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Sir Gerard Clauson (1891–1974)
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
Oxford аt the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Ely House, Glasgow, New York, Toronto, 1972
ĞDL - GCY

Attention! This is substantially corrected and annotated
interim extract file
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Posting Introduction

Posting Introduction see the Preface page
PDF and ASCII Files • PDF и ASCII Файлы
Sir Gerard Clauson An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
Preface Abbreviations Suffixes A - EGE EGE - ARD ARD - BDD BDĞ - CCĞ CD - DLM DLS - ĞDĞ ĞDL - GCY GDE - SDĞ SDM - YĞĞ YĞL - ZR Full
Pp i - xxxi Pp xxxiii - xxxviii Pp xl - xlviii Pp 1-100 Pp 101-200 Pp 201-300 Pp 301-400 Pp 401-500 Pp 501-600 Pp 601-700 Pp 701-800 Pp 801-900 Pp 901-988 Pp 1-988
1 M 1 M 1M 7M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 7M
7M
INDEX
PREFACE Pp i - xxxi  v
ABBREVIATIONS, SHORT TITLES, ETC. Pp xxxiii - xxxviii xxxii
SUFFIXES Pp xl - xlviii xl
Mon. A Ä E I O Ö U Ü Pp 1-100; 101-200; 201-300 1
INITIAL LABIAL PLOSIVES B P V F W 201-300; 301-400 291
INITIAL DENTIPALATAL AFFRICATE C Č J 301-400; 401-500 393
INITIAL DENTAL PLOSIVES D T 401-500; 501-600 433
INITIAL VELAR PLOSIVE Ğ K X 501-600; 601-700 578
INITIAL VELAR POST-PALATAL PLOSIVES G K H 601-700; 701-800 686
L 701-800 763
M 701-800 765
N Ŋ Ñ 701-800 774
R 701-800 780
S 701-800; 801-900 781
Š Ș 801-900 866
Y 801-900; 901-988 869
Z 901-988 982
Sir Gerard Clauson
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish
ASCII text pages 301 - 400
ĞDL - GCY

601

D kodıkartur- Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of an Intrans. Den. V. fr. kodıkı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if I have said that a lie is the truth and what is not is) yavızığ edgü t<§p kökedtürüp edgüg yaviz tep kodikarturup ‘exalting evil, saying that it is good, and disparaging good saying that it is evil’ Suv. 135, 11-12.

Dis. ĞDL

D kutluğ (blessed) P.N./A. fr. kut (heavenly favor, good fortune, happiness, fate, soul, life force, supernatural spirit, supernatural being), q.v.; originally ‘enjoying the favour of heaven’; hence, more generally, ‘fortunate, happy, blessed’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfcr III 1568. Türkü vııı (?) kutluğ bolzu:n 'may (our journey) enjoy divine favour’ Xoytu Tamir I 5-6 (ETY II 108): vııı ff. kutlu-.ğ bolzu:n IrkD 23; a.o. do. 56 (adğıŋ: Man. TT II io, 87-8 (ülüg-lüg): Uyğ. ıx Boyla: Kutluğ Yarğan; Kutluğ Bağa: Tarxan Öge: P.N.s Suci 2, 3: vııı ff. Man.-A M III 29, 2 (iii) (ülüglüg): Man. artmıš körjüllüg kutluğlar ‘the divinely favoured with purified minds’ TT III 140: üud. uluğ küčlüg kutluğ bodısa-vatlar ‘the great, powerful, divinely favoured Bodhisattvas’ PP 45, 2-3; o.o. do. 21, 4 etc. (ülüglüg); U III 75, 13; 80, 27 (ulğad-); U II 36, 47 etc. (kıvlığ (blessed)): Civ. TT VII 28, 17 (kivlığ); in the astronomical texts, TT VII 1, 6, 8 and 9 kutluğ means ‘having ... as an element’ (see kut); Kutluğ is a common component in P.N.s in USp.: Xak. xı kutluğ ne:t) ‘something blessed’ (mubarak); also used as a Proper Name Kaš. I 464; kutluğka: ‘for the lucky man’ (li-sahibi l-cadd) III 60, 24; several o.o. translated mubarak: KB kün ay kutluğı bar yeme kutsuzi ‘there are lucky and unlucky days and months’ 438e: xııı (?) Tef. kutlığ/kutluğ ‘blessed, fortunate’ 219: xıv Rbğ. (a man of truthful speech and) kutluğ yüzlüg ‘with a lucky face’ R II 997: Muh. al-muberak kutluğ Mel. 52, 1; 56, 1; Rif. 148 (kutlu:ğ)? 153: Čağ. xv ff. kutluğ/kutluk muberak Vel. 336; San. 283^ 23 (quotn.): (Xwar. xıv kutluk ‘good fortune’ Qutb 146): Kom. xıv ‘fortunate, blessed’ kutlu CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xııı al-muberak (opposed to ‘unlucky’ kutsuz) kutlu: Hou. 27, 3; kutlu: bars Y.N., fahd muberak do. 29, 3: xıv İd. 68 (kut); al-muberak kutlu: olsun (sic) Bul. 5, 13: xv ka'b muberak ‘ (having) a blessed ankle’ (kut tobukli; in margin) kutlı tobuklı Tuh. 30b. e: Osm. xıv ff. kutlu ‘blessed, fortunate’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 502; II 670; III 491; IV SSI.

D katlıš (swirl, whirlpool, eddy) abbreviated Dev. N. (connoting mutual action) fr. katıl- (associate, mate, mix, add to), S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı katlıš ‘a swirl (mu tarak) of water at the meeting point (tanetuh) of separate streams’; one says su:v katlıštı: (sic, i.e. Perf. of ♦katlıš-, or a scribal error for katlıšı: ?) Kaš. I 460: xııı (?) Tef. katılıš ‘the junction between two bodies of water’ 205: Čağ. xv ff. \\\ katılıš (spelt) ‘a place where two streams meet’ San. 267V. 3 (quotn.).

Dis. V. ĞDL-

D kadul- (sewn) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of kadu:- (sew, stitch); spelt with -d- for -d-; a superfluous kasra is added everywhere below it. Xak. xı to:n kaduldi: ‘the garment was sewn firmly’ (šumrica) Kaš. II 134 (kadulur, kadulma:k).

D 1 katıl- (mingle, associate, mate, mix, add to) (cattle) Pass. f. of 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist); ‘to be mixed with, or added to (something)’; with metaph. meanings like ‘to associate with (someone)’. S.i.m.m.I.g. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (gods and demons, light and darkness) ol ödün katıldı ‘then mingled with one another’ Chuas. I 7; [yavlak?] biligige katılıpmingling with their evil (?) knowledge 'do. I 12-13; o.o. do. 39, 176; MI 5, 7 (ölüg): Uyğ. vııı xan süsi: [birle:?] katıltım ‘I joined up with the xan’s army Šu. N. 7 (damaged); (the Oğuz and Türkü who had formerly been in China) t[ašık?]mıš anta: katılmıš ‘came out and joined (me) there’ do. S 8: vııı ff. Man.-A (the five gods) Ezrwa teŋri üze kedilip birle katılıp enirler ‘are put on the god Zurvan (like a garment) and mingle with him’ M I 21, 3-5 (ı); a.o. do. 16, 5-6 (1 taš): Bud. ög kag birle katıldımız erser ‘if we have had sexual intercourse with our mother or father’ TT IV 6, 35-6; el bulğakın katıldımız erser ‘if we have taken part in civil disturbances’ do. 10, 18; tınlığlar birle katılu karilu ‘mingling (Hend.) with mortals’ Suv. 133, 14-15; a.o. TT V 8, 51-2: Xak. xı arpa: ügür birle: katıldı: ‘the barley was mixed (ixtalafa) with millet’, also used of anything that is mixed with something else; and one says er ura:ğutka: katıldı: ‘the man had sexual intercourse (cema'a) with the woman’ Kaš. II 12ı (katilur, katilma:k); bu er ol kiši: birle: tutčı: katılğa:n katılğa:n translated ‘this man is an intriguer and meddler’ (mixlatmizyal) ‘lit. is constantly meddling with people’ I 520; a.o. II 134 (karıl-); I 106, 10 (tokli:): KB katıl-, usually ‘to associate with’, is common; sakıška katılmaz senig birlikıŋ ‘Thy unity is not mingled with plurality’ 9; kuzı birle katlıp böri yorıdı ‘the wolf associated with the lamb’ 461; oyunka katılmasa ‘a man should not get involved with gambling’ 709; o.o. 10, etc. (karıl-); 874 (ötgünč); 1040; 1304; 4354 (edgüleš-); 5928 (bağlan-), etc.: xııı (?) Tef. katıl- ‘to associate with; to be mixed with’, etc. 204: Čağ. xv ff. katıš-/katıl- daxil šudan tea mamzüc šudan wa ba-ham amixtan ‘to belong to, be mixed with, mix with’ San. 26er. 22 (quotns.): Kip. xıv katıl- (v.l. katılan-) qawiya ‘to be strong’ Id. 73; ditto katıl- Bul. 73V. (these are corruptions of katığlan-): xv ixtalata (karı-, sic ? error for karıl-, and) katıl- Tuh. 6b. 6.
(OTD, in mixed spelling) jazïnmïšda, katıl-, kavıš-, qatïl-, qavïš-, uvutsuz, sik-, sikiš-, uvutsuzluk, uvutsuzluq, uwutsuz, uwutsuzluq, yazınmıšda, совокупляться; совершать половой акт (fuck, have sex)
(OTD) 1. примешиваться, смешиваться, перемешиваться
2. присоединяться, соединяться, вмешиваться; принимать участие в чем-л., быть причастным к чему-л.; быть замешанным в чем-л.:
3. общаться, поддерживать отношения, знаться
4. совокупляться; совершать половой акт
5. облагать (налогом)

D 2 katıl- (strong) ‘to be strong

D kutal- (kuta:l-) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of *kuta:- Den. V. fr. kut (heavenly favor, good fortune, happiness, fate, soul, life force, supernatural spirit, supernatural being). Xak. xı kutaldi: er ‘the man was fortunate’ (macdiid), derived fr. the phr. kut aldı: ‘he received good \602\ fortune' (al-cadd) Kaš. II 121 (kutatlur (sic), kutalma:k).
602

Dis. V. ĞDL

D *kodul- See koyul- (kodul-) (placed, thick, viscid, coagulate) (coagulate, cuddle),

D kudul- Pass. f. of kud- (qud) (pour (liquid)), Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king looked with anger at the deer) közine karakıga kan kudulup ‘his eyes and eyeballs suffused with blood’ U IV 38, 127-8: Čağ. xv ff. and Kip. xıv see koyul- (kodul-) (placed, thick, viscid, coagulate) (coagulate, cuddle), D kutul- See kurtul- (rescued, saved), katlan-/ka:tlan- Preliminary note. The only early V. of this form is ka:tlan- beloto. Katlan-the Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 kat, ‘to form layers' and the tike, is first noted in San. 26ev. 13 and s.i.s.m.l. Katlan-, as art abbreviation o/katığ-lan- is first noted in At. 299 (tarığlık) and Tcf. 205 and also occurs in Id. 68 and prob. San. 26ev. 13 tahammül \va šikibe’î kardan ‘to be patient and long-suffering'.

D ka:tlan- Hap. leg. ?; Refl. Den. V. fr. 2 ka:t. Kıp., Yeme:k, Oğrark xr yığarč ka:tlandi: ‘the tree bore fruit’ (tamarat); among the other (Turks, including Xak.) this word is used only for the fruit of thorn bushes (al-idah), and for cultivated (al-ahllya) trees the word used is yemišleııdİ: Kaš. III 196 (ka:tlanu:r, ka:tlanma:k).

?E katlıš- See katlıš.

Dis. ĞDM

D katma: (blended) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist); s.i.s.m.l. but not in this special sense. See Doerfer III 1375. Xak. xı katma: yuwga: (wash, puff, puff pastry) ‘bread crumpled up (muğaddan) and cooked in melted butter’ (samn) Kaš. I 433.

Dis. ĞDN

kadin (relative, related by marriage, father-in-law, wife’s brother (свояк))related by marriage’; perhaps originally specifically ‘father-in-law’ and later used more generally. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes, usually kayın and now seldom used except to qualify some other term of relationship, e.g. kayın ata ‘father-in-law’. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1611-13. Cf. yurč. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. öz kadını yerige tegdi ‘he reached the country of his own father-in-law’ PP 64, 3; kadını xan ‘his father-in-law the king’ do. 72, 5 (mistaken by Pelliot for a geog. name Kaddını): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict., Ligeti 15Q; R I 226 (ana:): O. Kır. ıx ff. Mai. 17, 2 (uyar; dubious): Xak. xı kadın al-fihr ‘relation by marriage’ Kaš. I 403 (prov.); o.o. I 528 (kadna:ğun); II no, 3 (tüŋür); III 245, 7 (same prov.): KB iki kadın erdi küdegü iki ‘two of them were his fathers-in-law, two his sons-in-law’ 50: xııı (?) Tef. kayın ata ‘father-in-law’ 194: xıv Muh. al-hamü ‘father-in-law’ ka:yın ata:; al-hame ‘mother-in-law’ ka:yın ana: Mel. 49, 13; Rif. 144: Čağ. xv ff. kayn (spelt) ‘wife’s brother (свояк); kayn ata ‘wife’s father’; kayn ana ‘wife’s mother’; also spelt kaym San. 281 v. n; kayın the same as kayn do. 17; a.o. do. 345r. \\\ 2 (yurč): Kip. xı (after Xak.) and in Kip. with -z-, i.e. kazın Kaš. I 403: Yağma:, Tuxsi:, Kıp., Yaba:ku:, Tatar, Ka:y, Čumul, Oğuz xı the Turks call al-šihr kadın, but these call it kayın Kaš. I 32, 11: Kom. xıv ‘father-in-law’ kayın CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hamû kayın ata:; al-hame kayın ana:; awladu'l-ahma' kayın karında:šla:r Hou. 32, 4 (all misvocalized koyın): xıv ditto kayın ata ... kayın ana:; hammvi kayınum atası: (sic) Bul. 9, 7: xv hama (küyew and) kayın ana Tuh. 12b. 4.

kadig (birch, vessel of birch bark) ‘birch tree, Betula', and in the early period 'a vessel made of birch bark’. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as kaym, S\V Tkm. ğayıg; exceptionally in üsm. kaym now means ‘beech tree’ and, with qualifying Adjs. ‘hornbeam, alder’, etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (take various ingredients and) bir ııluğ kariıg yuğurtka bulğap'stirthem into a large birch-bark vessel of yoğurt' H I 169; o.o. do. 192-3: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘birch bark vessel’ kadıŋ R II 322; Ligeti 159: Xak. xı kadig al-xalanc ‘birch tree’ (? , a Pe. l.-w. not translated precisely in the ordinary dicts, of either language); and in the prov. kadig kaısırja: sögüt sö:lige: ‘the birch tree for its bark, the willow for its sap’ Kaš. III 369; same prov. I 356, 20; III 134, 13; 151, 7: Yağma:, Tuxsi:, Kip., Yaba:ku:, Tatar, Ka:y, Čumul, Oğuz xı the Turks call al-xalanc kadig but these call it kayıg Kaš. I 32, 8: (Kom. xıv ‘pine tree’ iy kayıg CCG; Gr. 191): Kip. xııı al-xalanc kayın 14, 7.

*kodun (code, codex) Dev. N. fr. ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up) in the sense of ‘ (the place) where one puts things’
kodundum I left (legacy, will, instrictions, bequeath, testament, volition)) See p. 631

F xa:tun (Queen, lady) ‘lady’ and the like. Although attempts have been made to connect this word etvmologically with xağan/xan there is no reasonable doubt that it is taken fr. Sogdian xwat'yn (xtuaten); in Sogdian xrvt'y means ‘lord, ruler’ and xwt'yn ‘the wife of the lord, ruler’, which is precisely the meaning of xatu:n in the early period. This should normally be transcribed xatu:n, although in Kaš. the spelling is ka:tu:n in Turkish and xa:tu:n in Arabic. Survives in NE Tuv. kaday; SE Türki xatun/xotun; NC, NW katm; SC Uzb. xotin; SW Az. ğadın, Osm. kadm meaning only ‘married woman, wife’, with a slightly honorific flavour. Türkü vııı ögüm filbllge: xatu:nığ ‘my mother Oueen Elbilge:’ IE 11, II E 10; o.o. I E 25,1IE 21; I E 31; I N 9; xatu:n yok bolmıš erti: ‘the queen has died’ T 31: vııı ff. avı:nču: xatu:n bolzu:n ‘may the concubine become a queen’ IrkB 38: Uyğ. vııı xatumm anta: altım ‘I captured his queen there’ Šu. N 10; a.o. do. W 8: vııı ff. Bud. (a girl) Šačı xatun teg ‘like Queen 6acî’ U II 22, 1; Kulıšabatı xatun ‘Queen Kulisavnti’ U III 27, 15; (my father, my mother) xatunlanm ‘my consorts' TT VII 40, 144; o.o. TT X 162-3, 307, etc.: Civ. xatunka kelser ‘if one comes to the queen’ TT VII 29, 12: Xak. xı ka:tu:n ‘the word for any woman who is descended from (min banet) Afresiyeb’; prov. xa:n ı:šı: bolsa: ka:tu:n ı:šı: kali:r 'if the xaqdn has a task to perform, the xatün's task is postponed’ Kaš. I 410; \603\ o.o. I 138 (oğla:ğu:); 376 (terken); III 240 (kunču:y): xın (?) Tef. xatun ‘queen; lady, wife’ 347: xıv Muh. xatun ka:tun Mel. 52, 14; Rif. 149: Čağ. xv ff. xatun ‘a name for great ladies and wives of notables’ (quotn.); also ‘a married woman’ (zau-i šauıJıardeŋ (quotn.) San. 2tzr. 20: Xwar. xıv xatun ‘ (great) lady’ Qutb 55; in Nahc. 6, 8 ff.; 192, 10 ff. xatun is used specifically for ‘a legal wife’ and kuma for ‘a concubine’: Kom. xıv katun/xatun is fairly common and means both ‘queen, lady’ and ‘wife, woman’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 196 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-sitt ‘lady’ ka:tu:n Hoti. 28, le: xıv katun al-sayyida ‘lady’, Arabicized as xatun Id. 73: XV sayyida xatun Tub. 18b. 8: Osm. xıv to xvı xatun/xatun kiši hardly more than ‘married woman’; in several texts TTS II 485; IV 382.
603

Dis. V. ĞDN-

D 1 katın- (add, blend, mix, twist) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist). Xak. xı er talka:nka: ya:ğ katındı: ‘the man pretended to mix (yacdah) oil with the parched grain’ Kaš. II 154 (katinu:r, katinma:k).

D 2 katın- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff) Refl. f. of 2 kat- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff); n.o.a.b. The Uyğ. passage is obscure, but seems to belong here. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. katığ boldi tep o:tm katunsar küzeč tašar ‘if it is exposed (?) to the fire on the assumption that it is strong the jug boils over’ TT I 193-4; a.o. VII 30, 14-15 (ağrığlığ): Xak. xı tulumluğ bolup katındıŋ ‘now that you have become fully armed, you have become tough’ (tašaddadta) Kaš. I 498, 21; n.m.e.

D kutan- (kuta:n-) (fortunate) Hap. leg.; this V. which immediately follows 1 katın- is completely unvocalized and the second consonant undotted, but the -a:- in the Aor. shows that it is a Den. V. and Atalay was no doubt in restoring it as the Refl. f. of *kuta:-, see kutal-. Xak. xı kutandı: ne:g ‘the thing became fortunate’ (1macdüd) Kaš. II 154 (kuta:nur, kutanma:k).

D kodun- (put, put down, abandon, give up) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up), and practically syn. w. it. Xak. xıı (?) KBVP bu kač harfkina men kumanı saga kodundum ‘I have left these few words as a legacy to you’ 53.

D katna:- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff) Hap. leg., but cf. katnat- (become hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff, violently); misspelt kayna:- (second form of kayın- (*kan-) (boil)) in the MS. but between sögne:- and kasna:- (shiver). Semantically connected with 2 kat- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff), presumably Den. V. fr. *katin (not listed) (hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff) Dev. N. in -inn. This word has no connection with Čağ. katna- (boil), San. 26jr. 1 which survives in SC Uzb. in such meanings as ‘to attend (school) regularly; (of a bus) to maintain a service’. This seems to be merely a Sec. f. of Čağ. katra- (not listed) (attend regularly, maintain (service)), ditto, which is immediately a l.-w. fr. Mong. katari- ‘to trot’ (Kow. 781, Haltod 165) whether or not that is a native Mong. V. or derived fr. Pe. (see the translation in San>). Xak. xı er agar katna:di: al-racul ta’abbe qabüla’l-amr zva 'ate 'ale’l-ernir tva radda kalamahu ‘the man refused to obey the order and was insolent to the man who gave it \\\ and contradicted what he said’ Kaš. III 302 (katna:r, katna:ma:k; see above).

S katna:- (boil) second form of kayna:- (qayna:-) (boil) second form of kayın- (*kan-) (boil)

D katnat- (become hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff, violently) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of katna:- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff) but with no obvious Caus. meaning. Xak. xı ol anıg sö:zin katnatti: raddada kalamahu marra ba'd uxra ‘he violently contradicted his statements time and again’ Kaš. II 349 (no Aor. or Infin.).

Tris. ĞDN

D kadna:ğun Hap. leg.; Collective f. of kadin (relative, related by marriage, father-in-law, wife’s brother (свояк)). Xak. xı al-ahme' ma’l-ašher ‘a woman’s and a man’s relations by marriage’ are called kadın kadna:ğun as a Hend. (al-itba ) Kaš. I 528.

Tris. V. ĞDN-

DF ka:tu:nlan- (xa:tu:nlan-) Refl. Den. V. fr. xa:tu:n; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ura:ğut ka:tu:n-landi: tazayyati'l-mar'a bi-zayyi’l-xetün ‘the woman dressed herself up in the clothes of a great lady’ Kaš. III 206 (ka:tu:nlanu:r, ka:tu:nlanma:k): xııı (?) Tef. xatunlan- ‘to marry (a wife xatun)’ 347.

Dis. ĞDR

kadir (grim, brutal, oppressive, dangerous) ‘grim, brutal, oppressive, dangerous’, and the like. The close phonetic and semantic resemblance to Ar. qadir to which Kaš. calls attention has caused some confusion and it is consistently spelt kadir in the MS. of Kaš. but correctly as kadtr in KB. Survives as kazır in several NE languages R II 379; Khak. xazir; Tuv. kadir. See kayır Preliminary note. The phr. kadir kıš in Xak. suggests a connection with 1 ka:d- but that V. is Intrans. and can hardly be the base of this word. See Doerfer III 1381. Ttirkü vııı Kadırkan yıš (‘mountain forest’), which is tentatively identified with the Khingan mountains, I E 2; do. 21, II E 17; do. 39 may contain this word (see Xak.), or kadırgan, q.v.: vııı ff. Yen. kadi:r yağı:da: ‘among the brutal enemy’ Mai. 27, e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (the five gods can be recognized by five characteristics...) iklntl kadaran ‘secondly by ruthlessness’ (like the god Wadjiwanta) M I 24, 11 (cf. yumša:k): Bud. kadir yavlaklarığ ‘brutal, evil men’ U II 58, 1 (iii); a.o. do. 59, 4 (ii); kadir sarsığ övkelig ‘brutal, rough, and bad-tempered’ TT VI 66 (and VIII 0.9); a.o. U II 3s. 21-2 (azığlığ): Civ. TT I 14-15 (katığ): O. Kır. ıx ff. kadir yağı:da: Mal. 19, 1: Xak. xı kadir (so read, see above) ne:g ‘a difficult (ša'b) thing’; hence one says kadir ye:r ‘a difficult place’, that is one in the mountains where there is much snow and ice: kadir kıš al-zamharir ‘severe cold’: kadir ‘an oppressive, brutal (al-cabberu'1-ša'b) king’; hence al-xaqantya have the title kadir xa:n; this word agrees with the Ar. because oppressiveness comes from power (al-qadŋ, and an oppressor is one who can do (yaqdiŋ what he likes Kaš. I 364: tumluğ kadir kıšlaka: ‘iri the severe cold of winter’ II 54, 3: KB (do not be slothful, watch) ay kılkı kadir ‘oh man of /604/ strict character’ 447; (bright summer turns to) kadir kıška 1052.
604

katır (mule (mixed ancestry))mule’. A l.-w. in Mong. as kačir. Survives in SW Az., Tkm. ğatır; Osm. katır, but in all other language groups, except NE, where the word is unknown, the forms kačır/ kašır and the like are reborrowings fr. Mong., see Shcherbak, p. 95. It would prob. be fanciful to see an etymological connection between this word and 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist) arising fr. the mule’s mixed ancestry. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1395. Xak. xı katır al-bağl ‘mule’ Kaš. I 364; a,o. \\ III 302 (kišne:-): KB (many horses in the fields) akurda katır mules in the stables’ 5370: xıv Muh. al-bağl ka:fir Mel. 70, 7; Rif. 181: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğ. 273 (u:d): Kom. xıv ‘mule’ katır CCI\ GrKip. xiri al-bağl ka:tir Hou. 12, 10: xıv katır al-bağl, also with -t- Id. 68; katır ditto 73; bağel kafirlar Bui 16, 8: xv bağ! kafir Kav. 39, 6; 61, 20; Tuh. 7b. 8 a.o.o.: Osm. xıv TTS I 7 (ağı:).

kotur (dermatological malady) various kinds of cutaneous disease, human and animal, ‘scrofula, scurf, scab, the itch, mange’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g.; cf. uduz. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1549. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kotur emi ‘a remedy for the itch (?)’ H I 169 (ay-), 174; a.o. II22, 27: (Xak.) xıv Muh. al-carab ‘the itch’, etc. kotur Mel. 65, 3; Rif. 164: Čağ. xv ff. kotur xasta wa da if kalb ‘a sick, weak (dog)’ Vel. 335 (quotn.); kotur (spelt) ‘an animal whose hair has fallen out’ (rixta bešad), in Ar. carab, in Pe. gar (quotn.); also used for garı ‘mange’ (quotn.) San. 283^ 25: Xwar. xıv kotur ‘scrofulous’ and the like Qutb 141: Kom. xıv ‘scurf’ kotur CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv kotur is included in a long list of words translating kalb ‘dog’ Tuh. 30b. 11.

D kadrak (kadra:k) (hard, rough) Conc. N. in -k fr. *kadra:-, Den. V. fr. kadir, see kadran-; lit. "something hard, rough’, and the like. Survives as kayrak ‘whetstone’ in NC Kır., Kzx.; SC Uzb. (kayrok) and several NW languages (cf. bile:gü:). In NC Kır. it also means ‘hard, unirrigated land’, and in SW Osm. ‘shifting sandy soil’, which seems a further development of this concept, but in Osm. it now more often means ‘slippery' ground’, perhaps owing to some confusion with 2 *ka:d-. The translation in Kaš. is perhaps influenced by a supposed etymological connection with

1 kat. (crease, twirl, whetstone) L.-w. in Pe. and Mong., Doerfer III 1599. Xak. xı kadrak (MS. kadrak) ma'etifu'l--cibel tea mahenihe ‘folds and contortions in the mountains’; hence one says kat kadrak (kadrak) ditto Kaš. I 471; a.o. I 320 (1 kat): Čağ. xv ff. kayrak sang-i fasen ‘whetstone’, also called bilew San. 281 v. 3.

(D) kudruk (tail) ‘the tail of an animal’; morphologically Pass. Dev. N. fr. *kudur-, cf. kudurga:k, kudurgu:n; the origin of Mong. kudurğa ‘crupper’ (Ilaenisch 70, Kow. 919). S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as kuyruk. Türkü vııı ff. tığ at kudru:ki:n ‘the roan horse’s tail’ IrkB 50; a.o. (?) in a corrupt phr. in do. le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of constellations) irbiš \\ kudruki ‘the panther’s tail’ TT VI 93: Xak. xı kudruk (MS. in the main entry kudruk, elsewhere usually kudruk) a gencric term for 'the tails’ (adneh) of all kinds of animals; one says ko:y kudruki: ‘a sheep’s fat tail’ (alya); at kudruki: ‘horse’s tail’ (danb) (verse); kuš kudruki: ‘bird’s tail’ (prov.): kudruk used metaph. (yukne bihŋ for ‘anus’ (al-faqha), so one says kudruki: ötgc:n (unvocalized) kiši: imen nabbecul- (first two letters undotted, Atalay’s emendation) faqha ‘a man who is constantly breaking wind’ Kaš. I 472; o.o. / 513 (sabit-); III 164 (suwik); 256 (sabi:-), etc.: KB balık kudruki ‘the tail of (the constellation) Pisces’ 6e: xıı (?) Tef. kuyruk ‘tail’ 2le: xıv Muh. a!-alya ku:yruğ yağı: Mel 66, 5; Rif. 165 (kuyruk); al-danb kuyrık \\ 69, 14 (one MS. only): Čağ. xv ff. kuyruğ/ kuyruk ‘tail’ (dum), in Ar. daub - also the name of the star ‘Canopus’ Sait. 292V. 14: Xwar. xıv kudruk ‘tail’ Qutb 142; Nahc. 53, 2: Kom. xıv ‘tail’ kuyruğ CC7; Gr.: Kip. xıı al-alya kuyruğ ya:ğı: Hou. 15, 18: xrv kuyruk al-danb Id. 77; al-alya kuyruk, also al-danb Bül. 7, 15: xv duhnu'l-alya kuyruğ ya:ğr. Kav. 63, i; alya kuyruk Tuh. 4b. 3.

Dis. V. ĞDR-

VUD katar- pec. to Kaš. and described as the Turkish (i.e. Xak.) equivalent of kaytar-, q.v.; prima facie a crasis of *kadtur- Caus. f. of 2 *ka:d- or 2 kadit-, but the second -a- is a difficulty, perhaps a scribal error for -u- caused by a false analogy w. kaytar-; see katart- and katrun-. Xak. xı ol atığ katardı: radda'l-xayl tva šarafahe 'an nachihi ‘he turned the horse back and prevented it from going in the direction in which it was going’; similarly one says (ol) yağı: katardı: ‘he turned the encmv (etc.) back’ Kaš. II 74 (verse; katarur, katarma:k); a.o. III 193 (kaytar-); katarğa:n 1517,16 (see kaytar-).

D kadır- (twist, turn back) ‘to twist back, turn back (Trans.)’, and the like; presumably Caus. f. of 2 *ka:d-. S.i.a.m.l.g. as kayır- and the like, except SW where kayır- is a Sec. f. of kadğur-, Xak. xı ol amŋ boynm kadirdi: ‘he twisted (latvue) his neck’ (etc.); and one says ol amŋ sö:zin kadirdi: ‘he contradicted (or refuted, radda) his statement' Kaš. II 76 (kadira:r, kadirma:k); o.o. I 370, 22; 508, 2; II 74, 13; 164, 14 and / 144, 9, where the text is in some disorder: KB sözin kadra kördüm ‘I tried to contradict (or refute) his statement’ 6244: xııı (?) Tef. kadra/kayra Ger. used as an Adv. (to turn, send, come) ‘back, backwards’ 192-4: Xwar. xıv kayra Adv. (of movement) ‘backwards’; (of time) ‘again, afresh’ 128: Kom. xıv ‘to take back’ kayra/kayrı/kayırı al- CCI; Gr.

D katur- (harden) Caus. f. of 2 kat- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff); ‘to harden’, lit. or metaph. S.i.m.m.l.g., not NE or SW. Xak. xı ol yumša:k ne:gni: katurdi: ‘he hardened (šal/aba) the soft thing’; as soft iron is annealed (yudakkaŋ; and one says ta:š yer am: katurdi: ‘foreign countries (i.e. travel abroad) \605\ hardened him’, that is made him experienced (mucras muhakkak) Kaš. II 74 (katurur, katurma.k); (katurğa:n in / 516 is an error for katğurga:n).
605

D kattur- (add, blend, mix, twist) Hap. leg.?; Caus. f. of 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist); cf. kartur-. Xak.xi ol yr.p katturdi: ‘he ordered that the thread should be twisted (1bi-fatli'l-xayt) into the needle’; and one says ol talka:nka: ya:ğ katturdi: ‘he had the parched grain mixed (acdaha) with oil’; also used of any two things when they are mixed (jxulita) Kaš. II 189 (katturur, katturma:k).

D kutar- See kurtğar-. (save, rescue)

VU kodur- (stop, give up) (MS. kodur-, but between kadir and kedür-) Hap. leg.?; morphologically obscure. Xak. xı ol bu: ı:ška: kodurdi: ‘he took great trouble (cadda) over this affair and made strenuous efforts over it’ (balağa fîhr) Kaš. II 76 (kodurur, kodurma:k); the word may also occur in I 144, 7 but is not translated there.

*kudur- See kudruk, etc.

VUD 1 kutur- (pour out, empty) ‘to pour out, empty’, and the like; prima facie a crasis of *kudtur- Caus. f. of kud- (qud) (pour (liquid)); it is, however, odd that it survives as kotar- with the same meaning in NW Kk., Nog. and for ‘to dish up (a meal)’ in SW XX Anat. SDD 964, since this suggests an earlier form *kotor-. Xak. xı ol unuğ kuturdi: ‘he poured (afrağa) the flour from one vessel into another’ Kaš. II 71 (kuturur, kuturma:k); ka:b kuturdi: ‘he emptied (farrağa) the vessel of its contents’7/ 164, le: kuturmıš ka:b ‘an empty (mafrüg) vessel’ II170, e: KB sevlnčin tolu tut saktnčm kutur ‘keep his joy full and pour away his anxiety’ 117; a.o. 1455: Kom. xıv ‘to pour out, empty’ xotar- CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı ğarafa ‘to dish up’ (VU) kotir- Hou. 34, 5: xıv afrağa (VU) kofar- (the vocalization is chaotic and partly lacking, but this seems the likeliest) Bui. 2gr.: xv ğarafa’l-ta'dm (VU> kotar- Kav. 74, 17; Tuh. 27a. x: Osm. xıv to xvı (VU) kotar- (1) ‘to empty’; (2) ‘to dish up’; in several texts TTS I 487; III 479; IV 543-

(D) 2 kutur- (excessive) ‘to be excessive, exceed reasonable limits’ in various applications. Morphologically obscure but cognate to kutuz. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually ‘to rave, be mad’, and the like. Cf. Doerfer III 1439. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. övke nızvanı üze kuturup ‘suffering from the passion of anger to excess’ TT III 29-30: Xak. oğla:n kuturdi: ‘the boy was lighthearted and persisted in his wantonness’ (irteha... wa lacca ft mucftnihŋ; and one says tarığ kuturdi: ‘the crop, vegetation, etc. thrived’ (zakd), originally (it meant that) something ‘exceeded its due measure’ (cdwaza 'an miqdarihŋ Kaš. II 74 (Aor. omitted, kuturma:k); kuturma: le ta'du tatvrak ‘do not behave outrageously’ I 508, 3: xıv Muh. (?) batrdn ‘pert, overbearing’, and the like kutu:rmıš Rif. 149 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kutur- (spelt, ‘with -u-’) diwdna šudan ‘to be mad’ \\\ Sah. 282r. 27 (quotn.); kudur- (‘with -u-’) same as kutur- z84r. 3 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘to be overbearing’ kutur- CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı al-kalab ‘hydrophobia, rabies’ kudurmak Hou. 33, 4.

D kadırt- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kadır-. Xak. xı ol amg boynın kadırttı: alwa 'unuqahu ‘he had his neck twisted’ Kas■ JH 431 (kadirtur, kadirtma:k).

D katart- (? katırt-) Hap. leg.; vocalized as below; Caus. f. of katar- which was perhaps really katır-. Xak. xı ol atığ katartti: ‘he ordered that the horse should be turned back’  (hi-radd) Kaš. III 430 (katırtur, katırtma:k, sic).

D kadrıl- (tviwst, twisted) (kadril, кадриль) Pass. f. of kadır- (twist, turn back); ‘to twist (Intrans.); to be twisted (Pass.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. usually as kayrıl-/kayırıl-. Xak. xı anıŋ bo:ym: (mis-spelt bo:ynnı-:) kadrıldi: ‘his neck twisted’ (iltawa), also used when it is twisted by someone else (ahoehu ğayruhu)', Intrans. and Pass. (yata'adde wa le yata'adde) Kaš. II 235 (kadrılu:r, kadrılma:k): Kip. xv lawa kayrıl- (and mayrıl- (twist?)) Tuh. 32a. 12.

VUD 1 kutrul- (poured) Hap. leg.?; Pass. f. of 1 kutur-. Xak. xı su:v olma:din (MS. alma.'din) kutruldi: ‘the water (or any other liquid) was poured (ufriğa) from the jar’ Kaš. II 234 (kutrulu:r, kutrulma:k).

S 2 kutrul- See kurtul-. (rescued, saved)

D kadran- (whet, sharpen) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of *kadra:-, which s.i.a.m.l.g. except SW as kayra-/ kayıra- ‘to whet, sharpen’ and, less often, ‘to gnash the teeth’. See kadrak. Xak. xı beg aga:r kadrandı: ‘the beg was furious (harida) with him and his conduct and dealings with him were harsh’ Časura) Kaš. II 249 (kad-ranu:r, kadranma:k; these two with -d-); a.o. II 267 (kadirlan-).

D katrun- (return) Refl. f. of katar-, lit. ‘to turn oneself back’. The form suggests that the basic V. must have been katır- or katur-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when he saw the demons King Caštana) yürekin katrunup (assumed the form of the chief of the warriors) U IV 8, 15; v. G. translated ‘steeling his heart’, implying a Refl. f. of katur-; this may be right, though the word would be Hap. leg., but the narrative implies some change and ‘changing his mind’ seems likelier: Xak. xı küle:r er katrundi: ‘the laughing man stopped himself’ (laughing; imtana’a); its origin is changing one’s mind about something (al-harren fi'l--amŋ\ hence one says ol mača: yarma:k be:rür erke:n katrundi: ‘he was giving me money (etc.) and then changed his mind and refrained’ (harirta wa'mtana'a minhu) Kaš. II 249 (katrunu:r, katrunma:k).

(E) kutrar- (save) Atalay lists this as a Xak. word, but in fact Kaš. II199, 21 ff. says that ‘to save’ might perhaps logically be kutrar- but is in fact kutğar- (kurtğar-) (save) because kutrar-, \606\ particularly in the Aor. kutrarur would have had too many rs in it.
606

DIŠ. V. ĞDR-

D kadrıš- Recip./Co-op. f. of kadır- (twist, turn back); both forms Hap. leg. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: boyu:n kadnšdı: 'he competed with me in twisting (/f layy) necks’ (etc.); and one says ol ikki: sö:z kadnšdı: ‘they two contradicted (or refuted, radda) one another’s statements’ Kaš. 7/218 (verse; no Aor. or Infin.): ola:r ikki: boyu:n kayrıšdı: ‘they two competed in twisting necks’ (etc.) III 194 (kayrıšu:r, kayrıšma:k).

VUD 1 kutruš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of 1 kutur-, Xak. xı ol mača: ka:b kutrušdı: ‘he helped me to empty (fi ifrağ) the vessel’ (etc.) Kaš. 7/218 (kutrušu:r, kutrušma:k).

D 2 kutruš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of 2 kutur-, Xak. xı oğla:n kutrušdı: ‘the boys played and enjoyed themselves’ (la'iba... wa našalû) Kaš. II 218 (kutrušu:r, kutrušma:k).

Tris. ĞDR

VUD koduru: (energetically, vigorously, extremely) Ger. of kodur- (stop, give up) used as an Adv. qualifying V.s and less often Adjs.; properly ‘energetically, vigorously’ and, more vaguely, ‘extremely’. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. munča koduru ınčıklayu ‘lamenting so vigorously’ U III 35, 27; a.o. 22, 17; koduru tığlaŋ ‘listen attentively’ TT VI383; Kuan. 176; koduru taŋlančığ erürler ‘are extremely marvellous’ Suv. 348, 3; o.o. U II

7, 6 etc. (kolula:-).

VUD kodurčuk (doll, lit. pretender) Hap. leg.; Dev. or Den. (?) N. origin obscure; al-kayd is normally an A.N. meaning ‘cunning, deceit’, and the like, but must here be a Conc. N. meaning ‘doll’. Cf. kabarčak. Xak. xı kodurčuk ‘a doll’ (al-kayd), that is models in the shape of people (tarnötîl 'ale šürati'1-tıes) which girls make to play with Kaš. I 501.

PUD kudurčak Hap. leg.; this word appears in a section headed fa'al'al of words containing five consonants of which one is -w- or -y-, e.g. bulğayuk, sarkayuk but is spelt kudıcčak or kuru:čak; the meaning suggests that it is a Dev. N. fr. *kudur-, and the text perhaps originally had kuyu:rčak. Xak. xı kudurčak (?) al-uš'uš ‘the tail-bone, coccyx’ Kaš. III 179.

D kadırğa:k Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (connoting repeated action) fr. kadır- (twist, turn back), lit. ‘something constantly twisted, or wrinkled’. Xak. xı kadırğa:k maclu'l-yad mina'l-’amal ‘a blister on the hand caused by manual labour’ Kaš. I 502.

D kudurğa:k Pec. to Kaš.; Dev. N. fr. *kudur-. Xak. xı kudurğa:k ahad zaylayi'l--qaba xalfa (n) ‘one of the two skirts of a robe at the back’ Kaš. I 502; a.o. I 17, 3.

PUD kadırgam perhaps Dev. N. (connoting repeated action); since both in the Brahmt texts and Uyğ. script the same letter is used

for t and d it is uncertain whether it is derived fr. katır- or kadır- (twist, turn back), both of which are semantically possible. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı see kadir: Uyğ. vııı ff. Btid. Sanskrit knietakl a kind of tree, 7richosantus diocca TT VIII A.39 (spelt ketırğan): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. huai ‘Sophora japonica, a kind of acacia’ (Giles 5,028) R II 327; Ligeti, p. 159 (transcribed ha-ti-irh-han ? kadırğan or -kan).

PU katturğa:n See kakurğa:n. (bake, roast)

D kudurgu:n N.o.a.b. Pass. or Intrans. Dev. N. fr. *kudur-; ‘crupper’. Xak. xı kudur-ğu:n tafarul-sarc ‘the crupper of a saddle’ Kaš. I 518; a.o. I 17, 6.

D katırlığ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. katır. Xak. xı katırlığ cr ‘a man who owns nuilcs’ (bağ!) Kaš. I 494.

D kuturma: Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N. presumably fr. 2 kutur-; the cap in question may be that worn by high Uyğ. dignitaries with vertical peaks described by v. G. in ‘Die Dreizack-Kappe uigurischer Würdentreger’, UAjf 36 (1964), p. 331. Xak. xı kuturma: börk ‘a cap which has two peaks (or flaps, canehe, lit. ‘wings’) in front and behind’ Kaš. I 490.

Tris. V. ĞDR-

D kadraklan- Hap. leg.; partially mis-spelt; Refl. Den. V. fr. kadrak. Xak. xı ta:ğ kadraklandi: katura facecu'1-cabal wa huzu-Ttuhu ‘the mountain had many ravines and ruŋged places’ Kaš. II 275 (kadraklanu:r, kadrakianma:k).

D kadirlan- Refl. Den. V. fr. kadir; survives in NE Sag., Šor, Tel. kazirlan- ‘to rage, to be angry’ R II 380. (Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. this word has been misread for katığlatı- in UII46, 58, see km-): Xak. xı er kadırlandı: ‘the man pretended that he had a harsh nature’ ('asura tab’uhu); its origin is kadrandı: (mis-spelt kadrindi:) and this is more correct (ašalıh) Kaš. II 267 (kadırlanu:r, kadırlanmn:k)l

Dis. ĞDS

D kutsuz (unfortunate, unlucky) Priv. N./A. fr. kut (heavenly favor, good fortune, happiness, fate, soul, life force, supernatural spirit, supernatural being); ‘not enjoying heavenly favour, unfortunate, unlucky', and the like. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (they perished in the sea) kutsuz suvilar (error for suvları) üčün ‘because of its ill-omened waters’ (they all perished) PP 54, 1; a.o. TT VI 7 (ülügsüz): Xak. xı kutsuz al-mtidbir fVl-umxir ‘unlucky in one’s affairs’ Kaš. I 457 (prov.): KB 4386 (kutluğ): xıı (?) KB VP bu kutsuz yavuz tep ‘saying “this is unlucky and evil’” 49: xııı (?) Tef. kutsuz ‘unfortunate’ 219 (under kut): Kip. xııı al-tnašüm ‘unlucky, inauspicious’ (opposite to al-muberak kutlu:) kutsi:z Hou. 27, 3: xv maštan kutsız Tuh. 33a. 7; ka'b wahš ( ? meaning; opposite to ka'b muberak, see kutluğ) kutsız tobikli do. 30b. 7: Osm. xıv ff. kutsuz ‘unlucky, ill-omened’, etc.; c.i.a.p. TTS I 503; 11 672; III 492; IV 558. \\
607

Dis. ĞDŠ

DF kadaš (ka:daš) (family and kinsmen) N. of Association fr. 1 ka: (family), q.v.; lit. 'member of the same famiJy, kinsman’, sometimes used more vaguely for ‘neighbour, comrade, friend’. N.o.a.b.; in the medieval period became corrupted to kadaš and thence ultimately to kayaš, its form as a l.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 159ı. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 197-8 (adaš): Yen. kuyda: kadašıma: kunčuyıma: adrılu: bardım ‘I have been parted from my kinsfolk in the women’s quarters and my consorts and have gone (from this world)’ Mai. 29, 3: Uyğ. vııı If. Man. (stand up) kamuğ begler kadašlar ‘all begs and kinsmen’ M II 9, 4: Bud. kadaš ‘kinsman’, sometimes more specifically ’brother’, occurs sometimes by itself TT VIII N.4; PP 35, 5; 53, 4; 69, 4, but more commonly in the phr. ka kadaš see 1 ka: (family) Civ. kadaš normally occurs in the phr. ka kadaš see 1 ka:, but occasionally in USp. in the phr. tuğmıšım kadašım ‘my progeny and kinsfolk’: O. Kır. ıx ff. kadaš ‘kinsfolk, fellow clansmen’ is very common in funerary monuments as one of the groups from whom the deceased has been parted by death; it sometimes occurs by itself (though there usually in association with wife and sons), and in the phr. ekinim kadašım Mal. 3, 1; i'. S! 45> 7>' kadašım do. 16, 2 (?); 18, 4 and yüz er/yüz kadašım do. 10, 2; 42, 2; 49, r: Xak. xı kadaš al-qarîb mina'l--ixwan ‘a kinsman’ I 369; o.o. I 40,7 (2 ka:) and about a dozen others translated al-qartb or al-ax ‘brother’, sometimes spelt kada:š or kadaš: KB (knowledge is) ked bağırsak kadaš ‘a very compassionate kinsman’ 317; bilišil) ne barmu adaš ye kadaš ‘what acquaintances have you, comrades or kinsmen?’ 524; o.o. 1327, 2575, 3209 (1 ka:): xıı (?) Tef. kadaš/kazaš ‘brother, kinsman’ 192-3; a.o. 198 (1 ka:): xıv Muh. al-qaraba ‘kindred’ ka:ya:š Mel. 49, 2 (Rif. 143 yağu:k): Čağ. xv ff. kayaš is used in Hend. with uruk, for example they say uruk kayaš najed wa aqwam ‘descendants and clans’; uruk can be used by itself but not kayaš San. 281 r. 22 (quotns.); o.o. Vel. 98; San. 71 v. 10-14 (uruğ): Xwar. xıv kadaš ‘kinsman’ Qutb 127; kayaš ditto 128; a.o. 126 (1 ka:); kadaš Nahc. 48, 15; kayaš do. 120, 6; 383, 8.

kadıš ‘strap’ (lit. “cut”); s.i.a.m.l.g., usually as kayıš, its form as a l.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1414. Cf. sidnm, yarmdak. Xak. xı kadıš ‘a strap’ (al-sayŋ which is cut as a strip from the hide of a slaughtered beast’ Kaš. I 369; o.o. do. 499 (bakanlığ); III 10 (yetiz); 325 (toku:la:-): Xiv Muh. (under ‘cobbler’) al-sayru l-ğaliz ‘a thick strap’ ka:yı:š Mel. 59, 14; Rif. 158; (under ‘horse furniture’) al-sayr qa:yıš 71, 101 *73 (but translating sadedu'1-sarc ‘saddle-straps’); a.o. 71, 14; 174 (üzerjü:): Čağ. xv ff. kayıš ‘a strap’ (tasma) that is a long strip of leather San. 281 v. le: Kom. xıv ‘strap’ xayš CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kayıš al-sayr Id. 77:xv al-sayr kayš (sic) Kav. 64, 4; kayıš Tuh. 19b. 3.
607

Dis. V. ĞDŠ-

D kaduš- (sew, stitch) (MS. in error?, kadıš-) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kadu:- (sew, stitch). Xak. xı ol maga: tom kadušdı: ‘he helped me to sew the garment with strong stitches’ (ft šamraca... wahwa xiyata muakkada)\ also used for competing Kaš. II 93 (no Aor. kadušur, kadušma:k).

D katıš- (mixed) Co-op. f. of 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist); s.i.a.m.l.g. except SE (?) with some extended meanings. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: talkamka: ya:ğ katıšdı: translated ‘he helped me to mix (ft cadh) oil with the parched grain’; also used for competing Kaš. II 89 (katıšu.T, katıšmak; the. two alternative meanings inadvertently reversed): Čağ. xv ff. San. 26er. 22 (katıl-): Xwar. xıv katıš- ‘to mix, or associate with’ (people Dat.) Qutb 13e: Kip. xv muxlat ‘mixed together’ katıšıptır (sic) Tuh. 34b. 12.

