II I 44: Xak. xı to!ğa:ğ šanafu l-mar'a ‘a woman’s earring’; hence one says yinčü: tolğa:ğ ‘a pearl earring’: tolğa.'ğ al-tnihna ‘pain’; hence one says emğek tolğa:ğ originally al-zahir wa’l--qrm-liuc ‘dysentery, colic’; hence one says anıt) karnı: tolğa:r ‘he has an attack of dysentery and diarrhoaen’ (al-hayda): tolğa:ğ (apparently talğa.g corrected to to!ğo:ğ) ‘a snowstorm (al-damaq) which takes a man by surprise’ (yuğše'1-insen) so that it nearly kills him; hence one says ta:ğ üze: tolğa:ğ (spelt talğa:ğ) boldi: ‘a snowstorm arose (qama) on the mountain’ Kaš. II 288: Xwar. xıv tolğağ zahmati is used both for ‘birth pangs’ and the ‘sufferings’ endured by a pilgrim Nahc. 287, 2-3: Kip. xııı (in a list of clothing, between ‘boot’ and ‘slipper’) al-lafe'if ‘puttees, or leggings’ to:la:k (? sic, MS. torla.k) Hou. 19, 5: xıv Čolak al-šay'u'1-malfûf ‘something wrapped up or round’ Id. 65; in do. 45 against čolmak al-lifefa one MS. adds, ‘also called dolak’.

D tolku:k (d-) (bag container, bladder) ‘an inflated skin container, or bladder’, and more generally ‘a skin container’; morphologically a Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. toluk-, Emphatic Pass. f. of to:l- (completed, filled, full), which is traceable as doluk- in SW Osm. fr. xvı onwards (TTS I 216; IV 236), and still survives in xx Anat. SDD 456. The latest trace of this word is in SW Osm. Red. 1261; it is now obsolete everywhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 22-4 (1 tir-): Xak. xı tolku:k al-ziqqtt’l-manfiix fihi ‘an inflated skin’ Kaš. II 289: xıv Muh. (f) (under ‘wine-merchants’ equipment’) al-ziqq to:lku:k Rif. 162 (only): Kip. xıv dolkuk al-ziqq, also pronounced with t’ td. 50; tolkuk al-ziqq do. 6e: xv zarf cild ‘a skin container’ tolkuk Tuh. 24a. 12: Osm. xvı tolkuk (spelt with te') occurs in three dicts, translating Pe. words for ‘skin container’ TTS III 686; IV 760 (Red. spells with te' ‘pronounced d-').

D talka:n (crushed parched grain, толокно) ‘crushed parched grain’ and the like; prob. abbreviation of *talkğa:n Dev. N. fr. talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)). S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW only Tkm. talxan; a l.-w. in Pe. and other foreign languages see Doerfer II 928 (his proposed etymology is false). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yetl tutum talkan ‘seven handfuls of parched grain’ TT VII 24, 9; 25, 10; a.o. H II 12, 91 (arpa:): Xak. xı talka:n al-sawiq ‘crushed parched grain’ Kaš. I440 (verse); o.o. II 89, 24 (katıš-); 154, 16 (1 katın-); 189, 28 (kattur-); 190, 5 (1 kartur-): xıv Muh. (1) al-satvtq ta:l-ka:n (mis-spelt with qaf for te') Rtf. 165 (only): Čağ. xv ff. talkan ‘a food made of crushed parched wheat’ Vel. 173; talğan/ talkan ‘wheat parched, crushed, and made into food’ in particular, and ‘anything softened by crushing’ in general (quotn., prov.); it is pointed out that the translation of talğan/ talkan as ‘pillage’ in Vel. 172 in the same verse is an error San. i6ov. 14:

D tılık- (d-) (gossip, information) (tittle-tattle) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. tıl. Xak./Oğuz xı kiši: menit) birle: tılıkdı: ‘the man conversed (takallama) with me and tried to obtain (istacnrra) information from me'; and one says ol er i:siz tilikti: ‘that man became a target for gossip (ğarad li'l-alsutŋ being criticized and abused for discreditable conduct’; the first is an Oğuz phrase and the Turks do not know it Kaš. II 116 (tılıka:r, tılıkma:k).

?D tolğa:- (d-) (turn, twist, wrap) basically ‘to twist, wrap round’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as tolğa-, but NE Tuv. dolğa-; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dola-, with a wide range of meanings in some languages. See tolğar-, Xak. xı ki:z yinčü tolğa:dı: ‘the girl put on earrings (qarrafat li-nafsihe šarta/) of pearls’ (etc.); and one says ol yu:g tolğa:dı: ‘he wrapped together hanks Čammata 'amita) of raw wool’ (i.e. for spinning); and one says amŋ karnı: tolğa:dı: ‘his stomach writhed (fawa) with diarrhoea and the like’ Kaš. III 289 (tolğa:r, tolğa:ma:k; in three places the nuqtas of the te’ are missing, and in the first phrase it has fatha instead of damma): xıv Muh. (?) ’arnala mixadda ‘to make a pillow, or bolster Čo:la:- Rif. 113 (only; the %- requires back vowels, which excludes a connection with tölet; the implication may be ‘to wrap up material to make a pillow’): Čağ. xv ff. tolgaydı, -p) foldur- (sic? error for tola:- or döndür-) ve bür- (bore, twist, spin, rub, wind round, screw, wind up, wrap up, divert)\ döndür- ‘to twist; to turn (away)’ Vel. 219 (quotns.); tolğa- a Trans, verb (mašdar-i muta'addŋ pičidan ‘to twist, turn’; tolğandur- is used in the same sense San. 184X. 8: Kip. xıv fola- laffa ‘to wrap (round)’ Id. 65: xv falaqat ‘to be in the throes of child-birth’ tolğa- Tuh. 24a. 6; lazva (kayril-/mayril-; in margin in second band) tola- do. 32a. 12.

D talkit- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)); this must be the correct form, it is the vocalization of the Aor., elsewhere the vowel signs are absent or wrong. Xak. ol amŋ ı:šın talkıttı: ‘he urged someone to obstruct ('awwaqa) his business’; and one says ol yükni: talkıttı: ‘he urged someone to push the load into position’ (yušdimu'l-haml)\ also used when one orders someone to secure it (bi-išlehiht) with a rod (mirba'a) which is inserted between the cord and the load and twisted (yuftal) until the load is straight (yastaqim) Kaš. II 339 (talkitu:r, talkitma:k).

D tolğat- (d-) Caus. f. of tolğa:-; 'to cause pain or suffering’. S.i.s.m.l. with extended meanings. Türkü vııı II N 13 (emget-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT II 16, 41-4 (emget-).

D talkil- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)). Xak. xı talkildi: ne:ij inšadama'1-šay’ wa'ndafa'a ‘the thing was pushed back into position’; and one says ı:š talkildi: ‘the business was pushed back’ (? postponed, indafa'a)\ and one says yük talkildi: indafa' a'l-haml ft'I- habl ‘the load was pushed back under the cord (holding it in position)’ Kaš. II 230 (talkilu:r, talkilma:k).

D tolğan- (d-) Refl. f. of tolğa:-; s.i.m.m.l.g. with extended meanings; in SW Az., Osm., 497 Tkm. dolan- ‘to rotate, revolve; to circulate, saunter about’, and the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kim etöz üčün emgenser tolğan-sar ‘whoever undergoes pain and suffering for the sake of his body’ M III 11, 11-12 (in: Bud. U II 24, r (ulm-): Xak. xı er ulındi: tolğandı: ‘the man writhed (iltawa) with pain and tossed (taqallaba) from one side to the other’; and one says er ö:zi: tolğandı: ‘the man was seized with diarrhoea and dysentery’; and one says er ö:ziŋe: yu:ŋ tolğandı: ‘the man wrapped together hanks of raw wool for himself’Kaš. II241 (tolğanu:r, tolğanma:k): Čağ. xv ff. tolğan- (-ıp) folan- Vel. 219; tolğan-/tolğaš- pičida šudan ‘to be twisted’ San. ı84r. 23 (quotns.): Kıp. xv 'akira (of water) ‘to be turbid’ (bulan- and) t°lan-Tkm. (bulğan- and) tolğan- Tuh. 26a. 3 (these descriptions should be reversed?).