D kıdıš- (cut, sew) Co-op. f. of kıd- (cut); survives with a rather wide range of meanings as kıyıš- in some NE languages and SW Osm.; Tkm. ğıyıš-, Xak. xı ol mača: börk kıdıšdı: ‘he helped me to sew a brim (bi-xiyafati l-hatar) on the hat’; also for helping to sew anything which has a surround or border (lahu istidera wa kifef) Kaš. II 93 (kıdıšu:r, kıdıšma:k, MS. everywhere kıdıš-): ol mača: yığa:č kiyıšdı: ‘he helped me to cut the wood on a slant’ (muharrafa (n)); also used for competing Kaš. III 189 (kıyıšu:r, kıyıšma:k): KB (?) 'azîz ol kıyıšmaz anıgdın bu 'ızz ‘he is gracious and does not deprive (cut) him of this grace’ verse, prob. spurious, in the Vienna MS. after 1248: Xwar. xıv (if you do not walk in their ways and) bir yagka kıyıšsa© ‘turn aside in another direction’ (I will loathe you) Nahc. 318, 13.

D koduš- Recip. f. of ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up); survives, with much the same meaning, only (?) in SW Türki koyaš-/koyuš-, Xak. xı ola:r bi:r bi:rke: ı:š kodušdı: ‘they left (taraka) the matter to each other and. relied (ittakala) on one another’ Kaš. 7/94 (kodušu:r, kodušma:k; MS. everywhere koduš-).

D *kuduš- See kuyuš-.

Tris. ĞDŠ

DF kadašlık (blood-relationship, kinship) Hap. leg.; A.N. fr. kadaš (family and kinsmen). Xak. xı kadašlık al-uxuwıva wa'l-qeraba ‘blood-relationship, kinship’ Kaš. I 503.

Tris. V. ĞDŠ-

D kadıšla:- (cut a strap) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. kadıš (strap, lit. “cut”). Xak. xı ol körnüg kadıšla:dı: qadda mina l--šayrim sayr ‘he cut a strap in a strip from the tanned leather’ Kaš. III 335 (kadıšla:r, kadıšla:ma:k).

Dis. ĞDY

VUF kutay n.o.a.b.; Rad. and Thomsen were no doubt right in translating this word, which occurs in two lists of precious objects, as ‘silk fabric’ of some kind; it is presumably \\ a Chinese phr.; the second syllable might be tai ‘girdle’ (Giles 10,554). Türkü vııı (their white silver) kırğağlığ kutayin ‘bordered silk fabric (?)’ (and musk-scented embroidered brocade) JIN 11; a.o. do. 3 (ešgü:ti:).
608

Dis. ĞDY

Dis. ĞDZ

D kadiz (bark (tree) ‘the bark of a tree’, and in the early period specifically ‘cinnamon bark’; perhaps Dev. N. fr. 2 *ka:d- in the sense of something which detaches itself or is detached from the tree. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (in a series of similes) y^tinčsiz bilge ığač kadızı ‘the bark of the broad tree of wisdom’ M III 31, 1 (iii): Civ. kadiz ‘cinnamon bark’ appears, together with pepper, cardamom, and other spices in several prescriptions H 16, 107; TT VII 22, 5: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. kuei hua ‘cinnamon flower’ (Giles 6,435 5»°°2) kadiz čeček Ligeti 159; R II 329: Xak. xı kadiz lihe'u'1-šacara ‘the bark of a tree’ Kaš. I 365.

VUD koduz (unmarried (female)) n.o.a.b.; the precise meaning seems to be ‘femme sole’, that is a woman who no longer has a husband because he is either divorced or dead, less narrow than tu:l ‘widow’. Prob. Dev. N. fr. ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up) in the sense of something abandoned. Türkü vııı T 48 (ağı:): Uyğ. vııı (I defeated them and) yılkı:sı:n barimim kizi:n koduznn kelürtim ‘carried off their livestock, movables, (unmarried) girls and femmes soles’ Šıı. E 3: Xak. xı koduz al-mar'atu'l-tayyib ‘a femme sole’ Kaš. I 365.

kotuz (kotoz) (yak, herd, cattle, yak’s hair ornament)yak’. Survives in this meaning in SE Türki kotaz: NC Kzx. kodas; Kır. kotos: SC Uzb. kütas; SW Osm. kotaz/kotas (Red. ‘vulgarly xotoz’); see Shcherbak, p. 103. In SW Az., Tkm. ğotaz; Osm. kotaz also means ‘a tuft of yak’s hair worn as an ornament’. L.-w. in Pe., etc. in both meanings, Doerfer III 1414. Xak. xı kotuz baqaru'l--ıvahš ‘a wild bovine’ Kaš. I 365 : KB (as vicious as a bear) kotuz teg öči ‘as spiteful as a yak’ 2311 (but this might be kutuzmad dog’); ye kuzda yorığlı kalın köp kotuz ‘or large herds of yaks ranging the northern slopes of the mountains’ (or bulls, cows, and oxen in the plains cattle fr. 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist)) 5372: Kip. xıv kofuz nl-barcam (Pe. parčam) ‘a yak’s tail’, that is (a tuft of) hair which is hung on horses’ necks Id. 73.

(D) kutuz (mad, rabid) (бешенный)mad’, and esp. ‘a mad dog’; connected etymologically with kutur-. Survives in SW Osm. kuduz ‘rabies'; mad, unrestrained’, of animals, human beings and even some kinds of vegetation. Xak. xı kutuz it al-kalbu'l-kalib ‘a mad dog’ Kaš. I 365: KB 2311 (? , see kotuz): Čağ. xv ff. kutuz (spelt) dhvdna ‘mad’, also pronounced kuduz San. 283V. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kutuz it Qutb 146; Kip. xv 'uqilr mina'1-kileb ‘of dogs, prone to bite’ kutuz Tuh. 25b. 1.

Tris. ĞDZ

D kadızğaklığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. a Den. N. fr. kadiz. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (cold-faced Brahmans) kadızğaklığ 6Hgin ‘with their hands rough like the bark of a tree’ U III 17, 18.

D kotuzluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. kotuz. Xak. xı kotuzluğ er ‘a man who owns wild cattle (i.e. yaks)’ Kaš. I 495.

Tris. V. ĞDZ-

D kadizlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kadiz; the basic f. survives as kayizla- ‘to remove the bark of a tree’ in NW Kaz. R II 98. Xak. xı yığa:č kadızlandı: nabata li’I--šacar lihd ‘the tree grew bark’ Kaš. II 267 (kadizlanu:r, kadizlanma:k).

VUD koduzlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. koduz. Ârğu: xı er koduzlandi: ‘the man married a femme sole’ (tayyib) Kaš. II 267 \koduzlanu:r, koduzlanma:k).

Mon. ĞĞ

ka:ğ ko:ğ/ka:k ko:k (goose cry) Hap. leg.; onomato-poeics. Xak. xı ka:z ka:ğ ko:ğ etti: ‘the duck (properly “goose”) made a noise (sdha) like this onomatopoeic’ (al-hikeya) Kaš. III 128 — ka:z ka:k ko:k etti: ‘the duck (goose) made a noise in this way’ (al-naıv) III 130.

1 kak/ka:k (dry) the general connotation is 'something dried’, often with the implication that it is so dry that it is splitting. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1397. Xak. xı kak al-faliq ‘a dried segment of something’; hence one says erük kakı: ‘dried split plums’ (etc.): kak et al-lahmu’l-qadid ‘meat cut in strips and dried’, also used of anything that is cut in strips and dried (taqaddada): kak al-ğadîr ‘a dry river- or lake-bed’ (verse) Kaš. II 282: (after ka:lt ko:k) and al-faltq is called ka:k ko:k (MS. ka:ko:k) as a jingle ('aid tariqi’l--itbd') III 130; ka:k ‘dried split plums’ (etc.) III 155: XIV Aluh. (i) (under ‘horses’) al-masbtlq ‘the loser’ (opposite to al-sdbiq ‘the winner’) ka:k Rif. 171 (only; the same word used metaph.?): Čağ. xv ff. kak ‘anything dried’ (kurumuš); in Xorasan and Samarkand they dry melons like other fruit, and when they need them they moisten them with water and they become like fresh melons Vel. 323 (quotn.); kak (1) xušk ‘dry’ (quotn.); (2) ‘rainwater which collects in open ground (dašt) and forms a pool (tdldb) and disappears’ San. 274V. 10: Kip. xıv ka:k al-qalt, that is ‘a hole in the rock in which water collects’ Id. 73; al-qadid kak et/ (PU sögrük/kuru: et) Bid. 8, 9: xv qadid kak Tuh. 29a. 6.

2 kak (bird type) Hap. leg.; the name of a game bird, prob. of onomatopoeic origin, cf. ka:ğ ko:ğ. Xak. xı KB kak is included, with swan, pelican (P), crane, bustard, and three other unidentified birds in a list of birds which can be hunted 5377. .

S 3 ka:k See ka:ğ. (strike, tap, knock)

kı:ğ (dung) ‘animal dung’, particularly when used as a fertilizer. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) as kığ/kıy; cf. 2 komuk (dung), 1 yin (dung), etc. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. \\ H II 26, 84 (ükmek): Xak. xı kı:ğdung' (al-zibl) with which land is manured (yuzbal) Kaš. III 129: Čağ. xv ff. kik piškil ‘sheep’s dung’ San. 297V. 27: Tkm. xııı al-ba'r ‘animal dung’ kı:ğ (miss-pelt kayğ; Kip. mayak) Hou. 15, 5: Osm. xıv ff. kığ ‘dried animal dung’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 454; II 623; III 443; IV 506.
609

?D ko:ğ (ember, ash (burning), hot ash, spark, dust, chaff) ‘dust’ and the like; perhaps Dev. N. fr. *ko:- (kop means ‘all’; ko:d-  put, put down, abandon, give up; ko:n- stopover) in the sense of something that settles on the ground. Survives in some NE languages as kok ‘ashes, scurf’ R II 507; xox Khak. ‘burning ashes’; Sag. ‘barley chaff’ Bas. 289; NW Krim kokdust’ R II 507. Cf. to:ğ, to:z. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (we too at the end of a long life) munčulayu koğ bolur ‘will become dust (ashes) like this' USp. 97, 17; (Sanskrit lost) dyanlığ koğı erser meaning uncertain; acc. to v. G. the parallel Sanskrit text requires some meaning like ‘the axle of meditation’ TT VIII A. 34: Xak. xı ko:ğ al-qadefi'l-'ayn atui'l-fa'em ‘fine dust in the eye or in food’ Kaš. III 128: Osm. xıv to xvı koğhot ash, spark’; in several texts TTS 77/464; IV 530; xvııı koğ in Rumi, šixera-i ataš ‘hot ash, spark’ San. 288v. 21.

Mon. V. ĞĞ-

*ka:ğ- (strike, tap, knock) See ka:ğut ((ground) flour, gruel, millet (flour)), ka:ğıl (willow shoot, rod), ka:gu:n (melon), ka:ğur-, kak- (strike, tap, knock) ‘to strike, tap’, esp. ‘to knock on (a door)’; prob. onomatopoeic by origin. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some extended meanings. Xak. xı am: bašda: (? so read, not bašra:) kakdi: ‘he tapped him lightly (qara'ahu... xafifa (n)) on the head’ Kaš. II 293 (kaka:r, kakma:k); yašnat kılıč bašı: (MS. in error bašını:) üxe: kakkıl yara: ‘make your sword flash over his head, strike, and split it’ II 356, 18; o.o. 7 73, 9; 102, 4: Čağ. xv ff. kak- ‘to strike (zadan) one thing against another’ San. 274r. 8: Xwar. xıv kak- ‘to knock on (a door)’ Qutb 131: Kip. xııı daqqa min qar'i l-bab ‘to knock on a door’ kak-; also safaqa'l-rahn ‘to strike hands on a bargain’ Hou. 40, 4: xıv kak- qara’a Id. 73: Osm. xıv ff. kak- (occasionnlly xiv, XV kax-) normally ‘to knock on a door’; in some texts looks like a Sec. f. of kalk- TTS I 404; 77 565; 777 396; IV 453

1 kok- (smoke (on fire), smell, stink) (cook) properly ‘to give out a smell of burning’, hence by extension ‘to smell unpleasant or putrid, to stink’. Survives only (?) in SW Az. ğoxu-/koxu-; Osm. kok-; Kaš.'s alternative form ko:k- may be an error. Xak. xı ya:ğ otta: koktı: ‘the smoke of the (burning) oil rose in the air’ (irtafa'a); it is like when a lamp is extinguished and smoke rises from it; similarly when meat is burnt and its smell of burning (qutaruhu) rises, one says et kokdi: Kaš. II 293 (koka:r, kokma:k); et ko:kdi: ‘the smell of burning meat rose’ also of the smoke of a lamp when it is extinguished (2 ko:k- follows) III 184: Xwar. xııı kok- (or kt>ku-?) ‘to smell’ (Intrans.) 'AH 29, 58: Kip. xıv kok- fehat reyihatu’l-hareq ‘there was a smell of burning’ Id. 73: xv fefıa koku- (Tkm. koksu-) Tuh. 28a. 10.

?D 2 ko:k- (decrease, diminish) ‘to decrease, diminish’, and the like; perhaps Emphatic f. of *ko:- (kop means ‘all’; ko:d-  put, put down, abandon, give up; ko:n- stopover). Survives in the same meaning in NE Sag., Šor kok-; Kumd. ko:k- R II 508-9; Khak. xox-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (your advantages and honor have diminished) edig tavan9 koktı ‘your property and wealth have decreased’ TT I 58-9: Xak. xı su:v ko:kdi: ‘the water decreased (ğeda) from what it had been and subsided’ (sakana)-, and one says 8i:š ko:kdi: ‘the swelling subsided’ (sakana) Kaš. III 184 (ko:ka:r, ko:kma:k).

Dis. ĞĞA

kiki: (outcry, shouting) Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic; cf. kıkır-(shout, cough), kakırla:- (cackle, talk (noisy), croak). Xak. xı on: kiki: calaba wa šiyeh ‘outcry, shouting’ Kaš. III 227.

kuğu: (swan) ‘swan’. S.i.m.m.l.g. as ku, sometimes only in ak ku ‘white swan’; NW Kumyk, Nog. kuv; SW Az. ğu; Osm. kuğu; Tkm. ğuv. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1543. Türkü vııı ff. (a man) kuğu: kuška: soku-.š-mi:š ‘encountered a swan’ IrkB 35; a.o. do. (ur-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT I 225 (uč-): Xak. xı kuğu: al-hazvesil Kaš. III 225 (and 240, 25); there is considerable doubt of the exact meaning of this word which is also used to translate korda:y, q.v.; Red. 812 translates it, inter alia, as ‘pelican’ in Osm., butBrockel-mann translates it as ‘swan’ in one place and ‘cormorant’ in the other: KB (geese, ducks and) kuğu 72; o.o. 365 (tiŋ, noi, 5377: xıv Muh. al-ğumüq ‘stork, or crane?’ (NB. not crane, which is turna:) ku:ku Mel. 73, 5; Rif. 176 (Rif. also ‘white water bird’ kuğu:): Xwar. xıv kuvu (misvocalized kavu) ‘swan’ Qutb 137; ditto (correctly vocalized but with -k- for -V-) 140; ku ‘swan’ MN 5: Kip. xıv (in the list of birds) al-marzam ‘swan’ kuw Bui. 12, 3; ku: (? kuw) ditto (misvocalized al-mirzam ‘the star Rigel’) Id. 7e: xv tamm ‘a kind of goose’ (Steingass) ku (in margin in second hand kuğı/kuğu) Tuh. 8b. 13.

Dis. V. ĞĞA-

kaki:- (angry, enraged, abuse, reprimand) ‘to be angry (with someone Abl.), to abuse’. Survives, with same meaning, only (?) in SW Osm. See Doerfer III 1400. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ovkeleser kakisar ‘if he is angry’ (Hend.) Suv. 595, 10: Xak. xı ol andın kakırdı: ‘he was angry with him (ğadiba *alayhŋ and annoyed (dacira) with what he had done’ Kaš. III 269 (kaki:r, in Arğu: kakıyu:r; the Arğu: form all the Aor.s in this chapter in this way but it is irregular and incorrect; kaki:ma:k): Xwar. xıv kaki-‘to be angry’ Qutb 131: Kom. xıv ‘to abusekağı-/kakı- CCI, CCG; Gr.: Tkm. xıv kakı- ğadiba İd. 73; iğteza, waca'a ‘to be angry, hurt’ kakı- Bul. 33V.: xv al-ğayz ka:kımak Kav. 61, 16; ğadiba ka:ki- do. 76, 12; iğteza (Kıp. yagir-) Tkm. kak- (strike, tap, knock) (in margin in second hand, ğadiba kakı-) Tuh. 6a. 7: Osm. xıv ff. kakı- ‘to be angry, to reprimand’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 402; II 563; III 395; IV 452: xvııı kakı- in Rumi, xišmnek šudan ‘to be enraged’ San. 274V. 10.
610

Dis. ĞĞC

kakač (dirt, filth, worn out, shabby, кака, какашка) ‘dirt’ and the like; perhaps a Dim. f. of 1 kak (dry) in the sense of a dried incrustation of dirt, but more likely to be a quasi-onomatopoeic, esp. considering the alternative pronunciation. Xak. xı kakač al-wasx tea' l-daran ‘dirt, filth’; hence one says to:n kakač boldi: ‘the garment has become filthy’ (wasaxa) Kaš. I 358; kača:č al-daran\ hence one says to:n kačaıč boldi: darana'l-taub, the -č- was altered from -k-, the original form was kaka:č (sic) II 285: Kip. xv atlas ‘worn out, shabby, dirtykakač Tuh. 4b. 12.

Dis. ĞĞD

D ka:ğut ((ground) flour, gruel, millet (flour)) Dev. N. fr. *ka:ğ- (strike, tap, knock); survives only (?) in SW Osm. kavut ‘roasted wheat ground to flour; a gruel made out of such flour’. See Doerfer III 1413. Xak. xı ka:ğut ‘a kind of food made of millet’ (al-duxn)\ the millet is boiled, dried, and crushed, and the flour from it is mixed with melted butter and sugar; it is a food for parturient women (al-nafes, sic) Kaš. I 40e: kawut dialect form (luğa) of ka:ğurt (sic) for the food of parturient mothers (al-nifes)\ millet flour (sawiq) is mixed with melted butter and sugar and eaten III 163 r xıv Muh. al-sawiq ka:wu:t Mel. 66, x (Rif. 165 talkarn): Kip. xıv ka:wu:t ma'rûf tva hutca qibcaqi ‘a well-known Kip. word’ Id. 73; al-qazvut qibcaqiya Bui. 8, le: xv sazviq (karuk, below the line) kawut Tuh. 19a. e: Osm. xıv ff. kavut ‘flour made from parched grain’; c.i.a.p., esp. in dicts. TTS I 435; II 603; III 425; IV 485: xvııı kawut (spelt) in Rumi, ‘wheat and pulses made into flour and eaten’, in Ar. sawiq San. 27čr. 24.

Dis. V. ĞĞD-

D kakıt- (angry, enraged, abuse, reprimand, annoy) Caus. f. of kakı:- (angry, enraged, abuse, reprimand); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol am: kakıttı: ağdabahu wa adcarahıı hatte a’rada 'anhu ‘he angered and annoyed him so that he avoided him’ Kaš. II 308 (kakitu:r, kakitma:k): Xwar. xıv kakıt- ‘to annoy’ Qutb 131.

D kokit- (smoke (on fire), smell, stink) (cook) Caus. f. of 1 kok- (smoke (on fire), smell, stink) (cook); survives with a wider range of meanings in SW Osm. kokut-, Xak. xı ol agar söglünčii kokıttı: ‘he overcooked (qattara) the roast meat until smoke rose from it’; also used when one extinguishes a lamp and makes a disagreeable smell rise from it Kaš. II 309 (kokıtu:r, kokitmark; the agar is not translated, and seems to be superfluous); (in a grammatical section) ol bilikni: korkitti: ‘he extinguished the lamp (lit. ‘wick’) and made it smell’; the base (al-asl) is korkdir and it is made Causative (yu'mar) as kokit-, the -or- is eliminated (saqatat) from it II 323, 13.

D kaktur- (strike, tap, knock) Caus. f. of kak- (strike, tap, knock); s.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı ol am: bašda: (? sic, not bašra:) kakturdi: ‘he urged and incited him to strike ('altl'l-qafx) him on the head’ Kaš. II 191 (kakturur, kakturma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kaktur- Caus. f.; kübenldan ‘to order to strike or beat’ San. 274r. 27 (quotn.).\\\

Dis. ĞĞĞ

D kakığ (anger, opposition) Dev. N. fr. kakır-; ‘anger’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı kakığ al-ğadab rva’l-mureğama ‘anger, opposition’; one says men agar kakığmda: bur ırš kıldım ‘I did this in spite of his opposition’ (rağma (n) lahu) Kaš. I 376.

?S kağuk See kavuk. (bladder)

E karkurk error in the MS. for kark kork; see 1 kak (dry).

Dis. ĞĞL

D ka:ğıl (willow shoot, rod) Dev. N. in -ıl (normally Pass.) fr. *ka:ğ- (strike, tap, knock); basically ‘a willow shoot’; in the Hend. berge kağıl in Uyğ. it must mean ‘a rod used for chastisement’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kılıčı bičgesi kağılı tsun tsun sınar uvšanur ‘their swords, knives, and rods break into small pieces and are shattered’ Kuan. 27-8; berge kağıl TT IV 10, 7 (bedük); 18 note B 7, 2-3 (toglar-) a.o.o.: Xak. xı ka:ğıl qudban xildf ratb ‘fresh willow shoots’ used to fasten vines (to the trellises) Kaš. I 409 (prov.)r KB 1055 (egil-).

PU koklik (aldermen, lit. grey-haired) Hap. leg.; there is no clue to the meaning of this word; it has hitherto been translated ‘perfumes’ owing to a supposed connection with 1 kok- (smoke (on fire), smell, stink) (cook), but morphologically it could not be derived from that V. and that meaning could not be obtained from it. Türkü vııı (five hundred men, led by Li Sün T’ai Chiang-chün, came (from China to the funeral)) koklik (aldermen, lit. grey-haired) [one or two words] altu:n kümüš kergeksiz kelürti: ‘they brought large quantities of. . . gold and silver’ II S n.

Dis. V. ĞĞL-

D kakıl- (strike, tap, knock) Pass. f. of kak- (strike, tap, knock); ‘to be struck, tapped’, etc. S.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı (ol) bašda: (so read, not bašra:) kakıldı: ‘he was struck (quri'a) on the head’; hence one says kakıldı: sokuldi: ‘he was beaten (duriba) and struck when he was humiliated’ (or ‘despised’ dullila) Kaš. II 135 (kakilur, kakilma:k); bu er ol telim kakılğa:n sokulğarn ‘this man is humiliated and slapped (dalul... midakkad) by everyone’ I 520; 525, 12: Čağ. xv ff. kakıl- (spelt) kübida šudan ‘to be beaten’ San. 274r. 24 (quotn.).

D kakla:- (dry) Den. V. fr. 1 kak (dry); ‘to dry (meat etc.)’; s.i.a.m.l.g. except SW (?). Not noted before xııı but cf. kaklat-, kaklan-. Kip. xııı šarraha mitt tašrihi'1-lahm ‘to slice (meat) in order to dry it’ kakla- IIou. 41, 8: xv qaddada ‘to dry’ (meat etc.) kakla- Tuh. 30a. 12.

D kaklat- (dry) Caus. f. of kakla:- (dry). S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol agar et kaklatti: ‘he ordered him to dry (bi-taqdid) the meat’ Kaš. II 348 (kaklatu:r, kaklatma:k).

D kığlat- (dung, urinate) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kığla:-, Den. V. fr. kı:ğ (dung), which survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı ol ye:rig kığlattı: admala ardahu bi'l--sirctn ‘he had his land manured with animal \611\ dung’; and one says ol atın kığlattı: ‘he made his horse stale (urinate)’ (arata) Kaš. II 348 (kığlatu:r, kığlatma:k).
611

Tris. ĞĞN

D kaklan- (dry) Refl. f. (sometimes used as Pass.) of kakla:- (dry); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı et kaklandi: ‘the meat dried’ (taqaddada); and one says su:v kaklandi: istanqa'a'l-me' ıva šera ğudren fi'l-aqlet ‘the water collected and formed pools in hollows’ (i.e. and then dried up) Kaš. II 252 (kaklanu:r, kaklanma:k).

Tris. V. ĞĞL-

D kakırla:- (cackle, talk (noisy), croak) ‘to cackle’ and the like; Den. V. fr. *kaki: (outcry, shouting), an onomatopoeic cognate to kiki: (outcry, shouting), q.v. Perhaps survives in SC Uzb. kakilla- and kakilda- in several NC, NW, and SW languages, R II 61, which are more or less synonymous. Xak. xı KB (geese, ducks, and swans fill the sky and) kakxlayu kaynar yokaru kodi ‘swirl up and down cackling’ 72: xıv Muh. na'aba l-ğureb ‘of a crow, to croakkakırla- Mel. 31, 15; Rif. 116.

Dis. ĞĞN

F xağan (Kagan, emperor) a title of great antiquity taken over by the Türkü in the specific sense of ‘an independent ruler of a tribe or people’. Its earlier history is discussed by Pulleyblank in Asia Major IX, Part 2, pp. 260 ff. It is first noted in an immediately recognizable form as a royal title of the Juan-juan (Jujan) and T’u-yü-hun round about a.d. 400, but Pulleyblank believes that a Hsiung-nu royal title hu-yü (Ancient Chinese ywax-yway) mentioned in connection with events at the end of the 1st century B.C. is an earlier Chinese transcription of the same word (Kagan). In (native) Türkü and (native) Uyğ. texts it is habitually (sic) transcribed kağan, but as both x- and k- would have been represented by the same letter in these texts it was almost (sic) certainly xağan. The relationship between it and xa:n, which is practically syn. w. it, is obscure; the two cannot morphologically be connected in Turkish but may have been alternative forms in the languages from which they passed to Turkish. It became an early l.-w. in Mong. as kağan/ka'an (Haenisch 54-6) and re-entered Čağ. in the latter form. It was Arabicized as xaqan at an early date and in that (in Ar. script) form remained one of the imperial titles until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Türkü vııı xağan is very common; it is normally used of the Türkü ruler himself, but also of the Emperor of China, tavğač (Tabgach Türkic) xağan IN 12, the King of Tibet Tüpüt xagan IN 12, and junior members of the royal family installed as the rulers of subject Turkish tribes, Türgeš xagan, Kırkız xagan IN 13: Uyğ. vııı xagan was the title assumed by Uyğ. rulers when they became independent in a.d. 742 Šu. IN 1, etc.: vııı ff. Bud. adınčığ iduk xagan xan sÜsi ‘the army of our elect, sacred ruler (Hend.)’ TT VII 40, 123-4: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. huang ti ‘Emperor’ (Giles 5,106 10,942) xagan Ligeti 160; R II 71 r Xak. xı (under xa:n) it is the title given to the descendants of \\\ Afresiyeb, nahiva'l-xaqdn, it is used both in the short and the long form Kaš. III 157: KB xa:ka:n is the title given to the poet’s patron 85-6, 102-4, II5: XIV Muh. al-malik ‘king’ xa:ka:n Mel. 50, 4; Rif. 145 (in margin xa:n): Čağ. xv ff. ka’an (also a Pe. word) xaqan ura xan Vel. 313 (quotns.); ka’an šdh-i šdhdn ‘king of kings’; in this connection the Mongols call their own supreme Emperor (padišah) to whom other padišaha are subject ka’an San. 263V. 8; xakan alternative form (murddif) of ka’an that is ‘king of kings’ (quotn.); and they call Emperors in general and the Emperor of China in particular xakan 222r. 23 (followed by a list of other royal titles).

Kagan vs. Hagan: Reference Runic inscriptions, Mayak fortress:

(RTL), Reading Xaɣanïn (LTR), with possessive suffix -ïn, in inscription “Kagan’s Nar, (volume) twenty (units of) won”

In Ogur, transition /q/ > /x/ had been completed by the beginning of the 10th century [Rona-Tas, 1982, Chuvash Studies//Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica, Budapest, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, pp. 163-164], the use of the word /xaɣan/ instead of the /qaɣan/ in the inscription is explicable.

The Oguz tribes moved into the Aral neighborhood at about 750, absorbing a spectrum of the local tribes known under a collective name Alans (Field or Steppe People, Polyans in Slavic) who were big on /h/ (/x/), it can be expected that both the local version /xaɣan/ and the Oguz version /qaɣan/ remained in circulation through the 10th c. and way beyond; the form Kagan was the etymologically original form, and it remained the current Common Türkic pronunciation. The form Xagan is a side dialectal variation.

The Arab (Moslem) writers used the form /xaɣan/, because that form was used by the local southwestern tribes they first encountered (Suvars, Masguts, Kayis), or that was an Arabicized form due to the specifics of the Arab phonetics. Either way, a quasi-scientific presumption on codified single Oguz language, and the assertion that the blend of the local and migrant tribes spoke a common Oguz language without dialectal differences, are pretentious fallacies. The -h- dialect of the Aral basin followed Alans across Europe to Africa, and is prominent in the New World under a name Castilian (Castellano) of the Argentinean Spanish.

?D ka:gu:n (melon) ‘melon’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE with great phonetic variations, but usually as kavun/kawun; morphologically could be a Dev. N. fr. *karg- but except for xa:tu:n, which is a l.-w., this seems to be the only Turkish word with two long vowels, and it is perhaps also a l.-w. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (vegetables, fruit) ka:ğun TT VIII K.4: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘water melonkagun Ligeti 160; R II 77: Xak. xı ka:gu:n al-battix ‘melon’ Kaš. I 410; about a dozen o.o. with same spelling and translation: KB neče körklüg erse kagun taš yüzi ‘however beautiful the outside of a melon is’ (if it has no taste throw it away) 5110: xıv Muh. (?) badru'l-battix ‘melon seed’ ka:wu:n urug Rif. 181 (only): Tkm. xııı al-battix ka:wun Hou. 8, 11: xıv kawun al-battixu'l-ašfar ‘a yellow melon’ İd. 76; xv ditto ka:wun Kav. 63, 15; ‘a yellow, or other, melonkowun (between the lines ‘and kawun’) Tuh. 6b. 12.

VU ?D kokun (spark) Hap. leg.; perhaps an Intrans. Dev. N. fr. 1 kok- (smoke (on fire), smell, stink) (cook), but the semantic connection is tenuous (sic! spark and fire are tenuous?). Xak. xı kokun al-šarara ‘spark’ Kaš. I 404.

Dis. V. ĞĞN-

D kakın- (strike, tap, knock) Refl. f. of kak- (strike, tap, knock); ‘to strike oneself’. Survives as kagin- ‘to beat one’s breast, clap one’s hands’, and the like in some NE, NC, NW languages RII73. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tsuy irinčü ağır ayığ kılınčların ökünüp kakınıp bilinip ukunup ‘repenting his sins and misdeeds, beating his breast and knowing and understanding (his own faults)’ Suv. 139, 23 ff.; a.o. do. 140, 11.

Tris. ĞĞN

DF xağanliğ (empire, kingdom) P.N./A. fr. xağan. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı xağanliğ bodun ertim ‘we were a people ruled by (our own) xağan (emperor’s people)' I E 9, II E 9; o.o. I E 15, II E 13; I E 18; II E 24.

D kağunluğ (melon) Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. ka:ğu:n (melon). Xak. xı kağunluğ er ‘a man who owns melons’ I 499.

D kağunluk (melon patch, бахча) (bahcha) A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. ka:gu:n (melon); ‘a melon patch’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı kağunluk al-mabtaxa ‘a melon patch’ Kaš. I 504; a.o. I 505, 18.
612

Tris. ĞĞN

VUD kokunluğ (sparking) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. kokun (spark). Xak. xı kokunluğ o:t ner det šarara ‘a fire making sparks (sparks’ fire)’ Kaš. I 409.

Tris. V. ĞĞN-

DF xağanla:- (Kagan, emperor) Den. V. fr. xağan (Kagan, emperor). N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı xağanladuk xağanı:n ‘their xağan whom they had set up’ I E 7, II E 7 (r.d-); a.o. Ongin 2.

D ka:ğu:nlan- (melon) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. ka:ğu:n (melon). Xak. xı er ka:gu:nlandi: ‘the man owned melons’ Kaš. III 206 (ka:ğu:nlanu:r, ka:ğu:nlanma:k).

D ka:ğu:nsa:- (melon) Hap. leg. mentioned only in a grammatical section; Desid. Den. V. fr. ka:ğu:n (melon). Xak. xı er ka:ğu:nsa:dı: ‘the man wanted a melon and longed for it’ Kaš. I 280, 4; n.m.e.

DF xağansira:- Hap. leg.; Priv. Den. V. fr. xağan (Kagan, emperor); ‘to be without a xağan'. Türkü vııı IE 13 (elsire:-).

DF xağansirat- Caus. f. of xağansira:-; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı xağanlığığ xağansiratmıš ‘ (we) deprived peoples who had (their own) xağans of their xağans(lit. мы их обескаганили, we de-Kaganated them) IE 15, II E 13; a.o. IE 18.

Dis. V. ĞĞR-

D kagur- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma) Caus. f. of *ka:g- (parch) (not listed); ‘to parch’ (grain and the like); later, more generally, ‘to bake, roast’. S.i.s.m.l., usually as kavur-/kawur-. Cf. kakla:- (dry); the difference between the two words seems to be that kagur- implies the application of heat, and kakla:- merely exposure to the sun and air. Uyg. vııı ff. Civ. (crush ft ku stone and) bakır ešičte sarğar-ğınča kağurupheat it in a copper vessel until it turns yellow’ HI 172-3; a.o. II 16, 23: Xak. xı ol tang kagurdi: ‘he parched (qala) the wheat’ (etc.); kavurdi: alternative form (luğa) with -v- for -g- Kaš. I1 81 (kagurur, kngurma:k; the two Perfs. are vocalized, ? by a later hand, koğ-/kov- (to follow, pursue, chase, hunt, persecute, drive away)): Čağ. xv ff. kawur- (spelt) biryen kardan ‘to roast’ San. 278V. 13 (quotn.): Kip. xııı qalla min taqliyati'l-lahm ‘to roast (meat)’ kawur- Hou. 43, 7: xıv kawur- qala Id. 69 (misplaced), 76; qala ka:wur- Biti. 72V.: xv qala kowur- (sic) Tuh. 30a. 8.

D kıkır- (shout, cough) Intrans. Den. V. fr. kiki: (outcry, shouting); ‘to shout’. Sporadic occurrences of kakır- are similar Den. V.s fr. *kakı:, cf. kakırla:-. Survives as kıyğır- in several NE languages and NC Kzx. R II 693; Kır. kıykır-, Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. katığ ünin kıkırashouting in a loud voice’ U IV 36, 89; 38, 138; o.o. TT X 34, 363-4: Xak. xı er kıkırdı: ‘the man shouted (šeha) calling people at the top of his voice’ Kaš. II 83 (kıkıra:r, kikirma:k); o.o. / 142, 14; 441, 8: KB kikirma (so Fergana MS., others kakirma) ‘do not shout (at meals)’ 4113: xııı (?) Tef. kıkır- ‘to shout’ (to someone Dat.) 207: xıv Muh. tanahnaha ‘to cough, clear the throat’ ka:kır- Meİ. 24, 13; Rif. 106; za'aqa \\\ ‘to shout’ (ča:ğır- and) VU kığır- 26, 15; no (kı:ğır- in margin only): Xwar. xıv kıkırt- (? kıkır- (shout, cough)) ‘to shout’ Qutb 149: Kom. xıv ‘to dear one’s throat’ kakır- CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xıv nede bele ıva eı>ıir (an) ‘to shout loudly, giving orders’ (čağır- and) kığır-Bul. 85r.; Tkm. kığır- vade İd. 73: xv tanaxxatna ‘to clear one’« throat’ kakır- Tuh. 9a. 12: Osm. xıv ff. kığır- ‘to shout, call out (to someone)’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1 455; If 623; III 443’. IV 507: xıv kagir- ‘to clear one’s throat’; in two texts I 402; IV 452: xvııı kakır- (spelt) in Rumi, faryed kardan ‘to shout’ San. 274V. 10.

VUD kakrıt- (hit, tap) Hap. leg.; occurs in a section headed fa'landi mušaddadatu'l-del fi haraketihi ‘of the form CVCCVC- with the last C a with various vocalizations’. The section contains about 100 V.s; vowels of all kinds occur in the first syllable; in the second syllable the vowel is usually (correctly) -a-/-e-, but -ı-/-i- also occurs, this word has -a- in the MS., but morphologically -ı- seems to be required; presumably Caus. f. in -t- of *kakir- (not listed) Caus. f. of kak- (strike, tap, knock) lit. ‘to cause to hit or tap’: Xak. xı ol kakrıtğu: (MS. kakratğu:) kakntti: ‘he beat on a watchman’s drum (sawwata fabla'l-nefur) to keep the sparrows etc. away from the sown seed’ Kaš. II 334 (kakrıtu:r, kakrıtma:k).

VUD kokrut- (reduce) Hap. leg.; in the same section as kakrit- (hit, tap), q.v., and vocalized kokrat- in the MS.; presumably Caus. f. in -t- of *kokur-, Caus. f. of 2 ko:k- (decrease, diminish); ‘to reduce’ or the like. Cf. kokruš- (reduce, ebb, subside), Xak. xı ol su:vuğ kokrutti: naqqaša'l-me' ‘he reduced the (supply of) water’, or some other liquid Kaš. II 334 (kokrutu:r, kokrutma:k).

D kagrul- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma) Pass. f. of kagur- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma) ; s.i.s.m.l. usually as kavrul-/kawrul- ‘to be roast’. Xak. xı buğda:y kavruldi: ‘the wheat (etc.) was parched’; alternative form of kağruldı: (luğa fi'l-ğayn) Kaš. II 235 (kavrulu:r, kavrulma:k); (when the fire of passion takes hold of a man) öpke: yürek kağrulu:r ‘his lungs and heart are roast’ (tataqalle) II 144, 7: Čağ. xv ff. kawrul- (spelt) biryen šudan ‘to be roast’ San. 278V. 23: Kip. xv inqale ‘to be roast’ (kowurun-; in margin in SW (?) hand) kawrul- Tuh. 7a. 1. 1.

D kağruš- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kagur- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma). Xak. xı ol maya: tang kavrušdı: ‘he helped me to parch (fi qaly) the wheat’ (etc.); kagrušdı: with -ğ- alternative form (luğa fihŋ Kaš. II 219 (kavrušu:r, kavrušma:k).

D kıkrıš- (shout, cough) Recip./Co-op. f. of kıkır- (shout, cough); ‘to shout to one another, to shout all together’; it is sometimes impossible to determine which meaning is intended. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. (the demons) kıkırıšu U IV 8, 9; kıkrıštılar do. 22, 295 — (the hunters) kıkrıšup (with loud voices) do. 32, 4-21: Xak. xı eren kamuğ kıkrıšdı: ‘the men all shouted and called out together’ (šehat ... tea calabu) Kaš. II 220 (kıkrıšutr, kıkrıšma:k; in addition \613\ to the kasras, člammas have been placed over the k-, they do not belong here and may have been placed here inadvertently instead of on the following word, q.v.).
613

(VU)D kokruš- (reduce, ebb, subside) Hap. leg.; vocalized kahraš-, but obviously a Co-op. f. of *kokur- (reduce), see kokrut- (reduce). Xak. xı su:vla:r kamuğ kokrušdi: ‘the waters ebbed’ (or flowed away, cazarat (MS. in error carazat)); also used of any liquid when it becomes less (qalla), and of swellings when they subside (sakanat) Kaš. II 220 (kokrušu:r, kokrušma:k).

Tris. ĞĞR

D kakrıtğu: (watchman’s drum) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. kakrıt- (hit, tap), q.v.; ‘a watchman’s drum’. Xak. xı Kaš. II 234 (kakrit-).

PUD kağurğa:n (bake, roast) Hap. leg.; MS. kakurğa:n, lies between tašurğa:n and kavurğa:n; the obvious emendation is kağurğa:n, but katturğa:n is a possible alternative; Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. kağur- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma). Xak. xı kağurğa:n ‘bread which is kneaded (yucan) with melted butter and baked (yutbax) in an oven’ Kaš. I 518.

D kağurma:č (bake, roast) Dev. N. (Conc. N.) (designating foodstuffs) fr. kağur- (parch, sear, bake, roast) (shaurma); survives in SW Osm. kavurmač, same meaning; the parallel Dev. N. in -ma: (Pass.), same meaning, also survives in Osm. Xak. xı kağurma:č (misvocalized koğ-) ‘parched (al-maqliya) wheat’; kavurmaıč with -v- alternative form (luğa) Kaš. I 493: (Kip. xııı (under ‘foodstuffs’) al-taqliya ‘roast meat’ kawurma: Hou. 15, 18: xıv kawurga: (sic, Perror) ‘parched (al-maqliiw) grain’; and ‘roast meat’ (al-maqliiw mina'l-lahm) is called kawurma: Id. 76).

E kuğursak See kuruğsa:k. (stomach)

Dis. V. ĞĞS-

D kaksı:- (dry, rancid, odorous) Simulative Den. V. fr. 1 kak (dry). N.o.a.b.; it is difficult to connect the Kip. word (rancid) semantically with this word. Xak. xı et kaksı:dı: taqaddada'l-lahm wa keda delika mitıhıı ‘the meat dried (in the sun) or almost dried’ Kaš. III 286 (kaksı:r, kaksı:ma:k): (Kip. xv zanaxa ‘ (of oil) to be rancid’ kakšı- Tuh. 18a. 13; zanax wa’l-murawwah ‘rancid, odorous (oil)’ kakšıptır (sic) do. 18a. 9).

Dis. ĞĞŠ

koğuš Preliminary note. Prima facie this word is a Dev. N. in -uš, but there is no trace of *koğ- (kö:n (hide, tanned leather, lit. straightened (mashed) hide)), and even if this was taken to be an alternative form of kov- (to follow, pursue, chase, hunt, persecute, drive away) there is no semantic connection. Equally it seems impossible to find a common basis for the two meanings of the word.

?D 1 koğuš (leather) ‘leather’; n.o.a.b. Cf. kö:n (hide, tanned leather, lit. straightened (mashed) hide). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (just as a sound constantly arises from a drum by the combined action of the wood) koğuška ‘the leather’ (the drumstick and the hand) Suv. 375, 7-8; Civ. koğuš /613/‘leather’ IIII 22, 22: Xak. xı koğuš ‘the hide (cild) of a slaughtered beast, whether tanned or untanned’ Kaš. I 369; o.o. translated cild II 205 (türtilš-); IIJ 140 (kö:n); translated al-šarm ‘tanned leather’ II 210 (sürtilš-); 355 (yağlat-); 111 308 (yağla:-); 319, 1.
613

?D 2 koğuš (groove, large room, hospital ward, dormitory, school room, water-course, drain, spout, gutter, drainage ditch; ground floor) basically ‘a groove’ with various special applications. Survives only in SW Osm., where traditional meanings are not traceable later than xvııı (see below); it now means ‘a large room, hospital ward, dormitory, school room’, perhaps because these are, metaph., grooves in the plan of a building. Xak. xı koğuš al-mat'ab wa'l-mizab ‘water-course, drain’; koğuš mat'abul-tehün 'the spout of a grinding mill’, one says teğirme:n koğušı:: koğuš tarîdatu’l-nabbel ‘an arrow-straightener used by arrow-makers’ (i.e. a groove through which the shaft is forced to straighten it) Kaš. I 369: xıv Rbğ. bu ne koğuš turur ‘what is this water-course?’ R II 519: (Čağ. xv ff. koğušgutter, drainage ditch; ground floor’ P. de C. 433; origin obscure, no trace in any Čağ. authority): Osm. xvı koğuš oki TTS I 476; IV 174 (s.v. čigre) and kovuš okı IV 174 translate Pe. nawah ‘cross-bow arrow’ (i.e. one shot from a groove): xvııı koğuš oku dit to III 153 (s.v. čigre): kovuš translates al-tarida I 488.

D koğša:k (soft, weak, flexible) Dev. N./A. fr. 1 koğša:- (soften, weakened); survives in SW Tkm. ğovšak; xx Anat. koğšak (SDD 950) ‘soft, weak, flexible’, and the like. Uyg. vııı ff. Civ. TT VIII 1.4 (burkı: (wrinkled)): Xak. xı koğša:k ne:g ‘a thing in which there is softness and weakness’ (al-futür wa'l-wahan) Kaš. I 474.

Dis. V. ĞĞŠ-

D 1 kakıš- (hit one another, драться) Recip. f. of kak- (strike, tap, knock); ‘to hit one another’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: bašda: (so read?, not bašra:) kakıšdı: ‘they two hit one another (taqara'a) on the head’ Kas. II 104 (kakıšu:r, kakıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kakıš- (spelt) ‘to hit (kübidan) one another’ San. 274r. 24.

D 2 kakıš- (angry, enraged, abuse, reprimand) Recip. f. of kakı:- (angry, enraged, abuse, reprimand); n.o.a.b.? Xak. xı eren kamuğ kakıšdı: ‘the men were all angry with one another’ (tağaddaba) Kaš. II 104 (followed by 1 kakıš- (hit one another, драться)).

D 1 koğša:- (soften, weakened (leathery)) (exhaust) ‘to become soft, weakk’, and the like; presumably Den. V. fr. 1 koğuš (leather) used metaph. as something soft and pliable. Survives in SW Tkm. ğovša-; cf. kevše:-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. TTII6, 30 (1 a:z): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ertigü koğšayurmen ‘I become very weak (lit. leathery)’ U III 37, 6; o.o. do. 48, 1; Suv. 118, s (alagad-): Civ. (he vomits and) koğšar ‘becomes weak (lit. leathery)’ TT VIII 1.3: Xak. xı katığ ne:g koğša:dı: ‘the hard thing became soft’ Kaš. III 287 (koğša:r, koğša:ma:k): Osm. xıv koxša- ‘to become weak’ TTS I 476.

D 2 koğša:- (straighten) Den. V. fr. 2 koğuš (groove, large room, hospital ward, dormitory, school room, water-course, drain, spout, gutter, drainage ditch; ground floor); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kyetiz alını kovušamıš (sic) teg ‘with a broad (Hend.) brow (looking) as if it had been smoothed’ U IV 30, 49-50: Xak. xı er oknı: kovša:dı: ‘the man straightened the arrow with an arrow--straightener’ (,tarrada... bi-tarida); and an alternative form (luğa) with -ğ- Kaš. III 287 (kovša:r, kovša:ma:k).
614

Dis. V. ĞĞŠ-

D 1 koğšat- (soften, weakened) Caus. f. of 1 koğša:- (soften, weakened); survives in SW Tkm. ğovšat- ‘to soften, weaken’, etc.; XX Anat. koğšat- ‘to soften (the ground) by ploughing’ SDD 950. Xak. xı kuya:š am: koğšattı: ‘the heat of the sun sapped his strength’ (atvhana quivn'ataliu); also used of anything hard when its strength is sapped; there is an alternative form (luğa) with -x- in place of -ğ- Kaš. II 337 (koğšatu:r, koğšatma:k).

D 2 *koğšat- (straighten) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 2 koğša:- (straighten). Xak. xı ol ok kovša:ttı: ‘he gave orders for the straightening (bi-tamlis) of the arrow in the arrow-straightener’ Kaš. II 338 (kovšatu:r, kovšatma:k).

D *koğšal- (straighten) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of 2 koğša:- (straighten). Xak. xı ok kovšaldı: ‘the arrow was straightened (turrida) in the arrow-straightener so that it might become straight’ (li-yatamallas) Kaš. II 236 (kovšalu:r, kovšalma:k).

D 1 koğšaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of 1 koğša:- (soften, weakened). Xak. xı kiši:le:r kamuğ koğšašdı: ‘the men’s strength left them’ (dahabat qinval-ricel) because of the heat which overcame them or the like; there is an alternative form (luğa) with -x- in place of -ğ- Kaš. II 350 (koğ-šašu:r, koğšašma:k).

D 2 *koğšaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of 2 koğša:- (straighten). Xak. xı ol anıŋ okın kovšašdı: ‘he helped him to straighten (ft tatrid) the arrow in an arrow-straightener’ Kaš. II 350 (kovšašu:r, kovšašma:k).

Tris. V. ĞĞŠ-

D koğušları- (flow) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 2 koğuš (groove, large room, hospital ward, dormitory, school room, water-course, drain, spout, gutter, drainage ditch; ground floor). Xak. xı su:v koğušlarıdır ‘the water flowed down a channel’ (reading inta'aba (see the translation of 2 koğuš) for inba'ata ‘flowed’ in the MS.) Kaš. II 268 (koğušlanu:r, koğušlanma:k).

Dis. ĞĞZ

D kokuz (kokoz) (penniless, destitute, inadequate, deficient, half full, partly or completely empty, depression, low-lying) Dev. N./A. fr. 2 ko:k- (decrease, diminish); survives in SW Osm. kokozpenniless, destitute’, described by Red. and Sami as ‘vulgar’; xx Anat. koğuzinadequate, deficient, half full’, and other meanings SDD 950; Tkm. kovuzempty, deficient’. Xak. xı KB kokuz is fairly common, usually in antithesis to tolu: ‘full’, e.g. (if you love someone, his faults are virtues, his crookedness straight) kokuzi tolu ‘his emptiness full’ 536; o.o. 617 (kadğu: (sorrow, grief, care, anxiety)), 1626, 4718, 5296 — (he said good-bye to his friend and went home) köŋli kokuz ‘in the depths of depression’ 5448: Kip. xıv kokuz al-nuuvdi’u’l-mustafil (MS. mustaqill) ka'l-ğûta iva'l-hafira zun'l-cüra ‘a low-lying place like a valley, hollow, or hole’ Id. 73; al-ğûta kokuz \\\ Bul. 3, 11: xv wate' ‘a depressionkokuz Tulı. 38a. 7: Osm. xıv to xvı koğuz ‘partly, or completely, empty’; in several texts TTS I 476; III 465; IV 530.