VUD tolğar- Pec. to Kaš.; the vocalization and etymology of this verb are most obscure; of the six occurrences the first syllable is vocalized tal- six times with the alternative (two vow⁷el signs) tol- (completed, filled, full) once, nevertheless considering the meanings tol- is almost certainly right; the second syllable is -ğur- four times and -ğır- twice. The word can hardly be a Caus. f. since it is Intrans., and the likeliest explanation is that tolğa:- is a Trans. Den. V. and this verb an Intrans. Den. V. from *tolığ in which case the correct form of this verb should be tolğar-, Xak. xı köglüm tolğardı: ‘my constitution (nafsŋ was almost thoroughly upset (read tatamawwac for tata-hawwac in MS.) when it was revolted (laqisat) by eating putrid food’ (tolğarur, tolğarma:k): art bašı: tolğardı: ‘a snowstorm rose (qamati'l-damaq) over the head of the pass’ (etc.) Kaš. II 178 (tolğara:r, tolğarma:k).

D talkıš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель)). Xak. xı ol mağa: uyma: talkıšdı: ‘he helped me to twist (fi layy) the felt out of which boots are made’; also used of anything that is twisted (yulwa wa yuftal) Kaš. II 207 (talkıšu:r, talkıšma:k).

D tolğaš- Co-op. f. of tolğa:-; s.i.s.m.l. with various extended meanings; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dolaš-, Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: yuŋ tolğašdı: ‘he competed with me in wrapping together (ft ta'mit) hanks of wool’; also used of twisting (ft layy) anything, and also of colic (al-lmoŋ when it attacks the stomach Kaš. II 220 (tolğašu:r, tolğašma:k); Čağ. xv ff. San. ı84r. 23 (tolğan-).

D tala:ğu: Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. tala:- Xak. xı tala:ğu: ‘a quick-acting (al-mucahhaz?) poison’; and ‘dysentery’ (al-zahiŋ is also called tala:ğu: Kaš. I 447.

D tolkuklan- (d-) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. tolkuk. Xak. xı tolkuklandı: ne:ŋ ‘the thing was inflated (tntafaxa) like a skin \\ container’ Kaš. II 35 r (tolkuklnnu.T, tolkuklanma:k).
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DF talkalan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. talka: (tarka:); inadequately vocalized but certainly of this form. Xak. xı üzüm talkalandt: 'tlie grapes were sour’ (tahašrama) Kaš. III 201 (talkalanu:r, talkalanma:k).

D telük (d-) Pass. Dev. N. fr. tel- (pierce, bore, break through, break open); ‘a hole’. Survives in SW Az., Osm. delik. Cf. tešük. Xak. xı telük (sic, MS. tclik) al-taqb ‘a hole’ Kaš. I 388: xııı (?) Tef. telük/telik ‘a hole (in a ship); the aperture (of a cow’s uddeŋ’ 29e: xıv Rbğ. tešük telük koymadı ‘he left no hole’ R III 1085: Čağ. xv ff. telük delik Vel. 194 (quotn.); tllük (spelt) silrax ‘hole’ San. 200r. 26 (same quotn.): Kip. xıv telük (? ; lem unvocalized) al-buxš ‘hole’ Id. 39; (Tkm.) delük al-taqb do. 50; al-bu.vj (t-) delik (sic) Bul. 3, le: xv bnxš telik Tt/h. 7a. 12: Osm. xıv delük; xvı delik TTS IV 202.

D tile:k (d-) Dev. N. fr. tile:- (seek, desire, ask for, wish, request) ; ‘request, wish’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in NE Tııv. dilek; SW Az., Osm. dilek; Tkm. dileg. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. ötüg (so read) tilek bulğulukı sarp ‘it is difficult to achieve one’s desires (Hend.)’ TT I 221-2: Xak. xı tile:k al-mured ‘wish’ Kaš. I412; o.o. \\ II 148, 7 (ti:le:k); III 90, 3 (tilekni:): KB bayat bördi barča tilemiš tilek ‘God granted him all his wishes’ 90; many o.o. 37, 116, 125, 136, etc.: xııı (?) At. tilekče tiril ‘live as you wish’ 415; Tef. tilek ‘wish’ 302:xiv Muh. al-mured ti:le:k Mel. 84, 10; Rif. 190: Čağ. xv ff. tilek dilek Vel. 193; tilek (spelt) talab tva mas'ala ‘request’ San. 200r. 20 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı dilek ‘wish, request’ 'Ali 5e: xıv tilek ditto Qutb 179: Kom. xıv ‘wish’ tilek CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv (Tkm.) dilek al-mured Id. 50: xv tilek Dev. N. of tile- Tuh. 84a. 2.

VU ?F dölük Hap. leg.; the lem is unvocalized; it is possible that the (favntta is misplaced and that this should be read as delük (telük) but initial d- is so rare in Kaš. that it may well be a foreign l.-w. Xak. xı dölük al-hazafu’l-a'še (sic in MS., ? read a te or ağ te) wa huwa nah-wu'l-carratu l-maksüratu'l-ra’s; (al-a'še ‘night-blind’ is an obvious error; al-ağta means ‘rubbish’; though grammatically dubious, the phr. hazafu’l-ağte, gives the best sense) ‘a rubbish pot’, for example ajar with a broken neck Kaš. I 389.

VUD tölek (d-) (tranquil, sedate, quiet, gentle, mild, kindly) ‘tranquil, sedate, quiet’, and the like. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. dölek, same meaning (and others) SDD 464; there are also in this language several related verbs dölet-, dölen-, dölendir-, döleš-. For Osm. Red. 927 (only) lists dölük in this sense and dölün- ‘to become quiet’; these are prob. misvocalized. It seems clear that tölek is a Dev. N. fr. *töle:- (d-) a different word from 1 (töle:- bore, deliver, родить), 2 töle:- (toll, compensation, fee, remit) above. Oğuz xı tölek al-mutma'm wa’l-sakin ‘quiet, sedate’; ač e:vek tok tölek ‘the hungry man hurries to \\ the food, the satisfied man is sedate and does not care if the meal is late’ Kaš. I 387: xııı (?) Tef. tölek (meaning obscure, but al-sakina 'tranquillity’ translated töleklik) 318 (tül ek): xıv Rlığ. ay ya\vaš tölek ‘oh gentle and tranquil man’ R III 1568; Muh. al-hudua ‘quiet’ töle:g (-g marked) Mel. 51, 2 (corrupt); Rif. 14e: Čağ. xv ff. (after tülek) it (here tölek) also occurs with the meaning yaraš ‘quiet, gentle’ Vel. 220: Xwar. xıv tölek ‘mild, kindly’ Qutb 189 (tülek).

D D tüle:k Dev. N./A. fr. tüle:- (molt, molting); ‘moulting; the moulting season’. Survives in SW Osm. tülek, same meaning (and others); l.-w. in Pe., see Doerfer II 982. Xak. xı tülek tvaqt isqati’l-dawabb 'aqayiqihi ‘the season when animals shed their winter coats’; one says ko:y tüle:kinde: (sic) keldi: ‘the sheep has reached the moulting season’ Kaš. I 387; tüle:k yılkı: al-muiqq mina'l-hayatven, ‘animals whose winter coat has fallen out and whose summer coat is growing’ I 412: Čağ. xv ff. tülek (‘with -k’) ‘the time when birds change their feathers’ Vel. 220 (quotn.); tülek (spelt) ‘of animals and birds, shedding their coats or feathers and growing new ones’ San. 184V. 15 (same quotn.).