Mon. ĞL

kal (wild, savage, mad, coarse, shameless, strong, daring, insane) (callous) 'wild, savage, mad’, and the like. Survives in NIC Šor, Tel. kal (of a man) ‘coarse, shameless’ R II 219; Sag. xalstrong, daring’ lias. 268. Uyğ. vııı ff Man. (existence as) kal ağuluğ yılkıda ‘a wild, poisonous animal’ TT III 26; a.o. do. 115 (telve:): Chr. (blind, dumb, lame, crippled) kal ‘insane’ (diseased) M III 49, 4: Bud. U III 76, 13-14 (telve:): Civ. kal it tartmıš kiši ‘a man bitten by a mad dog’ H I 63; o.o. do. 55, 79: (Xak. xı an unvocalized word in a prov. in Kaš. I 409, 5 translated al-šayx has been transcribed kal; it is no doubt kul ‘a servant (of God)’; the prov. means ‘the words of a religious teacher are not disregarded; the willow shoots tying (vines) to the trellis are not untied’): Kom. xıv ‘wild’ kal CCG; Gr.

kıl (hair, bristle) ‘a hair’, esp. a horse hair or bristle; sometimes used as an abbreviation of kıl kudruk (see below). C.i.a.p.a.i. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1607. Cf. tü: (hair (body)) (fur), sač (hair). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the successors of the Buddhas are not cut off and) kılča egsümez tegšilmez ‘do not decrease or change as much as a hair’s (breadth)’ TT VI 205-e: Xak. xı kıl ‘the hair’ (al-ša'ŋ of a man, etc.: kıl kuš al-sabad ‘the swallow’, it is a bird like the goose which comes at the beginning of spring; the begs (al-umara) give one another presents at the beginning of spring (i.e. when it arrives); it is also called kıl kudruğ that is ‘with a tail (like a) hair’ Kaš. I 337: KB (geese, ducks, swans, and) kıl kalıkığ todi ‘swallows have filled the air’ 72; yoluŋ kılda yinčge ‘your road is narrower than a hair’ 6082; a.o. 2154 (ükek): xıv Muh. mu'xaru 1-faras ‘the back (i.e. tail) of a horse’ kıl Mel. 69, 14; Rif. 171: Čağ. xv ff. kıl vttly ‘hair’ San. 298V. rr (quotn.); kil kuyruk ‘a bird like the bağrı kara (Red. in Osm. ? ‘wood grouse, Tetrao urogaffus') which flies in large flocks (four fatvc), in Pe. (PU) xarbata (?) do. 17: Xwar. xıv kıl ‘hair; string’ (of a musical instrument) Qutb 147: Kip. xııı al-qafa ‘sand grouse, Pterocles bicinctus' kıl kuyruk, that is ‘its tail is a hair’ (ša'ŋ Hou. 10, 9: xıv ditto Id. 74; Btd. 12, 4 (mis-spelt); kıl al-ša'r Id. 74.

ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army)) properly ‘the upper arm’, as opposed to elig ‘the forearm, hand’, but in some modern languages more generally ‘the arm’ and even ‘the hand’; also has various metaph. meanings, e.g. ‘a wing’ of an army. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1571. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kol is common, e.g. Sanskrit bhuja ‘arm’ kol TT VIII D.25; kolm yetip ‘taking him by the arm’ PP 25, 1; 36, 3; (dancing and) kolin sala ‘waving her arms’ U II 24, 4; a.o.o.: Civ. (on a Snake Day the soul) kolta bolur ‘gets into the upper arm’ TT VII19, 7; kolm butin sıšlatur ‘it makes his upper arms and thighs: swell’ do. 25, 2: Xak. xı ko:l al-'adud ‘the upper arm’; ko:l ‘the word for what descends (inhabafa) from the peak (al-qulla) of a mountain and rises (irtafaa) from the bottom (qarar) of a valley’, one says o:bn: ko:li: (mis-spelt ko:rh:) ‘-the upper part ('adud)of a valley’: ko:l ‘the central ridge’ (al-šatiba) of a sword or knife, it is an elongated strip (tariqa mum-tadda) which is often gilded (yumawwah bi’l--dahab) and is called kılıč ko:lr. 'adudu'l-sayf Kaš. III 134; (in a final note on words of the form CVvC) we call words in this section ‘abbreviated’ (manqus) because the medial Jong vowel (al-harfti’l-amatu’l-layn) disappears and the word becomes a biliteral in speech (not in writing) although the letters all appear in the written text (al-satŋ; for example the word for ‘upper arm’ is ko:l, but one says amŋ koli: aldı: ‘he grasped him by the arm’, so that it becomes like the word for "slave’ kul owing to the disappearance of the -o:- III 161, 15; a.o. III 288 (sıtğa:-): KB 69 (etin-), 766 (kavuštur-): xııı (?) At. Iki kol dinar ‘two arm-fuls (?) of money’ 312; a.o. 222 (kuč- (embrace)): Tef. kol ‘arm; (of an animal) leg; side; valley’; kol kaš ‘valleys and ridges’ 211-12: xıv Muh. al-'adud ko:l Mel. 47, 7; Rif. 141; (among military terms) al-ciıteh ‘the wing (of an army)’ ko:l 50, 10; 145: Čağ. xv ff. kol (1) ‘small hills (dcpcleŋ on the flank of a mountain which abut on the plains’ (šahre) (quotns.); (2) šaffve alay ve taraf ‘military formation, flank’; (3) el ‘arm, hand’ (quotn.) Vel. 343; kol (1) ‘from the tip of the fingers to the point of the shoulder’, just as 61 means ‘from the tip of the fingers to the wrist joint’; also used metaph. for ‘hand’ (dast) (quotn.); (2) ‘hills and hillocks on the flank of a mountain abutting on the plains’ (quotn.); (3) samt ‘direction’ etc. (quotns.); (4) qalb-i laškar ‘the main body of an army’, which is the commander-in-chief’s battle headquarters (quotn.) San. 289V. 10; a.o. 112v. 3 (elig): Xwar. xıv kol (1) ‘arm’; (2) ‘valley’ Qutb 139; MN 11 o; kol etini ‘the meat of (a sheep’s) thigh’ Nahc. 33, 10: Kom. xıv ‘hand’ kol; ‘arm’ kol CCI, CCG; Gr. 198 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-rvadt 'valley’ kol Hou. 5, 18; al-ibt ‘arm-pit’ kol ‘with back (mufaxxam) -1’ do. 20, 10: xıv kol (mufaxxam) al-'adud ile’l-ašebi' ‘the (uppeŋ arm as far as the fingers’ Id. 73: xv al-yad ‘arm, hand’ kol (and el) Kav. 61,1; dira' ‘forearm’ (aršın and) kol Tuh. 16a. 10; zand ‘wrist’ kol (and bilek) do. 17b. 11; 'adud kol do. 24b. 7: Osm. xıv ff. kol (1) ‘arm’; (2) ‘direction’; fairly common TTS II 646; III 467; IV 532.
615

kul (slave (male)) ‘a (male) slave’; the masculine equivalent of küŋ. C.i.a.p.a.l., now usually, less specifically, ‘servant’. In a Moslem context often specifically ‘the slave of Allah’, i.e. a devout Moslem. L.-w. in Pe. Doerfer III 1572. Türkü vııı beglik urı: oğlıtn kul kilti: ‘they made their sons, who were fit to be begs, into slaves’ II E 7, I E 7 (with bolti: in error for kilti:); a.o.o.: vııı ff. kul savı: ‘the words of a slave’ IrkB 54; bitge:či: isİ:z yavı:z kul bitildim ‘I, the scribe, the wretched, worth less slave wrote this’ Tun. IV 10, 11; (he sent) kuli: elginte: ‘by the hand of his slave’ Toyoh IVr. 5-6 (ETY II 180): Uyğ. vııı kulim ktlgim ‘my male and female slaves’ Šu. E 1: vııı ff. Bud. (if I have made good, well-behaved people) kul küŋ UII 87, 51; (mother and father, members of the same family) ktip kul (quarrel with one another) TT VI 64 (VIII O.7); a.o.o.: Xak. xı kul al-’abd ‘slave’ Kaš. I 336; I 409, 5 (kal); III 161, 26 (ko:l); about 30 o.o.: KB bu mugluğ kuluğ ‘this miserable slave’ 28; o.o. 152, 235, 958, etc.: xııı (?) At. (O God, forgive me) neče me xaf31ığ kul ersem saga ‘however sinful a slave I may be to You’ 38; a.o.o.; Tef. kul ‘slave’; kul kül) 2le: xıv Rbğ. kul ‘slave’ (i.e. Moslem) R II 966 (quotn.); Muh. ğulem ‘servant’ (withPoss. Suffs.) ku:IMe/. 11,10-16; Rif. 85; al-'abd kul 51, 9; ku:l 147; kul 151 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kul (‘with -u-’) 'abd wa banda ‘slave’ San. 289V. le: Xwar. xııı kul ‘slave’ 'AH 32: xıv ditto Qutb 143; MN 71 etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-mamlfik ‘slave’ kul Hou. 29, 4; 32, 15: xıv ditto Id. 73: xv ditto Kav. 44, 6-8; Tuh. 32b. 5; and many o.o.

Mon. V. ĞL-

kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached) basically ‘to remain’; with some idiomatic meanings like ‘to be only, to continue to be; to stop, come to a halt; to remain behind, become obsolete’. C.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü vııı (when my father died) özüm sekiz yašda: kaltimI was only eight years old’ II E 14; a.o. IE 30; Az bodun yağı: kalti: ‘the Az people continued to be hostile’ IN 2; (may the country which our ancestors held) idisiz kalmazun ‘not remain without a master’ II E 16 (I E 19 bolmazun); o.o. I E 20, II E 17 etc.: vııı ff. (a blood horse, exhausted in the desert) turu: kalmi:š ‘came to a halt’ IrkB 17; o.o. do. 9 (1 kat), 13 (yurt), etc.: Uyğ. vnl tümen kon kalmıš ‘ten thousand sheep remained’ Su. W 9; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Man.-A anag kalmıš ağı barami ‘the property (Hend.) which he left behind (when he died)’ Mill 13,6-7 (1): Man. TT III 46 (ulıncığ): Bud. (of the property (Hend.) in the treasury) azgına kalti ‘only a little remained’ PP 7, 5-6; a.o. do. 30, 1 (negülük); (if a man without hands reaches an island of jewels) kuruğ kalır ‘he remains frustrated’ (because he cannot pick them up) TT V 26, 93; a.o.o.: Civ. (we have paid 100 of the 600 yastuks due) kalğan beš yüz yastuk čaw kalti ‘the remaining 500 have remained unpaid’ USp. 12, 6; a.o.o.: O. Kır. ıx ff. beš yašımta: kagsı:z kalıp ‘I was left fatherless at the age of five’ Mai. 45, 2: Xak. xı er k&din kaldı: ‘the man remained (baqiya) behind’; and one says ol oyunda: kaldı: ‘he gave up (taraka) in the game’; also used of anything that remains or gives up; (prov.) e:l kaldı: törü: kalmars ‘the realm has ceased to exist (turikat), but the traditional law does not cease to exist’ Kaš. H 25 (kali:r, kalma:k); about 30 o.o.: KB ajun kalmazum sizigsiz kuruğ ‘may the world not remain empty without you’ 108; (all that \\ is born dies) kalır belgü söz ‘his words remain as a sign of him’ 180; olardin kalu keldi edgU törü ‘good traditional laws have remained from them and come to us’ 269; 3702-3 (1 a:r- (tired, exhausted, weak)); many o.o.: xııı (?) At. ajunda atı kalsu ‘may his name remain in this world’ 70; a.o.o.; Tef. kal- ‘to remain’ 19e: xıv Muh. haqiya tva taxallafa (‘to stay behind’) ka:l- Mcl. 24, 1; Rif. 105; al-baqd’ kalmak 34, 6; 119: Čağ. xv fF. kal- mendan ‘to remain’ San. 274V. 21 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 2e: x111 (?) (when Oğuz Xan saw heŋ usi kalmadı ketti ‘he lost his senses' 63; o.o. 254 etc.: xıv kal- ‘to remain’ Qutb 129; MN 37, etc.: Kom. xıv kal- ‘to remain; to stay behind; to come to an end’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 191 (quotn.): Kip. xııı haqiya mina’l-baqd’ tea ta'xir kal- (‘with back -1-’; spelt kol-) Hou. 38, e: xrv kal- ğahara (‘to remain, stay’) wa haqiya Id. 74; haqiya kal- Bid. 30r.: xv kal- haqiya tea ta’axxara Kav. 10, 5; baqiya kal- Tuh. 8b. 3; ddma (‘to continue’), baqiya, inqata'a (‘to come to an end’), ta’axxara kal- do. 13a. 7: Osm. xıv to xvı kal-, in addition to its ordinary meanings, is noted as meaning ‘to be attached to (something Dat.)' in several texts TTS I 407; II 568; III 399; IV 457.
616

kıl- (do, make, act, copulate) ‘to do (something); to make (someone something)’ and the like; very often used, like e:t- (do, make, create, ornament, adorn, put in order, organize), q.v., to form Compound V.s with N.s, esp., in the later period, l.-w.s. C.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü vııı čığaıi bodunığ bay kıltim ‘I made the poor people rich’ I S 10, UN 7; II E 7 (kul); a.o.o. (this is the only usage in these texts): vııı ff. Man. baš kiltımız erser ‘if we have wounded’ Chuas. 53; kılınčın kılu umaz biz 'we cannot do what they (the Hearers) do’ 322; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı yok kılmadım ‘I did not exterminate’ (the common people) Šu. E 2; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Man. (the wind) kečgülük yarašı edgü yıdlığ yıparlığ kılurmakes (all places and waters) fit to cross and fragrant (Hend.)’ Wind. 29-30: Bud. kıl- is very common in two usages, (1) e.g. ayığ kılınč kılur ‘they perform evil deeds’ PP 2, 1; öŋi öŋi kazğanč kılmak ayu birdiler ‘they suggested various ways of making profits’ do. 13, 1-2; (2) e.g. (then King Brahmadatta) badra ktztğ... üstünki yeg kunčuy kıltımade the maiden Bhadre... his chief wife’ U III 53, 4 ff.: Civ. kıl- is very common, e.g. buyan kıldo virtuous deeds’ TT VII 28, 2; negü ıš kılayın ‘what shall I do?’ do. 3; čurni kılıpreducing (various ingredients) to powder’ HI 4,8 etc.; sovuk kılıp ‘chilling’ do. 135: O. Kır. ıx ff. Külüg Totok ečim kiši: kıldı: ‘my elder brother Külüg Totok brought me up’ (lit. ‘made me a man’) Mai. 6, 2: Xak. xı er ı:š kıldı: 'amila'l-racul ‘the man did something’; and one says er ki:ziğ kıldı: ‘the man copulated (edma'a) with the girl’; this is an allusive phrase (kindya) for copulation, and the Oğuz therefore avoid the use of this word, and substitute e:tti: lit. ‘to put in order’ (ašlaha) for kıldı: in the sense of 'amila'l-šay'; for example, they say er yükünč e:tti: ‘the man prayed’ (ašlaha'l-šalat) \\\ while the Turks say kıldı: Kaš. II 25 (kılu:r, kılma:k); over 40 o.o.; sometimes by itself, e.g. oš mundağ kılact in precisely this way’ / 36, 20; sometimes with an Object, e.g. edgülüküg... kıldo good’ I 44, 2; and sometimes to form Compound V.s, e.g. terk kıl asri' ‘hurry’ I 350, e: KB kıl- is very common in the same usages as in Kaš.: xıı (?) KB VP (everything came into existence as He wished) kimi kim tilese kılur ol uluğ ‘whatever He wishes that Great One does’ e: XIII (?) KBPP neni kim tiledı erse kıldı (‘did whatever he wished’) 3-4; At. kıl- is very common, esp. in forming Compound V.s with l.-w.s; Tcf. ditto 208:xiv Muh. 'amila kıl- Mel. 8, 5-6; Rif. 80; al-fa'l ‘to do’ kılmak 8, 6; 80; fa'ala kıl- 30, 1; 113; a.o.o.: Čağ. xv ff. kıl- (-ğuŋ, etc.) eyle- Vel. 332; kıl- kardan ‘to make, do’ San. 297V. 27 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kil- ‘to do’ 'Ali 12: xııı (?) ditto, and to form Compound V.s Oğ. passim (et- does not occur): xıv ditto Qutb 147, MN 5, etc.: Kom. xıv kıl- ‘to do; to make (something Acc.)’; and to form Compound V.s CCG; Gr. 206 (quotns.): Osm. xıv ff. kıl- ‘to do, or make (something Acc.)’ and in Compound V.s; fairly common TTS I 457; II 625 ; III 445; IV 509.

kol- (ask for, pray) (call) ‘to ask for (something Acc.)’; there are possible traces of an alternative form koli-, see kolğu:čı:, but prob. only as a Sec. f. Survives-only (?) in NW Kar. L., T. R 7/584. Türkü vııı ff. (a man met a god and) kut kolmi:š ‘asked for his favour’ IrkB 47; Man. suyumuzni yazukumuzni bošunu kolmak kergek erti ‘it was necessary to pray to be freed from our sins (Hend.)’ Chuas. 263-5; a.o. do. 288 (a similar phr. in 279-80 has ötünmek for kolmak); krmšuxn kolti ‘he asked for pardon (Sogdian l.-w.)’ TT II 8, 36; a.o. M HI 22, 3-5 (>') (^tigllg): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A tegzinti bušı kolti ‘he walked about asking for alms’ M I 32, 12: Man. kut kolurbiz TT III 172-3; M II 10, 4; kiv kolurbiz same meaning do. 10, e: Bud. adın ağılık kolti ‘he asked for another (gift of) treasure’ PP 7, 4; kut kolti do. 51, 2; o.o. do. 48, 4; 64, 5; U I 31, 4 etc.; Xak. xı ol mendin ne:ŋ koldt: ‘he asked me (sa'ala minnî) for the thing’ Kaš. II 25 (kolu:r, kolma:k) ; o.o. I 224 (ümlüg); 274, 17: KB boldi kolmıš kamuğ ‘all that he wished came into existence’ 4; seni koldi rabbdin adın kolmadi ‘he asked God for you and nothing else’ 38; töšek koldı yattı ‘he called for his bed and lay down’ 5673, 6212; o.o. 39 (emgek), 432 (erej),442i (alıš), etc. : xııı (?) At. (if he is given two armfuls (see ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army))) of money) üč kol kolur ‘he asks for three’ 312; Tef. kol-‘to ask for’ 212; xıv Rbğ. ditto R II 585 (quotns.): Čağ. xv ff. kol- (mak) dile- ‘to ask for (permission, or a girl in marriage)’ Vel. 342 (quotns.); kol- xwastan tva talab kardan ‘to ask for, request’; the narrower meaning given by the Rumi author (i.e. Vel.) is erroneous; it means ‘to ask for’ other things as well San. 288v. 23 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Nahc. 11, 4; 321, 12; 385, 12: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, \617\ CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv šalla 'to praykol- . . the word means both ‘to pray’ (al-fallet) and ‘to ask for’ (al-du'e) Kav. 78, 5; o.o. do. 10, 5; 12, 13 (everywhere vocalized kıl-, apparently owing to confusion with the syn. phr. namaz kıl-).
617

Dis. ĞLA

кälä (cattle, cow)

(D) kali: (if, how?, when) the normal word for ‘if’ in Xak., used with the Conditional mood; occasionally means ’how ?’; perhaps a later form of kalti, q.v.; not traceable earlier than Xak., in which it is very common, or later than Muh. It has no connection with kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached), or kali:si:z, q.v., but perhaps has some primeval etymological connection with ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some) and kačan, q.v. Xak. xı kali: a Particle (harf) meaning kayfa ‘how?’, law ‘if’, and ide ‘when, if’; (in a verse) kelse: kali: katığlık ‘if (ide) hardships and misfortunes come to you’; and one says bu: sen bu: r.šığ kali: kıldıg "how (kayfa) did you do this?’ (the first bu: seems superfluous); and one says sen kali: barsa:sen ‘if (law) you go’ Kaš. III 233; about a dozen o.o. with the Conditional meaning ‘if’ and usually translated ide: KB kali with the Conditional meaning ‘if’ is common, 175, 213, 240, 295, 494, 75o (i:d-), 783, etc. — kali sevmeyin kör bu edgü kišig ‘how could I fail to love this good man?’ 933; kali kančaka kirme ‘do not go into questions of “how ?” or “whither ?” ’ 27: xııı (?) At. kali, with Conditional, ‘if’ occurs six times: xıv Muh. harf law yanüb 'atthu ‘the place of the Particle “if” is taken by’ kali: Mel. 16, 6; Rif. 93 (but the example is corrupt and contains the Conditional without kali:).

kula: (color) a word for the colour (color) of a horse’s coat; s.i.a.m.l.g., usually meaning ‘dun with a black mane and tail’. L.-w. in Mong., Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1524. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict huang ma ‘a yellow (or earth-coloured) horse’ (Giles 5,124 7,576) kula at R II 967; Ligeti 169: Xak. xı kula: at al-farasu’l-xaluqtyu’l--lawn ‘a dun horse’ Kaš. III 233: Kip. xııı (among horses’ colours) al-ašfaru'1-mi'šam bi’l-sawedi’l-max (üti’l-kafal ‘with yellow legs and black stripes on the back’ (?) kula: Hou. 13, e: (xiv VU al-anisa aküla: (sic) kaz Bui. 12, 4 prob. contains the same word; Zaj. is no doubt right in regarding the a- as intrusive; al-anisa means ‘magpie’, but kaz |goose’ implies a larger bird and he is prob. right in reading al-untsa (or unaysa?) ‘flamingo’, though the colour hardly fits).

VU kolu: (period of time) *a period of time; in the astronomical texts specifically ‘a period of ten seconds’, see TT VII, p. et, note 8, 3, but in the phr. öd kolu as indefinite as English ‘moment’ or ‘times and seasons’, though no doubt much less than a day. Pec. to Uyğ. and perhaps a l.-w.; see kolula:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 26, 20-1 (ö:d (time)): Bud. Pfahl. 6, 1 etc. (ö:d): Civ. iki yüz altı yegirmi kolu ertmište ‘when 216 periods of ten seconds (i.e. 36 minutes) have elapt«ed’ TT VII 8, 3; (on the chi Ox day) tünle fokuj&unč ögte yüz tört el(l)ig [kolu...] ‘in the ninth hour of the night, when 144 [periods of ten seconds have elapsed ?]’ do. 9, 32-4.

Dis. V. ĞLA-

?D ka:la:- (heap) ‘to heap up’ and the like; survives with the same meaning only (?) in SC Uzb.; the other verbs of this form collected in R II 226 are l.-w.s fr. Mong. kalağa- ‘to burn’ (Kow. 787). Prima facie a Den. V. but not connected semantically with 1 or 2 ka: (vessel, container) and hardly to be derived fr. ka:- (pack, pile). Xak. xı ka:la:di: is a more correct (afšah) form of ka:dı: Kaš. III 249 (ka:-); n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. kala- (-dı) biri biri üzerine yığ- (assemble) ‘to heap on one another’ Vel. 323 (quotn.); kala- (spelt) bar sar ham čıdan ‘to heap on’ San. 2y$r. 11 (quotns.).

kalı:- (jump, rise, buck) originally ‘to rise in the air’, hence ‘to jump’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NE several languages kali- R II 239; Tuv. xalı-‘to jump’, and SW Tkm. ğal-. Türkü vııı ff. (a man’s horse tired; he met a swan, and mounted its wings and) anı:n kalı:yu: ban:pan ‘so rose in the air and went off’ IrkB 35; (the falcon...) kalı:yu: barmhš do. 44: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Hüen-ts. 1878-9 (kalaŋur-): Xak. xı at kalı:di: wataba'l-faras wa camaha ‘the horse bucked and ran away’ Kaš. III 272 (kalı:r, kalı:ma:k): KB kayada kalığlı bu ımğa teke ‘the wild goats (Hend.) jumping on the rocks’ 5373 (thus the Vienna MS., prob. correctly, the other MSS. have yorığlı which occurs in the same position in the two preceding lines but is inappropriate here).

Dis. ĞLB

kalva: (arrow (dull, blunt)) ‘a blunt hunting arrow’, used to kill small game without injuring the skin; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı kalva: al-cummeh wahwa'l-sahmu'l-ladi le našl 'alayhi wa našluhu min xašab mudawwar ‘a blunt arrow, that is one without a (metal) head; its point is of rounded wood’ Kaš. I 426; a.o. I 528, 10 (3 teg).

PUD kolbıč (waist, armpit) an anatomical term, n.o.a.b., associated with be:l (waist) (belt) ‘waist’; Arat translates it ‘armpit’ which is plausible. If so, it is prob. a misreading of koltik, q.v. Uyğ. vill ff. Civ. belin kolbıčın barča ağrıtur ‘it makes the waist and armpits (?) thoroughly painful’ TT VII 24, 23 (text fragmentary); (it makes his head and eyes ache; it makes his arms and thighs swell) yürekilen bilin kolbıčın ağn-tur ‘it makes his heart, waist and armpits painful’ do. 25, 3.

kalbuz (lump, gobbet, chunk) Hap. leg., but see kalbuzla:-. Xak. xı kalbuz al-luqma ‘lump, gobbet’; one says kalbuzla:di: ne:ŋni: ‘he cut the thing into lumps’ (iltaqama) Kaš. I 458.

Tris. ĞLB

F kula:wuz (guide) (Norse gal∂r “caller”, Tr. kam) ‘a guide’; no doubt a l.-w. Doerfer III 1504 points out that the word is first noted in ibn Fadlen (a.d. 923) in connection w. Jurjan and plausibly suggests that it \618\ was borrowed fr. (Iranian) Khwarazmian. L.-w. in Pe. and other languages. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. kulavuz/kulağuz, now spelt kılavuz. Xak. xı kula:buz al-dalil ‘a guide’; the -b- was changed from -w-; prov. kalın ka:z kula:wuzsu:z (sic) bolma:s translated ‘a flock of ducks (should be ‘geese’) does not fly except with a leader’ Kaš. I 487: KB (of the stars in the sky)... bir anča kula-vuz ‘some are guides’... bir anča kulavuz bolur yitse yol ‘some become guides if a man loses his way’ 128-9: xıv Muh. (?) al-dalil ku:la:wuz Rif. 155 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kola-wuz/kulawuz (spelt; ‘both with -o- and with -u-’) (1) dalil wa balad îca rehnume ‘guide, escort’ (quotn.); (2) ‘the emergence (birtln amadan) of the point of the grain from the husk’ San. 289V. 28 (kulawuzluk follows): Kip. xııı dalilu’l-tariq ‘a guide on a journey’ kula:gu:z Hou. 25, 6; dalla 'ala'l-tariq kula:-gu:zla:- (sic, with kef); al-dalil fi'l-tariq kula:eu:z (ji'c) do. 40, 7: (xiv kula:wuzla-dalla Id. 74): Osm. kulavuz/kulağuz ‘guide’; c.i.a.p. in both spellings TTS 7/662; 77/484; IV 550.
618

Tris. ĞLB

Tris. V. ĞLB-

D kalbuzla:- Den. V. fr. kalbuz (lump, gobbet, chunk); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol kalbuzla:di: ne:ŋni: ‘he cut the thing into lumps’ (iltaqama) Kaš. III 350 (kalbuzla:r, kalbuzla:ma:k); a.o. 7 458 (kalbuz).

xulifa title see sulifa title

Dis. ĞLC-

kılıč (sword)sword’. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1510. Türkü vııı ff. altum kuru:ğsakımı:n kıhčı:n kesi:pcn ‘cutting mv golden belly with a sword’ IrkB 8; a.o. Miran B r. 10-11 (ETY II 66): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. sürjü kılıč ‘lance and sword’ TT V 10, 92; o.o. UII 78, 30-1 (bič-); TT X 356, 537; Kuan. 27: Civ. TT I 162-3 (üz-): Xak. xı kılıč al-sayf ‘sword’ Kaš. I 359 (prov.; verse); over 20 o.o.: KB kılıč aldı ‘he took a sword’ 268; o.o. 222, 286 (bič-), 2139-41, etc.: xııı (?) Tef. kılıč ‘sword’ 208: xıv Muh. al-sayf kılı:č Mel. 8, 14; 71, 4; Rif. 81, 173; a.o.o.: Xwar. xııı (?) ditto Oğ. 28 etc.: xıv ditto Qutb 147, MN 77, etc.; kılınč (sic?) Qutb 148: Kom. xıv ‘sword’ kılıč CCI, CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı al-sayf ktlı:č Hou. 13, 14: xıv ditto Id. 74;xv ditto Kav. 31, 6; 63, 19; Tuh. 19b. 10: Osm. xıv ff. kılıč noted in various phr. TTS 7 456; II 625; ///444Î IV 508.

kulač (fathom) ‘fathom’, the distance between the finger-tips of two outstretched arms. S.i.a.m.l.g. as kulač with minor phonetic changes in the . Both semantically and phonetically Kaš.’s suggestion of a connection with ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army)) is impossible. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1502. Xak. xı kulač al-ba ‘fathom’; its origin is kol a:č (sic) ‘open out the arms’; one says bi:r kulač barčm ‘a fathom of brocade’ Kaš. I 358: KB (where is that man who seized other people’s land?) kulač yer altndt yatur ınčı-kin ‘he has got himself (only one) fathom’s length of land and lies groaning’ 6439: xıv Muh. al-be’ ku:la:č Mel. 47, 9; Rif. 141: Čağ. xv ff.

kulač (fathom) ‘an expression for the distance between the finger tips when the arms are outstretched’ San. 289V. 19 (quotn.): Xwar. xırı (?) Oğ. 364 (tiktür-): Kip. xııı al-ba kula:č Hou. 20, 18:xiv ditto Bui. 9, 11; kulač (‘with -č’) al-ba , and in the Kiteb Beylik kula: Id. 73: xv be' kulaš (sic) Tuh. 7a. 6.

D kolčak (muff; gauntlet, glove) Conc. N. fr. ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army)); survives in SW Az. ğolčağ, Osm. kolčak ‘muff; gauntlet, glove’, and the like. In Uyğ. it looks more like a Dim. f., but -čak is not noted in this meaning. L.-w. in Pe. in Čağ. meaning, Doerfer III 1511. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the child) iki ko:lıčakın (sic) atası boy[unın] kočup ‘clasping his father’s neck with his two little arms (?)’ U III 64, 13-14: Cağ. xv ff. kolčak ‘a piece of armour (šilehŋ made of steel and fastened to the forearm (said) in battle’ San. 2gor. 10.

Tris. V. ĞLC-

D kılıčla:- (kill (sword)) Don. V. fr. kılıč (sword); ‘to kill with the sword’. S.i.s.m.l. Türkü (he lanced six men; his lance broke) ydtinč erig kılıčla:dı: ‘he killed the seventh with a sword’ I N 5: Xak. xı ol anı: kılıčla:dı: ‘he struck him with a sword’ (sefahu bi'l-sayf) Kaš. III 331 (kılıčlan, kılıčla:ma:k): Osm. xv-xvi kılıčla-occurs in several texts TTS III 444; IV 508 and the Recip. f. in xvı to xvııı.

D kulačla:- Den. V. fr. kulač (fathom); survives in SW Az., Tkm. ğulačla:-; Osm. kulačla- ‘to measure in fathoms, to walk fast waving the arms’. Xak. xı ol uruknı: kulačla:dı: ‘he measured the rope (etc.) in fathoms’ (abe'a... bi-baihŋ Kaš. III 330 (kulačla:r, kulačla:ma:k): KB kayu yer kulačlayu yügrür yadağ 'some run on foot striding over the ground’ 1734.

D kılıčlan- (kill (sword)) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of kılıčla:- (kill (sword)). Xak. xı er kılıčlandı: ‘the man owned a sword’ Kaš. II 267 (kılıčlanu:r, kılıčlanmak).

Dis. ĞLD

(D) kalti: (how, when, if) normally ‘how?’ or ‘ (just) as’; less often, with Conditional mood, ‘when’ or occasionally ‘if’. Not noted later than Uyğ., and apparently an earlier form of kali:, q.v. It has no connection with kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached) but perhaps has some primeval etymological connection with ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some), q.v. Türkü vııı ff. kalti: yürü:ŋ tašığ alsar ‘if a man takes a white stone’ Toyok 14-15 (ETY II 58); kalti: erklig ‘how powerful?’ Toy. III 2v. 11-12; kalti: uyi:n ‘how shall I be able to get on ?’ IrkB 45: Man. (we know) yaruklı karalı kalti katılmıš ‘how light and darkness were mixed’ Chuas. 166-7; a o- 170-1; ka[ltı] etöz kodsar biz ‘when we lay aside our (human) bodies’ TT II 6, 3: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A ınča kaltl suv 1 ığač kapağın yerde ača berürce ‘just as water opens a door in the ground for bushes and trees’ M I 13, 7-9; kalti... yaraturča ‘as a man makes’. . . (kalti... örtürürče... kalti... erürče) ančulayu ma ‘so also’ do. 14, 8-13; a.o. M III 12, 6 (iii) (‘when’; konuk): Man. ınča kalti... yeme ‘just as ... so’ Wind. 30-47: Bud. Sanskrit yathe ‘as’ kalti... ča TT VIII A. 3; kalti puram ulatı azağ nomluğlar sözleyürler ‘as the teachers of false doctrines, the Purenas, etc. say' U II 8, 13-14; ınča kalti ‘for example’ (in a list of sins) TT IV 6, 26-7; o.o. of kalti... teg Iliien-ts. 324; TT VI 336; ančulayu kalti USp. 89, 11; 106, 32-3 — kalti altı kün ertip bardı ‘when six days had elapsed’ PP 20, 1-2; kalti taluy ögüzke tegip ‘when he reached the sea- (shore)’ do. 31, 3; kalti... erser ‘when ... is’ do. 38, 5-7: Civ. ančulayu bolur kalti... teg TT I 51-2.
619

Dis. ĞLD-

D kaltuk (kaltok) (lifted, horn (drinking), saddle, saddle tackle); prob. abbreviated Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kalıt- in the sense of something lifted up. L.-w. in Pe., etc. in the Čağ. meaning, Doerfer III 1508. Xak. xı kaltuk ‘the horn (qarn) of a wild ox’ which is hollowed out (yutqab), and broth (al-xamiz) is drunk from it Kaš. I 475: Čağ. xv ff. kaltak (spelt) ‘a leather attachment to the tree (hana) of a saddle, the saddle-tree itself’ San. 275r. 21.

D kıltık (hair (lump)) (колтун) Den. N. fr. kıl (hair, bristle). Survives in SC Uzb. kiltlk; NW Kk., Noğ. kılšık; SW Az. ğılčığ; Osm. kılčık; Tkm. ğılČik meaning ‘the beard on a grain of wheat, rice, etc.; a small fishbone; short, coarse hair’, and the like. Cf. kildruk. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1509. Xak. xı kiltlk (unvocalized) ibriyatu’l-ra's wa hazeza-tuhu ‘scurf (Hend.) on the head’ Kaš. I 475: Čağ. xv ff. kıltık/kılčık (both spelt) (1) müy ‘a hair’; (2) xer-i mehi ‘a fish bone’; (3) xerhe-i sirtiz ‘the sharp spikes on grains of rice or barley’, in Pe. desa San. 298V. 16.

D koltuk (armpit) Den. N. fr. ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army)); ‘armpit’. The spelling koltik in Uyğ. and Kaš. (but with Den. V. koltukla:-) may be the original form. S.i.s.m.l.; l.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1575. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kimniŋ koltıkı yıdığ bol-sar ‘if a man’s armpits become malodorous’ II I 28: Xak. xı koltik (sic) al-ibif ‘armpit’ Kaš. I 475: xııı (?) Tef. koltuk ditto 212: Čağ. xv ff. koltuğ/koİtuk ztr-i bağal ditto San. 29or. 8: Kom. xıv ditto koltuk CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ibit koltuk Hou. 20, xo: xıv ditto Id. 74: xv ditto Kav. 61, 5; Tuh. 4b. 2.

D kildruk (hair, bristle) Hap. leg.; Diss., but completely unvocalized; abbreviated Conc. N. in -duruk fr. kıl (hair, bristle). Cf. kıltık (hair (lump)) (колтун). Xak. xı kildruk safe'1-burr ‘the beard (hair) on wheat’ (etc.) Kaš. III 417.

D koldaš (comrade, friend, fellow) N. of Assn. fr. ko:l (arm, upper arm, hand, wing (army)); ‘comrade’, lit. one with whom one links arms. S.i.s.m.l. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1507. Xak. xı koldaš ‘a comrade’ (al-qarln); the word is used only between servants of notables Kaš. I 461; a.o. \\ III 11,3: KB blllgsiz kılınčı yavuz koldaš ol ‘his (own) actions are bad comrades for an ignorant man' 321; o.o. 1697-8 (adaš) 227e: xıı (?) Tef. koldašcomrade, friend’ 2x2: xıv Rbğ. ditto R II 600 (quotns.): Čağ. xı koldaš yer ve yoldaš ve dastgir ‘friend, fellow traveler, comrade’ V?l. 344 (quotns.); hamdast ‘comrade’ San. 2gor. 11 (quotn.): Osm. xıv andxv ditto in several texts TTS 1478; IV 553.

Dis. ĞLD-

D kalat- (ka:lat-) (wrapped, enclosed) Caus. f. of ka:la:- (heap); survives in SC Uzb. kalat-. Xak. xı ol to:nuğ kalattı: gallafa'l-tawb ‘he had the garment wrapped up’; also used of anything you have put in a wrapper or wardrobe (lifefa aw šiwen)\ originally karlattı: Kaš. II 3io (kala-tu:r, kalatma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kalat- Caus. f.; ‘to order someone to heap up’ San. 2J5T. 25.

D kalıt- (jump, rise, buck) Caus. f. of kalı:- (jump, rise, buck); s.i.s.m.l. in NE. (Türkü vim this word has been incorrectly read in T 25, see uğraklat-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the king of the dragons) kalit(t)i elt(t)i ‘raised him in the air and carried him' PP 52, 3 : Xak. xı bu: er ol atın telim kalıtğa:n ‘this man constantly makes his horse buck’ (yuwattib) Kaš. I 515; n.m.e.

D kulad- (enslaved) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. kul. Türkü vııı kügedmiš kuladmıš bodunığ ‘the people who had become female and male slaves (enslaved)’ IE 13.

D kaltur- (leave behind, leave last) Caus. f. of kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached); ‘to leave behind, to leave last’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. In SW Az., Tkm. ğaldır-; Osm. kaldır-, and kaldur- in the medieval languages mentioned below mean ‘to raise, lift', and the like and are a different word; in Tkm. it is the Caus. f. of ğal- (kalı:- (jump, rise, buck)), kal- and kaltur- being pronounced ğa:l- and ğa:ldır-; in other cases it is commonly regarded as a crasis of *kalktur-, Caus. f. of kalk-, in some languages kalkı-, which is a corruption of *kalık-, Emphatic f. of kalı:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. (I will return the vineyard) negüke kattırmayın ‘without retaining it on any pretext’ USp. 6, 5: Xak. xı ol barıšda: (MS. yartšda:) kalturdi: sabaqahu fVl-daheb wa tarakahu xalfa (n) ‘he outpaced him on the journey and left him behind’; also used if one has a bet with him (xatarahu) about something and leaves him behind (baqqe) Kaš. II 191 (kalturur, kalturma:k): xıv Muh. amara bi’l-kawn ‘to order to be (? stay)’ ka:ldur- Mel. 41,4; Rif ■ 130 (mis-spelt katvl); ka:ltur- 131 (only); (rafa'a ‘to lift, raise’ kaldur- 26, xi; 109: Xwar. xııı kaldur- ditto 'Ali 5e: Kip. xv rafa'a'1-šay’ kaldir-Kav. 76, 1: Osm. xvııı kaldur- in Rumi, crasis of kalkdur- (in 275r. 27 kalk- is said to be the Rumi f. of kalkı-) az ce bardeštan ‘to lift or remove from somewhere’ San. 275V. 13).

D kiltur- (do, make, act, copulate) Caus. f. of kıl- (do, make, act, copulate); ‘to cause to make, do’, etc.; s.i.s.m.l., usually as kıldır-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if I have done (kiltim) these evil deeds myself or) adınağuka ayıp kılturtum erser ‘spoken to others and made them do them’ Suv. 134, 22 ff.: Civ. iške küčkA tartmağu kılturu yarlıkadımız ‘we have ordered that they shall not be recruited (made) for forced labour’ USp. 88, 22-3: Xak. xı ol ačar ı:š kılturdı: ‘he made him do (a'malahu) the work’ Kaš. II191 (kılturur, kılturme:k): \\ Čağ. xv ff. kıldur- kunenldan ‘to order to do’ San. 29SV. 8 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 147.
620

D koltur- Caus. f. of kol- (ask for, pray) (call) ; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol mendin ne:g kolturdı: ‘he ordered someone to ask me (hatte sa ala minnl) for the thing' Kaš. II 191 (kolturur, kolturma:k): xıv Rbğ. Yarqübnıi} kızın koldura kiši yiberdi ‘he sent a man to ask for Jacob’s daughter in marriage’ R II 602, } '' k:x -İra: - riap. iliz. ; \ a the MS. but in a section for Dis. V.s; apparently a Den. V. fr. *kaldur, which is presumably an onomatopoeic; cf. kaldurga:. Xak. xı tom kaldrardi: ‘the garment (etc.) rustled’ (taqa’qa’a) Kaš. III 447 (kaldra:r, kaldra:ma:k).

Tris. ĞLD

F kaluda See bakan.

S kol^ğu:^^^ See kolğ^u:^^^

VUD kaldurğa; si?ed Dev. N A. fr kaldura: tom ‘a r\ also used for any 01 paper (al-qirias). 1 I . A.« "oh. a meta the-Xak. xı kal-1 qa') garment’; Lies like, a scroll III 442.

Tris. V. ĞLD-

D koltukla:- Den. V. fr. koltuk ; ‘to earn’ under the ann’ and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı ol otuŋ koltuklandı: ta*ahhata'}-xatab she carried the firewood under his arm’; also used for ‘to hit (someone) in the arm-pit’ Kaš. III 351 koltukla:r, koltukIa:ma:k).

D koldašlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. koldaš. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: koldaš-landi: ‘he reckoned himself to be one of my comrades’ (ashaol) Kaš. II 272 (koldašlanu:r, koldaš!anma:k).

Mon. V. ĞLĞ-

S kalk- See kaltur-. (leave behind, leave last)

Dis. ĞLĞ

D kalık (air, atmosphere, sky, structure open to the sky, ) Dev. N. fr. kalı:- (jump, rise, buck); normally ‘the air, atmosphere’ or, occasionally by itself but usually in the phr. kök kalık, ‘the (visible) sky’; in one or two cases perhaps ‘a structure open to the sky’ or the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vj 11 ff. Man. kalığtın (sic) kodi entiŋiz ‘you came down from the sky’ TT III 35; a.o. do. 129 Chr. V I 8*. 7. H.id t-^k i.: II 37, 53 -4; ‘i i V 4.14 j o; A j 34 etc.; (at that time his mother the queen) balıkta ediz kalıkta yaup udıyur erken ‘was lying asleep on a high open balcony (?) in the town’ (and had a very bad dream) Suv. (620, 16-17: Civ. I T I 23 (uč-): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ck'ing h'unj ‘blue sky’ (Giles 2,184 6,595) kök kalık Ligeti 175 ; R II ?4o: Xak. xı kalık al-Jujri'e' ‘the air, atmosphere’ Kaš. I 3S3; o.o. 1 3-4, 25; III 46, 7: KH (various birds) kalıkığ todi ‘have filled the air’ 72; kalık kašı tuedi ‘the sky has wrinkled its \\\ brow’ (and pours down rain) So; o.o. 378, etc.: xııı (?) At. kalık kušları ‘the’berds of the air’ 459: Xwar. xııı (?) (the walls of this house were gold, the smoke hole silver) kalıklar temürdin erdiler ... ač kalık ‘the windows (or balconies ?) were of iron’ " (stay here and) ‘open the window (or balcony ?) Oğ. 250-4.

D kılık Dev. N. fr. kıl- (do, make, act, copulate); ‘conduct, behcv-v,,. cha~ac,er\ and me ^’ke; ' nr- mh -^5' - - n,5:17. Uyğ. vııı ü BjcL. tr :rr rurd/kvo**-ledge and) kılıkı tı ornağlığ ertneser ‘character are not continuously stable' Sip' 504, 3-4: Civ. kılıkı yaš ‘his character is mild (?)’ TT VII 17, 22; a.o. do. 6 (e!tiš-): Xak. xı kılık al-slra wa'l-išra ma'a'1-nes ‘behaviour, personal relationship’; also pronounced kılk Kaš. I 383; a.o. II 229 (tetrül-); KB kj.Ii.nci silik erdi k.ılkı tiız-e h’s action-were pure L-md His' eh-micier ^ ’ 4.-. c »07 u-4, 194. 398 (uktu**-», , tc : xup ?, .J’ l obbur karnug tiJ.dc -<\.,r k*hk, > ‘‘b<;,.a edgü kılık k ( 'ik ‘pride is t racier trait condemned by all, the best of all character traits is humility’ 269-70: (Tef. ağır kthklu ‘grave, solemn’ 208): xıv Muh. xnluq wa lab' ‘character, nature’ ki;lı:ğ Mel. 51, 14 (Rif. 150 kılınč): Čağ. xv ff. kılık/;7 ‘actions, behaviour’ Vel. 332 (quotn.); kılığ 'iharat az xwud tain at ‘an expression for personality or character’ San. 2oSv. 20 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kılık ‘conduct, character’ Qutb 148: (Kom. xıv kılıklı ‘having a (good) character’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 206 (quotn.)): Kip. xııı al-xuluq kılık Hou. 19, le: xıv ditto; one says kılıkı eygü: dür ‘his character is good’, and kılıkı yaman dur ‘his character is bad’ Id. 74: (xv xuluq kılgı Tuh. 14a. 5; 90b. 9): Osm. xıv and xvı kılık ‘character, behaviour’ in two texts TTS / 456; IV 508.

S kulak See kulkak.

D kulluğ P.N./A. fr. kul; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ol ödte: kııî kulluğ (or kullığ?) bolmıš erti: ‘at that time (even) slaves had become slave-owners' I E 21, II E 18.

D kulluk (slavery) A.N. fr. kul; ‘slavery, the status of slave’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) wi*h s‘>me extended rneanines. L.-w. in Pe., etc. D^erf*"’ 111 1580. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kamağm edeü ögli tediye kulluk (sic, not kulluğ) bam biz ‘we will all i:o in the. capacitv of sia’.e.' t° r'....... r'/. ■; " T -i-T r.3. - : " ’ • t-püğ birle x\vuš b»'»ldı kulluk atı s- rvice (to you) the \se.rd slavery ber^n^ welcome’ 589; a.o. 1018: v 111 ( ?j ’Irf. kuh!^' ‘ser ice, or submission, to God’ 217: Č*V-xv ff. kulluk J'aıuhıgî 7va xulmat ‘the of slave, service’; a3id nietaph. 'ord-i ‘an oiler f>f ser\ ice’ San. 29or. le: Xvvar. k*.?lluk ‘.si.rvjce’ Qutb j43 : Kom. xıv sen hu:i ilitv, re-pect’ kulluk CCT, Or. rpj» (qoom.j: Osm. xıv ff. kulluk Ven'ire tMf 51;; 1 \)s of slave or servant’; fairlv conuviori 7 *- I 495; 11 f>64; III 486; IV 551.
621

kulkak (ear) "ear’; this seems to be the earliest form but the word seems to have evolved early via kulxak (there is no parallel 1% .j- in such a position) into kulak, in which form it s.i.a.m.l.g. Türkü vııı közin körrnedük kulkakın ešidmedük Svhat the ‘ e j^ad not seen nor the ear heard’ IIN 11; *0 II S 12 (bič-): Man. közin körüp kulkeion ešidip Chuas. 312-13: Uyğ. vııı ff.

’ *ri. at kulakları ‘horses’ ears’ TT IX 70:

• - v-aV - \-7r rnt'np” t.h?r’ or

'i J; J *t } -L-iJ. O-». 1 Û , J. J- i j

»o*\ ^07, 4°5; X 30; TM IV 254, 93; PP 50, l/j/üm-ts. 159: Civ. kulka:k TT VIII /-s; kulkak TT VII 34, 8; kulak do. 9-10; H I 56, 17e: xrvr Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘ear’ kulak Xiiffi j 69; JR \\ 96S: Xak. xı kulak al-udun ‘ear’; some of them say kulxak and soine kulkak but the first is the most correct iasahh)\ kulak to:n ‘a garment with short ’sleeves’ (qaszru*l-Pi ' »ıoyv; î e with sleeves

;...C h-.Ci§. J . «■, v1 J.U O.O. 3İİ SpCİT

Vuii-ik; ACh' elîg ’ *2 ka: (vessel, container)/K turti ‘be cap-rjred the eyes and c. -& or l’ „ king' 436; o.o.

091, "025, 3657; kuîğak (.; p. o ntly meiri ■^aiia) 2342, 5272: xııı (?) At. fc >Iak tut maija ‘listen to me’ 266; Tef. kulak ‘ear’ 2le: xıv Jlfu/z. al-vdun kula:k Mel. 46, 7; jRif. 139; a.o.o.: Čağ. Xv ff. knîağ ğûš ‘ear’ San. 289V. 21 (quotns. and phr.): Xwar. xıv kulak ‘ear’ Qutb 543: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-uJun kula:g Hou. 20, 1; ‘donkey’ (ešek and) kularğı: uzun ‘long-eared’ do. 12, 14: xıv kulak al-uduny in the Kiteb Beylik . kularğ İd. 74: xv al-udun kula:ğ Kav. 60, 15; udun kulak Tuh. 4b. 1; sanata ‘to listen’ (tirjle-; in margin, in second hand) kulak ur-do. 23a. 2: Osm. xıv ff. kulak, occasionally kulax noted in several phr. TTS I 494; II 663-4; HI 485-6; IV 550-1.*-

kalkan ‘shield’ (kolchan колчан); s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?). L.w. in Mong., Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1518. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘shield’ kalkan R II 254; Ligeti 161: Xak. xı kalkan ‘shield’ (al-turs) in one of the two dialects (al-luğatayn) Kaš. J 441 (verse); kalkaŋ al-turs dialect form (luğa) of kalkan 111 386; o.o. of kalkan U 356, 19; 111 82 (yapm-); 221 (tura:): KB 4 — 3 (layaklık): xııı (?) Tef. kalkan ‘shield’ xıv Muh. al-turs kalka:n Mel. 71, 8; -ft:/- 173: Č'*iğ- xv ff. kalkan si par ‘shield’ San. 275V. 27 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) ditto Qs- 38, 98: xıv ditto Qutb 120: Kom. ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. \lm al-turs ka!ka:n llou. xv ül-d naqa ‘leather shield’ kalka:n, with s :'}and between -k- arid -ğ- but nearer to ~k- Ku’l. 64, 1: dnraqa kalkan Tuh. 15b. 7: Osm. \iv ff. kalkan noted in phr. TTS I 11 56S; 111 398.