PU (D) tölük (1. strength, power, сила, мощь; 2. postpos. because, из-за, по причине) pec. to Uyğ.; some meaning like ‘vigour’ or ‘violence’ seems to be indicated; etymology obscure. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bar küčin üntürüp tölükin sekriyü barıp summoning all his strength and going with vigorous leaps’ U IV 10, 46-7 (I 43, 10-11); öpkesi tölükinde ‘in the violence of his rage’ U II 25, 25; tölükin urup ‘violently striking’ do. 27, 24; beliŋ[dek] tölükin ‘with terrifyjng violence’ TT A" 354-5; o.o. Suv. 102, 4 (kıvırğak); 615, 6 (kınığ).

D tü:lüg P.N./A. fr. tü: (hair (body)) (fur); ‘hairy, feathered’. S.i.a.m.l.g. but in such forms as SE Türki tüldük; SW Osm., Tkm. tüylü with inserted consonant. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. etöz tülüg e:rür ‘the body is hairy’ TT VIII G.63: Civ. do. P.24; II I 37-8 (erük): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘peach’ tülüg <erük> Ligeti 271: Xak. xı one says of a horse bu at ne: tü:lüg me šiya ‘what is the colour of this horse’s coat?’ Kaš. I 406, 24; I 69 (erük); III 19 (yadım); III 207 (tü:); n.m.e.: xıv Muh. dû ša’r ‘hairy'' tü:glü:g Mel. 10, 10 (Rif. 83 sa:člüg sic): (Xwar. xııı (?) tük tülüklüg ‘hairy’ Oğ. 15; kök tülüklüg ‘grey-haired’ do. 140, etc.): Kom. xıv ‘hairy’ tüklü CCI; Gr.

D tilge: (d-) (slice) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. til- (slice). Xak. xı one says bi:r tilge: et ‘a slice (filda) of meat’; also used of anything cut lengthways (quti'a filla (n)); hence one calls ‘a strip (šatba) of land’ bi:r tilge: ye:r Kaš. I429.

tilkü: ‘fox’; s.i.a.m.l.g., usually with two rounded vowels, tülkü and the like; SW Az. tülkü, but Osm., Tkm. tilki, see Shcherbak, p. 135. Türkü vııı ff. özi:n tilkü: yemi:š ‘a fox eat him’ IrkB 4e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud» tilkü (in lists of evil carnivorous animals) U II 31, \\ 53; Suv. 599, 16; 610, 15: Xak. xı tilkü: at-ta'fab 'fox’; also a nickname for a girl baby, for reasons explained at some length Kaš. I 429; 111 244 (ekki:le:-) and 5 o.o., once (II 343, 18) tllki:: KB 2312 (alčı:): xııı (?) Tef. tilkü 'fox’ 302: xıv Muh. al-ta'lab tilkü: Mel. 72, 8; Rif. 174: Čağ. xv ff. tülkü rtîbeh ‘fox’ San. 184V. 15: Xwar. xıv tilkü Qutb 179: Kom. xıv ‘fox (skin)’ tülkü CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ta'lab tilkü (? unvocalized) Hou. 11, 4; xıv tülkü: al-ta'labu’l-Burfasi İd. 39 (from Burfas on the middle Volga); (Tkm.) dilkü: al-ta'lab\ also pronounced with t- do. 50; al-ta'lab tilkü: Bul. 10, 7:xv ta'lab tülkl 7'uh. 1 ia. 2: Osm. xıv to xvi, once in xvıı, dllkü in several texts TTS I 206; II299; III 19$ , IV 224.
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D telge:k Dev. N. fr. telge:-; n.o.a.b. in the Hend. bulğa:k telge:k. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (it is like the great ocean) kim bulğak tfelgek] üküš ol ‘where there are many disturbances’ M III 9, 17 (ii); o.o. do. 9, 2 (ii); 10, 15 (ı): Bud. bu bulğak telgekke (mistranscribed tilyeyke) katıltım... erser ‘if I have been involved in these disturbances’ U II 87, 53 (in the parallel texts U II 78, 35; TT IV 10, 17 the phr. used is 61 bulgakka ‘civil disturbances’).

PU (D) tilgem ‘wheel, disc’; pec. to Uyğ.; unlikely to be a basic word but with no obvious etymology (teleg, telega). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit cakra ‘wheel’ tilgem TT VIII A.34; yüz tilke:nin (sic) ‘with a hundred wheels’ do. G.69; kün teŋri tilgeni teg ‘like the sun disc’ TT V 6, 21: Suv. 92, 18 etc.; kagli tilgeni teg ‘like a cart wheel’ Suv. 133, 20; o.o. TT V 6, 43-45 (1 otluğ); VI 455 (tevir-); VII 41, 24; U III 17, 9.

telge:- Hap. leg.; but see telge:k, telgen-. Xak. xı ol ata:sın bulga:di: <telge:di:> awqa'a abShu fi harad wa dacar ‘he infuriated and enraged his father’; telge:di: is used only in Hend. (muzdawica (n)) and not by itself Kaš. III 291 (telge:r, telge:me:k).

D telgen- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of telge:-. Xak. xı ol agar bulğandı: telgendi: ‘he was infuriated and enraged by him' (ğadiba... wa harida)\ telgendi: is not used by itself, but always follows bulğandı: Kaš. II 242 (telgenü:r, telgenme:k).

D tileklig (d-) P.N./A. fr. tile:k; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (I came here) nomluğ nom tileklig küsüš üze ‘with a desire to search for scripture books’ Hüen-ts. 203-4.

D tilkUden- Refl. Den. V. fr. tilkü:; lit. ‘to behave like a fox’. N.o.a.b., but SW Osm. tilkileš- has much the same meaning. Xak. xı er tilkU:lendi: ‘the man was slyly flattering’ (tamallaqa... ft rawagan) as if he was a foje Kaš. III 202 (tilkü:lenü:r, tilkü:lenme:k): Osm. xvi-xvııı dilkülen- ‘to fawn, flatter obsequiously’ in several texts, mainly dicts. TTS I 207; 11 299; 111 195; IV 255.

D tolılığ (d-) P.N./A. fr. toli:; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tolılığ built teg ‘like a cloud full of hail’ MII 11, 16.

D toluluk (d-) A.N. fr. tolu:; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB atım erdi Aytoldi kilkim tolu irildi toluluk ‘my name was Aytoldi (‘the moon has become full’), my character was full (like the moon); the fullness has waned’ 1351.

D talu:la:- Den. V. fr: talu:; ‘to choose’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. talu:la:pan ‘choosing’ IrkB 19 (this para, is unintelligible, and possibly corrupt): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (human beings) tuğdukta kün talulamaz ‘do not choose the day of their birth’... öldükte yime kün talulamaz ‘and do not choose the day of their death’ TT VI 227 ff.: Xak. xı ol talu:la:di: ne:gni: ‘he chose (ixtara) the thing’ Kaš. III 326 (talu:la:r, talu:la:ma:k): KB (if this favour of heaven comes, a man’s days (read künŋ are favoured) tümen arzü birle talulap yer aš ‘he chooses and enjoys food and countless (other) desires’ 682; o.o. 686, 899, etc.: xııı (?) At. (this is a wise book) bir sözüg talulap ketürdim ‘I have chosen one (wise) word and brought it (to you)’ 477 (sözüg seems a better reading than süzük).