Dis. V. ĞLĞ-

kolğır- Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of kol- (ask for, pray) (call). •^■ttk. xı ol mendin kolğırdı: ‘he was about t (> ask’ (/.Jda mi yas'al) me for something’ Kaš. I04 (koîğıra:r, kolğırma:k).

Tris. ĞLĞ

D kolğu:čı: Dev. N.Ag. fr. kol- (ask for, pray) (call); ‘beggar’; n.o.a.b.; in KB the two best MSS. have koltğučı, and this spelling also occurs in PP; it seems however to be merely a Sec. f. (cf. külgü:); in PP it may be a mistranscription of kolunğučı, q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kolgučı PP 7, 2-3 (üzül-); koltğučı do. 10, 3-5 (bar-) etc.: Xak. xı KB (if a ruler takes pleasure in gambling, he ruins the realm) boldi ozi kol- beggar 2093.

D kula.klığ P.N./A. fr. kulak (kulkak); ‘having ears’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı kula:kîığ ne:ŋ ‘a thing with ears’ (udun) Kaš. I 498: xıv Muh. (?) Rif. 139 (only; ağıŋ.

Tris. V. ĞLĞ-

D kulakla:- Den. "V. fr. kulak (kulkak); si U v.-th trv - .*>•*’ ~ .*’->•:’ vak. v; ol O i ir. t>.İA.*> ı-iî.'.*i: lie '.\f'd S\>Pt s e«irs Ka<. 111 3 3S (kv] - k I i:r, k u 1 V > a . 1»t u:k j.

Dis. V. ĞLL-

D kılıl- (do, made, created, grow up, pretending, behave, model ) Pass. f. of kil- (do, make, act, copulate); n.o.a.b.; the word normally used in this sense is the Refl. f. kılın- (do, made, created, grow up, pretending, behave, model ) fr. kıl- (do, make, act, copulate). ' Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT Î 111 A.16 (bekiz): Čağ. xv ff. kdıî- (-ur, -dı) hkn-, ya'ni eylen- Vel. 332 (qnotn.); kîhî- (spelt)/ kibıı- hurda šudan ‘to be made, done’ San. 2y8v. 3 (quotn.).

Tris. ĞLL

D ka:lılığ (remains, remainder) Hap. leg.; presumably a P.N./A. fr. *kalı: (left, remain, give up, end, attached) (not cited) Dev. N. fr. kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached) meaning ‘having a remainder’ or the like; opposite to kali:siz (without left-overs), q.v. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit missing) ka:lılığ TT VIII F. 13.

Tris. V. ĞLL-

VUD kolu:la:- (ponder, examine) n.o.a.b.; the contexts and the fact that it is used in Hend. w. sakın- (think, reckon, count, desire, worry) (think) suggest that it meant something like ‘to meditate’ or perhaps ‘to investigate’. Obviously a Den. V. but with no semantic connection with kolu: above or with kol- (ask for, pray) (call). Türkü vııı ff. (one of them said) men kol a: 1 a:du:ku:m (.so rci’.d) k am ağda: erk’i:g yultuiz trn 1 i :s l\hv star on which 1 rneditated (?) had authority over everything’ Toy. III zt. 5 — 9 (ETY 11 l79); Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. koduru kolulap tetrü ukar ‘after meditating earnestly he fully understands’ U II 7, 6; koduru kolulap , V »I 79, 9-10 /1 i;; sakinu kolulasar biz ‘ıî think and meditate’ (how wonderful and swift it is) Hücn-îs. 1S96; (the counties s P-ndohas) kalp ödün kolulasar bîîgülük ermez ‘cannot be known (e\en) if one meditate’ for the period of a kalpa’ Kınn. 178; a.o. do. I93~7 (buyanla:-), 216; TT V 22, 14 21 (adirt).

Dis. ĞLM

D kalım (old) Hap. leg. ?; N.S.A. fr. kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached); meaning obscure, the context suggests something which has been left behind or became obsolete. \622\ Xak. xı KB tapuğka ınanma ay tapğı telim tapuğ kılğa axir bašıŋnı kalım ‘O man with long service, do not rely on (long) service; in the end service will make your head useless (?)’ 4755.
622

Tris. ĞLM

D kalı:ma: (soaring, glider, balcony, парящий) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Conc. N. fr. kalı:- (jump, rise, buck); lit. ‘something up in the air’; cf. kalık (air, atmosphere, sky, structure open to the sky, ). Xak. xı kali:ma: al-ğurfa ‘balcony’ Kaš. HI 174.

Tris. V. ĞLM-

D kılımsın- (do, make, act, copulate) Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. *kılım N.S.A. fr. kıl- (do, make, act, copulate). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. siz ök kılımsındıgız yarım nom taplağın örü tikmeklik ‘you seem to have been advocating satisfaction with the “half doctrine” (i.e. the Hînayena)’ Iliien-ts. 2087-8.

Dis. ĞLN

kalın (dense, massive) (of a solid object) ‘massive, dense’; (of a crowd) ‘dense’ and the like; almost syn. w. yoğu:n; the difference between the two seems to emerge in T 13-14 where kalın is contrasted with yuyka: (yuvka:) and yoğu:n with ylnčge:; on this basis kalın must mean ‘dense’ in the sense e.g. of weighing a good deal per cubic foot, while yoğu:n means ‘thick’ in the sense of having a substantial distance between the two surfaces. The semantic connection is too remote to justify the theory that this is a Dev. N./A. fr. kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached). S.i.a.m.l.g.; in some NE, NC, NW languages kalıŋ. Türkü vııı (when a thing is flimsy it is easy to crumple it up) yuyka: kalın bolsar ‘but when the flimsy thing becomes solid’ (it is difficult) 713: vııı ff. Yen. kaim yağıka: kaymatm tegipen ‘attacking the enemy and showing no respect for them’ Mai. 28, 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kaim kuvrağ arasmta ‘in the middle of a dense crowd’ U III 53, 4 (iit) (U II 23, 18); kaim kunču[y]Iarığ ‘numerous consorts’ U III 16, 19; o.o. PP 70, 5; Kuan. 43 ff., etc. (all of crowds and the like): Civ. yüz el(l)ig kalın böz ‘150 (rolls of) solid (thick) cotton cloth’ USp. 16, 5: Xak. xı kalın ‘anything dense or thick’ (taxln iva ğalîz); hence a numerically strong (al-katif) army is called kalın sü: Kaš. I 404; five o.o.: KB kalın yat ara ‘among a crowd of strangers’ 491; o.o. 1021, 1697 (adaš), 2178, 2710, 28el(yi:g), 5164: xııı (?) Tef. kaliŋthick’ (mattress) 19e: Čağ. xv ff. kalın mutarakkim wa anbûh ‘thick, dense, numerous’ San. 27er. 12 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kalıŋ (of a crowd) ‘dense’ Qutb 129: Kom. xıv ‘thick’ kalu) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-cefî ‘thick, coarse’ (opposite to ‘thin’ yupka:) kalm Hou. 27, 9: xıv kalın ğalîz: xv taxln (sic, in error) kalm Tuh. 9a. 3; taxin wa ğazir (‘abundant’) kalıtı do. 10b. 13; cafir ‘sheath’ <kın; cefi') kalm do. 1 ib. 1: Osm. xıv and xv kalm ‘dense, numerous’; in several texts TT I 406; II 567. 1 kalıŋ ‘bride price’, that is a sum of money paid by a bridegroom to the family of his intended bride; cf. kabın (dowry, betrothal, marriage). S.i.a.m.l.g. except SE, the modem forms varying between kalıŋ, kalım (from which the Russian word kalym is derived), and kalın. L.-w. in I’c. etc., Dnerfer III 1407. (Uyğ. ıx kızımın kalırjsız bertım ‘I gave my daughters (in marriage) without (demanding) a bride price’ Suci 7): Xak. xı kalıt) al-mahr ‘bride price’ Kaš. III 371 (prov.; verse): Čağ. xv ff. kalın ‘a sum of money (melŋ which a suitor sends to the family of his (intended) bride when seeking her hand in marriage’ San. 2yer. 14: Kip. xııı mahru'l--zawca kalm Hou. 27, 19: xv kalm al-mahr Id. 74: XV ditto Tuh. 35b. 2: Osm. xıv to xvı kalıŋ ‘bride price’; in several texts TTS 1406; II 568; /// 398; IV 456.

S 2 kalıŋ See kalın (dense, massive).

kolan (saddle-girth) 'saddle-girth’. Survives in NE with some phonetic changes and in SW Osm. kolan; (Tkm. ğolar) ‘the rope encircling a reed but’). Xak. xı kolan al-hizem ‘girth’; kolan eti: ‘the part of a horse which is encircled by the girth’ Kaš. I 404: xıv Muh. al-hizem kola:n Mel. 72, 1; Rif. 174: Xwar. xıv kolaŋ (sic) ‘girth’ Qutb 143: Kom. xıv ‘girth’ kolan CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hizem kola:n Hou. 11, 8; 14, 2: xıv ditto Id. 74: xv ditto Kav. 64, 3; hizem (ayıl and) kolan Tuh. 13a. 5: Osm. xvııı, in Rumi, tang-i asb ‘girth’ San. 289V. 27; kolaŋ (spelt) in Rumi, same as kolan do. 28.

kula:n (wild ass) ‘the wild ass, Equus hemionus. An early l.-w. in Mong. (Haenisch 71, Kow. 922) and in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1574. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?), see Shcherbak, p. 95. Cf. tağı: (female ass). Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. yeh ma ‘wild horse’ (Giles 12,989 7,576) kulan tağı (misspelt tanı) Ligeti 169; R II 974: Xak. xı kula:n himerıı'l-ıoahš ‘wild ass’ Kaš. I 415; four o.o. translated al-'ayr ‘wild ass’: KB 284 (bas-); 5375 (tağı:): xııı (f) Tef. kulan ‘wild ass’ 217: xıv Muh. himerıı l-wahš ku:la:n Mel. 72, 8; Rif. 175: Čağ. xv ff. kulan gür xar ditto San. 289V. 2e: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 143: Kıp. himerıı'l-ıoahš kulam Hou. 11, 8: xıv ditto Id. 74; Bui. 10, 8: xv ditto Kav. 62, 7; hitner (ešek and) kulan Tuh. 13a. 4: Osm. xıv ff. kulan ‘wild ass’; in several texts TTS I 477; III 467; IV 532 (everywhere kolan).

VUF xuliŋ (silk type) Hap. leg.; no doubt a Chinese phr., ho ling or hti ling P. Cf. barčın. Xak. xı xuhg ‘a word for silk of variegated colours ('aid alwan šatta) imported from China’ Kaš. III 371.

kulun (foal) ‘a foal’ from birth to one year, younger than a ta:y, q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g.; see Shcherbak, p. 90. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1423. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 24 (emig): Xak. xı kulun al-faho ‘foal’ Kaš. I404; o.o. translated al-muhr ‘colt’ I 215, 9; II 90, n; translated al-fuhiw III 92, 3: xıv Muh. al-muhr kulum Mel. 69, 12; Rif. 170: Kip. xııı (al-muhr ta:y) al-muhru'1-šağir (‘small’) ku:lun, Dim. f. ku:lunča:k Hon. 12, 9: xıv kulun al-fuliiw Id. 74: Osm. xıv ff. kulun (occasionally spelt kulan?) ‘foal’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 496; II 665; 77/487; IV 552.

Tris. ĞLN

?D kalŋu: (remainder, stay on) Hap. leg., but cf. kalıŋu:la:-; possibly a crasis of *kalınğu: Dev. N./A. fr. *kalın- (left, remain, give up, end, attached) Refl. f. of kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached) in the sense of something that remains or stays by itself. Xak. xı kalŋu: al-tufüw 'ale rasVl-ma ‘floating on the surface of the water-’; hence one says suvda: kalŋu:la:di: 'he floated (fa/e) on the surface of the water’ Kaš. III 379.

D kılınč (fact, deed, action) Dev. N. fr. kılın- (do, made, created, grow up, pretending, behave, model)fact, deed, actionfr. kıl- (do, make, act, copulate) , as opposed to kılık which means rather ‘a course of action’; in Buddhist terminology normally translates Sanskrit karma, but in UII 8, 20 ff. bhava. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. yek kılınčıga ‘by his devilish actions’ Chuas. I 17; bu kılınčın [özütipj bošun-mağay ‘[his soul?] will not be freed by this act’ TT II 6, 31-2: Uyğ. vııı (after this my father the xagan died) kara: bodun kılınč[ı: gap] ‘the actions of the common people...’ u. N 12: vııı ff. Man. bu buyan edgü kılınč tičinte ‘by the strength of these meritorious and good deeds’ TT IX 96; o.o. do. 100; TT III 11: Bud. kılınč in such phr. as edgü kılınč ‘good deeds’ and ayığ kılınč ‘evil deeds’ is very common PP 2, 1; 3, 7; 12, 3 etc.; U III 42, 2; 89, 17; Index to TT I to V, p. 37; Suv. 7, 11 (oijar-): Xak. xı kılınč al-xuluq ‘behaviour’; hence one says edgü kılıııč ‘good behaviour’ and also the opposite; kılıııč tağannucu'l-mar'a tua daleluhe ‘feminine kılıııč (Hend.)’; one says to a woman üküš kılıııčlanma: ‘do not be such a coquette: Kaš. III 374; a.o. II 156 (kılın-): KB kılınč j is common 42 (kılık), 105, 149, 181, 340 y (arkuk), etc.: xıv Muh. (l) xuluq tva tab’ ‘behaviour, naturekılınč Rif. 147 (Mel. 51, 14 I kı:lı:ğ): Xwar. xıv kılınčaction’ Qutb 148 ! (and see kılıč): Osm. xıv to xvı kılıııčaction’, j etc. in several texts; kılınč et-/eyle- ‘to I behave coquettishly’ TTS I 457; II 625; III \ 444.

D kalŋuk (matted, hair (lump)) (колтун) Hap. leg.; apparently crasis of *kalınğuk, Dev. N./A. fr. *kalŋu-, cf. kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached)' ; flu:; syn. w. kıltık (hair (lump)) (колтун) but not connected etymologically. Xak. xı kalŋuk (MS. in error kalıptık) ‘scurf’ (hazezatu'1-ra's), and also anything like fur or hide which is matted \ (inqabada) by contamination with something viscid Kaš. III 383.

Dis. V. ĞLN--

D kılın- (do, made, created, grow up, pretending, behave, model ) Refl. f. of kıl- (do, made, created, grow up, pretending, behave, model ); usually in a Pass. sense ‘to be made, created’, and the like, but in the early period also (of a child) ‘to form its own character, to grow up’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Türkü vııı ini:si: eči:si:nteg kılınmaduk erinč I oğlı: kagı:nteg kılınmaduk erinč ‘apparently the younger brothers did not grow up like their elder brothers or the sons like their fathers’ I E 5, II E 5; (I myself, the Counsellor Tonukuk) Tavğač elige: kılıntımgrew up for (i.e. as a subject of) the Chinese Empire’ T 1; o.o. I E 1, II E 2 (asra:); Ongin 4: vııı ff. Man. kentü tuğmıš kılınmıšselfborn and self-created’ Chuas. /14: Uyğ. I   vııı ff. Bud. sigirgelir ošuğluğ kılınıp ‘making as if to swallow him up’ U IV 8, 19; Čaštanı elig begig sančğalı urğalı kılınıp ‘making as if to pierce and strike King Caštana’ do. 40 ff.; o.o. TT X 359; Suv. 138, 18 — 19; 610, 7: Civ. beg bolğalı kılındıŋ ‘you were making as if to become a beg' TT I 36; kilrn-duk sayu iš büter ‘everything which you do for yourself succeeds’ do. 138-9; a.o. VII 30, 3: Xak. xı er tegme: kılınč kılındı: 'amila'l-racul min kulli’I-amal ‘the man did everything (possible)’; and if he wishes to do more than he should, one says to him üküš kılınma: ‘do not overdo it’ (le lucetvizu'l--hadd) Kaš. II 156 (kılmu:r, kılınma:k); o.o. I 64, 13; 394, 19; 508, 3; III 20, le: KB (do not treat life lightly) edgü kılındo good’ (or make yourself good?) 1333; (look at the fair-haired beauty and) kılın özke fel ‘make him your mascot’ 2468: xııı (?) At. (if you are a believer) tawadu’ kılınbehave humbly’ 280; a.o. 414; Tef. kılın- forms Compound Pass. V.s with Ar. N.s 208: Čağ. xv ff. San. 298V. 3 (kilil-): Xwar. xıv kılın-to do (for oneself); to be done’ Qutb 147: Kip. xıv kılın- taxallaqa ma'ahu ‘to model oneself on someone’ (?) Id. 74: Osm. xv and xvı kilm-‘to behave (in some way); to be made’; in two texts TTS IV 509.
623'

D kolun- (ask, request, petition) Refl. f. of kol- (ask for, pray) (call); survives only (?) in NW Kar. L., T. kolun- ‘to ask for (something) for oneself’ R II 593; cf. kolunğučı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 141 (tüzügü): Bud. Hüen-ts. 231-2 (kergeksiz): Xak. xı er ne:g kolundi: ‘the man asked for (sa'ala) something (for himself)’ Kaš. II 156 (kolunu:r, kolunma:k); a.o. / 22, 3.

D kalnu:- (v., dense or thick) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. kalın (massive, dense, rigid); cf. kalna:d-. Xak. xı yuvka: ne:Q kalnu:di: ‘the flimsy thing became dense or thick’ (taxuna... wa ğaluza) Kaš. III 302 (kalnu:r, kalnu:ma:k).

D kulna:- (pregnant (foal)) Trans. Den. V. fr. kulun (foal); n.o.a.b. Cf. kulunla:- (pregnant (foal)). Xak. xı kisra:k kulna:di: ‘the mare foaled’ (natacat... falw) Kaš. III 302 (kulna:r, kulna:ma:k); (in a note on yeni:-, q.v.) for a mare, since ‘foal’ is kulun, ‘the mare foaled’ (natacat) is kısrak kulna:di:; one should say kulunla:di:, but the shorter word is used because -n- and -l- come from the same point of articulation (maxrac) so that the two interchange and the word is shortened to this III 92, 5: Kip. xıv kulna- walada filw ‘to foal’ Id. 74.

D kalna:d- (thickened) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. kalın (massive, dense, rigid); cf. kalnu:-. Xak. xı yuvka: ne:ŋ kainattı: ‘the flimsy thing became thick’ (ğaluza); originally kalna:dti: but assimilated Kaš. II 350 (kalnatu:r, kalnatma:k; sic, no doubt in error for kalna:dur, kalnadma:k).

Tris. ĞLN

?F koluga (branch (plant)) ‘the young shoot of a plant or tree’; n.o.a.b. The word is not of a normal Turkish shape and may be an Indo-European (? Tokharian (Agnean ?)) l.-w. connected with I.E. *gol- \\ ‘branch’; Armenian kolr ‘branch’; Tokharian B (Kuchaean) kolyi ‘hair’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 8-9 (eded-); Bud. (I will create the roots, twigs, branches, and leaves of various flowers and fruits) yana yeme 1 tarığ kolugasin ‘the young shoots of bushes and cereals’ Suv. 529, 9.
624

Tris. ĞLN

D kalınču: (remainder, residue) Dev. N./A. fr. *kalın- (left, remain, give up, end, attached), cf. kalpu:, kalguk; ‘remainder, residue’, sometimes in a pejorative sense. N.o.a.b. Cf. kalınčsız. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit divasevasešena ‘for the rest of the day’ künnüŋ kalınčusı üze: TT VIII G.7; (in a list of demons who are unclean feeders) kalınču ašlığlar ‘eaters of residues’ U II 61, 13; o.o. Hüen-ts. 306, (sap-) 2011 (čö:b; and further o.o. in note thereon); USp. 101, 12.

D kulna:čı: N.Ag. fr. kulna:-; (of a mare) ‘in foal (pregnant)’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı kulnačı: kisra:k al-'aqiiq mitia l-xayl ‘a mare in foal’ Kaš. I491: Kip. xııı al-hicru'l- ušör ‘a mare in the tenth month of pregnancyku:lna:čı: (sic, MS. ku:nla:nč 1.) Hou. 12, 8: xıv kulnačı: (unvocalized) al-hicru'l-hemil ‘a mare in foal’ Id. 74. ‘ '

D kılınčlığ (good works) P.N./A. fr. kılınč; used only with preceding qualifying Adj.; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. a:nı:ğ kılmčlı:ğ ‘evil doing’ Toy. III iv. 2-3 (ETY II 178): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A edgü kılınčlığ ‘doing good works’ M I 10, 3: Man. edgü kılınčlığ ıšlarığ ıšlattıgız TT III 80; 0.0 .do. 113-17: Bud. ayığkılınč-lığ PP 62, 5; U III 53, 6 (ii); edgü kılınčlığ İš TT IV 12, 53; a.o.o.: Civ. edgü kılınčlığ İš TT I 53, 79: Xak. xı KB 340 (arkuk).

D kalınčsız Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. *kalınč (cf. kalınču:). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kalınčsız v.l. for kalıšız TT IV 12, 60.

D kolunğučı: (beggar) Dev. N.Ag. fr. kolun-; ‘beggar’. N.o.a.b.; perhaps a misreading of kolt-ğučı: (see kolğučı:) but that word may be a misreading of this one. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. irinč čığay bušıčı kolunğučı tınlığlar ‘miserable poor alms-gatherers and beggars’ U III 10, 4-5.

D kolonluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. *kolon (?) Dev. N. fr. kol- (ask for, pray) (call). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. [gap] kögülin bir kolonloğ köglin bu da:rnı bošğutup ‘teaching this dherani with a... mind and a prayerful (?) mind’ TT VIII K.7.

D kulunluğ (with foal) P.N./A. fr. kulun (foal); ‘having a foal’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı kulunluğ kısra:k ramaka mutliya, that is ‘a mare which has a foal following her’ (yatlüha) Kaš. I 500.

D kaligsiz Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. 1 kalıŋ; ‘without demanding a bride price’. Uyğ. ıx Suci 7 (1 kalig).

Tris. V. ĞLN-

D kılınčlan- (flirt, coquet) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kılınč; ‘to be coquettish’. Xak. xı Kaš. III 374 (kılınč); n.m.e.

D kulunla:- (pregnant (foal)) Den. V. fr. kulun (foal); (of a mare) ‘to foal’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes; cf. kulna:- (pregnant (foal)). Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 5 (2 be:): Xak. xı Kaš. III 92 (kulna:-); n.m.e.: Kom. xıv ‘to foalkulunla- CCG; Gr.

D kalgu:la:- (float) Den. V. fr. kalgu:; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı er suvda: kalgu:la:di: ‘the man floated (tafa) on the surface of the water’; this happens whefri he kicks (yarhud) his legs and moves his shoulders and is stationary (qaim) being supported by the water Kaš. III 410 (kalgu:la:r, kalgu:la:ma:k; everywhere vocalized kaltgu:la:-); a.o. III 379 (kalpu:).

PUD kalagur- (float) Hap. leg.; the etymological suggestions in the note on the passage are unconvincing, prob. a mis-spelling of *kalgur- Intrans. Den. V. fr. kalpu:, ‘to float’ or the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (when I heard of your good health, that which could not be seen shone brightly, as if I had seen you in the flesh) kalı[yu] kalagurdı kögülümüz ‘our mind rose in the air (with joy) and floated there’ Hüen-ts. 1878-9.

Dis. ĞLS

D kulsığ (slave-like) Dev. N. fr. *kulsi:- Simulative Den. V. fr. kul. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı kulsığ er ‘a man whose character (xulquhu) resembles the character of a slave’ Kaš. I 465; a.o. III 128, 19 (under -sığ, cf. ersig): KB adirmazmen begsig ye kulsığ kišig ‘I do not distinguish between the lordly and the servile man’ 809.

Tris. ĞLS

D kali:siz Priv. N./A. fr. *kalı: Dev. N. fr. kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached); ‘without a remainder, without exception’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı on ok bodunı: kalı:sız tašıkmıš ‘the On Ok (i.e. Western Türkü) people have taken the field in full force’ T 30; a.o. T 33: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the rulers in all Jambudvipa) kalıšız keltiler ‘came without exception’ U II 22, 23; alku nızvanılarığ idi yokıga tegi kalıšız öčürüp ‘suppressing all emotions without exception to the point of complete extinction’ TT IV 12, 55-7; o.o. do. 60 (v.l. kalınčsız); TT X 129, 248; Suv. 49, 1; 137, 22; 138, 12 etc.

VUD kolusuz (timeless, eternal, immeasurable) Priv. N./A. fr. kolu:; n.o.a.b. In the phr. ödsüz kolusuz clearly ‘untimely’; in the phr. ülgüsüz kolusuz it seems to mean rather ‘not confined to a single short period; timeless, eternal’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (just as the sin of killing living things is grievous; the merit and good deed of not killing them) anča ok ülgüsüz kolusuz tetir ‘is called equally immeasurable and eternal (?)’ Suv. 21, 16-17; in TT VI 440 kolusuz is a v.l. for ülgüsüz in the phr. ülgüsüz etöz bodisatv ‘the Bodhisattva with the immeasurable body’; o.o. do. 348-9 (ödsüz), 439.

Dis. V. ĞLŠ-

D 1 kalıš- Co-op. f. of kal- (left, remain, give up, end, attached); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı (after 2 kalıš-) also used when two men compete \625\ in remaining behind (fi'l-tark xalfa(n); MS. xalqa(n)) Kaš. II 109 (no Aor. or Infin.): Čağ. xv ff. (kalın-)/kalıš- (both spelt) wa pasmendan ya'nî pey kam awardan ‘to stay behind, that is to run off’ San. 275r. 8.
625

D 2 kalıš- Recip: f. of kali:-; s.i.s.m.l. in NE (?) R II 245. Xak. xı at adğır kalıšdı: ‘the horses and stallions jumped at one another’ (tawatabat) Kaš. II109 (kalıšu:r, kalıšma:k).

D kılıš- (do, make, act, copulate) Co-op. of kıl- (do, make, act, copulate); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol mapa: ı:š kılıšdı: ‘he helped me to do something’ (ft’l-amal); also used for competing Kaš. II 109 (kılıšu:r, kılıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kılıš- Co-op. f.; be yak digar kardan ‘to do (something) together’ San. zčSr. 29 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv bir birigizke hasad kılıšmagız ‘do not envy one another’ Nahc. 412, 6.

D koluš- Hap. leg. ?; Recip. f. of kol- (ask for, pray) (call), Xak. xı ola:r ikki: kı:z kolušdı: ‘they asked one another for a daughter in marriage’ (.xataba; MS. hataba in error); also used when two men ask (sa'ala) one another for something Kaš. II 109 (verse; no Aor. or Infin.).

Mon. ĞM

ka:m (spiritualist, healer, sage)sorcerer, soothsayer, magician’, and the like. Survives only (?) in NE, most languages R II 476. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1409. Cf. kamla:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (physicians will not be able to heal him) takı kamağ kamlar törlep neg tirgürmegey ‘and all the sorcerers (spiritualists) when they assemble will certainly not bring him back to life’ M I 15, 8-9; o.o. do. 33, 17-18 (teŋrilik), 22; Man.-uig. Frag. 400, 9 etc.: Bud. yekke ičgekke kamka tapığčı tınlığlar üküš ‘worshippers of demons (Hend.) and sorcerers (spiritualists) are numerous’ TT VI 017-18: Xak. xı ka:m al-kehin ‘soothsayer’ Kaš. III 157; three o.o.: KB kerek tut otačı kerek erse kam ‘get a physician or, it may be, a sorcerer’ 1065; dünye kamı ‘the sorcerer of this world’ (cannot cure it) 2002; o.o. 3873, 5244: xhi (?) Tef. (you are not) kehin ya'ni xam 34e: xıv Muh. al-'arref (‘sorcerer’) wa’l-kehin ka:m Mel. 5, 2; Rif. 75; al-'arref wa'l-mu azzim (‘snake-charmer’) ka:m 58, 5; 15e: Čağ. xv ff. kam fabtb wa mtıelic wa hakim wa denišmand ‘physician, healer, sage, wise man’ San. 276V. 7: Kom. xıv ‘female exorciserkam katun CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kam al-fabib Id. 75: XV deya properly ‘midwife, foster mother’, here perhaps ‘witchkam Tuh. 15a. 13.

1 ko:m (camel’s pack-saddle, saddle pad, hump fat) ‘camel’s pack-saddle’. S.i.a.m.l.g. (SW Tkm. ğo:m) in the same meaning or for ‘the pad on such a saddle; the fat on a camel’s back’. Xak. xı ko:m qatabu'l-ba'ir ‘a camel’s pack-saddle’; it is made as follows, the camel’s back-cloth (hils) is taken and stuffed with straw, and both side pockets of it (hawalayhi) are thus raised to the level of the hump; it is called tevey ko:mı: Kaš. III 13e: Kip. xııı al-hideca wa'l-barda'a ‘camel saddle, pack-saddlekom Hou. s, 16.

2 ko:m (wave)wave’. Survives in NE Alt. kom RII 667; SWr Tkm. ğo:m. Xak. xı ko:m mawcu’l--me’ ‘a wave’ Kaš. III 137 (verse): xıv Muh. al-mawe ko:m Mel. 77, 3; Rif. 180: Kom. xıv ‘wave’ kom CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-mawe kom Hou. s, 15: Osm. xvıı kom ‘wave, storm’ TTS I 496 (kum).

kum (sand) ‘sand’. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1525. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M III 37, 3-5 (ii) (3 al): Bud. yeri kumı alku kümüš ‘its soil and sand wrere all silver’ PP 36, 6-7; kum sanınča burxanlar ‘Buddhas as numerous as (grains of) sand’ U III 57, 12; o.o. Hüen-ts, 321-3 (tepit-); Kuan. 84, etc.: Čigil xı kum al-raml ‘sand’; the Oğuz do not know this word Kaš. 7338; seven Xak. o.o. translated al-raml, al-tureb ‘dust’, or al-enik ‘a heap of sand’: KB (the mind of an ignorant man is) kum teg ‘like sand’ 975; (this man’s soul) kuruğ kumka okšar ‘is like dry sand’ 362e: xııı (?) At. sanarmu ediz kum ušak taš sanı ‘can one count (the grains in) a high sandbank or small pebbles?’ 60: Tef. kum ‘sand’ 217: xıv Muh. al-raml ku:m Mel. 75, 1; Rif-178: Čağ. xv ff. kum rig-i narm ‘soft sand’ San. 29or. 29 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘sand’ kum CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-raml kum Hou. 5, 15: xıv ditto Id. 75; Bui. 4, ro: xv ditto Kav. 58, 14; Tuh. 16b. 5.\\\

Mon. V. ĞM-

kam- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm) ‘to strike down’; more vaguely ‘to lower’; n.o.a.b.; cf. kamčı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. anta ok yerde kamdı ‘and then beat him to death on the ground’ U II 27, 24-5: Xak. xı ol anı: kamdı: darabahu fa-atxanahu wa awbaqahu ‘he beat him unmercifully, beat him to death’ Kaš. II27 (kama:r, kamma:k); o.o. HI 230, 18 (tığ-); 382, 11 (misvocalized kum-): KB kamdı köz ‘he lowered his eyes’ 5799: Xwar. xıv kamar köz MN 108.

kom-- (to wave) Hap. leg.; homophonous w. 2 ko:m (wave). Xak. xı su:v komdı: meca'1-me' ‘the water was covered with waves’ Kaš. II 27 (koma:r, komma:k).

Dis. V. ĞMA-

kama:- (dazzle) the basic meaning seems to be ‘to suffer discomfort’ or the like, hence (of the eyes) ‘to be dazzled’; (of the teeth) ‘to be set on edge’. Survives only (?) in NC Kır., Kzx., but see kamaš-. As the Aor. of this word and kam- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm) are identical and as both are used with köz, it is not always certain which V. is concerned. Xak. xı kö:z kama:dı: ‘his eyes were dazzled’ (ismadarrat) by the glare of the sun; and one says anıŋ tı:šı: kama:dı: ‘his teeth were set on edge’ (kalla) by eating something sour Kaš. III 272 (kama:r, kama:ma:k; prov.); o.o. I 340, 3 (‘to be dazzled’); II 311, 19 (same prov.): KB yüzi körklüg erdi körüp köz kamar ‘his face was so beautiful that any eyes that see it are dazzled’ (or anyone who sees it lowers his eyes) 464 (and see kam- (knock down, уложить)): Kom. xıv ‘to be dazzled’ CCG; Gr.: \626\ Osm. xvı kama- ‘to blunt (Trans.; the point of a nail)’; in several texts TTS 1407; IV 457.
626

Dis. V. ĞMA-

VU komi:- (long for, скучать) ‘to long for (something)’; n.o.a.b. There is obviously no connection with the word in Tef. and Nahc. which clearly means ‘toshine’. Xak. xı er evige: komı:dı: našata’l--racul wa'rtaha šawq ila baytihi ‘the man travelled about and felt a longing for his home’; also used of anyone who longs (išteqa) for something and sets his heart (haca qalbahu) on it Kaš. III 273 (komi:r, komi:ma:k); er komi.'di: (MS. in error komtndi:) ‘the man desired (heca fŋ something’ II 324, 7: KB takı arzuladı komıdı körjül 'and his heart desired and longed for him’ 3854; o.o. 3854-7: (xııı (?) Tef. (he told him to put his hand in his pocket, and when he had done so and drew it out again) elgindin nür komıdı ‘light shone from his hand’ 212: Xwar. xıv koman- (sic, spelt koma:n-) ‘to long for’, seems to be a Refl. f. of this V. Qutb 14.3; yüzi tolun ay teg komiyur ‘his face shines like the full moon’ Nahc. 23, 6; o.o. do. 9, 8; 54, 7; 102, 5).

Dis. ĞMG

kamıč (ladle) ‘ladle’. Survives with minor phonetic changes in NE Koib., Küer., Sag. R II 486 and Khak. Cf. čömče:, kašık. Türkü vııı ff. (a devout old woman stayed behind in a deserted camp) yağlığ kamırč buhı:pan (so read) ‘she found a greasy ladle’ (and kept alive by licking it) IrkB 13: Xak. xı kamıč al-miğrafa ‘ladle’ Kaš. I 359; two o.o.: xıv Muh. (?) al-miğrafa kamıč Rif. 169 (only): Kip. xıv kamuč (sic) al-miğrafa; wa 'urribat bi'1-cumce ‘Arabicized as cumca’ Id. 76.

D kamčı: (whip, flogged, penis) Dev. N. (properly N.Ag.) fr. kam -; ‘a whip’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; cf. berge: (whip). L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1527. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kamčı yep ‘having been flogged’ H I 181; kamčı berge yep ditto USp. 55, 34: Xak. xı kamčı: al-sawt ‘a whip’; kılıč kamčı: al-mi'tcal, that is ‘a whip containing a sword’: kamčı: ‘the penis (qadib) of a horse, bovine, or camel’, but usually used of a horse; one says at kamčı:šı: ICaš. I 417: xııı (?) Tef. kamčı ‘whip’ 197: xıv Rbğ. ditto R II 494 (quotn.); Muh. al-tniqra'a ‘whip’ kamčı: (-c-) Mel. 11, 6-7; 72, 1; Rif. 85, 174: Čağ. xv ff. kamčı (spelt; ‘with -č-’) ‘a well known kind of whip’ (teziyena) (quotn.); in Ar. sawt; in the Qal-meqî language mild (Kow. 2025 milağa), and in the language of Rüs pilet (plet’) San. 276V. 7: Xwar. xıv kamčı ‘whip’ Qutb 130; MN 72: Kom. ditto CCI, CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı al-miqra'a kamčı: (-č-) Hou. 14, e: xıv kamčı: (-C-) al-mixsara 'rod, stick’ Id. 75: xval-miqra’a kamšı: (sic) Kav. 64, 4; Tuh. 33b. 12 (also čokmaŋ.

Tris. ĞMG

D kamıča:k (tadpole) Hap. leg.; Dim. f. of kamıč (ladle). Xak. xı kamıča:k al-da'tmiš ‘tadpole’ Kaš.

7487.

D kamčı:ğu: (gangrene) Den. N. fr. kamčı: (whip, flogged, penis). Survives oııly (?) in NE Tel. kamču: (Šor kamča) ‘gangrene’ R 11 495. Xak. xı kamčı:ğu: 'a swelling (or blotch, batra)' which appears on the lips or fingers as the result of a violent blow, a skin irritation or fever Kaš. I 491: xıv Muh. (l) al-niqris ‘a rheumatic or gouty swelling’ kamčığu: (MS. kamcağu:) Rif. 164 (only).

D kamčılığ (flogging, whipping) P.N./A. fr. kamčı: (whip, flogged, penis); s.i.s.m.l. with some phonetic changes. Xak. xı KB kör arslan münügli (riding) kılıč kamčılığ ‘see, riding a lion and using a sword for a whip’ 2354- v

Tris. V. ĞMC

D kamıčla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. kamıč. Xak. xı ol mü:ŋ kamıčla:dı: ‘he ladled out (ğarafa) the broth with a ladle’ Kaš. III 331 (kamıčla:r, kamıčla:ma:k).

D kamčı:la:- (whip, flog) Den. V. fr. kamčı: (whip, flogged, penis); ‘to whip, flog’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er atın kamčı:la:dı: ‘the man flogged (sata) his horse’ Kaš. III 352 (kamčı:la:r, kamčı:la:ma:k).

Dis. ĞMD

F kamdu: Hap. leg.; ‘a currency note’; no doubt a Chinese phr., kan (Middle Chinese kam) tu (M.C. du) or the like. Xak. xı kamdu: ‘a piece of linen (qita'a kirbes) four cubits by one span in dimension, sealed with the seal of the Uyğur xan and used in commercial transactions’ (bihe biyaatuhum); when it becomes worn and tattered, it is patched up (yuraqqa') every seven years, washed, and resealed Kaš. 74i8.

Dis. V. ĞMD-

D kamat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kama:-. Xak. xı kü:n kö:züg kamatti: ‘the sun dazzled (hayyarat) the eyes with its glare’; and one says ačığ avya: tı:šığ kamatti: ‘the sour quince (or something else) set the teeth on edge’ (akalla... al-simx) Kaš. 7/311 (kama-tu:r, kamatma:k; prov. containing kama:-); a.o. 7 515, 6.

PUD kamit- (fall, drop, come down) (come) n.o.a.b.; the first syllable is not vocalized in the Fergana and Cairo MS. and in 802 seems to be spelt kayıt- in the first; in the Vienna MS. it is spelt ktmtf-\ it is, however, best explained as a Caus. f. of kam- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm) in the sense of ‘to cause to throw down’. Xak. xı KB (every three-legged (stool) is incapable of leaning (emitmez)) üčegü turur tüz kamitmaz bolur ‘the three (legs) stand even and cannot make it throw (the person seated on it) down’ 802; (if one of the three legs lean) ikisi kamitar učar ol eri ‘it makes the (other) two throw the man down and he goes flying’ 803.

VUD komit- Caus. f. of komi:-; ‘to cause (someone) to long for (something)’, and more indefinitely ‘to arouse, inspire (someone)’. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı üdig meni: komıttı: hayyacanV l-šauq ile'l-mahbûb awi'l-watan ‘longing (for my beloved or my home) nroused me’ Kaš. II 311 (komitu:r, komitma:k; verse); oğul meni evke: komıtğam ‘the boy constantly makes me long (tnušawwtqŋ for my home (etc.)’ 7 515; o.o. 7 69, 8; II 324, 7: KB (a man must be violent to pierce the enemy’s ranks) yitilik kerek ked konutsa erig ‘he must be alert to arouse the men properly’ 2328; komıtsa köıjill kör yorıtsa klšig ‘if he arouses men’s minds and sets them in motion’ 3701.

Tris. ĞMĞ

D kamtur- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kam- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm). Xak.xi ol anı: urup kamturdi: ‘he ordered someone to beat him until he almost died and became speechless’ (keda an yahlik wa xafata minhu šazvtuhu) Kaš. II191 (kamturur, kamturma: k).

D komtur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kom- (to wave). Xak. xı yel su:vuğ komturdi: ‘the wind raised waves (amaca) on the water’ Kaš. II 192 (komturur, komturma:k).

Dis. ĞMĞ

F kamağ (? xamağ) (all, everything) ‘all’; an early l.-w. fr. Middle Persian htng (hameg). The earliest indisputable evidence for initial k- is in the Man. Syriac script, the Runic and Uyğ. letters used might equally well represent x-, but there is no indisputable occurrence of x-. In the Man. Syriac and Uyğ. scripts the word is ; usually spelt in the Iranian form kmğ or kma.ğ; the form kamuğ with labial vowel attraction does, however, occur as early as Türkü vııı ff. Survives as kamik/xamix in several NE languages and kamu in SW Osm. Cf. barča: (all, be, is, exist) etc. Türkü vııı kara: kamağ ’ bodun ‘all the common people’ IE 8, II E 8; kamağı: yeti: yüz er bolmıš ‘they became . 700 men in all’ IE 12, II & 11; a.o. IE 18: vııı ff. kamağ üze: yaruk bolti: ‘it became ! light over everything’ IrkB 26; kara: kamağ süsi: ‘his whole army’ do. 63; o.o. do. 53; Tun. IV 7 (ETY II 96); Toy. III 2r. 7-12 (II 179); kamu:ğ (nc) tašlarıg ‘of all the j stones’ Toyok 12 (II 58): Man. kamağ yer üzekinig ‘of everything on earth’ Chuas. 45; o.o. do. 194, etc.; TT II 6, 9 etc.; kamağağ alagadturur ‘he weakens all’ M III 11, 12 (ı): Uyğ. ıx kamağ (on fragments) III An; Bz \ (ETY II 37-8): vııı ff. Man. kamağ Wind. 6, 28; kamığ (sic) TT III 35, 1x4; kamığun PCollective f. do. 61, 125; IX 6e: Bud. kamağ and the PCollective f. kamağun are ‘ common U II 65, 27; III 42, 13; PP 14, 8 « etc.; TT IV 4, 16; 10, 28 etc.; V 24, 63; 26, ’ 81: Civ. kamağ is common in TT i: xıv i Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘all’ kamağ Ligeti 161: Xak. xı kamuğ a Particle (harf) meaning al-kull ‘all’; hence one says kamuğ kiši: tü:z ermers, ‘all men are not equal’ Kaš. I 376; about 60 ' o.o.: KB kamuğ ‘all’ is very common, 4 etc.: xııı (?) At. kamuğ törlüg išde ‘in all kinds of things’ 115; a.o.o.; Tef. kamuğ/kamü 196-7: Čağ. xv ff. kamuk kamust cumlast . ma'ndsina ‘all of them’ Vel. 324; kamuk camV ■ ‘all’ San. 276V. 13 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kamu 'Ali 12: xııı (?) kamağ Oğ. 14: xıv kamuğ Qutb 130; Nahc. 260, 10; kamuk MN43 etc.: Kip. xıv kamuğ al-cami' Id. 75: Osm. xıv ff/ • kamu ‘all, everyone’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 407; , 7/569; III 399; IV 457.
627

VU?D 1 komuk (undulation) Hap. leg.; second syllable unvocalized; perhaps Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. kom- (to wave) in the sense of ‘something that comes in waves’. Kaš. also lists the well-known tribal name Kumuk describing it as ‘the name of one of the begs who was a friend of mine’. Cf. kı:ğ (dung) etc. Xak. xı komuk rawtu'l-faras xeššata (n) ‘dung’, more particularly horse dung Kaš. I 383.

2 komuk (dung) Cf. kı:ğ (dung) etc. Xak. xı komuk rawtu'l-faras xeššata (n) ‘dung’, more particularly horse dung Kaš. I 383. (Connection with kom- (to wave) is tenuous)

kamğı: (shrunken, creased, crinkled, crooked, distorted, скомканый) n.o.a.b., but cf. kamğır-, Xak. xı anything which is ‘shrunken (or creased) and crooked’ (inzawa wa a'wacca) is called kamğı:; hence ‘a man whose mouth is distorted by a paralytic stroke’ (alladi bihi laqwa) is called kamğı: yü:zlüg Kaš. I 42e: Kom. xıv ‘crinkled, crookedkamoy CCG; Gr. (no doubt a later form of the same word).

D kamğa:k (seeding, perekati-pole, перекати-поле) Dev. N. (connoting habitual action) fr. kam- (lower, knock down, уложить) (calm); lit. ‘constantly throwing (or being thrown?) to the ground’; the word used for various plants the chief characteristic of which is that either their seeds, or the whole plants, are carried long distances by the wind; in the Soviet dicts, the normal translation is perekati-pole. Survives in SE Tar. kamğaksalt-wort, Salsula oppositifolia’ R //490; Türki kamğak ‘salt-wort, Salsula collina’ Shaw 223; BŠ 464: NC Kır. kamğak; Kzx. kagbak. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (I am like) kamğak kendirke tayaklıkın köntülmiš ‘a salt-wort supported by a hemp plant’ Hüen-ts. 1948: Civ. kamğak barir teg edig ketti ‘your property has disappeared as a salt-wort goes away (with the wind)’ TT I 95-e: Xak. xı kamğark al - turnam ‘a light grass, Panicum dichotomum’ Kaš. 7 475: Ča&’ xv ff. kamğak (spelt) ‘a kind of plant like a wormwood bush’ (büta-i yewšen) which is tangled and convoluted, with a very light weight; a gentle breeze rolls it (ğaltanad) across the plains San. 276V. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kamğak ‘camel thorn’ and the like Qutb 130: Kip. xııı ‘a dry tangled thorn bush (al-šawk) which is rolled about by the wind’ kamkark (sic); anyone featherbrained is called in derision kamkark bašlu: that is ‘with a brain as light as kamka:k' Hou. 9, 1.

?F kumğa:n (jug, water bottle, flask)jug, water bottle, flask’, and the like; s.i.m.m.l.g. as kumğan and the like. No obvious etymology, perhaps a corruption of Ar. qumquma. Xak. xı kumğa:n al-qumquma ‘jug, flask’ Kaš. I 440; (under 2 turma:) the Turks call al-qumquma kumga:n but the Oğuz use the Pe. word aftabi: 7 432; a.o. II 353 (yalnt-).

Dis. V. ĞMĞ-

D kamğır- (distorted) Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. kamğı: (shrunken, creased, crinkled, crooked, distorted, скомканый). Xak. xı anıg yü:zi: kamğırdı: ‘his face was almost distorted by paralysis’ (keda an yata'awwac wa yulqe); also used for anything that tends (areda) to be distorted’ Kaš, II 194 (kamğıra:r, kamğırma:k).

Tris. ĞMĞ

D kamağun See kamağ. (all, everything)
628

Tris. V. ĞMĞ-

VUD komukla:- (stale, wave, undulate) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. komuk (undulation). Xak. xı at komukla:di: ‘the horse staled’ (rata); (also used for being related to Kumuk which is a man’s name) Kaš. III 339 (komukla:r, komukla:ma:k).

Dis. ĞML

F kumla:k (hops, Humulus lupulus) ‘Hop plant, Humulus lupulus.' L.-w. of Germanic origin found in various forms in many Germanic, Scandinavian, Slavonic, and Finno-Ugrian languages, the earliest form being vııı-ix Latin humlo, humulo; der. fr. a Germanic V. meaning ‘to creep’; lit. ‘the creeping plant’. Survives in NE Alt. kumdak; NC Kır., Kzx. kulmak; NW Tat. kolmak; Bashkir komalak; Čuv. xemla. Kip. xı kumla:k ‘a plant like the bean (al-lableb) which grows in the Kip. country’; a drink mixed with honey is made from it; when the plant is put on board a ship, the sea develops waves (yaniiic), and gets so stormy that it almost drowns the people on board Kaš. I 475 (cf. 2 ko:m (wave)); xıv (after ča:kır ‘wine’) ‘and they have another drink made of fermented (al-muğalle) honey into which they put a thing from the plant, which is like the top of a sugar-cane (rıı usu’l-qašab); it is called kumlaik; this is more intoxicating than grape wine and they prefer it’ Hou. 16, 6.

D kumlığ (sandy) P.N./A. fr. kum (sand); ‘sandy’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kumluğ vaxarlığ ‘belonging to the monastery' (Sanskrit vihera) in the sands’ USp. 30, 11.

Dis. V. ĞML-

D kamıl- Pass. f. of kam- (knock down, уложить); lit. ‘to be struck down’, but usually more vaguely ‘to fall to the ground’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king...) ölüg teg kamılu tüšti ‘fell to the ground and lay like a corpse’ PP 61, 7; ögsirep tin-sırap kamildilar ‘they fell to the ground unconscious and not breathing’ Suv. 619, 18; o.o. do. 625, 12-14 (tokıtıl-); U III 33, 14-16 (etig); do. 60, 7 (in: Xak. xı er kamildi: ‘the man lay prone’ (idtaca'a) Kaš. II 135 (kamlurr (? «c), kamüma:k; vocalized ka-mul-): xııı (?) At. qawl erse kamlur kačar quwwati ‘if a man is strong, (in the end) he is thrown to the ground and his strength leaves him’ 19e: Kom. xıv ‘to staŋger, totter’ kamalaŋ CCG; Gr.

D kamla:- (kam ritual, cure, heal, commune with spirits, камлать) Den. V. fr. ka:m (spiritualist, healer, sage); ‘to act as a ka:m, make magic’, and the like. Survives in several NE languages as kamda-/kamna- R II 490-1. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 12 (erklig): (Čağ. xv ff. kamlamıšı in the Istilahat-i Muğill (see San., p. 13) tababat wa mtıelica ‘medical treatment, healing’ San. 276V. 11 illustrated by Pe. quotn.): Kip. xıv kamla-fabba ‘to practise medicine’ Id. 75; fayyaba ‘to heal’ Bui. 5Sr.