D tolu:la:- Hap. leg.?; Den. V. fr. tolu:; ‘to fill’. Xak. xıı (?) KB VP 51 (akıt-).

talim an Adj. used to qualify words for animals, prob. ‘predatory’, or the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. talim kara: kuš ‘a predatory (?) eagle’ IrkB 3, 43, 51; talim un: in do. 40 makes no sense and is prob. an error for telim un: ‘many ravines’: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. talim kara kuš in Kuan. 142 (U II 20, 23) corresponds to Sanskrit garuda ‘a mythical bird, king of the birds and enemy of serpents’; talim balık PP 17, 1 represents Sanskrit makara ‘a mythical but dangerous sea monster’.

telim (? d-) ‘many’, one of the commonest words with this meaning down to xi, but now obsolete everywhere. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 21, 145 (üküš): Bud. telim is common, both by itself, e.g. nom bitiglerin tellm yığyuk men ‘I have collected many scriptures’ Hüen-ts. 58-9, and in the phr. üküš telim Suv. 140, 22 etc. and tellm üküš U III 40, 28 etc.: Civ. (if an eye) üküš telim yaš aksar ‘waters profusely’ H I 65: Xak. xı telim at-kalir ‘many’; one says tellm yarma:k ‘many dirhams' Kaš. I 397; nearly 40 o.o.: KB meni emgetür til idi ök telim ‘my tongue very often injures me’ 166; 5oo // kišide kiši adrukt bar telim ‘there are many differences between one man and another’ 201; o.o. 272, 404, 761, etc.; teümrck 2148: xııı (?) At. teüm er kanı ‘many men’s blood’ 142; 3 o.o.; Tef. telim ‘many, much’ 297: Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 52: xııı (?) köp teüm ‘very many’ Oğ. 119, 120,etc. :.\iv telim/telim ‘many’ Qutb 174-6; AIN 366; Nahc. 336, 7: Tkm. xııı al-katîr (Kıp. köp/üktiš) terlim Hou. 25, 13: xıv ilelim al-katîr; and one says bu delim dur ‘this is too much’, on finding something excessive ('ind istikteri’l-šay’) İd. 50: Osm. xıv ff. delim 'many, much’; very common in xıv and xv, once in xvı TTS 1191; 11 275; III 177; IV 201: xvııı telim, in Rumi, faretven tva bisyer 'much, many’ San. i6ov. 25.

D tilim (d-) (slice) N.S.A. fr. til- (slice); ‘a (single) slice’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm., Tkm. dilim; a l.-w. in Pe., see Doerfer II 932; cf. tilge:. Xak. xı birr tilim et ‘a slice (filda) of meat’; also used of anything cut or split lengthways Kaš. I 397: Čağ. xv ff. tilim qečburîda ‘cut in slices’ San. 2oor. 29 (quotns.); a.o. do. 198V. 9 (til-) Kom. xıv ‘a slice of bread’ tilim CCG; Gr.

VU (? D) 1 tulum the only meaning in Xak. is ‘weapons, military equipment’; fr. the medieval period onwards the only meaning, except when it is a Sec. f. of tuluŋ, is ‘a skin container, inflated skin used as a float’, etc. It is, of course, poss. but not very likely that these are two different words. In both cases the word might semantically be regarded as a N.S.A. fr. tol- (completed, filled, full), but it is consistently pronounced tulum in all the modern languages in which it survives and is a l.-w. in this form and the second meaning in Mong. (Kow. 1855, Haltod 431). The evidence against any connection with tol- seems to be overwhelming, but there is no semantic connection w. tul- (enter, go down, plop; shove, jostle, prod, push, jog, lunge, thrust). A l.-w. in Pe. and other foreign languages, see Doerfer II 931. Xak. xı tulum al-stlelı tsrn ceıni' ‘a generic term for weapons (or military equipment)’ Kaš. I 397; I 215 (anut-), II 30 (1 ba:n-) and 2 o.o.: KB (do not forget death) ačar yok tulum ‘there are no weapons against it’ 1381; ok ya tulum ‘bow and arrows and military equipment’ 3623; er at sü tulum ‘men and horses, an army, and weapons’ 5485; o.o. 1381 (2 at (horse)), 1537 (1 tüg), 2339, 2355: Čağ. xv ff. tulum xik ‘a skin container’, in Ar. ziqq San. 184V. 18; a.o. 92V. 23 (uyma:).

?D tılmač (d-) ‘interpreter’; prima facie der. fr. til, but morphologically obscure since -mač is otherwise a Dev. Suff. forming names of foodstuffs; the possibility that it is a l.-w. cannot therefore be excluded, particularly since in a slightly different form it exists in Old Church Slavonic, while in Turkish it is not traceable earlier than KB; the reading timčı in U II 19, 9 (Kuan. 127) is a misreading of nomčı. S.i.a.m.l.g.; the forms which it takes in Turkish and various foreign languages are discussed at length in Doerfer II toio. Xak. xı /C/Jukuška biligke bu tılmačı til ‘the interpreter of this to understanding and knowledge is the tongue’ 162: XIV Muh. (?) tarcumen ‘interpreter’ tı:Ima:č Rif. 155 (only): Čağ. xv ff. tilmac (spelt) ‘an interpreter’ (tarcumen) who is an intermediary between two people and translates their words from one language to another, also pronounced dilmac San. 2oor. 25: Kom. ‘interpreter’ telmač (sic, in the Pe. column talamačŋ CCI; tolmač CCG; Gr. (the latter a Slavonic form): Kip. xıv al-tarcuman talma:č (st'e) Bul. 6, 11: xv ditto plmač (in margin, ‘with t- and d-’) Tuh. 9a. 3.

D telmir- (? d-) perhaps Intrans. Den. V. fr. telim, but, if so, it should mean ‘to do something many times’; in practice it means ‘to look (at someone) tenderly, or expectantly’. Survives in SE Türki telmür- ; NC Kır., Kzx. telmir-; SW Tkm. delmir-, same meaning. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. telmire közin teŋri xatunlariga körürler ‘they look tenderly (or expectantly?) at their divine consorts’ TI' I, p. 19, note 46, 2 (fr. Maitrisimit): Xak. xı er telim telmirdi: ‘the man glanced (talaffata) to the right and left as if he was looking for something or saw a man or the like’ Kaš. II 179 (telmlre:r, telmirme:k): KB ölüm tuttı bardı közi telmire ‘death took (the lords of this world) and they went off glancing about them’ 6634: Čağ. xv ff. telmür- (-di, -üp) (VU) čahr-, bak- ‘to look expectantly’ (?) Vel. 195 (quotn.; the first verb is unvocalized and cannot be identified); telmür- (spelt) bez mendan-i časm dar intizer tva atela-i nazar kardan ‘to look long and expectantly’ San. 200r.

VUD tulumluğ P.N./A. fr. tulum; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 11, 12 (teg-): Xak. xı tulumluğ er al-mudaccac ‘an armed man’ Kaš. I 498 (verse): KB (a famous warrior) er üdrüm kerek sü tulumluğ t^miš ‘said “your men must be picked and your army well armed” ’ 2337.

VUD tulumlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. tulum. Xak. xı er tulumlandi: labisa'l--racul atvzera'1-harb tva'1-sileh ‘the man wore military equipment and arms’ Kaš. II 266 (tulumlanu:r, tulumlanma:k).

D tilemsin- (d-) Refl. Simulative Den. V. *tilem, N.S.A. fr. tile:- (seek, desire, ask for, wish, request); mentioned only to illustrate this verbal form. Xak. xı ol andın ne:g tilemslndi: ‘he pretended to ask (ynflubu) him for the thing’ Kaš. II 259, 29.

D tilimsin- (d-) Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. tilim; mentioned in the same way as tllem-sin- Xak. xı <ol> yarinda:k tilimsindi: ‘he pretended to cut a strap’ (yaqiddu’l-qidd) Kaš. II 262, 8. ’
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