Tris. ĞMR

F xuma:ru: (bequest, legacy, inheritance, memento)legacy, memento’, etc.; no doubt a l.-w., prob. Iranian. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the Prince gave generous presents to the 500 mendicants and) barčaka xumaru (or kumaru?) sav kodti ‘addressed (these) parting words to them all’ (a speech follows) PP 76, 2: Xak. xı xuma:ru: al-miret bi-'aynihi ‘a legacy’ in the exact sense of the term, one says bu:ni: atamdın xuma:ru: buldun ‘I received this from my father as a legacy’: xuma:ru: ‘a memento in the form of goods’ (tadkira mina’l-amival); it is the custom of the Turks when one of the notables (al-akabira) of the kingdom dies for some precious (nafis) object from his property to be set aside for the king, and it is called xuma:ru:, that is a memento of him; it is also used as a masculine or feminine Proper Name; similarly a traveller leaves something as a memento with his neighbours and that is called xuma:ru: Kaš. I 445; a.o. III 440, 19: KB kumaru (so spelt) is fairly common; in 269-70 (ölüg) good customary laws are ‘a legacy’ (kumaru) from the dead to the living; in 1150 Aytoldi gives many kumaru to his friends; in 1341 a parting speech is given kumaru atı ‘the name of kumaru’', Chapter 23 (1342 ff.) relates to Aytoldi's kumaru bitig ‘will’: xıı (?) KB VP S3 (kodun-).

kumursğa: (ant)ant’; an old animal name ending in -ğa:. S.i.m.m.l.g., not SE or SW?. Cf. čüme:li:, karınčga:. Türkü vııı ff. kumu:rsğa:ants’ (eat an old ox) IrkB 37: Čağ. xv ff. kumursğa (spelt) murca ‘ant’ San. 290V. 11: Xwar. xııı kumurška ‘ant’ 'Alt 48: xıv kimirsa (sic) Qutb 148: Kip. xııı al-naml ‘ant’ kumurska: (unvocalized; Tkm. karınca:) Hou. ir, 19: xıv kumursğa: ditto Id. 75; ditto kımırsağı: (sic) Bid. 11, 5: xv ditto kumruska (sic) Tuh. 36b. 2.

Tris. V. ĞMR-

DF xuma:ru:lan- (inheritance) Hap. leg.; quoted only in a grammatical section. Refl. Den. V. fr. xuma:ru: (bequest, legacy, inheritance, memento). Xak. xı er xuma:ru:landi: ‘the man received a precious object (daxlra) from the property of his friend or someone else' Kaš. III 205, 17; n.m.e.

Dis. ĞMŠ

kamıš (reed, cane, rush) ‘reed, cane, rush’, and the like; s.i.a.m.l.g., in Čuv. xemel. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1530. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB io, 38 (ara:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. iki kamıš sıš kılıp ‘sharpening two reeds to a point’ PP 57, 8; a.o. U III 20, 10: Civ. (if a man chokes, you should pound the mixture and) boğuzıga yürser (sic for ürseŋ kamıš birle ‘blow it into his throat through a reed’ H I 185: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. chu ‘bamboo’ (Giles 2,316; misread by R. as tzfi ‘twin’ 12,319) kamıš Ligeti 161; R II487: Xak. xı kamıš al-qašab ‘a reed’ Kaš. I 369; o.o. I 438 (sarğa:n); III 193 (kiytur-); 391 (siŋ-); xıv Muh. al-qasab kamıš Mel. 78, 9; kamı:š Rif. 182: Xwar /629/xiv kamıš ‘reed, (sugar-)cane’, etc. Qutb 130: Kom. xiv'reed, rush’ kamıš CCG; Gr.: Kip. Xiv al-qafab kamıš Dul. 8, 5: xv ditto Kav. 63, 15; Tuh. 28b. 10.
629

Mon. ĞM

D kamša:ğ (insecure) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. kamša:-; ‘insecure’. Türkü vııı I N 3 (2 ellig (ruler (land), king)).

kuma (kuma:) “concubine” (concubine) ~ kon- kumine (See F xa:tun (Queen, lady)) p. 602

VU?F kumšuy (louse, tick, blood-filled) Hap. leg.; prob. a l.-w., ? Chinese. Xak. xı kumšuy 'a louse (or tick, al-halama mina'l-qirdan) which is full of blood’; used metaph. of a man who suffers from retention of urine and cannot urinate Kaš. III 241.

Dis. V. ĞMŠ-

D kamaš- (blinded, dazzled) Co-op. f. of kama:- in the sense that the whole of the Subject is involved; s.i.m.m.l.g. meaning (of the teeth) ‘to be set on edge’. Xak. xı tı:š kamašdı: ‘the teeth were set on edge by eating a sour quince and the like’ Kaš. II hi (kamašu:r, kamašma:k) a.o. II no, 5: xııı (?) Tef. kamaš- (of the eyes) ‘to be dazzled’ 1le: Čağ. xv ff. kamaš-- of the teeth ‘to be set on edge’  (kıınd šudan)] of the eyes ‘to be dazzled’ (xlra šudan)\ the verb cannot be used except with teeth or eyes as the Subject San. 276V. 16 (quotns.): Kip. xıv kamaš- ‘to be dazzled’  (inbahara) by the sun, so that one can hardly look towards it, as happens to a man with ophthalmia Id. 75: xv kalla kamaš- Tuh. 3ib. 3.

D komıš- (swell) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kom- (to wave) in the sense that the whole of the Subject is involved. Xak. xı ola:r ırška: komıšdı: ‘they rejoiced (ihtazziŋ in the work and took pleasure (našatü) in it’; the origin is the phr. surv komušdı: (sic) ‘the waves swelled (haca-tVl-mawc) in every direction’ Kaš. II 111 (komušu:r, komušmark sic).

D kamšar- (sway) Den. V. fr. kamıš (reed, cane, rush) in the metaph. sense of ‘to move or sway’ like reeds in the wind; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 16, etc. (1 tur- (be, do, stay, remain, stationary, halt, aux. verb “do”, copula)): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 9, 15 (ii) (čokrar-): Bud. TT X 164, etc. (teprer-).

D kamšat- (shake, sway) Caus. f. of kamšar-; ‘to shake (something); to allow (one’s feet) to waver, or (one’s thoughts) to stray’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı IN 7, IIE 30 (adak): vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 187 (orun): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. Wind. 16 (bedüklentür-).

Tris. ĞMŠ

D kamıšlığ P.N./A. fr. kamıš (reed, cane, rush); ‘full of reeds (etc.), covered with reeds (etc.)’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. tolp etözlerl kamıšlığ vlčln t[eg] turğınč (sic, Pread tarkınč) ara örtenür 'all their bodies are burnt in confusion^) like waving (?) reeds’ TM IV 254, 72 (vlčln Hap. leg.; perhaps Sanskrit vici ‘wave’): Xak. xı kamıšlığ yer ‘a piece of round forming a reed-bed’ (al-maqšaba) Kaš. 495: Čağ. xv İT. kamıšlığ (sic, but prob. the Čağ. f. of an A.N. in -lık) nayisten ‘reed-bed’ San. 276V. 15: (Xwar. xıv kamıšlağ («c) ‘reed-bed’ Qutb 130).
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Tris. V. ĞMŠ-

D kamıšlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kamıš (reed, cane, rush). Xak. xı ye:r kamıštandı: ‘the ground became a reed-bed’ (maqjaba) Kaš. II 268 (kamıšlanu:r, kamıšlanma:k).

Dis. ĞMZ

kımız (koumiss, fermented mare’s milk)fermented mare’s milk, koumiss’; s.i.a.m.l.g.; l.-w. in Pe. and many other languages, Doerfer III 1529, in Russian kumys, fr. which it passed to other European countries; the origin of the -u- is obscure; the only comparable Turkish spellings are NE Koib., Sag. kumıs RII1049, but this may be a reborrowing fr. Russian. Xak. xı kımız al-amiš, that is ‘mare’s milk collected in vessels (axotab), fermented (yuhammad), and drunk’: kımız almıla: ‘a sour (al-hemid) apple’, so called because it is like al-amiš Kaš. I 365; o.o. II 12 (bıš-); III 197 (2 ko:rlan-): KB 4442 (azaŋ: xıv Muh. ‘fermented (mtthammad) mare’s milk’ kimirz; rağtuatu'l-laban ‘the scum (or skin) on milk’ kara: kimirz Mel. 63, 7-9; Rif. 161: Čağ. xv ff. kımız (spelt) ‘mare’s milk fermented (turuš karda) and drunk as an intoxicant’ (maskiret), in Ar. labanu'l-ramaka (‘mare’s milk’) San. 298V. 2e: Xwar. xııı (?) kumuz Oğ. 80; kımız do. 93 (čıbıka:n): Kıp. xıv kımızfermented mare’s milk’ Id. 75: xv kımız is included among the translations of laban Tuh. 32a. 1: Osm. xıv ff. kımızkoumiss’; in several texts TTS I 458; II 626; IV 509.

Tris. V. ĞMZ-

D kımızlan- (kumis) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kımız (kumis). Xak. xı er kımızlandı: ‘the man owned amiš', that is fermented (al-hemid) mare’s milk Kaš. II 268 (kımızlanu:r, kımızlanma:k).

Mon. ĞN

1 ka:n (blood) ‘blood’; c.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü vııı ka:ng suvča: yügürti: ‘your blood flowed like water’ IE 24 (II E 20, but with ögüzče: ‘like a river’); a.o. T 52 (tök-): vııı ff. Man. kan iriŋ ‘blood and pus’ MI 5, 10-14; 6, 4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kan akıp ünti ‘blood poured’ (from his eyes and nose) U II 27, 22; (among the demons) kan ičtečiler ‘blood drinkers’ do. 60, 1 (iii); PP 3, 4 (akıt-); a.o.o.: Civ. H I 83 (ötgek); a.o.o.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘bloodkan Ligeti 161: Xak. xı ka:n al-dam ‘blood’ Kaš, III 157 (prov.); about 20 o.o.: KB (the partridge) kızıl ağzı kan teg ‘with his blood-red beak’ 76; kayu aydı kan tutmıš emdi muni ača bergü igčil (Arat ekček, but the two best MSS. have igčil) akıtğu kanı ‘some said ‘‘he has high blood pressure, now we must open the invalid’s (vein) and let the blood flow out’” 1058; tökme kan ‘do not shed blood 1395: xııı (?) Tef. kanblood’ 197: xıv Muh. al-dam ka:n Mel. 45, 14; Rif. 139; haccem ‘blood letter’ ka:n alğučı: 57, 4; 155: Čağ. xv ff. kan xün ‘blood’, in Ar. dam San. 277V. 15: Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 35: xıv ditto Qutb 130; MN 72, etc.: Kom, xıv ditto CCI, CCG; \630\ Gr.: Kip. xııı al-dam ka:n Hou. 21, 18; al-fešid ‘blood letter’ ka:n a:lıčı that is ‘taker of blood’ do. 23, 10: xıv kan al-dam Id. 74: xv ditto Kav. 61, 12; Tuh. 15a. 12; 18b. 8. ( xün ‘blood’ Pe. or Arabic?)
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2 ka:n See xa:n. (head, leader, chief, ruler. king, emperor, padishah) (Kaɣan, the Kağan in Clauson's nomenclature, with silent -ɣ-/-ğ-, would be rendered ka:n/xa:n, and be indistinguishable from Khan)

F xa:n (head, leader, chief, ruler. king, emperor, padishah) a title at first practically syn. w. xağan (Kagan, emperor), q.v., but later used mainly for a subordinate ruler; for the etymological connection between the two see xağan. There is no reasonable doubt that the original and normal pronunciation was xa:n. An early l.-w. in Mong. (Haenisch 59, Kotv. 718); no longer a royal title, but still used as a title of honor in many Moslem countries, not all Turkish-speaking. Türkü vııı xan does not occur in I or II, but occurs six times in T in contexts where xağan, which also occurs in T, might have been expected, e.g. (the Türkü people) xani:n bulmayın ‘because they had no xan of their own’ (parted from the Chinese and appointed a xan; then) xani:n kodup ‘abandoned their xan’ (and submitted again) T 2: vııı ff. xan olu:rupan ‘a ruler, taking the throne’ IrkB 28; o.o. do. 34, 63: Man. el(l)igler xanlarkings and rulers’ M III 19, 14; el(l)ig Bögö Xanking Bögö Xan’ TT II 6, 33; a.o. do. io, 88: Yen. Tüpü:t xanka: ‘to the king of Tibet’ Mai. 29, 8; Kara: Xan do. 30, 4; 37, 1, prob. the eponymous founder of the Kara-khanid dynasty; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı xan occurs six times in Šu. referring to foreign rulers, including Tavğač xanı ‘the Emperor of China’ IF 3: ıx xanka: tap ‘serve (your) ruler’ Suci 9; a.o. do. 1: vııı ff. Man.-A uluğ el (Dig teŋri xanı Ezrwa ‘Zurven the great king, the ruler of the gods’ M I 25, 32; Kašu xam ‘the ruler of Kašu’ do. 27, e: Chr. el(l)ig xan Mašıxa teŋrike ‘to the divine king (Hend.) the Messiah’ U I 6, 16-17; a-°- do. 7, 2: Bud. erklig xan lit. ‘independent ruler’, the title of the lord of the underworld, Sanskrit Yama U II 33, 7 (this title had a long history in Turkish Buddhism and still survives in Mong. as erlig kan); (el(l)ig beg U III 68, 4-S), el(l)ig beg xan do. 11, xan do. 16; many o.o. in which it is often combined, or alternates, with el(l)ig: Civ. erklig xan ešigi ‘the threshold of Yama’ VII 13, 33-4; o.o. do. 29, 11; 30, 15; TT I 60 (busuš): xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. chün ‘ruler, prince’ (Giles 3,269) xan Ligeti 161: Xak. xı xa:n al-maliku'l-a' zam minhum ‘their (the Turks’) supreme ruler’; anyone who is descended from Afrasiyab is given this title, wahria- xa:ka:n; both the long and the short forms are used Kaš. III 157; over 20 o.o. translated al-malik: Čağ. xv ff. xan means ‘emperor’ (padišah) and for this reason they call the emperors of the Turks xan; since the Sultans of Rüm \\\ are descended from the Türkmen people (el) they call themselves xan; after they captured Arabistan and the Hijez they added to xan the title of sultan, which means ‘emperor’ in Ar. Now in Persia governors and notables of the realm (hukkem tea a'yen-i datclat) are called xan; there can be no other reason than this for the fact that when the Sultans of Rûm as a sign of respect for their own amirs and notables gave them an imperial (padišah!) title they called them paša which is a shortened form of padišah. After the empire of Iran passed to the Šafawi dynasty they too, contrary to the wishes of the Sultans of Rüm, called the notables of their realm xan and lower placed persons sultan. After the Sultanate of Hind passed to the house of Gurgan they called themselves padišah, and the notables and chiefs of the realm they distinguished by the title of xan San. 222V. 1: Kom. xıv kan/xanemperor’ CCI; ‘king’ CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı (in the list of Proper Names) temür xam ‘iron king’ Hou. 30, 7: xıv kan (‘blood’, also used for) al-malik Id. 74: xv sultan kan Tuh. 18b. 8; malik kan do. 32b. 3; 41b. 6.

1 kaŋ (father) ‘father’; the oldest Turkish word in this sense; it was gradually displaced in Uyğ. by ata: q.v. and did not survive into Xak. although kaŋdaš, kaŋsik did. Cf. 1 ö:g (mother). Türkü vııı kaŋ is common in I and II, e.g. kaŋım Elterlš Xağan IE 11, IIE 10: vııı ff. ögi:ŋe: kaŋı:ŋa: tegü:rmi:š ‘it brought him to his mother and father’ IrkB 35; o.o. do. 58 (2 öt), etc.: Uyğ. vııı kaŋim xagan Šu. N 12: vııı ff. Man.-A yarlakančučı kaŋamaz ‘our merciful father’ M I 10, 3 (of God): Man. köŋlümin yarutuğlı kaŋim ‘my father who enlightens my mind’ M III 24, 9 (ii); a.o.o.: Bud. kaŋ, often in association w. ö:g, is common; e.g. (the Princess said to her father (atası) the beg) kaŋım U II 21, 3; (if I have sinned against) ögke kaŋka baxšılarka ‘my mother, father, or teachers’ do. 77, le: Civ. ügdin kaŋdın edgü sav ešitür 'he hears good news from his mother and father’ TT VII 35, 3: O. Kır. ıx ff. kaŋım Mai. 13, 3; a.o.o.

2 kaŋ (gaggle, гоготать) onomatopoeic; ?Hap. leg. Xak. xı ka:z kaŋ etti: ‘the goose (Kaš., in error, ‘duck’) made a noise like that’ (sannata ka-de/ika); it is an onomatopoeic for any such sound Kaš. III 358.

1 kı:n (sheath, scabbard) ‘sheath, scabbard’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; although Kaš. lists both kin and ki:n, the second form, which survives in SW Tkm., was no doubt the original one. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kınıntın yiti bičekin t[artip] ‘drawing his sharp knife from its sheath’ U III 64, 9: Xak. xı kin cafmil-sayf wa'l-sikkm ‘the scabbard of a sword and (sheath) of a knife’; one says kılıč kı:nı: (sic) ‘sword scabbard’ Kaš. I 339; kı:n same translation III 140; two o.o. of kı:n and four of kinka:: KB (if a beg does not make his men love him) kılıč kında čıkmaz ‘the sword does not leave the scabbard’ 2138; kılıč kinka kirse ‘if the sword is sheathed’ 2144: xıv Muh. (?) (in one MS. only) ğimdu'1-sayf ‘sword scabbard’ kı:n Mel. 71, 4: Čağ. xv ff. kin ‘the sheath (ğilef) of a knife, sword, or the like’ San. 2gqr. 28 (quotn.): Xwnr. XIV ditto Qutb 148: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı ğilefu’l-sayf tea ğayrihi kin Hou. 13, 14: xıv kın qirebu’l-sikkm ‘the sheath of a knife’ Id. 7-1: xv in Tuh. nb. x the text should be \631\ restored as cafir ‘sheath (kın; cefi ‘thick’) kalın.
631

2 kı:n (kı:ñ) (punishment, torture, pain, suffering, martyrdom, difficult, embarrassing, complicated) ‘punishment, torture’, and the like; the variations in spelling point clearly to an original form kı:ñ, cf. 1,2 ko:ñ (sheep, ewe),  (bosom, quiet, coy). Survives in NW Kaz. kıyınpunishment’ R II 718 and prob. NC Kır., Kzx.: NW Kk., Kumyk, Nog. kıyındifficult, embarrassing, complicated’. L.-w. in Pe. and other languages, Doerfer III 1609. Türkü vııı kıynığ köŋüŋče: ay ‘prescribe punishments as you think fit’ T 32: Uyğ. vııı kıyn aydım Šu. E 2: vııı ff. Bud. kın kızğut bireyin ‘I will inflict punishment (Hend.)’ U II 26, 14; o.o. do. 20, 1 (ii) (tegür-); U III 56, 7; TT VI 10-11, 255: Civ. kıyn enč bolur ‘the pain dies down’ TT VII 22, 15 (medical); ağır kıynka teglp ‘receiving severe punishment’ USp. 78, 16; o.o. do. in, 10; 115, 20: Xak. xı KB isizke bu kin berge zindan yegi ‘for the wicked this punishment; flogging and imprisonment are best’ 893; yağız yer katında kıyın yer basa ‘afterwards he suffers punishment below the brown earth’ 6140; o.o. of kıyın 3818; km 5548 (evir-): xııı (?) Tef. kıyıntorture’ 207: Čağ. xv ff. kın cerime ve iškanca ve zahmat ve mašakkat ‘punishment, torture, pain, suffering’ Vel. 333 (quotns.); kın šikanca wa 'adeb (‘punishment’) San. 2ŋgr. 26 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kınpain, torture’ Qutb 148: Kom. xıv ‘suffering, martyrdom’ kin CCG; Gr. 206 (quotns.): Osm. xıv kıntorture, painn’; in two texts TTS 1458.

3 kin (quim, womb, female genitalia) (quim) (OTD, 1969, p. 307: KIN II чрево; женские половые органы (womb, female genitalia): tiši kisi kin aɣrïɣlïɣ bolsar если у женщины будет заболевание половых органов (if a woman would have gynecological disease) (Rach I1211)

E kıŋ in the phr. kıŋ közin in U IV 38, 128 is no doubt an error for kıŋır (kıŋır közin), as suggested in a note thereon; the supposed Instr. form kıŋın quoted therein is no doubt a misreading of that word.

1 ko:ñ (sheep, ewe) generically 'sheep’, and specifically ‘ewe’. One of the animals of the 12-year cycle. An early l.-w. in Mong. as koni(n) (Haenisch 66). S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Tkm. ğoyun; Osm. koyun; elsewhere normally koy. L.-w. in Pe. (for the Sheep Year only?) and in other languages, Doerfer III 1590. Türkü vııı (my father the Xagan’s troops were like wolves and his enemies) kon teg ‘like sheep’ I E 12, //E11; kon yilka: ‘in the sheep year’ I NE; this is also the date in Ongin 12, misread by R. as lüi yilka:: vııı ff. bay er kotü: ‘a rich man’s sheep’ IrkB 27; a.o. do. 29 (ut-); bir kon ‘one sheep’ Tun. IV 9 (ETY II 96): Uyğ. vııı kon yilka: Šu. N 9; W 2; a.o. do. W 9 (kal-): vııı ff. Man.-A Ml 8, 8 (u:^); III ir, 10 (i) (öpün-): Bud. (some people kill) koy lağzın ‘sheepp and pigs’ PP 3, 1; koy yılkı igidser ‘if a man keeps sheep and cattle’ do. 13, 5 — in other texts the form is koyn UII80, 60; TT IV 8, 55; Suv. 4, 1 r etc.: Civ. in a calendar text TT VIII P.5, 29, etc. in the 12-animal cycle koyn (s/c); elsewhere koyn TT VTI and USp. in dating formulae; M III 33, 2 (ii); USp. 36, 2; H I 42, 138, etc.: Xak. xı the people of Arğu: change every medial and final y to n; thus the Turks call ‘sheep’ (al-ğanam) ko:y, but they call it ko:n Kaš. I \\\ 31, 10 — ko:n al-šet ‘sheep’ in Arğu: III 140; a.o. / 309, 25 (örü:le:-) — ko:y al-ğanam; ko:y yılı: ‘one of the twelve years in Turkish’ III 142; over 70 o.o.: KB koysheep’ 449 (bori:), 1412, 4353 (erkeč), 4765: xııı (?) Tef. koy, koyunsheep’ 211: xıv Muh. na'ca ‘ewekoyu:n Mel. 18, ir; ko:yun Rif. 97; al-ğanam ko:yin 70, 14; ko:y, in margin ko:yun 172 (adding na'ca kısıŋ; sanatu' l-ğanam ko:ym yılı: 81, 1; 18e: Čağ. xv ff. koy koyun Vel. 347-8 (quotns.); koy güsfand ‘sheep’ San. 292V. 3 (quotn.); koyun ... (4) ‘sheep’ do. 23 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı koysheep’ 'Ali 19: xıv ditto Qutb 138 (and koyun); MN 14 etc.; Nahc. 252, 2: Kom. xıv ‘sheepkoy CCI, CCG; Gr. 198 (quotns.): Kip. xııı al-ğanam mutlaqa (n) ‘sheep in general’ koyun ... al-na'ca tiši: koyun that is ‘female sheep’ Hou. 14, 23 ff.: xıv ko:yun al-ğanam Id. 76; al-ğanam koyun (al-na'ca sağlık, mis-spelt) Bul. 7, 11: xv al-xarüf ‘lamb’ (should be al-ğanam ?) koyun (al-radV (so read) kuzi:)... al-na'ca tiši: koyun Kav. 61, 22 ff.; (taniyu'l-)ğanam ‘two-year-old sheepkoyun Tuh. 11a. 3; de'in ‘sheepkoyun, koy do. 23a. 8.

2 *ko:ñ (bosom, quiet, coy)bosom’ and the like; does not survive in this form, but the close parallelism between the later forms of this word and 1 ko:ñ strongly suggest that it, too, must originally have been ko:ñ; the earliest recorded form ko:y seems to exclude the possibility that it was originally *kodun (n.) (code) Dev. N. fr. ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up) in the sense of ‘(the place) where one puts things’. S.i.a.m.l.g. as koyun with minor phonetic variations. Türkü vııı ff. Man. koyınta ölüg yatur ‘a corpse was lying in his bosom’ M I 6, 3-4 Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yek kizm koymta kötürü alıp ‘he picked up and carried off the demon’s daughter in his bosom’ U II 25, 17; (when I reached that beg) koyunıntın bir kegde bitig ttntü-rüp ‘he took a paper document out of his bosom’ (and read it to me) Suv. 6, 8-9: Xak. xı ko:y hacru'l-qaba 'the bosom of a robe’; hence one says elig ko:yka: suk ‘thrust your hand in the bosom of your robe’ Kaš. III 142; o.o. I 199 (a?***-); /7 339 (karvat-); 346 (suğlıt-); III 18, 2; 297 (suğlı:-): KB (he took his son) koyuga (so read) kuča ‘clasping him to his bosom’ 1500; a.o. 3570 (töšne:k): xııı (?) Tef. koyn (Pkoyun) ‘bosom’ 211: Čağ. xv ff. koyn (spelt) (1) beğal ‘armpit; embrace’ (quotn.); (2) egüš ‘bosom’ (quotn.); also spelt koyun San. 292V. 16; koyun (spelt) (1) bağal (quotn.); (2) egüš; in both cases also spelt koyn do. 292V. 19: Xwar. xıv koyunbosom’ Qutb 139: Kip. xııı (‘sheep’) koyun which also means 'ubbu'l-insan ‘a man’s bosom’ Hou. 14, 23: xrv koyun 'the space (al-xala) between the stomach and the garment’; one says koynumda: besledim ‘I cherished him in that place’; it is what people call al-ubb Id. 77: xv 'ubb koyn Tuh. 25a. 5.

VU?F xu:n (cruel, unmerciful) (equivalent to peculiar English “bloody” ~ intensifier “extremely, damn, freaking”) Hap. leg.; an unusual form, perhaps Persian xun ‘blood’ used metaph., but not described as Oğuz, which is the language most likely to have such a l.-w. Xak. xı xu:n ı:š al-amrwlladî le rifq fîhi ‘an action with no compassion in it’; hence one says xu:n xara: (sic) ıšlama: ‘do not act harshly’ ('amal fihi'l-xurq) Kaš. III 138.
632

koŋ (thigh, rook, muscle, flesh, raven) survives in NC Kır./Kzx. koŋ/koŋ eti ‘the thick part of the thigh’; there is also a Kır. phr. koŋ karga ‘rook’; the connection between the two meanings is not obvious. Xak. xı koŋ et al-’adala mina’I-lahm ‘muscle, firm flesh’ Kaš. III 358: Čağ. xv ff. koŋ (‘with -ŋ’) kuzğun ‘raven’ Vel. 345 (quotn.); ğoŋ (spelt) ‘a large black raven’ (kaleğ); also called ğuz-ğun (sic) Sati. 262V. 14; a.o. 287^ 26 (kuz-ğu:n).

Mon. V. ĞN-

ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can) ‘to be satisfied, satiated’, and the like, both in a concrete and an abstract sense. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. közünürteki küstišleri kanzun ‘may their desires in the present world be satisfied’ TT IX 116; a.o. do. 47: Bud. köp küsüšleri kanar TT V 24, 54; o.o. U I 27, 9; TT VII 40, 130 (büt- (ending, starting, achieve, heal, believe, rely, happen)): Civ. küsüšüŋ barča kantı TT I 115; o.o. do. 175; VII 27, 14 etc.; su:v ičip ka:nma:z ‘when he drinks water, he is not satisfied’ VIII 1.2: Xak. xı ol survdın ka:ndı: bada'a'l-racul mina'l-ma tea ratviya ‘he quenched his thirst with the water and was satisfied’ Kaš. III 184 (ka:nar, ka:nma:k); o.o. / 377, 1; III 261, 13 ff. (in a grammatical section where it is pointed out that kana:r (j/c) is the Aor. both of ka:n- and of kana:- (bleed)): KB arzum kanıp ‘my desires being satisfied’ 591; o.o. (with su:v) 5516, 6035: Čağ. xv ff. kan- (-mağuıj) kan- Vel. 324; kan- ‘to be satisfied’ (sir šudatt); the word is used of being satisfied with something other than food (for which the word is toy- (to:d-)), for example ‘to be satisfied with water’, and sir-i ma'ne šudan ‘to be satisfied’ in an abstract sense San. 276v. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kan- ‘to drink to satiety’ 'Ali 30:xiv ditto Qutb 130: Kip. xıv kan- ratviya Id. 74. '

*kan- (boil) See kayın- (boil), *kanak (cream layer).

kın- (wish, yearn, desire, covet, love, arouse) ‘to long for (something)’ and the like; survives in NE Kiier., Sag., Šor kın- R II 725; Khak. xııı - ‘to wish; to love (someone)’. It is also stated in Zenker (R. loc. cit.) that the word existed in SW Osm.; this cannot be confirmed but see kintur-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. turkaru kınmak katığlanmakka (mistranscribed kadulanmakka) tükellig bolup uluğ nırvamğ bulmaki bolur ‘it is to attain the great nirvana by being perfect in constantly longing and striving’ U II 46, 57-9; kentü köıjüllerintin ketergeli kınmak ‘they must remove desire from their own minds’ Suv. 247, 13-14; tarğarğalı kınmak erür ‘it is a longing to suppress’ (all such emotions) Suv. 255, 9-10; a.o. USp. lot, 23 (F): (Xak.?) xıv Muh. (t) haraša ‘to long for, covet’ kin- (unvocalized) Rif. 107: Kip. xıv kın- inba'ata ‘to be aroused’ Id. 74 (cf. kıntur- (arouse)).

ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover, settle)... (lacuna) c *ko:-, cf. ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up); (of a bird) 'for the night \\ on a journey) (stopover, sleepover, stayover), ‘to settle down’ (somewhere for an indefinite period). S.i.a.m.l.g., with various extended meanings; in some languages used as an Aux. V. Türkü vııı (I myself) ötüken yerlğ konmıšsettled down in the ötüken country’ T 17; o.o. I S 5, \\ N 4 (yağru:); I S 6, İl N 5 (čoğay); IIK 40: vııı ff. (a falcon) knyn:ka: konu:pan ‘settling on a rock’ IrkB 64; a.o. do. el(töšne:k): Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. kuš kuzgun konsa ‘if the birds and ravens settle’ (on the trees) PP 80, 4; a.o. do. 6; nirvanlıg konuklukta konar ‘he will settle in the resting place of nirvana' PJahl. 8, 8-9: Civ. (the swan has flown away and) kölige konmaz ‘does not settle on its lake’ TT I 2le: Xak. xı kuš ko:ndı: ‘the bird settled’ (tvaqa'a) on something, and one says bodu:n ko:ndi: ‘the tribe settled down after being nomadic’ (nazalat... ha’da’l-za’n) Kaš. III 184 (ko:na:r, ko:nma:k); o.o. (of birds) I 319, 18; II 331, 22: xııı (?) At. (birds) karika konar ham kafaska kirür ‘settle on the (fowler’s) wrist and enter the cage’ 460: xıv Rbğ. kon- (of a bird or fly) ‘to settle’ R II 532 (quotns.); Muh. nasala wina'l-rahil ‘to settle down after a migration’ ko:n- Mel. 32, 12-17; Rif. 117; a.o.o.: Čağ. xv ff. kon- nišastan tva tnanzil hardan ‘to settle down, to alight at an inn’ Son. 290V. 11 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kon-‘to settle down’ 'Ali 30: xıv ditto Qutb 139; MN 242: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr. 199 (quotns.): Kip. xııı sakana mitt sakni’l-bayt ‘to take up residence (settle) in a house’ kon- Ilou. 37, 17: xıv kon- nazala Id. 75; nazala mina'l--nianzil kon- Bui. 83r.: xv daraba'l-xam ‘to pitch a tentkon- Tuh. 67b. 6; bata ‘to spend the night (sleepover)kon- do. 69a. 1: Osm. xıv ff. kon- (of a traveller) ‘to stop for the night (sleepover)’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 480; III 472; IV 536.

kun- (con, deprive, steal, carry off) ‘to steal, carry off’; n.o.a.b. As the vowel is short -u- might be expected and this is confirmed in TT VIII. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit acchidya ‘carrying offkunup (we) TT VIII D.io; (the hero Arjuna) kunup eltii bardı ‘has gone carrying off’ (your daughter) U II 25, 23-4; (demons) karintakl kenčig kundačılar ‘who steal unborn children’ do. 60, 1 (ii); o.o. do. 76, 1 (tel-); TT X 443, 463, 541, etc.: Xak. xı oğrı: tava:r kundi: ‘the thief carried off (salaha) the property’ Kaš. II 29 (verse; kuna:r, kunma:k).

Dis. ĞNA

(D) ka:nı See ka:ñu:. (how, which? what?, some)

ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some) (1) Interrog., ‘which? what?’; (2) Indefinite ‘some’ and the like; with other Interrog. functions in oblique cases. The word is cognate to kač, kačan, kah:, kalti:, ka:nı and the whole group seems to go back to an earlier stage in the language when different Suffs. were in use. Kañu: became ka:yu: (qalï, ɣalï) (how) at a fairly early date, but the oblique cases, which, except kanča:, are included here, retained -n- side by side with -y- much longer, the two alternating in a most confusing fashion. In one form or another some of these words \633\ s.i.a.m.l.g., but the relationship of some modern forms like SW Osm./Rep. Turkish hangi ‘which?’ to the original word is most obscure. Türkü vııı ka:nı ‘where?’ I E 9, II E 8-9 (1 e:l (country, land); kantan kelip/kelipen ‘coming from where?’ I E 23, II E 19 (almost the only Abl. in -tan in Türkü): vitt ff. Man. kanyuda ‘wherever’ (?) TTII6, r r (damaged); kanyu kiši kim ‘whoever’ M III 19, 13 (in: Uyğ. ıx kanu: [gap] III C 3 (ETY II 38): vııı ff. Man. kayu ol ‘what is?’ TT II 16, 36; kayu tınlığ tüšer ‘what mortal falls’ (into the three evil ways?) M III 44, 5 (in: Bud. Sanskrit yatra gatve ‘wherever he goes’ ka:yu:da: barrip TT VIII A.36; ko tu (?) me ‘who is mine?’ ka:yu: erür ınčıp menıŋ do. C.13; in the 'Nidana series’, U II 4 ff., kanyuda törüyür 'in what circumstances does it come into existence?’ 6, 13-16 alternates w. negüde törüyür, same meaning, in parallel passages; ne bašlıklnkayu bašutčm ‘from what beginning and with what helper?’ U II 9, 10-11; kačan kayu kün ‘if some day’ U II 79, 54; kayu kiši 'whatever person’ (V. in Cond.) PP 11,4; kim kayu tınlığlarka ‘to all people’ do. 35, 3; kayusiga ‘for each of them’ do. 6, 2; kayular ol on ‘what are those ten?’ TT V 20, 2; kanda: erser ‘wherever he is’ TT VIII F.7; o.o. TT IV 12, 45; VI 79 (etiglig); Suv. 475, 15; 478, 16 etc.: Civ. kayu kiši ‘whatever person’ (V. in Cond.) TT VII 12, 5; 27, 12 etc.; kim kayu kiši sögüt tikser ‘if anyone plants a tree’ do. 28, 41-2; kayuda bolsawherever it is’ USp. 17, 10; kim kayu čam čarım kılmazun ‘let no one object’ do. 61,4; in TT VIIIL. the word is spelt kayo (five times), ka:yo, kayu; kanta: ‘when’ (V. in Cond.) do. 11: Xak. xı (after 1 ko:n, q.v.) and the Turks say ka:yu: ne:g ayy šay' ‘what thing ?’ and they (the people of Arğu:) say kamu: Kaš. I 31, 14 — Arğu: xı kanu: a Particle (harf) meaning ayy; hence one says kanu: kiši: ‘what person?’, the -n- being changed fr. -y- III 237 — Xak. xı kayu: alternative form (luğa) of xayu: (how) (Hap. leg.; n.m.e.) the k- being changed fr. x-; the Oğuz and Kıpčak, who are a section (tabaqa) of the Xalač change k into x and say xizim ‘my daughter’ while the Turks say kızım; and they say xanda: erdig ‘where (ayna) have you been?’ while the Turks say kanda: erdig III 218 (misplaced, among words with -t- as the second consonant); düg miŋ kayu: tümenle:r ‘several thousands and some tens of thousands’ III 367, 10 — ka:nı:/kanı: a Particle meaning ‘where?’ (ayna); one says oğlum kanı: ‘where is my son?' III 237; a.o. do. (1 bu: (this)) — kanda: an Interrog. Particle of place meaning ‘where ?’; one says kanda: erdig ‘where have you been ?’, the -n- changed fr. -y-, kayda:, originally kayu:da: I 418; o.o. III 218 (above); III 173 (below); I 46, 20; III 69, 2 — kayu:da: I 99, 26 (ağruk); 418 (above); III 173 (below) — kayda: a Particle meaning ‘where ?’; hence one says kayda: erdig ‘where were you?’, alternative forms kanda: with -n- and kayu:da: III 173; o.o. I 52, 11; 418 (above): KB kayu is common, usually as a Relative, e.g. \633b\ kayuka bu baksa ‘whomever he looks at’ 133; kayu ödte erse ‘at whatever time it was’ 220 ; (look for yourself and see) kayusı kolur ‘which of them you want’ 239; o.o. 251, 301, etc.; often repeated for ‘some... others’ e.g. kayusı kopar kör kayusı konar kayusı čapar kör kayu suv ičer ‘some of them (the birds) soar, some settle, some swim, and some drink water’ 73 ; o.o. 97, 138, etc. — Loc. kayda and Abl. kayudin (sic, the difference in length ?metri gratia) occur, e.g. kayudin kopar kopsa kayda barur ‘whence does it arise, and when it has arisen where does it go?’ 1834; o.o. kayda 154; kayudin 583 — kam ‘where?’, e.g. anundı kanı emdi kačğu yolum ‘where has my way of escape been prepared ?’ 1170; (the rulers of the world before you) kanı kanča bardı kam ol küčİ ‘where are they? whither have they gone? where is their strength?’ 5137: xııı (?) KB VP kim erse mum teg etermü kam ‘has anyone made a book like this, and where?’ 25; kayu kend ‘each town’ (has given it a different name) 26; a.o. 35: xııı (?) KBPP (when this book reached) kayu pedıšehlıkka wa kayu iklimka ‘each Empire and clime’ le: At. Icayu ‘which’ and kam/kayda ‘where?’ are fairly common; Tef. kayu 'which?'; kayu erse ‘any’; kayusı... kayusı ‘some... others’ — kayda/kayuda ‘where?; where, wherever’ — kanda ditto — kam ‘where ?’ — kaydm ‘whence?’ 194-8: xıv Muh. ayy kay/ ka:y Mel. 5, 4; 17, 14; ka:yu:/kayu:/kay Rif. 75, 96 — ayna kanda:; min ayna kandın 15, 4; 91: Čağ. xv ff. kayu/kay bir kanğtst (quotn.) — kaydın kandın (quotn.) — kay sarı kanğı tarafa (quotn.) Vel. 326-7; kanda ‘where?’ (and ‘in blood’) San. 277V. 20 (quotn.); kandın ‘whence?’ (and ‘from blood’) do. 22 (quotn.); kay Interrog. Pron. kudem ‘who?’ (quotn.), also pronounced kayu; also used for kuce ‘where?’, e.g. kayda dur ‘where is it?’ 28ir. 18; kay bir ‘every one’ (quotn.) do. 27; kayda ‘where?’ do. 29 (quotn.); kaydın ‘whence?’ 281 v. 1 (quotn.); kaysı kude-mln ‘which of them?’ do. 5 (quotn.); kayu (spelt) kudem do. 12 (quotns.); kayi (spelt) ditto do. 15 — kam ‘where?’ 278r. 14 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kayda ‘where?’; kaysıgız ‘which of you ?’; kam/kanda ‘where ?’; kandm ‘whence?’ 'Ali 17, 32: xıv kayu ‘who? which?’ Qutb 129; kanı, kayda, kandin do. 128, 131; kayda MN 111, etc.; Nahc. 343, 4; kaya ‘wherever’ MN 111: Kom. xıv kaym ‘who?’; kaysi ‘which (Relative); which?’; kayda ‘where; where?’; kaydan ‘whence?’; kayma ‘any’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 189 (quotns.): Kip. xıv (under kanča) kayda: and kanda: also mean ayna, and in Tkm. karu, a crasis of kay yerke: İd. 75; kayi: ayy do. 76; ayna kanda: Bul. 15, 12: xv ayna kayda: Kav. 16, 15; Tuh. 5a. 4 (a.o.o.) — fi ayna kam (in margin ham) 28a. 4 (a.o.o.) — ayy kaysı 65b. 7; 89b. 4: Osm. xıv ff. the word equivalent to ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some) is kanğı/kankı; other forms noted are kanda, kandan, kam; c.i.a.p.; kayda is noted only once, in xıv TTS I 410 ff.; II 572 ff., 604; III 401 ff.; IV 460 ff.
633, 634

Dis. V. ĞNA-

D kana:- (bleed) Den. V. fr. 1 ka:n (blood); originally Trans., ‘to bleed (a patient, animal, etc.)’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as kana-, also Trans. (Haenisch 59, Koto. 719). In the medieval period it became Intrans., the Caus. f. kanat- being used as Trans.; the first signs of this transition are in Kaš., q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g., everywhere Intrans. except in NE Leb., Tel., R II 109, where the word may have been reborrowed fr. Mong. Cf. kanı:-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 21 describes the consequences of bleeding and other forms of treatment (see 2 ba:š, tögne:-) on various days of the month; kanasar ‘if one bleeds him’ 21, u-14; a.o. IIII 20, 3: Xak. xı ol atm kana:di: wadaca farasahtt wa fašadahu ‘he cut his horse’s vein and bled it’ Kaš. III 273 (kana:r, kana:ma:k); a.o. III 261, 17 (see ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can)); (in a section on forming the Caus. f. of V.s ending in vowels) er burni: ka:nadi: (sic) ‘the man’s nose bled’ (Hend. ra'ufa... tva damiya); one puts it in the Caus. and says er burnın kanattı: ‘he made the man’s nose bleed’ (adma); in the Imperat. anın burnın kanat ‘make his nose bleed’, the alif (i.e. -a:-) is omitted fr. ka:nadı: II 323, 3 ff. (this would make better sense if ka:nadi: is taken as an error for kana:dı:): Čağ. xv ff. kana- (-p) katta- Vel. 324; kana- (spelt) xftnitt šudan ‘to be bloody, blood-stained’ San. 277r. 5 (quotns.): Kip. xıv kana- earn damuhu ‘of one’s blood, to flow’ Id. 75: xv indame ‘to bleed’ (Intrans.) Tuh. 5b. 13.

D kanı:- (bled) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 ka:n (blood); Kaš. clearly distinguishes this V. fr. kana:- (bleed), q.v., but there does not seem to be any clear evidence that -ı:, a rare Den. Suff., was properly Intrans. and -a:- Trans. Xak. xı buru:n kaı:dı: (MS. in error kanadı:) ‘the nose bled’ (ra'afa), also used of any other place in the body when it bleeds (damiya); originally ka:nı:di: but abbreviated Kaš. III 273 (kanı::r, kani:ma:k).

D 1 kına:- (sheathe, wrap) (kimono, sari) Den. V. fr. 1 kı:n (sheath, scabbard); ‘to sheathe’ (a sword, etc.); survives only (?) in NC Kır., Kzx. kina- ‘to wrap (clothing) tightly round (someone)’. Cf. kınla:- (sheathe). Xak. xı ol bičerkin kına:dı: ‘he put a sheath (cafn) on his knife’ Kaš. III 273 (kına:r, kina:ma:k).

D 2 kına:- (punish, torture, censure, blame) Den. V. fr. 2 kı:n (kı:ñ) (punishment, torture) ‘to punish’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., in SW Az. ğına-; Osm. kına-; Tkm. ğı:na-; elsewhere kiyna- and the like, with some extended meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (if a man has committed grave offences against the begs, and they) ölürgeli azu kınağalı sakinsar ‘contemplate killing or punishing him’ Kuan. 27; [tınlığjlarığ kınağučı bukağučı boltumuz erser 'if we have become torturers or gaolers (wardens) of people’ TT IV 8, 61: Xak. xı beg am: kma:di: ‘the beg tortured him’ ('addabahu); and one says teŋri: am: kına:di: ‘God punished him’ (’aqabahu) Kaš. III 273 (followed by 1 kina:-): KB kınağu ‘you must punish’ 642; kınama yalavač ‘do not punish an ambassador’ (because he speaks the truth) 3817; a.o. 639 (erk): xııı (?) At. 446 (ulaš-); Tef. kiyna- ‘to punish’ 207; a.o. 77 (emget-):xiv Muh. 'aqaba ki:na:- (or kiyna- ?) Mel. 28, 15; Rif. 112: Čağ. xv ff. kma- (spelt) šikanca kardan rva ta' dib kardan ‘to torture, to punish’ San. 298V. 27 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ki:na- (or kiyna-?) ‘to torture’ Qutb 147: Kom. xıv ditto kina-/kiyna- CCG; Gr. 205 (quotns.): Kip. xııı canne mina'l-cineya ‘to punishkina:- Hou. 39, 10: xv ’adaba (? read 'addaba) kma- Tuh. 26a. 2: Osm. xıv ff. kına- c.i.a.p.; originally ‘to punish’, later rather ‘to censure, blame’ TTS I 458; II 629; III 445; IV 510.

Dis. ĞNC

D kanča (where?, wherever, where (he)’d) ‘whithersoever; whither?’ and the like. Morphologically an Equative, but a very old word fr. the same base as ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some), q.v. S.i.a.m.ll., but meaning ‘how many?’ (cf. ne:če:). Türkü vııı ff. kanča: bari:rmen ‘where am I going?’ IrkB 42: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kanča bardı ‘where has he gone?’ PP 53, 6; kanča barırsız do. 78, 1; o.o. U II 25, 21; III 36, 10; IV 14, 144 — bu kanča barğay kentü ftlgey ‘wherever he goes, he will die’ PP 57, 6-7: xak. xı kanča: bardig ‘where (or why?) have you gone?’ I 74, 17; kanča: bardı: belgü:sü:z ‘no one knows where it has gone’ (ile ayy cilia tattacih) I 354, 17; kanča: barsa: ‘wherever it goes’ III 40, x; a.o. I 224 (ümlüg); n.m.e.: KB 27 (kali:), 206, 5137 (ka:ñu: (how, which? what?, some)), 5202: xııı (?) At. kanı kanča bardı ‘where and whither has he gone?’ 386; Tef. kanča (bar-) ‘whither?; wherever’ 198: xıv Muh. ile ayna kanča: (-c-) Mel. 17, 15; Rif. 9e: Xwar. xııı kanča/kančaru ‘whither?’ 'Ali 17, 32: xıv kanča barursen Nahc. 410, 3: Kip. xıv kanča: (-c-) barursen ayna tad-hab Id. 75: Osm. xıv to xvı (only) kanca/ kancaru are common l'TS I 409; II 570; III 400 ; IV 459.

D kı:nčı: (kı:nčı:) (punisher, torturer) N.Ag. fr. 2 kı:n (punishment, torture), ‘punisher, torturer’. Survives in NE Kumd., Tel. kıynčı R II 697. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (then the demons below the earth) kıynčılar (v.l. kınčılar) ölütčller alku ketgey ‘the torturers and executioners will all go away’ TT VI 89.

D ko:ñčı: (shepherd) N.Ag. fr. 1 ko:ñ (sheep, ewe); ‘shepherd’. S.i.a.m.ll. with the same phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. končı.-lerke: (sic) 2 yank ‘two suits of armour (were issued) to the shepherds’ Miran C 5 (ETY II 67): Xak. xı KB bodun koy sanı ol begi koyčısı ‘the people are like sheep and their beg is their shepherd’ 1412: xııı (?) Tef. koyčı ‘shepherd’ 211: xıv Muh. (?) rat ‘shepherd’ koyma:nčı: (sic) Rif. 156 (? error for koyumci:; Mel. 57, 11 has yıİkı:čı:): Čağ. xv ff. koyčı čoban ‘shepherd’ Vel. 348; koyčı (spelt) šaben wa re'i-yi rama ‘shepherd, herdsman’ San. 292V. 10 (quotn.).

kančık (bitch (dog), dog, female of any animal) ‘bitch’ (Possibly a derivative of 1 kaŋ (father)). S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) w. some phonetic changes. L.-w. in Pe. etc., \635\ Doerfer III 1532. Xak. xı kančık ‘bitch’ (al-kalba)\ and when a woman is abused (subbat) she is compared to one and called kančık (MS., in error, kı:nčık) Kaš. I 475; a.o. I 188 (iliš-): Čağ. xv ff. kančık (spelt) sag-i meda ‘a bitch’; in Rumi used more generally for the female of any animal San. 277V. 20: Kom. xıv ‘bitch’ kančık CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı nl-kalba kančık (-*>) Hou. 11, 10: xıv kančuk (-c-) ditto Id. 74; Bui. 10, 12: xv kančık is one of several words translating ‘dog’ Tuh. 30b. 12.
635

C kančok (where?, wherever, where (he)’d) Hap. leg.; crasis of kanča: (where?, wherever, where (he)’d) and 2 ok (emphasis particle: no other, exactly, very). Xak. xı kančok kača:r ol tuta:r ‘wherever he flies to, (we) catch him’ Kaš. I 195, 4; n.m.e.

F kunču:y (consort, yanchi (favorite wife, consort) the Chinese phr. kungchu ‘daughter of the emperor’ (Giles 6,568 (q.v.) 2526), which reached the Türkü when actual (or more often alleged) daughters of the Chinese Emperor were sent as brides to favoured xağans. It soon came to be used for ‘consort, wife’, even when neither husband nor wife were in fact royal. N.o.a.b., but also noted in Pe., Doerfer III 1585. Türkü vııı (their ruler was Bars Beg) xagan atığ bunta: biz bertimiz, slgllm kunčuyurğ b^rtimiz ‘we thereupon gave him the title of xağan and my younger sister as consort’ I E 20, HE 17; (my mother, the xatun, my stepmothers, my elder sisters, my daughters-in-law) kunčuylarım ‘my consorts’ IN 9: vııı ff. (a beg... came to his residence) üčürnč kunčuryır urırlanmirš ‘his third wife had given birth to a son’ IrkB 5: Man. (in a list of dignitaries, etc.) kunčuylar ‘the royal consorts’ TT II 8, 64; (in a similar list) teŋriken kunčuy ‘the devout royal consort’ M III 36, 4 (in: Yen. kunčury, often in the phr. kuyda: kunču:yım ‘my consort in the women’s apartments’ (see 1 kuy), is included in the standard list of persons from whom the deceased is parted by death Mai. 27, 2 etc.: Uyğ. vııı ff. sizler lu xant kunčuyı mu sizler ‘are you consorts of the dragon king?’ PP 43, 3-4; İčlig kunčuylar ‘pregnant wives’ TT X 37-8; a.o. U III 54, 5 (II 23, 19, kıl-): Civ. (if a child is misplaced) kayu kunčuylarnıg karnmta ‘in the womb of any married woman’ TT VII 27, 15; a.o.? kunšı TT I 156 (utlı:lığ): O. Kır. ıx ff. as in Türkü vııı ff. Yen.: Xak. xı kunču:y al-sayyida mina'1-nise 'a noblewoman’ one step (bi-daraca) below the xatun; hence one says ka:tu:n kunčury Kaš. III 240.

Dis. ĞND

kanat (? kana:d) (wing, fin, flap, protection) properly ‘a bird’s wing’, but also used in extended senses like ‘a fish’s fin, the fly of a tent’, etc., and even abstractly for ‘’ andprotection the like. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az. ğanad; Osm. kanat (before vowels kanad-); Tkm. ğarnat. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1531. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 35 (ur-): Man. (the heat of the sun will come down on you and) senig kanatıgın küyürgey ‘burn your wings’ M III 23, 3 (in: Xak. xı kanat al-caneh ‘wing’ Kaš. I 357; o.o. II 3 \\\ (sap-), 183 (saptur-): KB 3005 (1 er): xııı (?) Tef. kanatwing’ 197: xıv Muh. (?) al-•caneh ka:nat Mel. 4, 19; 73, 8; Rif. 75; 17e: Čağ. xv ff. kanat (1) bel-i tuytir ‘a bird’s wing’; (2) demana-i xayma ‘the wall of a tent’; (3) xayma-i alečüq ‘a felt tent’ San. 277V. 15 (the last two phr. are prima facie metaph. meanings of this word, but there may be some confusion with Ar. qane(t), properly ‘a reed’, but with some other [meanings as a l.-w. in Pe.): Xwar. xıv kanat ‘wing’ Qutb 130: Kom. xıv ‘wingxanat CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-caneh ka:nat Hou. 10, 19: xıv kanat ditto Id. 75; Bui. 12, e: xv ditto Tuh. 11b. 5.

D konat (konot) (cumulate, bunch together, companions) Active Dev. N. fr. ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı konat ‘any group (firm) of people who bunch together (talabbada) with one another’; hence one says ol meniŋ konartim (sic) ol ‘he is one of the group (cumla) of those who bunch together with me’ Kaš. I 357: KB (be generous to the poor and they will intercede for you; do not ask them for wealth in return) yanutı bayat berge edgü konut (? konot) ‘God will give you in return good companions (in paradise)’ 4471.

D kanta, kantin See ka:ñu:. (how, which? what?, some)

kandır (flesh membrane) Hap. leg. Xak. xı kandır ‘the membrane on the flesh (of a slaughtered beast, cildu’l-lahm) which remains after the hide which is suitable for tanning has been stripped off it’ Kaš. I 457.

D kaŋdaš (half-brother) Hap. leg.; N. of Assn. fr. kaŋ; ‘half-brother’, son of the same father and a different mother. Cf. ögdeš. The word kadaš (family and kinsmen) seems superfluous, and is perhaps a gloss incorporated in the text. Xak. xı kaŋdaš kadaš (sic) banü'l-allat ‘half-brothers with the same father’ Kaš. III 382 (prov.).

kunduz (beaver) ‘beaver’. S.i.a.m.l.g. including Čuv. xenter, Ash. XVI 340. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1534. Uyg. vııı ff. Bud. (there were three friends, an ape, a Siberian panther, and) kunduz ‘a beaver’ U IV 44, 6; a.o.o.: Civ. kunduz kayırı ‘castoreum’ H I 125: Xak. xı kunduz al-qude'a wa hiya kalbatu'l--ma' ‘a beaver’, that is aquatic dog: kunduz kayri: al-xazmiyan mina'l-adwiya (MS. al-harmiyen mina l-awdiya) ‘castoreum’, a kind of drug Kaš. I458: Čağ. xv ff. kunduz (spelt) ‘beaver’ (sag-i ebŋ, the fur of which is sewn on the edge of caps and coats, and used to make fur-coats; ‘castoreum’ (cund-i bidastar) is its secretion (quotn.); (also a geog. Name); kunduz kayri ‘the secretion of the beaver called cund-i bidastar’ San. 291 r. 26; a.o. 76V. 2 (oğul): Xwar. xıv kunduz ‘beaver’ Qutb 144.

Dis. V. ĞND-

D kanat- (bleed) Caus. f. of kanar- (bleed); ‘to make (something) bleed’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (the patient must be given various beverages and) kam karnartmıš kererk ‘must be bled’ TT VIII 1.24 (text damaged, the tentative reading ka:na:rmıš is no doubt an error): Xak. xı ol \636\ anıŋ burnın kanattı: ‘he made his nose bleed’ (adme) Kaš. II 313 (kanatutr, kanatma:k); bu ot ol burun kanatğa:n ‘this drug makes the nose bleed constantly’ (mura'if) 1 515 ; a.o. 7/323,6 (kana:-): Čağ. xv ff. kanat- Caus. f.; xün alud kardan ‘to make blood-stained’ San. 277r. 18 (quotn.).
636

Dis. V. ĞND-

D kanıt- (satisfied, satiated) (can) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can); cf. kantur-. Xak. xı ögdi: (customs) ol erig kanxtğa:n ‘praise always makes that man cheerful (muhizza) Kaš. I 515; n.m.e.

D kınat- (punish, torture, censure, blame) Caus. f. of 2 kına:- (punish, torture, censure, blame); survives in NE Tel. kıynat- R II 696. Xak. xı beg am: kınattı: ‘the beg ordered that he should be punished’ (bi-'iqebihŋ Kaš. II 313 (kınatu:r, kinatma:k).

D konat- (konot-) (stopover, sleepover, stay-over) Hap. leg.; an unusual Caus. f. of ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stay-over), the form perhaps influenced by konat (cumulate, bunch together, companions), q.v. Cf. kontur- (settle, lodge). Xak. xı ol ö:zige: konum konatti: askana hawla baytihi ’ašıra rra man talabbada bihim tva yuinuhum ‘he settled round his residence a group of people who bunched together, and he helped them’ Kaš. II 313 (konatu:r, konatma:k).

VU kondi:- (polish) Hap. leg.; not quite syn. w. bile:- (sharpen), etc. Xak. xı ol kılıč kondndı: cale'1-sayf bi'l-midtvas ‘he polished the sword with a whetstone’ Kaš. III 277 (kondi:r, kondi:ma:k).

D kantur- (satisfy, satiate) Caus. f. of ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can); ‘to satisfy, satiate’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some extended meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kögülteki küsüšin kanturğalı sakinsar ‘if he contemplates satisfying the desires in his mind’ PP 14, 5-6; similar phr. U III 29, 19; 7 V 44, 24 (kurınč); Hüen-ts. 284; TT VII 40, 87-91; USp. 104, 6; 106, 25: Xak. xı ol mem: suvka: kan-turdi: ‘he satiated me (rawzcam... wa abda'am) with water’; originally kandurdi:; also used of other things besides water Kaš. II 192 (kanturur, kanturma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kandur- Caus. f.; *to satisfy’ (sir kardan) in the sense of ‘to satiate with water’ and in an abstract sense San. Z7~]x. 4: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 130: Kip. xıv kandur- arwa ğayrahu İd. 74: xv ratvtoe kandır- Tuh. 17b. 9.

D kıntur- (arouse) Caus. f. of kın- (wish, yearn, desire, covet, love, arouse); ‘to arouse desires (in someone)’ and the like. Survives in some NE languages and until recently in SW Osm. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (well-disposed people who preach the Maheyena doctrine and) burxan kutıga kınturğalı ‘make them desire the divine favour of Buddha’ TT V 22, 19; kinturur erdi aruk tıtsılarığ ertinilig otruğka ‘he inspired the weary disciples to long for the island of jewels’ Hüen-ts. 19x4-15: Kip. xıv kındur- ba'ata ğayrahu ‘to arouse, or incite, someone’ İd. 75: Osm. xıv to early xix kindur-/kindir- ‘to arouse, or incite (someone) to do (something Dat.)'; c.i.a.p. TTS I 459; 7/627; /7/446; /F511.

D kontur- (settle, lodge) Caus. f. of ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover); ‘to settle (people somewhere); to put (someone) up for the night’, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g. Türkü vııı konturmıš ‘they settled’ (the people eastwards as far as the Kadirkan mountain forest and westwards as far as the Iron Gate) I E 2, II E 4; a.o. I E 21, IIE 18: vrrr ff. (a xan went to war, he conquered the enemv and) köčü:rü: kontu:ru: kelhr ‘ comes back making them migrate and settle (on the land)’ IrkB 34: Xak. xı ol evinde: kuš kondurdı: ‘he made the bird porch (arvqa'a) in his house’; and one snys ol altu:n üzer čaš kondurdı: ‘lie set (rašša'a) the turquoise in gold’; also used for anything that is set in something Kaš. II 192 (kondurur, kondurma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kondur- Caus. f.; nišandan ‘to settle (people)’ San. 290V. 25 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kondur- ‘to receive as a guest’ Qutb 140: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr. 199 (quotns.): Osm. xıv ff. ditto; fairly c.i.a.p. TTS 1 480; III w, IV 536.

Tris. ĞND

VUD kondı:ğu: (whetstone) Hap. leg.; N.I. fr. kondi:-. Xak. xı kondı:ğu: al-midwas ‘whetstone’ and the like Kaš. 7 491.

D kanatlığ (winged) P.N./A. fr. kanat (wing, fin, flap, protection); ‘having wings'. S.i.s.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. altu:n kanatlığ talim kara: kuš men ‘I am a predatory (?) eagle with golden wings’ IrkB 3: (Xak.) xııı (?) Tcf. kanatlu ‘having... wings’ 198.

Tris. V. ĞND-

D kanatlan- (grow wings, take wing) Refl. Den. V. fr. kanat (wing, fin, flap, protection); s.i.s.m.l. meaning both literally ‘of a bird, to grow wings’, and metaph. ‘to hurry away, take wing’. Xak. xı er kanatlandı: ‘the man had a fiery (/«n/ifl) horse, flew (tara) on it, or was on the point of going (ašrafa ’a/e’l-daheb) to his destination’; and one says kuš kanatlandı: ‘the bird grew wings’ Kaš. II 267 (kanat-lanu:r, kanatlanma:k).

Dis. ĞNĞ

D kana:ğ (bloodletting) Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. kana:- (bleed) ; ‘bloodletting’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VII 42, 3 (tamar).

D *kanak (cream layer) Dev. N. fr. *kan-; ‘the skin on milk, clotted cream’, and the like. The later form of such a word might be expected to be *kaynak, but it is in fact kaymak which s.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1417. Xak. xı kayak al-dawaya ‘the skin on milk’ Kaš. III 167 (verse); a.o. III 32, 3 (bıšrıl-): Arğu:, Bulğar xı kanak al-dawaya, with -n- substituted for -y- 7 383: xıv Muh. (?) qaštatu'l-laban ‘cream on the top of milk’ kayma:ğ Mel. 66, 9 (one MS. only): Čağ. xv ff. kaymak ‘a thin skin (parda) which forms on the surface of milk’; in Ar. hatet and rağtva and in Pe. til San. 281 v. 8: Xwar. xıv kaymakcream’ Qutb 128: Kip. xıv kaymakcream (al-qašt) on the top of milk’ Id. 77:xv al-qašta kaymakAw. 63, 1; qašt kaymak Tuh. 29a. 4.
637

Tris. ĞNĞ

D kanığ (favorite, satisfaction) n.o.a.b.; prima facie a Dev. N. fr. ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can); the translation ‘cheerfulness, satisfaction’ suits this etymology well, but in IrkB it obviously means some kind of animate creature and may have this second meaning also in Kaš., perhaps ‘a favorite, a favorite horse’, or the like. Türkü vııı ff. kanığı: ölmiš köıje:ki: (sic, read köne:ki:) togmirš kanığı: nelük ölgey ol begH:g ol köne:ki: nelük togğay ol küneške: olu:ru:r ‘his kanığ has died and his pail has frozen. Why should his kanığ die? It belongs to a beg. Why should his pail freeze? It sits in the sunshine’ IrkB 57: Xak. xı kanığ al-aryahiya ‘cheerfulness, satisfaction’; tutčı: yağar bulı:tı: altun tamar arığ aksa: anıg akı:nı: kandı: meniŋ kanığ it describes the generosity of the queen and says ‘the cloud of her generosity rains pure gold; if her stream flow over me my cheerfulness (satisfaction) (našetî) is complete, and I draw drafts of happiness’ (rawitu mina'l-suriir) Kaš. I 376 (there is an obvious pun between the physical clouds and the clouds of generosity and there may be a parallel pun between a physical kanığ which has been satisfied and the abstract meaning). (OTD p. 418, QANÏƔ удовлетворение, насыщение; радость (satisfaction, satiation, joy), p. 419, QANIТ- , QANTUR- побуд. от qan- удовлетворять; доставлять удовлетворение (satisfy))

D kınığ (desire, longing) N./A. Ac. fr. kin- (wish, yearn, desire, covet, love, arouse); ‘longing, desire’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (having eyes like copper and) kınığ [gap] TT IX 63: Bud. (if the Buddhas look on anyone they become honest (?) in their speech, good and gentle in their minds, and) katığ kınığ sakınčlığ ‘with thoughts of strong longing’ U III 73, 17 (mistranscribed kačığ (7))\ kınığ kögüllüg arvıšın sid sadan kılıp ‘performing the ceremony of siddhisedhana (obtaining magical poweŋ by a dherani of longing thoughts’ UIV 22, 2685o.o. do. 38,132; 48, 83; yiti kınığ tölükte turup ‘standing under the pressure of sharp desire’ Suv. 615, 6.

D konak/konuk (konok) Preliminary note. There is no reasonable doubt that etymologically the words meaning ‘millet’ and ’guest’ and the like are identical, both representing an Intrans. Pass. Dev. N. fr. ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover), in the first case in the sense of ‘something planted in the ground'. Both became early l.-w.s in Mong. as konok (konoğ) (Haenisch 66, Kow. 868), and survive in the same forms in modern languages, but it is more convenient to list them separately.

D 1 konak (konok) (millet) some sort of cereal, originally ‘millet’, of which there are several kinds, but now sometimes used for other sorts. The normal Ar. word for ‘millet’ is al-duxn (see üyür, tarığ), al-cawars is a l.-w. fr. Persian geıoars, also ‘millet’, perhaps of a different kind. Survives in NE Tuv. xonak ‘Timothy grass’; SE Türki konak ‘maize’; NC Kır. konok ‘Italian millet’ (in some places ‘maize; sorghum’); SC Uzb. künok ditto; NW Kk. konak ‘a particular kind of millet’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. konak meni ‘millet flour’ H I 67, 94; konak tügisi ‘husked millet’ TT VII 14, 17 and 79: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. chi \\ ‘panicled millet’ (Giles 904) konak Ligeti 168; Ii II 535: Xak. xı konak al-cewars ‘millet’ Kaš. I 384 (prov.); o.o. III 167, 7 (mis-spelt koyak)\ 347, 18: xıv Rbğ. (their tears turned into) konak ‘millet seeds’ R II 535 (quotn.): Čağ. xv ff. konağ/konak (1) cawars San. 29 ir. 17.

D 2 konak/konuk (konok) (lodger, lodging) from an early period both (1) ‘a guest, a person who comes to stay’, and (2) ‘the place where one settles down (usually for a short time), lodging’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., in NE konok/konik; NC Kır. konok; elsewhere normally konak; SW Osm. seems to be alone in having both konukguest’ and konakguest; inn; large house, official residence’ and even ‘a day’s stage in a journey’. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1539. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kalti konak (k)a olursar ‘when he sits down at a stopping-place’ M III 12, 6 (iii): Xak. xı konuk al-dayf ‘guest’ Kaš. I 384 (verse); o.o. 745 (ağırlığ); 46 (1 ö:z); 85, 4; 517, 19; 77 312 (tünet-); kıš konukı: o:t ‘winter hospitality (diyefa) is a fire’ 7 332, 9: KB kečigll konuk ‘the passing guest’ 817; o.o. 3529, 5844; yašıl suv kızıl otka bolmaz konuk ‘green water does not become the guest (or lodging?) of red fire’ 2250: xııı (?) Tef. konuk ‘lodging; guest’ 212:xiv Rbğ. konukka barurmen ‘I am going visiting’ R II 340; Muh. al-dayf konuk Mel. 38, 17; 65, 10; Rif. 126, 164: Čağ. xv ff. konağ konuk ya'ni manzil... wa mihmen ‘lodging; guest’ Vel. 345 (quotn.); konağ/ konak (2) mihmen San. 29ir. 17 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv konak ‘guest; night’s lodging' Qutb 139; konuk ‘guest’ do. 140; Nahc. 235, 4; 253, 12: Kip. xııı al-dayf kona:k (MS. kana:k) Hou. 32, 9: xıv konuk al-dayf Id. 74:xv ditto konak Kav. 23, 19; Tuh. 23a. 9 (in margin ‘also with -u-’): Osm. xıv ff. konak ‘dwelling, lodging’, etc.; konuk ‘guest’; c.i.a.p. TTS 1479, 480; 77 647; 777470-3; IV 53S-7Î konak ‘guest’ 777 470: xvııı konağ/konak ... (3) in Rumî, also ‘house, palace (sare), resting place’ San. 29m 17.

D kunuk (robber) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. kun- (con, deprive, steal, carry off); ‘robber’. Xak. xı KB (some men spend their life in the army... some grow old in fortresses) kayu oğrı tevlig karakčı kunuk ‘some are thieves, cunning brigands, and robbers’ 1737.

D konğu: (dwelling) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (in the monasteries) anğ yaruk küčlüg vreštllernig konğusı ‘the dwelling-place of pure, bright, mighty angth’ (Iranian l.-w.) M I 27, 33-5.

Tris. ĞNĞ

D kana:ğu: (lancet) N.I. fr. kana:- (bleed); ‘lancet’. N.o.a.b.; completely displaced by l.-w.s, usually Persian ništer. Xak. xı kana:ğu: al-mibda' ‘lancet’ Kaš. 7447: xıv Muh. al-mišret ditto kanarğu: Mel. 62, 7; Rif. 160.

D kanı:ki: (situated where?) (be where?) Hap. leg.; N./A.S. fr. kanı: (ka:ñu:) (how, which? what?, some); ‘situated where?’. Xak. xı (the light of my eyes has gone and taken my soul with \638\ him) kanda: erinč kani:kı: ayna huwa al-en ‘where is he now?’, lit. ‘where can he be, and where situated ?’ Kaš. I 46, 20.
638

Tris. ĞNĞ

D konukluğ (guest house, adj.) P.N./A. fr. konuk (2 konak) (stopover, sleepover, stayover); n.o.a.b, Xak. xı konukluğ ev ‘a house containing guests’ (adyef) Kaš. I 498.

D konukluk (day’s journey, hospitality, guest, ) A.N. (and Conc. N.) fr. konuk (2 konak) (stopover, sleepover, stayover); survives in NE Bar. koniklik ‘a day’s journey’; SW Osm. konaklık 'hospitality; a guest-chamber’; Tkm. ğonaklık ‘the status of guest’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Pfahl. 8, 8-9 (ko:n-): Xak. xı konukluk ev baytu'l--diyefa ‘a guest house’ Kaš. I504; a.o. 1274, 18 (qira ‘entertainment’): KB konukluk ašı ‘food given in entertainment’ 4574: xıv Muh. (under ‘food and drink’) al-da'wa ‘invitationkonukluk Mel. 65, 9; Rif. 164 (mis-spelt kkonağluk onu:luk): Čağ. xv ff. (sic) mihmeni ‘hospitality’ San. 291 r. 19: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 140: Kom. xıv ‘inn’ konaklık CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv konukluk al-diyefa İd. 74: Osm. xıv ff. konukluk is noted as meaning ‘hospitality’, and, until xvi, ‘the status of guest’ TTS II 648; III 474; IV 538.

Tris. V. ĞNĞ-

(D konakla:- (milletting) in a grammatical para., III 347, Kaš. says that morphologically as a Dev. V. fr. 1 konak this V. could be used in such phr. as at konakla:di: ‘the horse ate millet’, but that in fact it did not exist.)

D konukla:- (hosting, hosted) Den. V. fr. konuk (2 konak) (stopover, sleepover, stayover); ‘to entertain (a guest)’. Survives in SW Osm. Xak. xı beg meni: konukla:di: ‘the beg (etc.) entertained (hosted) me’ (adefanî); and in languages other than Oğuz it means ‘to spend the night (yubit) in a house against the wishes (karha(n)) of its owner’ Kaš. III 339 (konukla:r, konukla:ma:k; verse); a.o. 347, 19: xııı (?) Tef. konukla- ditto 213: xıv Muh. adefa ko:nukIa:- Mel. 22, 13; Rif. 103; al-diyefa konuklamak 38, 17; 12e: Xwar. xıv konakla-/konukla- ‘to receive as a guest (hosted)’ Qutb 140: Kom. xıv ditto konakla- CCI; Gr. (CCG kondur-): Kip. xııı dayyafa mina'l--diyefa konukla:- (MS. kanekla:-) Hou. 41, 20: xıv konukla- adefa İd. 74: xv ditto konakla- Tuh. 5a. 11: Osm. xıv ff. konukla-‘to entertain as a guest (hosted)’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 482; II 648; III 473; IV 538.

D *kanaklan- See kayaklan-. (separate, skim (liquid))

D konuklaš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of konukla:- (hosting, hosted). Xak. xı ola:r ikki: konuklašdı: ‘they entertained (hosted) (adefa) one another’ Kaš. II 258 (konuklašu:r, konuklašma:k; followed by a note saying that this V. and salımlaš- are the only two V.s of this form fully conjugated; others are used only in the Ger. in -u: to state the stake in a bet).

Dis. ĞNL

kaŋlı: (wagon, cart, carriage) 'wagon, cart, carriage’, and the like (cab). There is also a Tribal Name Kaŋli: and it is an open question whether the tribe was so called \\ because it used carts, or whether, as is more prob., carts were so called because the Kaŋlı:, a western tribe, were the first Turks to use them, see Clauson, ‘The Name Uygur’, J.R.A.S., 1963, p. 147. As such n.o.a.b., but a later form kaŋa:, which perhaps came into existence owing to n false etymology, see Oğ. below, still survives in NE Kač., Koib., Sag. R II 80 and Khak. Elsewhere it has been completely displaced by l.-w.s, usually araba, a corruption of Arabic 'arrada, see Son. 36V. 6. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit sahafa ‘wagon’ ka:glı TT VIII A.4; ratha ‘chariot’ ka:ŋlı do. A.34; the word is fairly common meaning ‘a (royal) carriage’ U II 22, 7; ‘a wagon for carrying goods’ U III 40, 28 (urtur-); more generally ‘wheeled vehicle’ TT V 26, 115-16 (boyunduruk); Suv. 133, 20 (tilge:n); 625, 5 etc.; in Hüen-ts. 2119-21 (sığu:n) it translates Sanskrit yena ‘vehicle’: Civ. kaŋlı ‘a wagon for carrying goods’ USp. 55, 24; 92, 6; kaŋlı yoli ‘a road for wheeled vehicles’ do. 107, 20; 116, 5: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ch’i ‘wheeled vehicle’ (Giles 574) kaŋlı Ligeti 161; R II 84: Xak. xı kaŋlı: ‘a wagon (al-'acala) for carrying heavy loads’: Kaŋlı: ‘the name of a great man among the Kıpčak’ Kaš. III 379: xıv Rbğ. kaŋlı ‘carriage; wagon’ R II 84 (quotns.): Čağ. xv ff. kankli/kaŋlı (both spelt) 'arrada tva gar dun ‘wagon; chariot’; also the name of a tribe (te'ifa) of Turks San. 2ySr. 4 (quotn.; an account of the origin of the name, quoted fr. the Oğuz Nema, seems to be a summary of that in Oğ.): Xwar. xııı (?) in Oğ. 277 ff. there is a story of a man who made and loaded kanğa, ‘wagons’, leading up to the invention by Oğuz Xan of the tribal name Kanğaluğ (sic): Kip. xııı ‘the wagon’ (al-acala) on which grain is loaded (araba:; also) kaŋlı: Hou. 9, 13: xıv kanlı: (? representing kaŋlı:) al-'acala, the sort which is loaded, not ‘speed’, opposite to al-but' ‘slowness’ Id. 75.

D ka:nlığ (bloody, blood-stained) P.N./A. fr. 1 ka:n (blood); ‘bloody, blood-stained’, with preceding qualifying word — ‘having... blood’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kanlığ (PU) bačana teg karaki ‘his eyeballs like a bloody?’ M II 11, 17-18: Bud. U IV 34, 52-3 (türtün-): Xak. xı ka:nlığ, not specifically translated, occurs in two proverbs Kaš. I 70, 24; III 43, 2; n.m.e.: Čağ. xv ff. kanlığ/kanlık xünin... kanlu ma'nesma... bir daxt xüni ya'nt kan eylemiš ‘blood-stained; bloody; bleeding’ Vel. 324; kanlığ (1) xünin (quotn.); (2) xünxivahbloodthirsty’; in Ar. telib ter (quotn.); (3) qetil wa xünimurderous, bloody’ (quotn.) San. 278r. 10: Kom. xıv ‘bloodykanlı CCG; Gr.

DF xanlik (kingdom, khanship, sovereignty, reign) A.N. fr. xa:n (head, leader, chief, ruler. king, emperor, padishah); s.i.s.m.l. meaning (1) ‘a kingdom’; (2) ‘the position of xan'. Türkü vııı ff. xanlik süsi: ‘the army of the kingdom’ IrkB 63 (ün-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (in a list of payments, mostly of taxes) yana xanlik tep yarım böz bertim ‘I also gave half a roll of cloth, as payment to the xan' USp. 38, le: Xwar. xıv xanliksovereignty, \639\ reign’ Qutb 54: Kom. xıv ‘kingdom, kingshipxanlik/xanlix CCG\ Gr. 192 (quotns.).
639

D kınlık (kıñlık) (hardship, difficulty) A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. 2 kı:n (punishment, torture); survives in NC Kır. kıyındık ‘hardship, difficulty’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kinlikta yatsun ‘let him lie in prison’ PP 63, 4; a.o. do. 63, 6; kinlikta kirlp ‘being put in prison’ Kuan 37.

D konlığ (sheep ownership) P.N./A. fr. J ko:n; ‘owning sheep’. S.i.s.m.l. with the same phonetic changes. Uyğ. vııı [gap] kofilig [gap] Šu. N e: Xwar. xıv koyluğ kiši börlidln korkğay 'the sheep-owncr will fear a wolf’ Nahc. 11, 10.

Dis. V. ĞNL-

D kınla:- (sheathe) Den. V. fr. 1 kı:n (sheath, scabbard); survives in SW Osm. ‘to make a sheath (for something); to sheathe’. Xak. xı ol biče:k kınla:dı: ‘he made a sheath (cafn) for the knife (etc.)’ Kaš. III 299 (kınla:r, kınla:ma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kmla- (spelt) ğilef kardan ‘to make a sheath, to sheathe’ San. 299r. 16.

DF xanlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. xa:n (head, leader, chief, ruler. king, emperor, padishah). Türkü vııı (the Türkü people, because they had no xan of their own, separated from China and) xanlanti: ‘got themselves a xan’ T 2.

Tris. ĞNL

D *kaŋlı:čı: (coachman) Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. kaŋli:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit snırti erakšaserathi ‘who has a charioteer with thought as his protection’ ög üze: közetiglig (küze:tiglig) kaŋlačısı erse:r TT VIII A.34.

Dis. ĞNM

D konum (stopping, settling (together)) N.S.A. fr. ko:n- (stopover, sleepover, stayover); lit. ‘a single act of stopping, settling’, etc. Survives in SC Uzb. künim ‘a halt on a journey; a place where one stops or spends the night’. In Kaš. there seems to be an antithesis between uğuš, ‘a group of people related by blood, a clan’, and konum, ‘a group of people living close together’. Xak. xı košnı: konum uğuška: (MS. ağıška:) kılğıl agar ağırlık aksin ile 'aširatik tva akrimhum ‘be kind to your tribe and have regard for them’ Kaš. I 114, 16; (he fought to the limit of his powers and) uğuš ko:num okıštı: tade‘'ati'l-'ašira ‘summoned the tribe (to help him)’ II 103, 25; II 313 (konat-); n.m.e.: xıv Muh. (?) (under ‘kinds of people’; huwa tnin mahallati ‘those from my district’ (or my quarter of the town) ko:nda:š); min watani ‘from my country’ konu:m Rif. 144 (only).

Tris. ĞNN

D kanınčsız Priv. N./A. fr. *kanınč Dev. N. fr. *kanm- Refl. f. of ka:n- (satisfied, satiated) (can); ‘insatiable’. N.o.a.b., and apparently used only of sight. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. körü kanınčsız körgle (sic) körkügüzni ‘your lovely beauty which we never tire of seeing’ TT III 81: Bud. (the beautiful Buddhas who are loved by all and are) körü kanınčsız U III 71, 9; (looking at the Buddha) kanınčsız közün ‘with eyes that could not look long enough at him’ TT X 152.\\\

Dis. ĞNR

kiŋir (crooked, curved, squinting, askance, ‘angry (looking))crooked’, originally of the eyes in the sense of ‘squinting’, and hence ‘angry (looking)’; later used more generally in such contexts as ‘curved (sword), crooked (road)’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., in NE kıyır R II 719. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the king, his eyes suffused with blood, looked at the maral deer) kig (iŋ közin ‘with angry eyes’ UIV 38, 128 (see note regarding omission of (iŋ); yekler rakšaslar kanlağ közin kıgır (so read) körüp ‘the demons (Hend.) look askance with bloodshot eyes’ do., p. 43, note C.128, 1. e: Xak. xı kigir er ‘a man with a squint’ (al-ahwal); and if you wish to say ‘with a double squint’ (al-aqbal) you say iki: kö:zi: kıgır ‘with both eyes squinting’ (ahwalen) Kaš. III 363; kıgır kö:zin bakıštı: ‘they looked at one another with angry bloodshot eyes’ (bi-ayn šazat) I 170, r8; 183, 6; 359, 16; (he does not look to his neighbors but finds wealth an incentive) kadaš tapa: it kibi: ki:gru: baka:r ‘he looks at his kinsmen with angry bloodshot eyes as if they were dogs’ III 23, 2 (ki:gru: is Hap. leg. and perhaps an error for kigir): Kom. xıv ‘crookedkigir; ‘squintingkıgır CCG-, Gr.: Kip. xv afqam ‘with a crooked jaw’ kıgır enek Tuh. 4a. 8; a.o. 3b. 5.

1 koŋur (koŋor) (dark chestnut (color), ochre) originally of a horse’s coat ‘dark chestnut’ or the like; later used for a rather wider range of colours of a wider range of objects, e.g. fabrics. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. some phonetic changes, e.g. ko:r/xo:r in most NE languages. An early l.-w. in Mong. as koıjğor (Haenisch 66, Kow. 873). L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1536. Xak. xı kogur ko:y ‘a brown (al-ašhab) sheep’; also used of other things Kaš. III 363: xıv Muh. (?) (in a list of horse’s coats) muxelifu’l-nuqat ‘dappled’ kO:gu:r Rif. 171 (only): Čağ. xv ff. konğur (sic, spelt) ‘a horse of which the colour verges on black’ (me'il ba-ttragi ast) San. 291 v. 2 (the spelling is unusual and the supporting quotn. Pe., fr. Waššef): Kip. xııı al-ašhab konğur («V) Hou. 31, 10 (the position in the text suggests that it means (of a man) 'sunburnt’):xv šahle (of eyes) ‘bluish, light grey’ kogur Tuh. 20b. 6 (the word also sometimes means ‘squinting’; if so here, this might be an error for kigiŋ: Osm. xıv ff. kogur ‘chestnut’ in three texts TTS I 482; II 649.

2 koŋur Hap. leg.; but see 2 kogra:-, koŋrağu:. Xak. xı kogur ü:n al-sawtu l-abacc ‘a harsh, raucous sound’ (or voice) Kaš. III 363.

?E kiŋru: See kiŋir.

(D) kıŋra:k prob. Dev. N. fr. *kiŋra:- Den. V. fr. kiŋir in the sense of something curved or something which cuts crookedly; survives in NE Tel. kıgırak R II 709; NC Kır. kıgarak/kıgırak ‘a rough two-edged knife used for cutting felt, scraping hides and sheepskins, and the like’. Xak. xı kigra:k šafra mitla'l-setür ‘a knife like a butcher’s cleaver’, used for cutting meat and dough \\ Kaš. III 382 (in the text kirga:k, corrected in the margin to kigra:k).
640

VUD koŋra:k unvocalized, but almost certainly Dev. N. fr. 2 koŋra:-; the Ar. translation is uncertain, but prob. al-cank ‘harp, lute, cymbal’, a l.-w. fr. Pe. čang. Survives in SE Türki kograk/kogğrak; SC Uzb. kügğirok ‘a belP, esp. one hung on an animal’s neck. L.-w. in Pe. etc., Doerfer III 1537. Cf. kograğu:. Xak. xı kogra:k al-cank (?) Kaš. III 383.

Dis. V. ĞNR-

?E kanar- (bleed) See kana:t-. (See kana:- (bleed); fr. Caus. f. kana:- (bleed), kanat- being used as Trans.)

VU koŋur- (koŋor-) (uproot, destroy, tear off) ‘to uproot’; n.o.a.b. Cf. koŋrul-. Xak. xı er yığa:č koŋurdi: ‘the man uprooted (qala'a) the tree’ (etc.); also used of the wind when it uproots something Kaš. III 392 (koŋurur, koŋurma:k): xııı (?) Tef. koŋur- ‘to uproot, destroy’ 213 (and 198 mistranscribed karjur-): Čağ. xv ff. koŋar- (-dı, -ay) (VU) koŋur-, kopar- ‘to uproot, tear (a door from its hinges)’ Vel. 345 (quotns.); kogğar-/kogar- (both spelt; ‘with -g-’) az ce kandan ‘to dig up, or tear out from its position' San. 290V. 27 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv boynmi koŋur- ‘to twist (someone’s) neck’ Qutb 140.

D 1 koŋra:- (ocher) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 koŋur (dark chestnut (color), ochre). Xak. xı ko:y kogra:di: ‘the sheep was brown’ (ashaba) Kaš. I11402 (kogra:r, kogra:ma:k).

D 2 koŋra:- Den. V. fr. 2 koŋur. Survives in several NE languages as kogra-/kogro-R II 523-4; Khak. xogra- ‘to jingle, tinkle, ring’, and the like. Xak. xı oğIa:n ti:ni: kog-ra:di: ‘the boy’s voice became husky’ (ğaluza), as happens when he approaches puberty Kaš. III 402 (followed by 1 kogra:-).

VUD koŋrul- Pass. f. of koŋur-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (she dreamed that) azığ tıšları ağızınta kogurulup tüšer bolur ‘her back teeth were torn from her mouth and fell out’ Suv. 620, 19-20: Xwar. xıv (oh Muhammad, let this date-palm) yerindin kogrulup kelsin ‘be torn from the ground and come (to do obeisance to you)’ Nahc. 35, 13; a.o. (kogurulup) 441, 1-2.

Tris. ĞNR

D koŋra:ğu: Dev. N. (N.I.) fr. 2 koŋra:-; s.i.s.m.l. with some phonetic changes, usually meaning ‘bell’; syn. w. kogra:k; SE Türki seems to be the only language in which both words survive. Cf. čag. Xak. xı kograğu: al-calecil ‘bells’ (usually specifically those hung on animals’ necks); kograğu: al-xašša' (in margin, that is al-xušašd') ‘the prominent bone behind the ear’ Kaš. III 387 (the latter metaph. because of its shape?); o.o. II 358 (čıgrat-); 111 402 (čıgra:-): Xwar. xıv kograğu ‘ (camel) bell’ Qutb 144: Kom. xıv 'a small bell’ kogrov CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv konraw (Pkograw intended) al-caras ‘bell’, also called čıgrağu: Id. 75 (and see čıgra:-).

Dis. ĞNS

D kaŋsık Dev. N. fr. *kaŋsi:- Simulative Den. V. fr. kag. N.o.a.b.; Kaš. gives the same translation of this word and öge:y, q.v., but the latter is the wider term and can also be used for females. Xak. xı kagsık ata: al-rabb ‘stepfather’; kagsık oğul al-rabtb ‘stepson’ Kaš. III 383.

D kaŋsiz Priv. N./A. fr. kaŋ; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 77, 6 (1 ögsiiz): O. Kır. ıx ff. üč yašımda: kagsı:z boldum ‘I became fatherless at the age of three’ Mai. 6, 1: beš ya:šımda: kagsı:z kalıp ‘being left fatherless at the age of five’ do. 45, 2.

Dis. ĞNŠ

D konšı: (neighbor)neighbour’; Dev. N. abbreviated, fr. konuš-. The phonetic history of the word is complicated, and Kaš.’s statement that the Xak. form was košnı: is hard to explain, unless it is a simple metathesis. S.i.a.m.l.g. in a wide range of forms; NE Sag. koncik; Khak. xoncix; SE Türki košna/košni:; NC Kır. kogšu; SC Uzb. köšni; NW Kk., Nog. kogsi; Kumyk xonšu; SW Az. ğonšu; Osm. komšu; Tkm. gogšı. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. evige yakm bir konšıšı bir bayağut bolur erti ‘he had a neighbour near his house, a rich man’ USp. 109b. 8-9; konašı (sic) el(l)igler ‘neighbouring kings’ Hüen-ts. 2009: Civ. (your sons and daughters are joyful; your elder sisters and sisters-in-law are happy) konšı kız utlılığ ‘your neighbours (?) and daughters dutiful’ TT I 156 (but konšı here is prob. a Sec. f. of kunčuy ‘consorts’): Xak. xı košnı: al-cer ‘neighbour’; the Oğuz invert the -n- and -š- and say konšı; both forms are regular and correct (qiyast hašan) Kaš. I 435; böri: košnı:sın ye:me:s ‘a wolf does not eat his neighbour, out of respect for neighbourliness’ III 220, 17: KB kör arslan bile košnı buğday bašı ‘see the Ear of Wheat (i.e. Virgo) is a neighbour of the Lion (i.e. Leo)’ 140; yakm košnısı ‘a close neighbour’ 4097; o.o. 4546, 4618: xııı (?) Tef. konšı ditto 213: xıv Rbğ. kogšı (sic) R II 525; Muh. al-cer komšı: Mel. 49, 15; Rif. 145: Čağ. xv ff. kogšı (spelt) hamseya ‘neighbour’, also called košnı San. 291 v. 10; košnt (spelt) hamseya do. 288v. 13 (quotns.): Oğuz xı see Xak.: Xwar. xıv konšı ‘neighbour’ Qutb 140; kogšı Nahc. qt, le: Kom. xıv ‘neighbour’ konšı/konšu CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-cer konšı: Hou. 32, 12: xıv ditto Id. 74: xv cer konš (sic?) Tuh. 11b. 12: Osm. xıv ff. konšı/ kogšı common till xvı TTS I 481; III 472; IV 537.

Dis. V. ĞNŠ-

D kınıš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kın-. Xak. xı yigitle:r ı:ška: kınıšdı: ‘the young men were brisk (irteha) at the work’, that is when they enjoyed (ihtazzü) the affair Kaš. II 113 (kımšu:r, kınıšma:k).

D kunuš- Recip. f. of kun-; ‘to rob one another’; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. ıx kunu:šmak tartıšmak \641\ ‘robbing and fighting one another’ III C 9 (ETY II 38): Xak. xı ola.r ikki: tava:r kunušdı: ‘those two plundered (salaha) one another’s property’; also used for competing or helping Kaš. II 112 (kunušu:r, kunušma:k): Kip. xıv kunuš- karra ‘to return to the attack’ (?) Id. 74 (meaning obscure; Id. is also apparently the earliest authority for konuš- ceıvara ‘to be neighbours’, also noted as Čağ. in San. 290V. 25).
641

Dis. ĞNZ

koŋu:z (beetle) ‘beetle’; prob. a generic term covering several varieties; s.i.a.m.l.g. except SW; in NE with much phonetic change, e.g. Khak. xo:s; in Čuv. only in the phr. xurt xemer (i.e. 1 kurt koŋuz) ‘insects, bees’. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1538. Türkü vııı ff. Toy. 29 (ETY II 59; ağu:luğ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. konkuz (sic; context obscure) TT 111 93: Bud. (in a list of harmful insects) koŋuz U II 35» 23>’ yorığma kurt koŋuz ‘crawling worms and beetles’ U III 32, 3: Xak. xı kopuz al-xuttfusa’ ‘black-beetle’ Kaš. III 363 : Čağ. xv ff. kopğuz (spelt; ‘with -p-’) a black creature (cemvar) called in Ar. cual (‘black-beetle’) and xunfusa , and in Pe. gügardenak (‘dung beetle’) San. 291 v. 8: Kip. xıv al - xunfusa' konuz Bui. 11, 5.

Mon. ĞR

1 ka:r (snow)snow’; c.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü vııı IE 35, II E 27 (batım); T 25 (1 sök- (tear)): Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘snow’ kar Ligeti 162: Xak. xı ka:r al-talc ‘snow’ Kaš. III 148; over ten o.o. ;KB 6013 (1 bu:z): xııı (?) Tef. kar ‘snow’ 199: xıv Muh. al-ivafr ‘heavy snow’ (? ; properly ‘abundance’) ka:r Mel. 79, ro; Rtf. 184 (and 75): Čağ. xv ff. kar barf ‘snow’ San. 270V. 10: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 131: Kom. xıv ditto CCI', Gr. : Kip. xııı al-talc kar Hou. 5, 8: xıv ditto Id. 74; Bui. 2, le: xv ditto Kav. 58, 5; Tuh. 10b. it.

2 kar (crunch, rumble) Hap. leg. in the onomatopoeic kar kor; the resemblance to Ar. is prob. coincidental. Xak. xı kar kor etti: karm ‘the stomach rumbled’ (qarqara); this word agrees (wafaqat) with Ar. in sound and meaning Kaš. I 324.

E 3 kar See karın. (belly, abdomen)

kır Preliminary note. There are two common words of this form meaning respectively ‘high ground’ and the like, SW Tkm. ğır, and 'grey', Tkm. ğı:r. Kaš. gives two other meanings which can hardly be connected with either word. In a number of modern languages kır also means ‘edge’, see R II 733, but this may be an extension of the first meaning.

1 kır (plain, steppe, piedmont, mountaintop, edge, edge of a knife, dam) originally ‘an isolated mountain or block of mountains’; in this sense and more generally for ‘high ground’ s.i.a.m.l.g., but in some languages, including NW Nog., SW Osm. it hardly means more than ‘plain, steppe, wilderness’ without any connotation of height. L.-w. \\\ in Mong. kira (Kow. 2546) and Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1598. Xak. xı kır al-hačlba mina’l-cibel ‘an isolated mountain’ Kaš. I 324; (you have crossed...) kırla:r ediz be:dük al-atweda'l-šumm ‘the high, lofty mountains’ 1 94, 3; (the clouds) kırka: kodtı: ol karın ‘deposited snow on the mountain’ (li'l-cabal) III 39, 14: KB 69, 96 (opri:): xıv Muh. al-šuüd ‘rising ground’ kı:r ağıš Mel. 74, 11; Rif. 177: Čağ. xv ff. kır (1) bulandı sar-i kûh ‘a height, the top of a mountain’ (quotn.)  (2) the Turks of Kešğar use it for bulandi-i kaner-i kardü which is an expression for marad ‘illness’ (meaning uncertain, lit. ?‘the height of the edge of a knife’ (? reading kerdü)) San. 295r. 4: Xwar, xıv kir occurs three times; (this world is like) kararmıš kır ‘mountains which have become dark’; (sometimes admiring heŋ kır teg karakm ‘eyes like ?’; kırdın kar ‘snow from the mountains’ Qutb 148: Kip. xııı (between ‘heaven’ kö:k and ‘sun’ kün) al-falak ki:r Hou. 5, 2 (al-falak should here mean ‘firmament’, but there may be some confusion with its rarer meaning ‘a rounded hill’): xıv kır ra’su'1-rebiya ‘the top of a mountain’; and in Kip. (jrc) al-ardu’l--šahšeh ‘level ground’ Id. 70; al-ardu’ l-šahfeh kır Bui. 3, 8: xv in Tuh. 7a. 12 kır is inserted in the margin opposite to barriya ‘desert, waste ground’: Osm. xvııı kır ... (3) and, in Rumi, biyeben-i bı-ebi ‘waterless desert’ San. 295r. 6.

2 kır (? kı:r) (grey) ‘grey’ and the like, particularly as the colour of a horse’s coat. Survives in NE Koib., Sag., Šor kır R II 734; SW Az. ğır; Osm. kır; Tkm. ğı:r. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1596. Cf. bo:z (grey), ča:l (grey, mix of white and black, reddish-brown, roan, чалый). Xak. xı kır at al-farasu’l-samand ‘a dun (Pe. l.-w.) horse’ Kaš. I 324: Čağ. xv ff. kir ... (4) dû müya (of a man) ‘beginning to go grey’ (lit. two-coloured) San\2f)$T. 7: Kip. xv (under ‘colours of horses’) al-axdar ‘dark-grey’ (temir boz and) kir Tuh. 4b. 4.

3 kır (dam) Hap. leg., unless this is merely an extended meaning of 1 kir (plain, steppe, piedmont, mountaintop, edge, edge of a knife, dam). Xak. xı kir al-'arim wa’l-musannet ‘a dam’ (Hend.) Kaš. I 324.

4 kır (завистник) Hap. leg. Xak. xı kır yağı: al- adiiwu1--mukeših ‘an enemy who bears a secret grudge’ Kaš. I 324.

1 ko:r (loss, damage) ‘loss, damage’, and the like. Survives in NE Tel. kor R 11 550; Tuv. xora; and recently revived in SW Rep. Turkish but not an Osm. word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (how can they kill that manor) adın kor yas kilu usar ‘do other damage or harm to him?’ Kuan. 35; o.o. U II 58, 4-5 (0 (tutuš); TT VI 63 (egsü:-): Civ. (all your affairs prosper and) kon yok ‘bear no loss’ TT I 148; kor bolur Vll 28, 4, 10, and 52: Xak. xı ko:r al-xusran ‘a loss’; hence one says er ko:r kıldı: ‘the man made a loss’ Kaš. III 122: KB sapa bolğa kor ‘you will suffer loss’ 193 ; o.o. 1297, 1316, 170e: xıv Muh. al-xasera ko:r itmek Mel. 39, 2; Rif. 12b: Xwar. xıv kordamage, harm (?)’ Qutb 140 (might be 2 ko:r): Kip. \642\ xııı al-xasera (opposite to ‘profit’ asığ) kor, a dialect word (luğa), the ordinary word is zlyan, which is Tkm. and a Pe. l.-w. Hou. 28, 2: (xiv see kut Id. 68 where the word may occur in a phr.).
642

2 ko:r (curd) apparently both ‘the residue of sour milk used to make yoğurt’ and ‘ (baker’s) yeast, leaven’. Survives in the first meaning in SW Tkm. ğor and in the second in NE Bar.; NC Kzx., Tara R II 549, and Kır. Xak. xı ko:r xamirul-raib ‘the solids in (sour) milk’, that is the residue of curdled milk (šubeba mina'l--raibi'l-mudrik awt l-amiši'l-hemid) which is left in the bottom of a jar; then fresh milk is poured on it so that the solids are coagulated and sour milk (yoğurt) is made Kaš. III 122: KB sınamıš karılar sözi söz kon ‘the words of experienced old men are the leaven of conversation’ 723: xıv Muh. (under ‘cooking materials’) al-xamtr ‘yeast’ ko:r Mel. 64, 5; Rif. 163.

1 kur (ku:r) (belt, girdle) (gir > girdle (sash))belt, girdle’; originally only that worn by a man, later more generally for ‘the girth round a yurt' and the like. S.i.s.m.l. Cf. kurša:ğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if a mouse) kur ısırsar ‘gnaws the belt (of a garment)’ TT VII 36, 13: Xak. xı kur al-mintaqa ‘a belt’; ič kur al-tcišeh ‘a sash’ Kaš. I 324; five o.o., same translation, spelt ku:r: KB ajunka badı kör tükel kut kuri ‘he girded the world with a belt of complete divine favour’ 461; katığ kur badl ‘he tightened his belt’ 542; o.o. 1456, 1588 (umunčluğ; it is difficult to distinguish between 1 and 2 kur in KB): xıv Rbğ. kuršanıp kulluk kunn ‘girding himself with the belt of service’ R II 917; Muh. al-hiyeša ‘belt’ ku:r Mel. 67, 9; Rif. 167: Čağ. xv ff. kur ‘a belt (kemer kušağ) of gold and silver which they call kur kušak Vel. 338 (quotns.); kur (1) kamarband ‘belt, girdle’, also called kuršak San. 285V. 21 (quotns.); a.o. 28er. 11 (kurša:ğ): Xwar. xıv kur ‘belt’ Qutb 144; Nahc. 81, 11: Kom. ‘belt, baldrik’ kur CCI, CCG; Gr.: a.o. (altın): Kip. xııı al-hiyeša (ku:šak,) kur (,be:l (waist) (belt) ba:ğı:) Hou. 19, 3: xıv kur ditto Id. 70: Osm. xıv and xv kur, esp. in the phr. kur kušak, occurs in several texts TTS 1497; II 666; III 488.

2 kur (rank, social class, stage, laid course of, in rows, equal, belt, in circles, weapon, hot embers) meaning rather indefinite, basically perhaps ‘rank’ (as in ‘high rank’) and ‘stage’ (one of a number), hence ‘a line, a course of brickwork’, and the like. In texts like KB it is easily confused with 1 kur (belt, girdle) (gir > girdle (sash)), and some of the medieval translations are hard to fit into this framework though they seem to belong here. Survives at any rate in SE, SW. Cf. kurdaš-. Uyğ. vııı ff.Bud. (faith is the primary requirement) kut bulmıš tüzünler kunnta kezlglnte bar-makmŋ ‘of the progress of good men who have found divine favour through the various stages (of existence)’ TT V 20, 6; (if they intend to embark) burxan kutılığ (sic) kurka kezigke ‘on the stages (leading) to the blessed state of Buddha’ do. 22, 25: Xak. xı kur al-martaba ‘rank’; hence one says meniŋ kurım uluğ ‘I have a high (’azima) rank’ \\\ Kaš. I 324: KB kezikče kellr bu ölUmnüg kurı ‘the stage of death conics in due course’ 1476; (what is understanding’s face, shape, character, and conduct?) yašı kurı bod sin avınčı ne ol ‘what is its age, rank, stature, size, and kindly disposition?’ 1849; kičjg kur uluğlar ara klrmese 'let not (men of) lowly rank mingle with the great’ 2587; bu beglik kuri ‘this rank of beg' 5139; o.o. 2586 (yortuğ), 4066, 4760: xııı (?) Tef. 'ise yaška kurğa tegdi ‘Jesus reached years (layer) of discretion’ 217: Čağ. xv ff. kur aqran ve ant [el ‘equals, contemporaries’ Vel. 338; kur ... (3) čina-i ditver tva ases wa bunyed ‘a course (of masonry, etc.) in a wall or foundation’; ... (5) halqa halqa nišastan ‘to sit in circles’ (at a feast); (6) matl tva kafiV ‘an equal’ as in teg kur aqran wa amtal San. 285V. 21 ( (1) is 1 kur (belt, girdle) (gir > girdle (sash)); (2) ‘weapon’ is a misunderstanding of Mong. kor ‘quiver’; (4) is korhot embers’, a word now widely distributed but not noted before the medieval period): Kip. xıv kur (‘belt’, and also) al-waqt Id. 70; kur al-waqt wa'l-sinn ya'ni al-'umr; one says bu kurda:š dur hede lida do. 71 (‘time, age, life’ are all remote from the true meaning and seem to be an inference from the translation of kurda:š as ‘contemporary’ when in fact it means ‘of the same rank or social class’): Osm. xıv ff. kur ‘rank’, and perhaps ‘equal in rank’ occurs in several xıv and xv texts TTS I 497; II 667; meaning ‘course (of masonry, etc.)’ it is common fr. xvı onwards I 485; 77 651; III 447; IV 541 (transcribed kor).

2 kur (weapon)

2 kur (hot embers)

?S 3 ku:r (3 kur) (dry) (> curd) this might be an unusual abbreviation of kuruğ as Kaš. suggests; but it is more prob. that it was inferred to provide a (false ?) etymology for ku:rbaka:, q.v. Oğuz xı ku:r al-yebis ‘dry’; an abbreviation of kuruğ; prov. kula:n kuduğka: tüšse kurbaka: ayğır bolur ‘if a wild ass falls into a well, the land frog (al-difda'u'1-barrî, i.e. toad ?) becomes a stallion’ Kaš. III 122: xııı (?) Tef. (wherever that fish went) kuruğ yol ‘the dry road’ (behind him disclosed him... they went after him) kur yirdeon dry land’ 217 (perhaps a simple graphic error).
(OTD p. 467,
QUR I пояс; кушак
QUR II положение, чин, достоинство, ранг
QUR III ряд, очередь, последовательпость
QUR IV: qur qur et- изобр. урчать
QUR V сухой
QUR VI (qor I) убыток, ущерб, вред)

Mon. V. ĞR-

1 kar- (? ka:r-) (mix) ‘to mix (something with something else)’. Note Kaš.'s remarks. The Hend. 1 kat- (add, blend, mix, twist) 1 kar- seems now to be obsolete, but kor- in SC Uzb. is the only word for ‘to mix’, and in SW Osm. kar- in this and extended meanings and in Tkm. ğa:r- exist as well as 1 kat-. The der. f.s of 1 kar- are more widely distributed. Xak. xı (in a para., s.v. 2 turma:, on the Oğuz language) the Turks, when they speak of ‘mixing’ (xalata) something with something else say kattı: kardı:; kattı: is the word for ‘mixing’ (xalf) and kardı: is a jingle (taba') after it; the Oğuz say kardı: xalafa'l-šay' bi'1-šay', and leave out the main word Kaš. I 432, 16; n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. kar- ‘to mix (something with (blrle) something)’ 199: xıv Muh. farrağa ‘to empty, or pour (something into something)’ ka:r- Mel. \643\ 30, 1; Rif. 113: Čağ. xv ff. kar- (mak) karıštur- ‘to mix' Vel. 321 (see Osm.): Kip. xıv kar- xalafa; and one says kattı: kardı: damma tva xalata ‘he collected and mixed’, and kata: kara: yedi: ‘he collected and mixed (various foodstuffs) and eat them’ Id. 70; in Bui. 69V. farağa tüken- (q.v.) and kar- is a muddle of farağa tüken- ; farrağa kar-: Osm. xıv ff. kar- ‘to mix (something with something)’ is common until xvı (when it was displaced by karıštır-) TTS I 426; II 593; III 417; IV 478: xvııı kar- in Rumi, mamzuc tva dexil kardan ‘to mix, to insert’ San. 270V. 8 (Rumi quotn.).
643

2 ka:r- (overflow) ‘to overflow’ and the like. Survives only (?) in SW xx Anat. kar- (of water) ‘to pile up behind an obstacle’ SDD 841. Xak. xı er suvka: ka:rdi: ‘the man choked (šariqa) with the water’; and one says su:v arıktın ka:rdi: ‘the water overflowed (feda) from the canal in the summer’; this happens when the snow and water have been frozen (in the canal) and water flows down over them until it overflows’ Kaš. III i82 (kara:r,karma:kcbutin a section containing Mon. V.s with a long vowel); a.o. II 197, 27: xıv Muh. (?) šabba'1-me' ‘the water (over) flowed’ šu: kardı: Rif. 111 (only): Osm. xıv ff. kar- (of the tide) ‘to rise’, in three texts between xıv and xvııı TTS I 426.

3 *kar- See 2 karı: (span, distance), karıš (span, distance), karıš- (span, distance, вершок), 1 karšı: (opposed, opposite; the opposite, a place opposite, against, cross-purposes, adversary, hostile, danger. disagree, meet, facing, face to face ), etc.

kır- (break, smash, annihilate, scrape, strip (hair)) originally ‘to scrape, strip (hair)’, and the like; in the medieval period it acquired more violent meanings ‘to break, smash, annihilate’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. one or both meanings. Cf. kırt.kırk-. Xak. xierye:rig kırdı: ‘the man scraped (qaraša) the ground (etc.)’ Kaš. II 7 (kıra:r, kırma:k); (my dog seized the wolf and threw it down) amp tü:sin kıra: yuldi: halaqa šarahu ‘it stripped off its hair’ II 24, 4; (they followed and surrounded him) sačın kıra: meıjdedi: natafü ša’rahu ‘and plucked out his hair’ III 401, 13: xıv Muh. (?) rakada ‘to trample on’ kır- Rif. 109 (Mel. 26, 14 ča:p-); al-qašš ‘to cut off, clip’ kır-- (unvocalized) 122 (Mel. 36, 13 kırk-); al-maqtul ‘killed’ kırmı:š 146 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kır- (1) xarešidan ‘to scrape, shave’; but xarešt (dan) used of an arrow, stone, etc. which grazes or passes close to something is kırp-; (2) qatl-i 'em kušiš-i mufrif ‘to massacre, exterminate’; (3) šikastan ‘to break’ San. 293V. 17 (quotns.); a.o. 294r. 17 (kırp-): Xwar. xıv kır- ‘to destroy, kill’ Qutb 149: Kip. xııı mahaqa ‘to annihilate’ kır- Hou. 38, 3: xıv kır- kattara'l-qatl ‘to massacre’ Id. 70: xv afne ‘to annihilate’ kır- Tuh. 6a. 13; fane (sic, ‘to perish’) kır- do. 28b. 4: Osm. xıv to xvıı ‘to massacre, destroy’; common TTS I 462; II 63ı; IV 514.

kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up, string) the basic meaning seems to be something like ‘to put (something) in working order’ with particular applications of which the commonest is ‘to string (a bow)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) usually meaning ‘to erect (a building, tent, etc.); to establish (a society, etc.)’. Uyğ. vııı ff. \\\ Man.-A (then the sorcerers... took bows and arrows and) yasın kurdi ‘strung their bows’ Man-uig. Frag. 401, 7: Bud. katığ yasın kurup ‘stringing their strong bows’ U III 55, 4; a.o. U II 78, 31 (at-): Civ. TT I 162 (at-): Xak. xı xam su:sin kurdi: ‘the king mobilized (cama'a) his army’; and one says xam čowa:č kurdi: ‘the king untied and opened (halla tva našara) his royal umbrella’ (kura:r, kurma:k; kir- (enter) follows); er ya: kurdi: ‘the man strung (watara) a bow’ Kaš. II 7 (kura:r, kurma:k); the phr. ya: kur- is common in paras, on conjugation II 37 ff., etc.; a.o. III 62 (3 yov-): KB (the brilliant spring) yana kurdi dawlat yasın ‘has strung again the bow of the changing seasons (?)’ 65: xııı (P) At. katığ ya kurup 462; Tef. kur-‘to set up’ (scales) 217: xıv Muh. awtara'l--qaws ya:y kur- Mel. 23, n; Rif. 105 (reading ya:): Čağ. xv ff. kur- (‘with -u-’) (1) erestan ‘to set in order’; (2) našb kardan ‘to set up, erect’; and of a bow (kamen) čilla kardan ‘to string’; and so they say maclis kur- ‘to organize a meeting’, ya kur- ‘to string a bow’; the exact meaning cannot be determined without knowing the Object San. 284^ 8 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kur- ‘to set up’ 'Alt 30: xıv ditto Qutb 144: Kom. xıv ‘to organize (a meeting); to string (a bow)’ kur- CCG; Gr. 203: Kip. xııı watara min tvatri’l-qaws kur- Hou. 37, 20: xıv kur- awtara’l-qaws tva našaba'1-facc (‘to set a snare’) Id. 70: xv awtara kur- Tuh. 6a. 11; našaba'1-cem ‘to set the wine cups in order’ kur- do. 36b. 13.
(OTD p. 467,
QUR- 1. устраивать, сооружать
QUR- 2. выстраивать; собирать, приводить в боевую готовность
QUR- 3. натягивать (тетиву, лук))

Dis. ĞRA

kara: (black)black’, primarily in a physical sense, but with a great many metaph. meanings, often pejorative, e.g. kara: bodun ‘the ordinary people’ (as opposed to the aristocracy). C.i.a.p.a.l.; an early l.-w. in Mong., and in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1440. There are many collections of phr. containing this word, e.g. R II 132-42; Red. 1448-50. Türkü vııı kara: bodun ‘the common people’ II E 41; kara: kamağ bodun I E 8, II E 8; o.o. IIN 11; 5 12 (teyh)); T 52 (tök-): vııı ff. kara: ‘black’ is common in IrkB and Toyok; kara: kuš ‘eagle’ IrkB 3 (described as ‘goldenwinged’), 43: Man. yanıklı karalı ‘light and darkness’ Chuas. 166, 170-1, etc. a.o.o. of kara ‘dark’; kara bodun TT II 8, 69; 10, 81: Yen. kara: bodurn Mai. 32, 6; o.o. do. 30, 4; 37, 1 (xa:n): Uyğ. vııı kara: egil bodunığ ‘the ordinary common people’ Šu. E 2; o.o. E 5, N 12: vııı ff. Bud. kara ‘black’ is common; kara kuš U II 31, 54; kara bodun U III 27, 3 (ii); TT X 170, etc.: Civ. kara ‘black’ is common; yılkı kara TT VII 28, 43; 29, 6; 33, 19 is a collective term for ‘livestock’, perhaps ‘horses and cattle’; kara baš ‘slave’ (male or female) USp. 61, 3 ff.; 73, 3 ff-; no, 3 ff.; kara also occurs as a component in P.N.s in USp.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘black’ kara; ‘lynx’ kara kulak Ligeti 162; R II 134: O. Kır. ıx ff. kara bodun Mai. 3, 6 etc.; ürürjü:m karamı in do. ii, 3; 45, 7» ‘my white and black’, seems to be a phr. for \644\ ‘livestock’: Xak. xı kara: ‘black’ of anything; and the Xakani kings are called by it, one says Buğra: Kara: Xa:ka:n; there is a story (al-qissa) about this: kara: kuš al-'uqeb ‘eagle’ (prob. specifically ‘thegolden eagle’): kara:kuš 'the star Jupiter’ (al-nıuštarŋ, it is the one that rises at dawn, and is called kara: kuš yulduz: (Oğuz phr. here): kara: orun ‘the grave’ (al-qabŋ (verse), originally kara: orun meant ‘dark (al-muzlim) place’: kara: ba:š a word for ‘slave’ (al-mamluk), both male and female, it means ‘black head’: kara: ot ‘aconite’ (al-biš); it is a vegetable poison: kara: ya:ğ al-naft ‘naphtha’: Kara: Segir the name of a place in Barsğa:n (see segiŋ: kara: etme:k the name of a kind of bread made as follows; tneat is cooked to rags (hatte yataharra); then flour, butter, and sugar are added to it until it thickens in the boiling (yıığlaz bi'1-ğalayen); then it is taken out and eaten; and one says as a jingle (fi’l-itbe') kara: kura: Kaš. III 221-2; o.o. I 331 (kuš); 150 (egetHk); III 33, 2 (bug); 40 (yultuz); kara: also occurs in tribal and geographical names and is fairly common elsewhere: KB kara ‘black’ is common 22, 77, etc.; kara as an abbreviation of kara bodun 250, 256 (2 tura:), 778, 988 (to:d-); kara ‘black ink’ 2715; kara kuš ‘Jupiter’ 5675, 6219; kara kuš ögi ‘eagle-coloured’ (i.e. ‘dark’) 3949: xııı (?) At. kul kara baš 298; Tef. kara ‘black’; kara baš/ kara kul ‘slave’ 199-200: xıv Rbğ. kara baš ‘slave’; yılkı kara and kara ‘cattle’ R II 140-1 (quotns.); Muh. al-aswad kara: Mel. 10, 17; 68, 2; Rif. 84, 168; al-ceriya ‘slave girl’ kara: ba:š (mis-spelt^«.7) 51, 9 ;al-surrlya (‘concubine’) tva'l-ceriya ma'a (n) kara: ba:š 147; al-'uqeb kara: ku:š 72, 13; 175; al-xarkah ‘tent’ kara: ew 76, 11; 180: Čağ. xv ff. kara (1) siyeh ‘black’ (quotn.); (2) ’illat-i kebus ‘a nightmare’ caused by over-eating or flatulence (quotn.); (3) metaph. mided ‘ink’ (quotns.) ... (5) they say as a jingle (itbe') kele kara mare'i ıca maıuešî ‘livestock’ (quotn.); kele (Pl.-w. fr. Pe. galla) can be used by itself in this sense, but kara only in this phr.; (6) kiši kara atbe' tva se'iru'1-nes ‘followers and the rest of the people’ San. 270V. 12, followed by over 30 phr. beginning with kara including kara baš in Iran ‘maidservant’, and other meanings, kara kuš 'uqiib, kara kulağ ‘a predatory beast larger than a cat which follows the lion about and eats the residue of its kill’: Oğuz xı kara: koš (sic?) ‘the sides (atraf) of a camel’s foot’ Kaš. III 221: Xwar. xııı (?) kara ‘black’, common in Oğ.: xıv ditto Qutb 131, MN 7, etc.; kara-waš Qutb 132; kul kara\vaš Nahc. 17, 8; 284, 5 etc.; yılkı kara do. 17, 8; 309, 10: Kom. xıv ‘black’ kara; ‘eagle’ kara kuš; ‘ink’ kara; ‘maidservant’ karavaš and several phr. CCI, CCG", Gr. 193: Kip. xııı al-'uqeb kara: kuš Hou. 10, 1; (under ‘colours of horses’) al-adham ‘black’ kara: 13, 6; al-astvad kara: 31, 2; a.o. 31, 5 (kap); al-asmar ‘brown, swarthy’ kara: ya:ğız 31, 10; al-ceriya (kirna:k and) knra:wa:š/kara:ba:š 32, 17: (there are several P.N.s beginning with kara: \\\ in 29): xıv kara: al-aswad; kara etmek al-nayda ‘a kind of wheat paste’ (see Bui., p. 38; Dozy, Supplement II 741), that is ‘black bread’; a.o. (yağız) Id. 69; karawaš ‘an expression for slaves in general’ ('ammati'l-raqtq) do. 70; al-saıvde ‘black (i.e. coppeŋ coins’ kara: yarmak Bul. 4, 9; ‘black cheese’ kara: kurut do. 8, 4; al-tıayda kara: etmek do. 8, 15; al-'uqeb kara: kuš do. 7, 10: xv al-aswad kara: Kav. 59, 18; o.o. 5, 9 (kap); 59, 18 (yağız); 'abd ‘slave’ kara: do. 39, 7; aİ-'uqeb kara: ku:š do. 62, 13; ‘cane syrup Čnslu’l--qasab) of all sorts’ kara: ba:l do. 62, 19; astvad kara Tuh. 4a. 1; adham kara do. 4b. 5, etc.; 'abd kara do. 24b. 6; ama ‘slave girl’ (kırnak and) karawaš do. 3b. 13; 'uqeb kara-waš (sic) do. 25b. 9; and other phr. w. kara; Osm. xıv ff. kara ev, kara kulak, karavaš, and other phr. w. kara are listed in TTS I 415 ff.; II 579 ff.;/// 407 ff.; IV 467 ff.: xvııı kara ... (4) in Rumi, sehil-i darye ‘the sea shore’ (Ar. l.-w. qara) San. 270V. 17 (Rûmî quotn.).

Dis. ĞRA

1 karı: (old, old woman, wife) ‘old’, normally only of human beings and animals; s.i.s.m.l.g.; in SW Az., Osm. specifically ‘old woman’, hence sometimes ‘wife’. Not to be confused with kanstrange’ in some NE languages, which is a Mong. l.-w., or Ar. qarl ‘a reader or reciter of the Koran’. Türkü vııı özüm karı: boltım uluğ boltım ‘I myself have become old and advanced in years’ T 5e: vııı ff. bir karı: ökü:zü:g ‘an old ox’ IrkB 37: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M I 28, 19 (ağduk): Bud. sekiz on yašayur karı erti ‘he was an old man eighty years of age’ PP 24, 4-5; kim begleri azu karı bašlan erser ‘who are their begs or elders’ TT VI 9-10; a.o. do. 96; Sanskrit vrddhatamaih ‘by the oldest’ ka:rıla:r üze: TT VIIIF.z; a.o.o.: Civ. it karı bolsar yatıp ürür ‘when a dog gets old it barks lying down’ TT VII 42, e:xiv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. lao ‘aged’ (Giles 6,783) karı Ligeti 163: Xak. kan: al-musinn ‘aged’ of anything; hence one says kan: er ‘an old man’ (al-šayx) and kan: at ‘a fully grown (al-mudakke) horse’ (etc.) Kaš. III 222; II 30 (bun-) and three o.o.: KB sınamıš kan ‘an experienced old man’ 723; o.o. 4387, 6111: xııı (?) Tef. karı ‘old (woman)’ 201: xıv Muh. al-šayx karı: Mel. 48, 15; Rif. 143 (adding ıva't-'acûz ‘and old woman’); 152; Rbğ. karı abuška/karı uluğ’ ‘old man’ R II 167 (quotns.): Čağ. xv ff. karı koca ‘old man’ Vel. 319 (quotn.); karı (1) pir wa musinn ditto San. 272V. 6 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (f) karı bolğum-dın ‘because I have become old’ Oğ. 333: xıv kan ‘old’ Qutb 133: Kom. xıv ‘old man’ kan CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı (after 2 karı: (span, distance)) also al-šayx Hou. 20, 12: xıv karı: al-šayx Id. 70:xv 'aciizuhu karısı: Kav. 44, 17; šayx karı (and someone older than oneself is abıška and kartay) Tuh. 20b. 3: Osm. xıv ff. kan ‘aged’, sometimes specifically ‘old woman’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 422; II 589; III 413 ; IV 474.

?D 2 karı: (forearm, foot distance) perhaps Dev. N. fr. 3 *kar-, cf. karıš; originally ‘the forearm’, but more often used as a unit of measurement ‘a cubit, the \645\ distance from the elbow to the finger tips’. Survives in some NE languages; NC Kır.; SC Uzb.; NW Kk., Kumyk, Nog., with various meanings, ‘forearm, upper arm, cubit, halffathom (the distance from the middle of the chest to the finger, tips)’; SW Tkm. ğarı means (1) ‘the lower leg of a quadruped from the knee downwards’; (2) ‘half-fathom’. See Doerfer III 1477. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. yttl kan böz ‘seven cubits of cotton fabric’ USp. 91, 35; a.o. do. 13, 2-3 (uzun): Xak. xı karı: dire'u'1-ynd ‘the forearm’: karı: ‘the cubit (al-dire') with which linen is measured (yudra'), taken from the first meaning; as in Ar. the same word is used in both meanings Kaš. III 223; a.o. I 117 (1 ellig): xııı (?) At. 460 (ko:n-); Tef. karı (1) (a dog’s) ‘forelegs’; (2) ‘a cubit’ 201: xıv Muh. al-dire' ‘cubit’ karı: Mel. 82, 11 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kari/karu kol ve bazit ‘arms; upper arm’ Vel. 217 (quotn.); karı karıš ... ve banne arštım ‘a span; a builder’s cubit’ do. 319 (quotns.); kan (2) dar (? error for dire' ‘cubit’) (quotn.); (3) the ' name of an implement (elatŋ used to measure things (quotn.); (4) bezı1, a word for ‘ (the arm) from the shoulder to the finger tips’ (quotns.) Satı. 272V. e: Kom. xıv ‘cubit’ kan CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı (under ‘parts of the body’) al-said 'the forearm’ (büe:k and) kan: which is also dire'ııl-qumeš ‘a cubit of fabric’ (and ‘an old man’) Hou. 20, 12; (under ‘professions and crafts’) al-dira ‘cubit’ kan: (and aršun (l.-w. fr. Pe. araš ‘cubit’)) do. 23, 13: xıv karı:... also al-dire' Id. 70.
645

VU 1 *kurı: (west) ‘west’; like *ber (here) and 1 *yir known only in der. f.s, the Directional f. kurı:ğaru: ‘westwards’ and a Locative (?) in -ya: (see berye:) ‘in the west’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı kurı:ğaru: ‘westwards’ occurs six times by itself in I and II and also in a phr. IS 2,11 N 2 and 11 (batsık) — ögre: kıtanda: berye: tavğačda: kunya: (PU) kordanta: yırya: oğuzda: ‘among the Kitans in the east, the Chinese (Tabgaches) in the south, Khotan (?) in the west, and the Oğuz in the north’ 7’ 14; a.o. IN 12 (batsik) — kurıyaki:... bodun ‘the people in the west’ T 17: Uyğ. vııı kurıya: on ok(k)a: kirti: ‘they joined the On Ok (Western Türkü) in the west’ Šu. N 11; kasar kurı:din ‘to the west of Kasar’ do. E 8 (see E aksırak).

VU 2 kurı: (call to a foal) in the Reduplication kuri: kuri:; n.o.a.b.; obviously onomatopoeic; the word du'd has prob. fallen out of the MS. before al-faltlw, which occurs at the beginning of a line, in the main entry. Xak. xı in Kaš. I 9 it is said that h is not really a Turkish sound but occasionally occurs in pause (li'l-waqf) at the end of one or two onomatopoeics including Sdu'e'u'l-falftv) ‘a call to a foal’ kunh kurih (a tašdld has been placed over both rö’s, prob. by a second hand); kun: kun: (a call to) a foal when it has been left behind by (taxallafa 'an) the mare’; also kurih kurih, the yd' replaced by he’ III 223.

VU?S koru: (prickly hedge) Hap. leg.; as this is a Kip. word it may be a Sec. f. of korığ, q.v.; if so, of the \\\ various meanings of al-hasak ‘hatred; a star thistle; chevaux de frise; prickly hedge’ the last is likeliest. Kip. xı koru: al-hasak Kaš. III 223.

Dis. V. ĞRA-

F kara- (look at) ‘to look at’, exactly syn. w. bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await). This common Mong. V., noted as early as XIII (Haenisch 60), is first noted in Turkish in Čağ., San. 268r. 21, with the alternatives karaš-/karala-, and s.i.a.m.l.g. except SW. There is no reason to suppose that it is a native Turkish word and the base of 1 karak. Karap, translated ‘looking at him’, was read by R in USp. 97, 3, but is certainly one of several mistranscriptions in this text. The supposed occurrence in Kom. (R II 142) rests on a misreading by Kuun of the entry of karı:-, q.v.

karı:- (old) ‘to be, or become, old’, properly used only of human beings or occasionally animals; homophonous w. 1 kan:. S.i.s.m.l., but not in NW, SW. Türkü vııı Ix. 3 (begi:): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kanyuk biz ‘we have grown old’ U III 55, 19; o.o. U II 5, 14 etc. (tuğ-): Xak. xı er kan:di: ‘the man (etc.) grew old’ (šexa) Kaš. III 263 (karnr, kari:ma:k; prov. arsla:n kari:sa: ‘when a lion grows old’); kan:ma:s ‘does not become decrepit’ (le yahram) I 147, e: KB kan- ‘to grow old’ is common; of men 181, 294 (bun-), 347, 1640 (opra:-); of good fortune or happiness 943, 1331; of this world 5133: xııı (?) At. harislik karımaz idisi karıp ‘avarice does not grow old when its possessor grows old’ 306; a.o. 448 (bun-): xıv Muh. šexa ka:ri:- Mel. 27, 9; Rif. no: Čağ. xv ff. kan- (-p) kart- ya'ni koca-Vel. 319 (quotns.); karı- pir šudan ‘to become old’ San. 269V. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv however old a man may get (kansa) these two bad habits do not get old (kanmaz) Nahc. 433, 8-9: Kom. xıv kandım Latin senui ‘I grew old’ CCG (see kara-); ‘old age’ karımak CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv karı- šexa Id. 69; kabira ‘to be advanced in years’ karı- Bui. 77v: xv 'acaza (of a woman) ‘to grow old’ kan- Tuh. 26a. 11.

D kora:- (lose, diminish) Den. V. fr. 1 ko:r; ‘to suffer loss, be diminished’, and the like. Survives in NE Koib., Sag., Šor kora- RII551; Khak. xora-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. övkesi korayur ‘his anger abates’ Kuan. 65: Civ. under the hexagram koramak TT / 54; kiši küčl korasar ‘if a man’s strength diminishes’ 56; (if he goes to battle, he is wounded, if he is in the town) korayur ‘he suffers losses’ 68: Xak. xı KB (his illness increased and) koradı küči 1062; koradı sevinč ‘happiness has diminished’ 648e: Kom. xıv ‘to be weakenedxora- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kora- naqaša ‘to decrease’ (Intrans.) Id. 70.

korı:- (protect, restrict, fence in) (care) ‘to fence in, or protect (a piece of ground)’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as koru-, with the same and extended meanings. Türkü vııı Ongin 12 (atač): Xak. xı (ol) otığ kon:di: hame'1-kale' ‘he protected (care) (or \646\ fenced in) the pasture’ (etc.) Kaš. III 263 (korı:r, korı:ma:k): Čağ. xv ff. koru- ('with -o-’) man tva haresat kardan ‘to restrict, protect (care)’ San. 285r 19.
646

Dis. V. ĞAĞ-

kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)) ‘to be, or become, dry’. S.i.a.m.],p., usually as kuru-, often with extended meanings. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. suv tamiri kunsar yaš yavıšğu kurıyur ‘if the supplies of water dry up, the fresh foliage dries up’ TT I 55-6; ağızı kurıyur ‘his mouth dries’ VII 25, 5; o.o. do. 28, 8; VIII 1.2, 6 (Islrken-), 7: Xak. xı kurı:dı: to:n 'the garment (etc.) became dry’ (cajja) Kaš. III 263 (kurı:r, kurı:ma:k); do. 264 (kuzi:-) and three o.o.: KB kuri- ‘to be, or become, dry’ is common, 67 (ığač), 118 (of trees); 133 (of greenery); 943 (metaph. of desire), etc.: xıı (?) At. kurup yullari ‘its springs are dried up’ 387; Tef. kun- (of a tree) 217: xıv Muh. yabisa ‘to be, or become, dry’ kuru- Mel. 32, 7; Rif. 116; al-yabs kurimak 37, 5; 123; al-muqalla ‘parched’ kurumıš 65, 12; ku:rımıš 164: Čağ. xv ff. kuru- (-p) kun- Vel. 339 (quotn.); kuru- (‘with -u-’) xušk šudan ‘to become dry’ San. 285r. 19 (quotns.): Kip. xıv kuri-yabisa; kuri- (MS. kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)) dabba "to be parched, faded’;... kuru- našafa ‘to sink in, be absorbed, dry up’ Id. 69-70: xv caff a kuru- Tuh. 12a. 9; našafa kuru- 36b. 12; yabisa kuru- 39b. 12.

Mon. V. ĞRB-

S kırp- See kır- (break, smash, annihilate, scrape, strip (hair)), kirk-.

Dis. ĞRB

?F karwı: (curved) n.o.a.b.; there is hardly any doubt that Kaš. is right in describing this as an Ar. l.-w. Xak. xı karwı: ya: al-qawsu'l-fucwd ‘a recurved (i.e. unstrung) bow’; and one says karwı: kašlığ kiši: ‘a man with arched (curved) (azacc) eyebrows’; this agrees with Ar. because al-qartv is the word for anything curved (muqtcis) (Ar. quotn.) Kaš. III 239; a.o. / 195, 1 (čowa:č).

PU ?C kirba:s Hap. leg.; this word is deliberately listed under final -s, preceding the cross-heading -Š, but it must surely be an error for kırbaš compounded of 2 kir and 1 baš 'grey-head’. Kaš. xı kirba:s er ‘a man whose hair is falling out, and thin not thick’ (yatanatar... fa-yaxiff tea le yakatt) Kaš. I 459-

Dis. V. ĞRB-

karva:- (grope, grasp) originally ‘to grope for (something which you cannot see)’ later more broadly ‘to grasp with the hands or teeth’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. a curiously wide range of phonetic changes; NE Küer., Leb., Sag., Šor karba- R II 213; Khak. xarba- (still with the original meaning); Tel. and all other language groups except SW karma- R II 216 (which is sometimes confused with karma:la:-); the modem SW forms are Az. ğavra-; Osm. kavra- (from about xvi?); Tkm. ğabra-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Hnri- candra’s consorts said) el(l)ig beg uzati blznl bürter ertl karvayur erti ‘the king has for a long time been in the habit of feeling us and groping for us’ (with his delicate hands) U III 17, 15-le: Xak. xı ol karagku:da: karva:di: 'he groped for it (' atudaqahu) in the dark, and touched it feeling for it (lamasahu tdliba (n)) with his hand in the darkness’; also pronounced karwa:di:; as we have already explained, anywhere where there is a -v- it is permissible to rcplace it by -w- Kaš. III 290 (karva:r, karva:ma:k): Čağ. xv ff. karma- (spelt) rubfidan ‘to seize, snatch’ San. 2egr. 19 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv karba- 'to grasp, seize’ Qutb 133: Kom. xıv ‘to touch, grope for (something)’ karma- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv cassa 'to feel (something) with the hand’ (yoka- and) karma- (and karmala-) Tuh. 12a. 13: Osm. xıv to xvı karva- ‘to grasp, touch, feel’; common TTS I 429; II 594; III 418; IV 479.

D karvat- Caus. f. of karva:- (grope, grasp); survives in SW Tkm. ğabrat-, Xak. xı ol amg ko:-yunda: ne:g karvatti: 'he urged the man to search (yatlub) for something in his bosom’; also used for anyone who makes someone feel (1amassa yada.hu) for something in a place which he cannot see with his eyes Kaš. II 339 (karvatu:r, karvatma:k): Čağ. xv ff. karmat- Caus. f.; rubdydnidan' to order to seize or snatch’ San. 269V. 1 (quotn. and correction of Vel.'s form karmayğıl).

D karvan- Refl. f. of karva:- (grope, grasp); s.i.s.m.l. as karban- (Tkm. ğarban-)/karman-, Xak. xı ol yančık (j/c) ičre: yarma:k karvandi: ‘he searched for money in his leather bag’; also used for anyone who reaches back and gropes (arca'a 7va 'ayyata, MS. in error ğayyaba) looking for, something Kaš. II 250 (karvanu:r, karvanma:k): Osm. xıv karvan- ‘to grasp’; in one text TTS I 429.

D karvaš- Co-op. f. of karva:- (grope, grasp); s.i.s.m.l. as karbaš-/karmaš-. See karmaš-, Xak. xı \\ ol map: suvda: ne:rj karvašdı: ‘he helped me to grope (ft'I-'atvdaqa) for something in the water’; also in the dark when one searches (yatlub) for something with one’s hands Kaš. II 221 (karvašu:r, karvašma:k): Čağ. xv ff. karmaš- (-ıp) karvaš- vc tutuš- ‘to grasp or seize one another’ Vel. 321; karmaš- ‘seize or snatch (rubûdan) together, or one another’; and metaph. kušti giriftan ‘to wrestle’; the metaph. meaning is commoner San. 269V. 5 (quotn.): Osm. xıv karvaš- ‘to grasp one another’; in one text TTS I 429 (and see Čağ., Vel.).

Tris. ĞRB

C kurbaka: (frog, toad) some kind of frog or toad, prob. the latter; baka: means ‘frog’, and Kaš. suggests that this is a Compound of 3 kur (dry) (> curd) and baka:, but the status of 3 kur is very dubious and it is prob. a Compound with 1 kur (belt, girdle) (gir > girdle (sash)) meaning ‘a frog with a belt’, or the like (actually, “bad frog”). S.i.s.m.l.; in NC Kır., Kzx. and some NW languages baka means ‘frog’ and NC kurbaka; NW \\ kirbakatoad’, but in SC Uzb. and SW languages both mean ‘frog’ and the latter only ‘toad’ when preceded by some word like kara: or ye:r. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1449. Oğuz xı Kaš. III 122 (3 ku:ŋ: xıı (?) Tef. kirbakafrog’ 209: xıv Muh■ (under 'aquatic animals’) al-difda ‘frog’ kurba:ka: Mel. 77, 6; ku:rba:-ka: Rif. 180: Čağ. xv ff. kurbağa tvazağ ‘frog’ San. 285V. 28 (quotn.): Kip. xııı al-4ifda' kurbağa: Hou. 7, 5: xıv ditto Id. 71; Bui. 5, 4: xv difda' (bağa; below in second hand) kurbağa Tuh. 23a. 7.

MON. ĞRD 

C karabaš See kara:.

Mon. ĞRC

karč (crunch) Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic in the Reduplication karč kurč. Xak. xı one says er (VU) turmuzm: karč kurč yd:di: ‘the man crunched (akala... bi-xadd) the gherkin’ Kaš. I 343.

kurč ‘tough, hard’, originally in the physical sense, but also metaph. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW; particularly applied to metals; in some languages now means specifically ‘steel’. L.-w. in Mong. (kurča, Kow. 972), Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1459. Xak. xı ‘steel’ (al-hadidu'l-dakar) is called kurč temür; and it is used to describe strong (al-ciled) men, they are called kurč eren ‘hard (šileb) men’; also anything which is solid and hard (mušmat šalb) Kaš. I 343; a.o. III 287 (kevše:-): KB atım alp katığ kurč ‘a hard, strong, tough marksman’ 1949; similar phr. 2271, 5911: xıv Muh. fûlöd ‘steel’ ku:rč temür Mel. 61, 8; Rif. 160; Kom. xıv 'steel’ kurč CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-fuled kurč Hou. 31, 15.

Dis. V. ĞRC-

D kırča:- Hap. leg., but see der. f.s. There is a clear semantic connection w. kir- (enter); there is an odd alternation between -č- and -š- in yapšın-, yapšur-, q.v., and it seems clear that this is a Sec. f. of *kırša:-, Den. V. fr. ♦kırıš, Dev. N. fr. kir- (enter). Xak. xı ol ok amačka: kırča:di: ‘the arrow hit the side of the target (ceniba'1-hadaf) and passed on’ (mada); that is it was a glancing (al-zelic) shot Kaš. III 276 (kırča:r, kırča:ma:k).

D kurča:- Hap. leg,; Den. V. fr. kurč (tough, hard). NE kurča- R II 953 is a See. f. of kurša:- and not connected. Xak. xı yumša:k ne:ŋ kurča:dı: ‘the soft thing became hard’ (šaluba) Kaš. III 276 (kurča:r, kurča:ma:k; in the MS. the Perf. and Aor. are misvocalized karča:-).

T) kırčat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kırča:-. Xak. xı ol amŋ ka:šın kırčatti: ‘he threw a stone at him and hit the side of his eyebrow and split it’ (šaccahu; so translated by Kaš., it should be ‘be made (a stone) graze his eyebrow’), also of other things; (verse); one also says ok ama:čığ kırčatti: ‘the arrow hit the side of the target and passed through it’ \\ (nafada mitthu) Kaš. II 328 (kırčatu:r, kırčatma:k).
647

D kirčal- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of kırča:-; the grammar of the phr. quoted is odd. Xak. xı amŋ bašıga: ta:š kırčaldı: translated ‘the stone hit (ašeba) his head and split it’ (šaccahu) Kaš. II 234 (kırčalu:r, kırčalma:k).

Tris. ĞRC

D kara:či: apparently N.Ag. fr. kara: in its special sense of ‘the common people’, but the form is odd. An early l.-w. in Mong. as karaču (Haenisch 60) which is discussed in Doerfer I 274 (where it is not realized that it is a Turkish word); in Mong. it seems to mean ‘a man of the common people, not related to the family of Chinŋgis’, which perhaps explains the curious translation in the Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. In Turkish n.o.a.b. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. tsai hsiang ‘Prime Minister’ (Giles 11,490 4,249; presumably so called because not a member of the royal family; clearly the Mong. word) karaču Ligeti 162 (q v.); R II 162: Xak. xı kara:čı: al-se’ihı'lladî yatûfu l-abtveb ‘a beggar who goes from door to door’ Kaš. I 445: xıv Muh. (l) seseni ‘beggar’ karačı: (unvocalized) Rif. 156 (only): Čağ. xv ff. karaču ricel-i seyira ‘nomads’ San. 27ir. 11 (one Turkish, one Pe. quotn.; Mong. form and meaning?): (Kom. xıv see karakčı:): Tkm. xıv karabčı: (-c-; sic) al-faqir ‘a poor man’ Id. 70.

Mon. ĞRD

?D 1 kart (ulcer) ‘an ulcer’, that is a swelling which breaks the skin, as opposed to bo:z, one which does not; perhaps an Active Dev. N. fr. 2 ka:r-; survives only (?) in NC Kır. kartf kakart ‘the scab on a wound’. Another word kart meaning ‘old’ first appeared in Western dialects in the medieval period and is still current in NC, NW, SW; it is clearly cognate to 1 kan: but cannot morphologically be derived from it. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 443 (örmen): Civ. kart ‘ulcer’ is common in H I and II, e.g. II 8, 6-7 etc. (ötgürgü:); 20, 10 etc. (örmen): Xak. xı kart al-qarh ‘an ulcer’; hence ‘a bad-tempered (al-šakisu'l--xuluq) man’ is called kart er Kaš. I 342; four o.o. translated qarhlqarha: xıv Muh. al-'aqr ‘injury, sore’ ka:rt Mel. 65, 3; Rif. 164: Čağ. xv ff. kart (spelt) 'illat-i rišta ‘filariasis, the disease of Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis)', in Pe. piytlk San. 271 v. 20: (Xwar. xııı (?) bir kart kiši ‘an old man’ Oğ. 313: Kom. xıv ‘old’ kart CCI1 Gr.: Kip. xııı al-šayxu'l--haram ‘a decrepit old man’ kart (misvocalized kort); also used of horses Hou. 24, 18: XV haram kart (and abıška) Tuh. 37b. 8: Osm. xvıı kart ‘an old man’; in one text TTS 1428: xvıı r kart... and, in Rumi, zišt tva qaui haykal ‘ugly, of formidable appearance’ San. 271 v. 20).

2 kart (eagle, golden eagle, vulture) Hap. leg.; onomatopoeic in the Reduplication kart kurt; cf. karč kurč. Xak. \649\ kartal Mel. 72, 13: Čağ. xv ff. kartal abbreviation of kara tal, called in Ar. 'uqeb and in Pe. dal ‘a large black eagle’ San. 271 v. 21 (apparently an attempt to provide a false Pe. etymology for the word): Tkm. xııı al-nasr ‘eagle’ (Kıp. köčgen) kartal Hou. 9, 20:xiv kartal al-'uqeb İd. 70; al-nasr (köčgen and) karta:l Bul. 11, 4: xv ra xııı ‘vulture’ (kerges, Pe. l.-w., and) kartal Tuh. 17a. 6; in do. 36a. 13 kartal is added in a second hand below nasr: Osm. xvııı kara tal in Rumi, ‘a bird with a strong body’ (qawi-yi cutta), called in Ar. 'uqab and in Čağatay (sic) börgüt San. 271 r. 4 (börgüt is a Mong. word meaning ‘golden eagle’; there is no trace of this spelling in any Osm. authority).
649

?D kırtıš (surface) (cutis) lit. ‘the surface’ of the human skin, the ground, a fruit, and the like; hence ‘complexion’; survives in the first meaning in several NE, NC, and NW languages. Morphologically it might be a Dev. N. fr. *kirt- Caus. f. of kir- (enter) with which there is some slight semantic connection. Uyğ. vııı Bud. kırtıšı sarğarur ‘his skin (or complexion) turns yellow’ U I 37, 13; ögi kırtıšı ‘his colour and complexion’ U III 23, 1 (ii); a.o. Suv. 593, 21: Xak. xı kırtıš ‘the colour of a man (etc.)’s face’; one says körklüg kırtıšlığ kiši ‘a man with a good complexion’ (hasan lazvm’I-tvach)', and one says ye:r kırtıšı: ‘the surface (adim) of the ground’ and the like; but it is not used of the surface of anything else Kaš. I 460: KB kayu baška kirse kuğu kırtıšı ‘when the colour of a swan comes to a man’s head’ xioi; ajun kırtıšı boldi Zangi yiizi ‘the world turned the colour of a negro’s face’ (i.e. became dark) 3948; similar phr. 4891, 4961, 6213; o.o. 5449, 5669: XIV Aluh. (l) bašaratu'l-wach ‘the epidermis’ kirtı:š Rif. 140 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kırtıš (spelt) (1) riša ‘down’ (on the surface of the body) (риза) chasuble, vestment (quotns.) and also sabza-i teza damida ‘a newly sprouting beard’ which will soon become down; (2) tarašı ‘tanning material (?) which they put on leather to tan it San. 295r. 20: Kip. xııı qišru’l-balt>x ‘the rind of a melon’ kırtıš I hu. 8, 12 (MS. in error qisru): xv Tuh. 15b. x  (ya:ğ).

korda:y (bird type, pelican, heron, swan) a large bird, perhaps originally ‘pelican’. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. kordoyheron’; SE Tar. kordoypelican’ R II 576; RE Türki koday ‘swan’ Shaiv 214, Jarring 250. Xak. xı korda:y al-hawešil (see kuğu:) Kaš. III 240 (verse); a.o. \\ 177, 11: KB kuğu korday ei'se 5377.

*kurt- (save, rescue) See kurtğar-

Dis. V. ĞRD-

D karıt- (age, old) Caus. f. of karı:-; ‘to make (someone) old’. Survives in NC Kır.; SC Uzb. Xak. xı ödlek anı: karıttı: ‘time made him an old manr (jfly.ŋ Kaš. II 304 (karitu:r, karitma:k; prov., see talk- (stick, cam, палка (толкатель))): KB üküš beg karıttı karımaz özi ‘ (this-world) has made many begs old, but does not itself grow old’ 404; a.o. S» 33: Čağ. xv ff- karıt- Caus. f.; ptr kardan \\ ‘to make old’ San. 27or. e: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 134.

E kurat- See kuvrat-..

D kurıt- (dry) Caus. f. of kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); ‘to dry (something Acc.)'. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as kurut- and sometimes with extended meanings. Cf. kunr-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kuritip ‘drying’ is a stage in the preparation of various remedies H I 52, 77, 79 (til), in 60 metathesized as kutinp: Xak. xı kü:n tornuğ kurıttı: ‘the sun dried (caffat) the garment (etc.)’ Kaš. II 304 (kuritu:r, kuntma:k); o.o. I 19, 9 (kurutti:); 514, 5; 524, 25: KB kuritma közÜT) ‘do hot dry your eyes’ 1239; elig sdni sözleyii šük kuritmaz tilig ‘the king, when speaking of you, does not let his tongue dry up in silence’ 3476; (the king, learning of Aytoldi’s death, said)... kapuğum kurıttıŋ kor ettig orun ‘you have left my door dry (i.e. unwatched) and made your place a loss’ 1558 (note pun): xııı (?) Tef. kurit- ‘to dry’ 217: xıv Muh. caffafa ku:rut- Mel. 25, 1; Rif. 107: Čağ. XV ff. kurut- (spelt) xušk kardan ‘to dry’ San. 285V. 18: Kip. xıv naššafa ‘to dry (e.g. clothes)’ kuru:t- Bui. 84V.

D karta:- (de-scab) Den. V. fr. 1 kart (ulcer); ‘to remove the scab from (a wound)’ and the like; n.o.a.b., but cf. karta:l, kartal-, kartan-. Xak. xı (the pain of misfortune burnt my innermost heart) bütmirš bašığ (MS. yetmi:š yaštğ) kartadı: naka'ati'l-qarha ‘it removed the scab from the healed wound’ / 245, 15; bağrım bašın kartadım naka'tu qarha kibdi ba'd indimelihe ‘I removed the scab from the wound in my liver after it had healed’ / 272, 16; a.o. II 255, 8 (kartan-); n.m.e.

D kurtğar- (save, rescue) ‘to rescue’ and the like. Obviously cognate to kurtul- (rescued, saved) ‘to be rescued’, q.v.; the latter is a quite regular Pass. f. of *kurt- (save, rescue); but -ğar- is not a regular Caus. Suff. and it is not obvious why the Active f. of kurtul- (rescued, saved) should be a Caus. f. S.i.a.m.l.g.; in SW Az. ğurtar- ; Osm. kurtar-; Tkm. ğutar-; elsewhere kutkar-, but in SE Türki only, and SC Uzb. alternatively, kutkaz-, w. some extended meanings in most modern languages. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kurtğardı yarut(t)i ‘he rescued and enlightened’ M III 35, 1 (ii); kutğar-/kutkar- TT III 39, el (2 tap-); 67 (1 tüg), 119 (ulınčığ): Bud. common in Kuan., the normal form is kutğarur, v.l. kurtğarur in some MSS. in 104, 121; kutğarırj ‘rescue me’ PP 51,7; kutarğaymen (sic) ‘I will save’ (you all) do. 76, 6; a.o. Suv. 166, 5 (ozğur-): Xak. xı teŋri: meni: kutğardr. ‘God rescued me (naccenŋ from suffering’ Kaš. II 192 (kutğarur, kutğarma:k); a.o. II 201, 13; in a rather confused discussion of Caus. Suffs. in II 199 it is said that the -ğ- is introduced for the sake of euphony and that if this had not been done the word would have been kut-rardi:; the basis of this statement is obscure but it may indicate that Kaš. was aware of the form kurtğar-: xııı (?) Tef. kurtar-/kutkar-/ kutar- ‘to rescue’ (from sorrow, misfortune, \\ xı elig kart kurt etti: tafarqaati'l-ašebi' ‘the finger snapped’ Kaš. I 342.
648

Mon. ĞRD

D kirt (short, miser) (short) Dev. N./A. fr. kir- (enter); survives with the same meaning in NW Kaz. RII755 (where it is falsely described as ‘onomatopoeic’). Cf. kirk-. Xak. xı kirt ot al-nabtu l-qasir ‘short grass’; and ‘short hair’ is called kirt sač; and a ‘miser of bad character’ (al-baxHu'l-sayyu'l-xuluq) is called kirt kiši: Kaš. I 342.

1 kurt (kurd) (worm)worm’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Türküvm Toy. 28 (ETY II 59; ağu:luğ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U III 32, 3 (koijuz): Civ. tıšnı kurt y^ser ‘if a worm consumes a tooth’ HI 70; (in do. 82 kurt is a mis-spelling of kurut): Xak. xı kurt ‘worm’ (al-dfid) among all the Turks; and the Oğuz call ‘the wolf’ (al-di'b) kurt Kaš. I 342; a.o. III 6, 3 (tiril-): ~/Cİ3 (when the body gets fat) yılan kurt anuk ‘snakes and worms (get) ready (to devour it)’ 5844: xiv*Muh. dabibu' l-ard ‘things that creep on the ground’ ye:r kurdi: Mel. 45, 8; Rif. 138; al-diid ku:rt 74, 6; 177: Čağ. xv ff kurt (‘with -u-’) (1) kirm ‘worm', in Ar. dud San. 28er. 1 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kurt ‘worm’ Qutb 145: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı kurt ... is also al-diid Hou. 11, 3:xiv Tkm. kurt (both al-di’b and) al-diid Id. 70; Kıp. (?) al-diid kurt (d) (sic) Bui. 11, 5:xv al-xunftts ‘black-beetle’ donğuzla:n kurti: Kav. 62, 9; düd kurt (and other words) Tuh. 15b. 3: süs ıva'1-dûd ‘weevil, worm’ kurt do. 19b. 1.

2 kurt (kurd) (wolf)wolf’. A purely Western (Oğuz) word, early occurrences clearly representing Oğuz elements in the languages concerned. It is not clear whether both this and 1 kurt (kurd) (worm) go back to some more general word for ‘an unpleasant creature’, or whether 1 kurt was given this additional meaning in Oğuz for some unknown reason, or whether the words are entirely independent from one another. Survives only in SW Az. ğurd; Osm. kurt (kurd- before vowels); Tkm. ğu:rt (? a false long vowel). Oğuz xı Kaš. I 342 (1 kurt): xııı (?) Tef. kurtwolf’ 218: xıv Rbğ. ditto see Tcf. 218; Muh. al-di'b kurt Mel. 72, 4; ku:rt Rif. 174: Čağ. xv ff. kurt (‘with -u-’)... (2) gurgwolf’, in Ar. tji'b San. 28er. 1 : Xwar.x 111 (?) kurd ‘wolf’ 'A/i 42: Tkm. xııı al-di'b... kurt (Kıp. börü:) Hou. 11, 3: xıv kîırt al-di'b (and also al-dtid) Id. 70; al-di'b (börü:, also) kurt (d) (sic) Bui. 10, e: xv al-di'b (bö:ri:, also) kurt (MS. kurut) Kav. 62, 7.

Dis. ĞRD

?!• karıt (retribution, карать) Hap. leg.; the word has no obvious Turkish etymology, and Kaš. may be right, but al-ğöra properly ‘invasion, raid, plunder’. Tkm. xı karıt sabb ‘abuse, insult’; I reckon that it is plagiarized (manhfda) from the Ar. ğerat Kaš. I 356.

D kurııt (curd, dried cheese (творог)) Dev. N. fr. kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); 'dried curds used as a kind of hard cheese’. S.i.a.m.l.g., normally as kurut, but kurt (curd, dried cheese (творог)) in some NC, NW languages. L.-w. in Mong., Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1472. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. nušadır toğrağu kurt (sic) birle katıp ‘crush sal ammoniac (Iranian l.-w.) and mix it with dried curds’ H I 81-2; kurut is mentioned among articles subject to tax USp. 14, 12; 21, 12 (tütün): Xak. xı kurut al-iqit ‘cheese made of dried curds’ Kaš. I 357; o.o. II 15 (soğ-); 81 (soğur-): KB 4442 (azaŋ: xıv Muh. al-masl ‘ (concentrated) whey’ ku:ru:t Mel. 66, 9; Rif 16e: Čağ. xv ff. kurut kašk ‘dried curds’ San. 28er. 23; kara kurut ‘whey which they boil and make into curds’; and the liquid they boil again until it coagulates; it is very acid and disagreeable (sard) and dry, and lowers the blood pressure (mttsakkin-i hiddat-i xün), called in Ar. masl do. 271 v. r; a.o. 207 V. 26 (syn. of čakıltak a word not noted earlier than San.): Kip. xııı al-iqat wa hutva'l- (V\J) cartan (unidentifiable, see Hou., p. 90) kurut; and they have another very black substance which they make from milk and sour cream (l.al-mašš) and store in cleaned bladders (al-kurûš) and cut in pieces with a knife; it is more acid than pomegranate seeds and they call it kara: kuru:t that is ‘black cartan' Hou. 16, 14: xıv kurut al-iqat; kara: kuruf ‘a black, very acid kind’ İd. 70; ‘black (VU) cartan, very acid’ kara: kurut (d) Bid. 8, 3: xv iqat kurut (and btšlak) Tuh. 5a. 3: Osm. xvı ff. kurut ‘dried curds’ in several Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 501; IV 556.

?D kardu: (hail-like ice) Hap. leg.; perhaps Den. N. in -du: fr. 1 ka:r (snow), but the existence of this Suff. is doubtful. Xak. xı kardu: ‘pellets (habbet) of ice of the size of hazel-nuts which form on the surface of water in sudden extreme cold’ (fi'l-zatnhariŋ Kaš. 7 419 (verse).

(D) kurtğa: (hag)old woman’; the feminine equivalent of avıčğa: and, like it, an old word ending in -ğa:; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 13 (teŋri:lig): Man. M III 11, 15 (i) (E ersi:-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M II 11, 16, etc. (tetrü:): Xak. xı kurtğa: al-’acûz ‘the old woman’ Kaš. III 259, 19; n.m.e.: KB bu kurtğa ‘thisold (world)’ 1547; a.o. 399 (ersel):x 111 (?) Tef. (my wife is) kurtka: (sic) ‘an old woman’ 218: xıv Rbğ. ditto R II 948 (quotns ): Čağ. xv ff. kurtğa: (spelt) 'aciiza wa pirzel (‘an old man of authority’) San. 28er. 5 : Xwar. xıv kurtğa/kurtka ‘old woman’ Qutb 145: Kom. xıv ‘old woman’ kurtka CCG; Gr. 1) karta:l prima facie Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. karta:- (de-scab); if so, perhaps originally ‘spotted, striped’, or the like; except in Kaš. it consistently means some kind of ‘eagle’ or ‘vulture’, perhaps originally ‘a spotted or striped bird’. Survives only (?) in SW Az. ğartal ‘eagle’; Osm. kartal ‘the Arabian vulture, Vultur mnnachus' (Red). L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1454. Xak. xı karta:l et al-lahmn'l-mucazza' ‘sliced meat’ (? this is the normal meaning, but Steingass gives the alternative meaning ‘spotted’): karta:! ko:y al-arqat mina'1-ğanam ‘a black and white spotted sheep’ Kaš. I 483: xıv Muh. (?) al-'ttqtib ‘goldeneagle’ (kara: kuš; one MS. adds) \650\ etc.) 218-19: xıv Rbğ. kutkar- (sic) ‘to rescue’ RII994 (quotn.) ;Muh. (?) xallasa (MS. xalaša) tea faraqa ‘to rescue; to separate’ kutğa:r-Rif. 108 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kutkar- (-u) kurtar-Vel. 336 (quotn.); kutkar- Caus. f.; xaUlf kardan ‘to release’ San. 282V. 28 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kurtkar- ‘to release, rescue’ Qutb 145; kutğar- do. 146; Nahc. 254, 13; 370, 14; kutkar- Qutb 14e: Kom. xıv ‘to release, redeem’ kutkar-/kutxar- CCG; Gr. 205 (quotns.): Kip. xv taxallasa kutkar- Tuh. 10b. 6; xallaša ditto 14b. 13.
650

Dis. V. ĞRD-

D kartal- (de-scab) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of karta:- (de-scab). Xak. xı anıg kartı: kartaldı: nuki'at qarhatuhu ‘his ulcer had the scab removed from it’ Kaš. II 234 (kartalu:r, kartalma:k).

D kurtul- (rescued, saved) Pass. f. of *kurt- (save, rescue), see kurtğar- (save, rescue) ‘to be rescued, saved’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE; in SW Az. ğurtul-; Osm. kurtul-; Tkm. ğutul-; elsewhere kutul-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (may our souls attain) kurtulmak bošunmak ‘salvation and liberation’ M I 29, 32: Man. [pap] kutrultı TT III 25; [gap] kutrultačı [gap] TT IX 28: Bud. both kurtul- and kutrul- ‘to be rescued, saved’ are common, e.g. kurtulmak yol ‘the way of salvation’ PP 52, 1; kurtul- is common in TT VI and Kuan, and occurs in TT X 273, but in one MS. of Kuan, the form is consistently kutrul- which also occurs in U III 26, 23; TT V 24, 78 (egrik); VII40, 32: Civ. kutrultı TT I 92: Xak. xı ura:ğut kurtuldu waladati'l-mar'a ‘the woman was delivered of a child’; and one says er emge:ktln kurtuldi: ‘the man was relieved (nace) of pain’; (verse); the origin was kutaldi: (sic) Kaš. II 233 (kurtuiu:r, kurtulma:k) — er emgektin kutuldi:, same translation (kutulur, kutulma:k); one also says ura:ğut kutuldi: ‘the woman was delivered of a child and saved from the weariness of child-bearing’; there are two points of view (uachen) about this word; one is that it is an abbreviation of kurtul- ‘to be relieved from pain’ and the other that it is a crasis of the expression kut bul-'to find good fortune’ (xvacada'l-baxt) when one is saved Kaš. II 121; a.o. I 520: KB (all the Prophet’s anxiety was for the common people) kutulmak tiler erdi ‘he constantly wished for their salvation’ 40; kutuldi özüg ‘vou have been saved’ 671; a.o. 1040: xııı (?) (if I have Thy favouŋ kutuldi özüm ‘my soul has been saved’ 39; Tef. kurtul-/kutul- ‘to be saved; to be delivered-of a child’ 218-19: Čağ. xv ff. kutul- kurtul- Vel. 336 (quotn.); kurtul- (spelt) xalas šudan ‘to be released’, also pronounced kutul- San. 284V. 4 (verse, Vel.’s spelling kutkul- corrected); kutul- (spelt) ditto; also pronounced kurtul- do. 282V. ir (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kurtul- ‘to be saved’ Qutb 145; kutul- do. 146; kurtul-/ kutul- MN 176, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘to be freed, to escape’ kutul- CCI] kuttul- CCG; Gr. 205 (quotns.): Tkm. xıv kurful-, also pronounced kurtul- nace; Kip. kuful- Id. 70: \v (xallaša kutkar- and) [xalasa] kutul- Tuh. 14b. 13; nace ku(ul-/kurtul- do. 37a. 13.

D kartla:- (pain-in-the-neck, ulcer) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 kart (ulcer). Xak. xı ol erig kartla:dı: nasabahu ile šakesati'l-xu/q ‘he accused the man of being bad-tempered’; also used when one treats an ulcer (ašlaha'l-qarha) Kaš. III 445 (kartla:r, kartla:ma:k).

D kurtla:- (worm-eaten, full of worms) Den. V. fr. 1 kurt (kurd) (worm); s.i.s.m.l. as kurtla- (of fruit, meat, etc.) ‘to be worm-eaten, full of worms’. Cf. kurtan-. Xak. xı tewey kurtla:di: ‘he rid (naza'a) the camel (etc.) of worms’ Kaš. III 447, 3 (in a grammatical section); n.m.e.

D kartan- (de-scab) Refl. f. of karta:- (de-scab); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı er kartın kartandi: ‘the man treated (detve) his own ulcer’; and one says to someone ö:z kartig kartan ‘treat and cure (detvi wa 'elic) your own ulcer’, meaning merely ‘don’t be unreasonable’ (le ta'du tawrak) Kaš. II 248 (kartanu:r, kartanma:k); (in a para, on the Refl. f.) for example the phr. er kartın kartandi: ‘the man treated (ašlaha) his own ulcer’, (the Refl. f. being used) in place of the Trans, (al-lezim) V. karta:- (de-scab) II 255, 5.

D kurtan- (seek worms, seek incects) Ilnp. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 kurt (kurd) (worm); cf. kurtla:-. Xak. xı küg kurtandi: ‘the maidservant deloused herself’ (ihtakkat... mina'I-qaml); originally it meant ‘looked for worms on sheep’ (ta/aba'1-dûd mina'l-ğanam) Kaš. II 248 (kurtanu:r, kurtanma:k).

D 1 kartur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 kar-; cf. kattur-, Oğuz xı ol agar ya:ğ talka-.nka: karturdi: ‘he told him to mix (aedahahu) oil with the crushed grain’ Kaš. II190 (kerturur, karturma:k).

D 2 kartur- Caus. f. of 2 ka:r-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol am: suvka: karturdi: ağaššahu bi'l--luqma tva ašraqahu bi'1-me' ‘he made him choke with a gobbet or with water’ Kaš. II 190 (followed by 1 kartur-; the two Ar. V.s are synonymous, but seem to be used with solids and liquids respectively).

D kirtur- (enter) Caus. f. of kir- (enter); s.i.s.m.l. with the same range of meanings as kir- (enter). Xak. xı ol agar ye:r kırturdı: kallafahu 'ale qašri'l-ar<f ‘he set him to scrape the ground’ (etc.) Kaš. II 190 (kırturur, kirturma:k).

D kurtur- Caus. f. of kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. V 01 maga: ya: kurturdi: ‘he ordered me to string ('ale tawtiŋ the bow’; and one says xa:n agar čowa:č kurturdi: ‘the king ordered him to open (bi-našr) the royal parasol’; and one says xa:n begke: sü:sin kurturdi: 'the king ordered the beg to mobilize (bi-cam') his army’

Kaš. II 190 (kurturur, kurturma:k); a.o. II 198, 15: Čağ. xv ff. kurdur- Caus. f. of kur- San. 284V. 2 (no translation).

D kurdaš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. Den. V. fr. 2 kur; it is unusual for Den. V.s to be formed with -da:- fr. N.s ending in -r. Xak. xı ol beg birle: kurdašdı: calasa ma’a'l-amir ft martabatihi wa ğayruhu (sic ? ğayrihi after amir intended) ‘he sat with the beg (etc. ?) in his \\ (proper) position’ Kaš. II 218 (kurdašu:r, kurdašma:k).
651

Tris. ĞRD

D kurutluğ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. kurut. Xak. xı kurutluğ kiši: ‘a man who owns dried curds’ (al-iqif)\ it is the equivalent to the Ar. phr. racul tamir wa lebin that is ‘who owns dates and milk’ Kaš. I 494.

D kırtıšlığ P.N./A. fr. kırtıš; survives in NC Kır. kırtıštu: (land) ‘with the surface intact’ (i.e. not ploughed); Kzx. kırtıstı ‘covered with a layer’ (of turf, fat, etc.). Xak.xi Kaš. I 4el(kırtıš).

Tris. V. ĞRD-

D kurutsa:- Hap. leg.; Desid. Den. V. fr. kurut. Xak. xı er kurutsa:di: ‘the man longed for dried curds’ (al-aqit) Kaš. III 332 (kurutsa:r, kurutsa:ma:k).

D kırtıšla:- Den. V. fr. kırtıš; survives in NE Alt., Tel.; NC Kır. kırtıšta-; Kzx. kirtista- ‘to remove the superficial layer (of something)’, e.g. fat from a hide. Xak. xı ol sağrı:nı: kırtıšla:di: 'he scraped the surface (qaššara adîm) of the raw hide’ (etc.) Kaš. III 350 (kırtıšla:r, kırtıšla:ma:k).

D kırtıšlan- Refl. f. of kırtıšla:-; survives in several NE and NC languages (R II 756-7) with the same and extended meanings. Xak.xi kı:z kırtıšlandı: hasuna rawnaqu'l-cariya wa nadera wachiha ‘the slave girl had a glowing, bright face’ Kaš. II 272 (kırtıšlanu:r, kırtıšlanma:k).

Mon. ĞRĞ

kirk (forty)forty’; c.i.a.p.a.l.; in some NE and NW languages pronounced kırık. Türkü vııı kırk artukı: yeti: yolı: sülemiš ‘he made forty-seven campaigns’ IE 15; a.o. I NE: vııı ff. Man. iki kırk tıšın ‘with 32 teeth’ Chuas. 54-5: Yen. sekiz kırk yašıma: ‘in my 38th year’ Mai. 29, 4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. the pages of the chapters of Suv. are numbered ikinti Ulüš otuz ‘II30’; ikinti üiüš bir kırk ‘II 31’,*etc.: Civ. the pages of TT I are similarly numbered iki kirk ‘32’ 108 ff.: O. Kır. ıx ff. tokuz kırk yašımda: ‘in my 39th year’ Mai. 10, 5; 23, 1; a.o.o.: Xak. xı kirk al-arba'ün fVl-adad ‘forty’ Kaš. I 349 (prov.): KB kimig kırkta kečse tiriglik yašı ‘wlioever passes the age of forty’ 364: xıv Muh. arba'ûn kırk Mel. 81, 13; Rif. 187: Čağ. xv ff. kirk ‘forty’; (also the name of an Ozbeg clan) San. zgsr. 27: Xwar. xııı (?) kink (sic) ‘forty’ Oğ. 11 ff.: Kip. xııı arba'ûn kirk Hou. 22, 11: xıv ditto Id. 70; Bul. 12, 12: xv ditto Kav. 39, 4; 65, 8; Tuh. 60b. 9.

Mon. V. ĞRĞ

D kirk- (shear, graze) Emphatic f. of kir- (enter); ‘to shear’ (sheep and the like). S.i.a.m.l.g., occasionally as kırık-; in SW the forms are Az. ğırp-; Osm. kırk-/kırp-; Tkm. ğırk-/jğırp-, the forms in -p- with some extended meanings. Cf. yuŋla:-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. (they lay the sheep down and) yuŋın kırkarlar ‘shear their wool’ M III 33, 4 (in: Xak. xı ol ko:yin (MS. ko:yun) kırkdı: ‘he sheared (cazza) his sheep’ (etc.). Kaš. III 422 (kirka:r, kirkma:k): xıv Muh. al-qašš ‘to cut off, clipkırkmak Mel. 36, 13 (Rif. 122 kır-): Čağ. xv ff. kirk- (spelt) larešîdan wa mü suturdan ‘to shave or shear, to remove wool’; tarašı of a carpenter (nacceri, i.e. ‘to plane, shave down wood’, etc.) is yon- San. 294r. 29 (quotn.); a.o. 346V. 28 (yon-) — kırp- (spelt) xarešîdan az xwurdan wa gudaštan-i tir wa sang ‘to graze’ in the sense of an arrow or stone which hits and passes on, but xarešt ‘to scrape’, etc. of a file (sühen) and the like is kir- (enter) 294r. 17; a.o. 293V. 17 (kir- (enter)): Kom. xıv ‘to shorten’ kırk- CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı cazza ‘to shear’ in the sense of shearing wool off a sheep kirk- Hou. 39, 8: xıv kirk-cazza'1-šüf Id. 70; kırp- (‘with -p-’) xaffafa'l--ša'r ‘to shorten (lit. lighten) the hair’ do. 71: XV cazza ayya'l-ša'r wa'l-šüf kırk- Tuh. 12b. i; qašša kirk- do. 30a. 1 (with a marginal note ‘also with -p-’).

kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona) ‘to fear, be afraid of (someone or something)’; with the Object in the Dat. in the earliest period, and normally the Abl. later. C.i.a.p.a.l., occasionally as koruk-. Türkü vııı neke: korku:rbiz ‘what are we afraid of?’ T 39; korkmadimiz ‘we were not afraid’ T 41: vııı ff. kiši: korkmi:š korkma: tdmiš ‘the man was afraid; he said “do not be afraid”’ IrkB 2; a.o. do. 19: Man. korkmak ‘fear’ Chuas. 181; korkmatin ‘without fearing (God)’ do. 211; o.o. TT II 6, 32 (bez-); MI 6, 9 (beliğle:-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ntz-vanılarka ertigü korkup ‘being very much afraid of the emotions’ (Sogdian l.-w.) U III 75. 6-7; ölüm adaka korksar ‘if (you) fear the danger of death’ PP 32, 4; a.o. do. 11, 1-2 (bodun); Suv. 5, 10, etc. (beliğle:-), etc., esp. in ~TT X: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. chii p’a ‘afraid’ (Giles 3,021 8,539) korkup eymenip Ligeti 168: Xak. xı k«l teŋri:dln korkdi: ‘the slave (i.e. Moslem) feared (xafa... min) God’ Kaš. III421 (korkar, korkma:k; prov., verse); (the mouse born in a mill) kö:k kökre-kirje: korkma:s ‘is not afraid of thunder’ \\ III 282, 20; two 0.0, (in all the Object is twice in the Dat. and twice in the Abl., the latter perhaps influenced by the Ar. idiom xafa min): KB (if you look at the begs) korku tur kali korkmasa sen küčün korkitur ‘stand in fear of them; if you do not fear, they will frighten you by their strength’ 656; bu til yasıga korksa emdi özüg ‘if you yourself now fear the damage done by this tongue’ 983; o.o. (no Object) 773, 2288, 2299: xııı (?) Tef. kork- (once spelt ka.rk-) ‘to fear’ (202,) 214: xıv Rbğ. la'natdın özi korkmadı ‘he did not himself fear the curse’ R II 563; Muh. xafa korrk- Mel. 25, 11; Rif. ro8; al-xatof korkmak 13, 12; 36, 5; 89, 122: Čağ. xv ff. korktarsidan ‘to fear’ San. 28sr. 6 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı (?) calag buiagdın korukmaz («c) turur (? d--) ‘he fears nothing and nobody’ \\ Oğ. 307: xıv kork- ‘to fear’ Qutb 141; Nahc. 11, 10 (konlığ): Kom. xıv ‘to fear’ (with Abl.) kork- CCI, CCG; Gr. 200 (quotns.): Kip. xııı xafa mina'l-xawf kork- Hou. 39, 18:xiv kork- xafa Id. 70: xv ditto Kav. 11, 5; 77, 12; ixtaše (‘to be afraid’) tva xafa koruk- (jr'c) Tuh. 6a. 1; xawf korukmak 14a. 6; xafa koruk- 15a. 2; heba ‘to dread’ koruk- 38a. 2: Osm. xıv ff. kork- (xiv sometimes korx-) c.i.a.p. TTS I 485; //esi.
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Dis. ĞRĞ

E karağ See karğu: II E 37.

D 1 karak (eye, eyeball)eyeball’; prob. Dim. f. fr. kara: lit. ‘little black thing’; not to be connected w. F kara:-. Survives in NE; NC Kır.; SW Tkm. (ğarak); in SE, NC Kzx. and SC forms of the Dim. f. karačık are used instead; in NW usually phr. like köz karası and in SW Az., Osm. bebek (Pe. l.-w.). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. M 77 11, 18 (ka:nlığ): Bud. (of a dying man) karakı aktarılur yürüŋ karakı örü yoklayur ‘his eyes roll and the whites of his eyes turn upwards’ TT III, p. 26, note 5, it; o.o. U IV 38, 127-8 (kudul-); Suv. 595, 13: Xak. xı karak al-muqla ‘eyeball’: kara: karak satvedu'I-'ayn ‘the iris (lit. black) of the eye’: ürüŋ karak ‘the white of the eye’: ü:t karak neziru'l- ayn ‘the pupil (lit. hole) of the eve’ Kaš. I 382; a.o. (kara:k) III 29, 5: KB körügll karak ‘the seeing eye’ 374; o.o. 121 (yalın-), 2368 (basin-), 2205 (üster-): xıv Rbğ. karaklari can alur ‘his eyes steal the soul away’ R II148: Čağ. xv ff. karağ/karak mardumak-i čašm ... tva mutlaq göz ‘the eyeball’ and more generally ‘eye’ Vel. 316 (quotns.); karağ mardumak-i časm San. 27m 24 (and see 2 karak (brigandage); quotns.): Xwar. xıv karak ‘eyeball’ Qutb 132; MN 133, etc. : Kip. xııı al-hadaqa ‘the pupil of the eye’ karağ (MS. kırığ) Hou. 20, 4: xıv karak satvedu'l--'ayn İd. 71: xv neziru'l-ayn karak (Tkm. bebek) Tuh. 36a. 9: Osm. xıv and xv karak ‘eve’ (rather than ‘eyeball’) in several texts TTS I 416; II 582; IV 469.

2 karak (brigandage) ‘brigandage’ and the like, hardly to be regarded as morphologically identical with 1 karak; not noted before the medieval period but see karakčı: karakla:- and cf. karma:. N.o.a.b. Čağ. xv ff. karak means ‘brigandage, pillage’ (yağma ve telen) since ‘brigand’ (haramŋ is called karakčı Vel. 317 (two quotns. containing karakčı); (under karağ (1 karak)) ‘the Rumi author (Vel, 317) translated karağ ‘arm’ (bezû) the reason being that ‘highwayman’ (rehzan) is called karağčı, and also translated it ‘brigandage, pillage’ and said it meant ‘black’; Naširi followed him; all three translations are unknown and inappropriate (machfil tea gayr ma'qfil) San. 27 ir. 26.

D kiruk (scraped, broken, destroyed, fractured, splinter, cripple, disabled, withered) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kır-; lit. ‘scraped’ or the like, and in the medieval period ‘broken, destroyed’. Survives in NC Kır. kırıkslaughter, extermination’ R II 740, but in Yud. ‘close cropped pasture’; and \\\ SW Az. ğırığ; Osm. kırık; Tkm. ğırık ‘broken, fractured; a break; a broken piece, splinter’. It is doubtful whether the Čağ. word fits in here, the first meaning looks like a misreading of kıdığ, see 2 kırğa:ğ, and the second is a l.-w. Xak. xı kiruk er al-raculu'1-ašall ‘a cripple, disabled man’; and one says kiruk adak al-riclu'l-a'sam ‘a withered leg’ Kaš. I 382: KB 1737 (basımčı:): Čağ. xv ff. king/ kırık (1) katıer ‘edge, side, shore’, etc. (quotns.) also called kırağ/kırak; (2) ‘a dry desert without water or vegetation’ in general, in this meaning it is a Turcization of Ar. qaraqlqariq ‘a level plain’ (Qemus quoted); and in particular (the name of) a desert between Tashkend and the city of Qfıye (?) which is seven days’ journey in length; ( (3) the name of a Türkmen tribe; (4) in Mong. ‘bound’ (quotn. Waššef)) San. 295V. 7.

D korığ (korı:ğ) (enclosure) Dev. N. fr. korı:- (protect, restrict, fence in) (care); ‘an enclosure, enclosed area’, particularly one enclosed by a ruler (lit. “cared, guarded”). An early l.-w. in Mong. as kori'a (n) ‘courtyard, enclosed space’ (Haenisch 67, Kotv. 958); survives in SC Uzb. kürık ‘virgin soil’; SW Az. ğoruğ ‘game reserve, prohibited area of forest or pasture’; Osm. oru ‘an enclosed area of forest or pasture’. L.-w. in Pe., etc. in a wide range of forms, Doerfer III 1462. Cf. koru:. Türkü vııı I N 8, II E 31 (1 ımğa:); Ongin 12 (atač): Xak. xı korığ al-hime li l-umare ‘the private property of chiefs’ (etc.); and any enclosed (mahiiz) place is called korığ Kaš. I 375; similarly their word korığ al-hime; if you say korı:ğ it is permissible (ceza), but the word with the short vowel is more correct (afšah) than that with the long one I 18, 20: xıı (?) KB VP (kings organizing) koruğı ‘their private property’ (and affairs) 3e: xııı (?) At. (its owner has gone and) kaldı koruğ teg yeri ‘his land has remained like a private estate’ 202: Čağ. xv ff. (after kuruk) koruk man tva hiresat ‘prevention, guarding’ (quotn. with note saying the word is pronounced with -o-, but rhymes with furüğ in this verse); and metaph. ‘a meadow or pasture which is protected from grazing for the sake of the cattle of the Sultan’s overseers’ San. 28er. 26; (korıya kori, lıime ma'nasina Vel. 337 (quotn.); korıya ditver-i nay-basta ‘a reed fence’ San. 28ev. 11 (quotns., correction of Vel.'s translation)): Xwar. xıv koruğ ‘royal estate’ (? ; Zaj. ‘ambush’) Qutb 141: Kip. xııı koru: also al-hime Hou. 6, 1; 27, 1 (kuruğ).

D kurğan (kurgan, mound, grave, fort), ‘fort’ and the like, is not noted earlier than Kip. xııı and Čağ. xv ff., see 1 ımğa: (mountain goat) (p. 157)

It should take a dedicated effort not to include the word kurğan in the etymological dictionary. Grammatically it is demonstratively Türkic word, from the verbal stem kur- and with suffix -gan/-ğan, and ethnologically it is a most prominent archeological feature, spread from Atlantic to Pacific, uniquely identified with the Türkic culture and traditions, adopted as a loanword in all neighboring languages, and etymologically clearly and consistently identified as a loanword from Türkic. The omission could not happen accidentally, it attests to a shameful dishonesty and manipulation.

D 1 kuruğ (kurı:ğ) (dry) N./A.S. fr. kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); ‘dry’, with extended metaph. meanings. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. Man. kuruğ öl yer ‘dry and moist ground’ Chuas. 58, 3le: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kuruğ otuŋ ‘dry firewood’ M I 17, 12: Man. ikl kuruğ tözin ‘the two dry (i.e. non-existent?) roots’ TT III 159: Bud. kuruğ physically ‘dry’ is common, e.g. kuruğ yörig suvayu ‘watering the dry ground’ PP 1, 3, etc.; it is also often used in a metaph. sense, e.g. (if the treasure is exhausted) ağılık kuruğ bol-ğanm ‘because the treasury has been drained \653\ dry’ PP 7, 8; tünll künli kuruğ ertürser ‘if he spends nights and days aimlessly’ U III 28, 19; o.o. TT V 26, 93 (kal-); 96 (ttišsüz); the Buddhist technical term iünyate ‘emptiness, non-reality’, and the like is translated yok kuruğ TT VI passim; uluš kuruğ kılıp ‘laying waste to the country’ TT X 54: Civ. kuruğ (physically) ‘dry’ is common H I 83, etc. (üzüm); TT VIII 1.19 (o^ğurak): Xak. xı kuruğ ev ‘a house which is empty (xalt) of people or goods’; and one says kuruğ olma: ‘a dry (yebis) jar’; the origin of the phr. is that any vessel which is emptied of its contents is called kuruğ; kuruğ ‘dry’ (al-yebis) of anything; the first meaning corresponds (reci'a) to this one Kaš. I 375; kuruk (sic) kašuk ağızka: yarama:s kuruğ sö:z kulakka: yakıšma:s ‘a dry (yebis) spoon is no use to the mouth, a remark which serves no purpose (le manfa'a fihŋ does not reach the ear’ I 383, 5; a.o. III 82 (‘false’ yalal-) and others translated yebis: KB (why am I wandering about) kuruğ ‘aimlessly’? 467; o.o. 108 (kal-), 1576 (i:ril-): xııı (?) Tef. kuruğ ‘dry’ 219; a.o. 217 (3 kuŋ: xıv Muh. al-yebis kuri: Mel. 54, 13; kuru: Rif. 151; al-qadtd ‘dried meat’ kuru: et 65, 10; 164 (mis-spelt kuru:d et); a.o. 78, 9; 182 (üzüm): Čağ. xv ff. kuruğ/kuruk xušk ‘dry’ Vel. 339 (quotns.); San. 28er. 24 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kurı/kuru/kuruğ ‘dry; useless’ Qutb 145; MN 8: Kip. xııı al-barr ‘dry land’ kuru: also (al-hime, see korığ), and al-yebis wa’l-nešif ‘absorbent’ Hou. 6, 1; a.o. do. 27, 1 (opposite to ‘moist’ ya:š): xıv kuru: al-xapn (‘rough’) toa'1-yebis Id. 69; Bui. 8, 7 (üzüm); 8, 9 (1 kak (dry)): xv camed ‘dry (soil, etc.)’ kuru Tuh. 12a. 3; Kav. 63, 8 (üzüm): Osm. xv ff. kuru ‘dry, empty, empty-handed, valueless’, and the like; ‘dry land’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 499; II 668; III 469; IV 555.
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?D 2 *kuruğ See kuruğluğ. (prepared, readied, armed)

karğa: (crow, rook, raven) properly ‘crow’, but sometimes also used for other large black birds like ‘rook’ and ‘raven’; an old animal name ending in -ğa:. L.-w. in Pe., etc., see Doerfer III 1386. Cf. kuzğun. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (one of seven undesirable forms of rebirth) karğamŋ ‘as a crow’ U 11 32, 55: Xak. xı karğa: ‘crow’ (al-ğureb) Kaš. I 425 (prov., verse); o.o. I 254, 20; 467 (? , tarmak); II 26, 2: xıv Muh. al-ğureb karğa: Mel. 73, 1; Rif. 175 '■ Ča§-xv ff. karğa kaleğ ‘crow’ San. 272T. 8: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 133: Kip. xııı al-ğureb karğa: Hou. 10, 8: xıv ditto Id. 70; Bui. 11, 11: xv ditto Kav. 62, 14 ]ğureb karğa (and kuzğun) Tuh. 26b, 3.

karğu: (watch-tower) ‘a watch-tower with a beacon on the top to give raid warnings’. Kaš.’s alternative form karğuty is Hap. leg. but perhaps an earlier form, since in II E 37 the word looks more like kargun than anything else and an evolution karğufi > karğu:y > karğu: is quite plausible. Türkü vııı Selege: kodi: yorıpan karğufi (?) kısıtta: ‘marching down the Selenga river I blockaded the watch-towers’ (and destroyed their dwellings and \\ movable property there) II E 37; karğu: T 34 (edgü:ti:); 53 (olğurt-): Uyğ. vııı Kem (?) karğu:sında: ‘at the watch-tower of Kem (?)’ should perhaps be read in Šu. S 1 for kem (?) karğu:-...di:: Xak. xı karğu: ‘a thing built in the shape of a minaret (al-manera) on the top of a mountain; a fire is lit on it when the enemy approaches, so that everyone can stand to arms (ya’xud... uhba-tahu) Kaš. I 426; karğu:y similar translation III 241.
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VU (D) korğu: (heedless, irresponsible) n.o.a.b.; prima facie a Dev. N./A.; not semantically connected with kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)) but perhaps a crasis of *korkğu: fr. kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona). Xak. xı korğu: er al-raculu’l-fayyeš 'a heedless, irresponsible man’ Kaš. I 42e: (example of a word ending in -u:) al-raculu’l-naziq ditto korğu: I 18, 12.

D karğarğ (curse) Dev. N. fr. karğa:-; ‘a curse’. Survives in NW Kk., Kaz. kargaw; Kumyk, Nog. karğav; cf. karğıš. Xak. xı karğa:ğ (MS. karğa:k, but among words ending in -ğ) ‘a curse’ (al-la'n); hence one says teŋri: karğa:ğıga: IHnme: ‘do not incur the curse of God’ Kaš. I1 288; (a.o. I 467, error, see karğa:).

D 1 kırğa:ğ Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. 1 kırğa:-. Xak. xı kırğa:ğ ‘the anger (ğadab) of a chief or king directed at his subordinates’; hence one says xa:n anı: kırğa:dı: ‘the king was angry (ğadaba) with him, and shunned him’ (a'rada 'anhu); they distinguish between the curse of God on His servants and the curse of one servant (of God) on another of his own kind, by placing a fatha (on the qef) in the first case and a kasra in the second; just as they distinguish between the envoy (rasül, i.e. Prophet) of God, and the envoy of a king, and call the first yalarvač (Prophet) (-/-) and the secondDen.var (envoy) (-/-) in the Uyğ. language Kaš. II 288.

D 2 kırga:ğ Hap. leg. but see kırğağlığ; Dev. N. fr. 2 *kirğa:-; there is an obvious connection with Čağ. kıriğ/kırık (see kiruk) which looks like a Seč. f. of kıdığ; the sound change d > r is not well attested in Turkish, but d > z does occur in some languages and z > r in the whole //r Turkish group (Studies, pp. 37 ff., etc.). Xak. xı kırğa:ğ kifefu’ l-tawb wa turratihi ‘the selvages of a garment and its edge’ Kaš. II 288.

D kurğak (kurğa:k) (dry (land); dryness, drought) Dev. N. fr. kurğa:-; ‘dry land; dryness, drought’. Survives in NE, NC, NW kurğak; SC Uzb. kurğok; SW Az. ğurağ: Osm. kurak: Tkm. ğurak; Kaš.’s PU kurka:ğ seems to belong here, but is a dubious form, it is out of alphabetical order and the qef is not vocalized; kurğağ would be a more plausible form. Uyğ. viu ff. Bud. (if I have killed creatures that live in the water) kurğakda kemišip ‘by throwing them on dry land’, ör kurğakdakı tınlığlarağ ‘creatures that live on dry land’ (by throwing them in the water) UII17, 28; 86, 45-6; TT 7F io, 9-10: Xak. xı kurğak yılın fi 'emi’l-qaht ‘in a year \654\ of drought’ Kaš. III 69, 2; (PU) kurkarg al-mart, that is ‘a desert (al-mafdza) containing neither water nor vegetation’ / 465: Xwar. xıv kurğak ‘dry, waterless’ Qutb 144: Kom. xıv ‘drought’ kurğak CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kurak al-sanatu'l-cadba ‘a year of drought’ Id. 71; (after the four seasons) al-yubs ‘drought’ yobrak Bui. 14, 1 may, as suggested by Zaj. be a scribal error for kurak, but looks more like toprak: Osm. xvı 11 kurak in Rumi, xuški ‘dryness, drought’ San. 285V. 27.
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D korkuğ See korkınč.

D kırğıl Den. N./A. in -ğıl (associated with colours) fr. 2 kir; ‘grey haired, turning grey’. Now displaced in Osm. by kırčıl (a modem word). Xak. xı kırğıl er al-kahl mina'l-riedl ‘a man of mature years’ Kaš. I 483: KB yağıčı ürüŋ kırğıl ersiglerig yağıka aim kıl ‘confront the enemy with battle-hardened white- and grey-haired warriors’ 2371; a.o. 2372 (yağıčı:): Kıp. xııı (between ‘decrepit old man’ and ‘youth’) al-kahl kırğıl Hou. 24, 19: Osm. xıv to xvııı kırğıl ‘turning grey; a grey-haired man’; common, esp. in Ar. and Pe. dicts. TTS I 460; II 630; III 448; IV 513.

D korkluk (coward)coward’; n.o.a.b.; irregular, Dev. N./A. with a Den. Suff. -luk. Xak. xı korkluk er al-raculu'l-xayifit l-cabdn ‘a timid and cowardly man’ Kaš. III 417: KB 2292 (alplık).

D kırkılm (trimmed) Hap. leg.; abbreviated N.S.A. fr. kırkıl-; lit. ‘a single act of being shaved off’, hence ‘of which the surplus contents have been scraped off, so that the vessel is full but not heaped’. Xak. xı kırklım sa:ğu: mikyel cammert balağa'l-kayl tufefahu (MS. tuğefahu) ‘a full measure, of which the contents reach the brim’ Kaš. III 418.

D kırğın Dev. N./A. fr. kır-; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) meaning ‘massacre, extermination; epidemic or epizootic disease’. The only early occurrence seems to mean ‘punishment or turture’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (they subdue and suppress wicked men and) kıyn kırğın (v.l. kızğut) tegürür ‘inflict severe punishment and torture on them’ TT VI 255.

kırkın (slave girl, maiden, young woman) originally ‘maiden, young woman’, later perhaps more specifically ‘slave girl’. N.o.a.b. Cf. kima:k, 1 kı:z. Türkü vııı ff. Man. eki yegirmi teŋri kırkın ‘the twelve divine maidens’ M III 16, 8 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. in U III 42, 23-4 the küydeki (sic) yinčge kırkınlar ‘the delicate ladies of the harem’ rank below the queen and before the ttgins and bttyruks; o.o. do. 13, 4 (ii); 14, 16 (ı); 69, 3; in the account of the palace of the dragon king in PP 41 ff. the successive doors are guarded by: (1) ‘pure maidens’ (kızlar) 41, 1-2; (2) ‘four beautiful kırkın’ 42, 1-2; (3) ‘eight beautiful, marvellous, pure maidens’ 42, 8 ff., described in 44, 6 as kapağčı kırkınlar: Xak. xı (he became my relation by marriage) kırkın takı: koluštı: ‘and asked for my daughter’s hand’ II 110, 4; a.o. I 326  (‘slave girl’, 1 ki:z (girl, unmarried woman, daughter, slave girl)): Xwar. xıv kırkın ‘maidservant’ Qutb 149.

D korkınč/korkunč (fear) (Gorgon (Medusa)) N.Ac. fr. korkun- (fear) (Gorgon (Medusa)); ‘fear’. S.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC, NW, and SW. The more regular form korkuğ N.Ac. fr. kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona) is not noted earlier than xııı (?) Tef. 214; xiv, Xwar. Qutb 141; Kom. CCG; Gr.; Osm. TTS I 485; II 652; III 477; IV 541; it s.i.s.m.l. in NE, SE, SC, NW, and SW. In languages having both words korkınč sometimes means ‘danger, terrible’, and the like. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 36 (učru:ğlu:ğ): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. üč yavlak yolka korkınčm ‘out of fear of the three evil ways’ TT III 143: Bud. U II 39, 93-4, etc. (ayınč); o.o. of kor-kmč in TT VIII, X: Xak. xı korkunč (second qdf unvocalized) al-xawf ‘fear’ Kaš. III 387; a.o. III 168 (kuyim): xııı (?) Tef. korkunč 214: xıv Muh. al-xawf korkunč Mel. 52, 9; Rif. 148: Čağ. xv ff. korkunč xawf Vel. 337 (quotn.); (korku/korkuš/) korkunč (so spelt) xawf wa hires wa bim ‘fear, terror’ San. 28er. 17 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘fear’ korkunč CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv muxif ‘terrible, terrifying’ korkunš (sic) Tuh. 39a. 9.

D karğıš (curse) Dev. N./A. fr. karğa:-; ‘a curse’; often, but not always, ‘God’s curse’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı karğıš al-la'n ‘a curse’; hence one says teŋri: kargıšı: anıg üze: ‘God’s curse be upon him’; it also occurs as an Adj. (šifa), so one says karğıš İčiši: ‘an accursed (mal'ün) man’ Kaš. I 461; karğıš kılur öme:le:r ‘guests curse’ (yal'an; a stingy host) I 274, 18: KB (when a notorious sinner dies) karğıš bolur ‘he becomes accursed’ 24e: xıv Muh. dud radi’ ‘a curse’ ka:rkıš («c) Mel. 30, 3; al-due 'alayhi ditto karkıš (sic) aytmak Rif. 12e: Čağ. xv ff. karğıš bad dua ‘curse’; (and ‘confusion, quarrel’) Vel. 318 (quotns.); karğıš (spelt) nafrhı ‘curse’ San. -z-jzr. 11 (quotns. and statement that only Vel.’s first translation is correct): Xwar. xıv karğıš ‘curse’ Qutb 133; Nahc. 12, 12; 250, e: (Kom. xıv kar-gıšlı/karğıšlu ‘accursed’ CCI, CCG; Gr.): Kip. xııı (‘span’) karıš, also du'a'u'l-stV Hou. 20, 18: xıv karıš (‘span’ and) dud' radi’ Id. 69: xv in a para, on al-dud Kav. 18, i ff. the V. alğıš eyle- is continually used as an example, but karğıš eyle- occurs once, untranslated; dud'u-šarr (in margin al-la'n) karğıš Tuh. 15b. 10.

S karğu:y See karğu:.

kırğu:y (hawk, Accipiter nisus)sparrow-hawk, Accipiter nisus'; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, usually as kırğuy, but in SE alternatively kurğuy; SW Az., Tkm. ğırğl (lacking in Osm.). In NE and some other languages displaced by the Mong. l.-w. karčiğay. L.-w. in Mong. (kirğuy; Kow. 2552), Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1461. Cf. 1 čavlı:, etc. Xak. xı kırğu:y (mis-spelt ktrku.y, but under the heading -ğ-; the first qaf has both fatha and kasra) al-bešiq ‘sparrow-hawk’; and al-yu'yu', prob. ‘the merlin’ is called čibek kırğu:y Kaš. III 241; a.o. I 388 (čibek); kırğu:y sugkurka: karıšma:s al-bešiq la \655\ firq lahu ma' akbari'l-buzeh ‘a sparrow-hawk does not quarrel with the biggest of the falcons’ II 95, 8: xıv Muh. bešiq kırğu: Mel. 72, 13; Rif. 175: Čağ. xv ff. kırğu the name of a hunting bird of the same kind as a falcon (bez) but smaller, which they call ‘a sparrow hawk’ (beša) San. 295r. 24: (Kom. xı ‘nightingale’ korğuy (an inexplicable error) CCG; Gr.): Kip. xıv kırğı: (? ; vocalized koruği:) al-bešiq İd. 70; ditto kırğı: (sic) Bul. 11, 15; xv ditto Tuh. 7b. 2.
655

Dis. V. ĞRĞ-

D karık- (snowed). Intrans. Den. V. fr. 1 ka:r; lit. ‘to be affected by snow’. Survives in some NE, NC languages, same meaning. Xak. xı er kö:zi: karıktı: ‘the man’s eyes were dazzled by the snow’ (qamarat. . . mina’I- tile); if this is derived from ‘snow’ it should be ka:nkti: (and is taken) from a shortened form (mina'l-mattqûš); but if it is taken from the word karak ‘an eyeball’, then it is taken from the correct form (mina’l-sahth) Kaš. II 115 (kanka:r, karikma:k; an etymological connection with karak, which would be quite normal in Ar. is, of course, impossible in Turkish): Čağ. xv ff. karığ/karık- (-dı, mak) kara čok bakmadan göz alin- ‘to be dazzled by looking at the snow for n long time’ Vel. 318 (quotns.); karık- (spelt) ba-barf uftedan-i častn ‘of the eyes, to be dazzled by snow’; the V. cannot be used by itself, the Subject ‘eyes’ must be mentioned San. 270V. 1 (quotns.).

karğa:- (curse) ‘to curse’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as karğa-, but SW Az. ğarğı-; Osm. karğı-; Tkm. ğarğa-. See kırğa:-. Xak. xı teŋri: anı: karğa:dı: ‘God cursed him, (la'acursenahu) Kaš. III 290 (karğa:r, karğa:ma:k); a.o. I 284 (2 arka:-): Čağ. xv ff. karğa- (-dı) bad du'e eyle-, ilen- ‘to curse’ Vel. 317 (quotn.); karğa- nafrin kardan ditto San. 2.egr. 7 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv karğa- ‘to curse’ Qutb 133: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv (after karıš) hence kara- da'e 'alayhi ‘to curse’; one says tenrl anğa: karasun; and in the Kiteb Beylik karğa- da'e 'alayhi Id. 69: xv la'ana karğa- Tuh. 32a. 13.

S kırğa:- (curse) ‘to curse’; n.o.a.b. There is no other trace of a distinction of the kind suggested, and in I 284 karğa:- is used with a human Subject. Xak. xı beg anı: kırğa:dı: ‘the beg cursed him and treated him roughly and shouted at him’ (ab'adahu... xašuna 'alayhi tva zacarahu); do you not see how they had distinguished between God’s curse and the persecution ( (ard) by one servant (of God) of another servant like himself by putting a fatha on the former and a kasra on the latter? Kaš. III 290 (kırga:r, kırğa:ma:k; in all three places spelt ktzğa:- in the MS.); a.o. II 288 (1 kırğa:ğ).

D kurğa:- (dry) Dev. N. fr. kuruğ; ‘to be, or become, dry’. S.i.s.m.l. in NE, NC. Xak. xı ye:r kurğa:dı: ‘the ground became dry \655\ (yabisat) for lack of rain’ Kaš. III 290 (kurgan, kurga:ma:k).
655

D karğat- Caus. f. of karğa:-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol ye:kni: karğattı: al'ana’l-šayfen 'he had the devil cursed’ Kaš. II 338 (karğatutr, karğatma:k).

D (S) kırğat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kırğa:-. Xak. xı ol anı: beğke: kırğattı: ‘he urged the beg to be angry with him and shun him’ (haniqa 'alayhi wa a'rada 'anhu) Kaš. II 338 (kırğatu:r, kirgatma:k).

D kurğa:d- (dry) Hap. leg.; Intrans. (here Inchoative) Den. V. fr. 1 kuruğ; cf. kurir-. Xak. xı ye:r kurğattı: ‘the ground began to dry out (axadat... fi'1-cafef) and was parched (qahitat) for lack of moisture’; the original form was kurga:dti: but it was assimilated (udğima) Kaš. II 338 (kurğatu:r, kurğatma:k (sic); this seems to be an error, the -d- should be preserved, at any rate in the Aor.).

D korkit- (frighten, scare) Caus. f. of kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona); ‘to frighten (someone)’. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as korkut-often meaning ‘to threaten’. Türkü vııı ff. Man. Chuas. 87-8 (ürkit-): Xak. xı ol am: korkutti: ‘he frightened him’ (xawwafahu) Kaš. II 339 (korkutu:r, korkutma:k); a.o. II 365, 10: KB 656 (kork-): xııı (?) Tef. korkit-/korkut- ‘to frighten, to let oneself be frightened’ 214-15: (xiv Muh. al-tahšil ‘to obtain, acquire’ korkutmak, an obvious error, prob. for kazğanmak Mel. 36, 1; Rif. 121 has karanmak, an error for kazanmak): Čağ. xv ff. korkut- Caus. f.; tarsenidan ‘to frighten’ San. 285^ 17: Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı xawzoafa korkut- (? ; MS. kort-) Hou. 39, 19: xv ditto korkup- Kav. 77, 14.

D karğal- Pass. f. of karga:-; ‘to be cursed’. Survives in SC Uzb. and some NW languages; see kargan-, Xak. xı ye:k kargaldi: ‘the devil (etc.) was cursed’ (lu'ina) Kaš. II 236 (karğalu:r, karğalma:k).

D kırkıl- Pass. f. of kırk-; ‘to be sheared’; s.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı yu:g k:rkıldı: translated ‘the sheep or some other animal was sheared’ (cuzza) Kaš. II 236 (kırkılu:r, kirki!ma:k).

D korkul- Pass. f. of kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona); used only as an Impersonal V.; survives with the same usage in SW Osm. Xak. xı i:šdı:n korkuldı: xifa mina’l-amr ‘the affair was feared’ Kaš. II 236 (korkulu:r, korkulma:k).

D kargan- Refl. f. of karğa:-; survives in some NE and NW languages, but only in a Pass. sense. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A MI 9, 9 etc. (1 alkan-): (O. Kır. ıx ff. kadašlarıgız karganurr is read in Mai. 25, 6, but this part of the text is quite unreliable; ?read kazğanu:ŋ: Xak. xı er ö:zin karğandı: ‘the man cursed (la'ana) himself because penitence came to him’ (li-nadema waqa'at lahu) Kaš. II 249 (karğanu:r, karğanma:k).

D korkun- Refl. f. of kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona); s.i.s.m.l., e.g. NE Tel. korkun- ‘to fear for oneself’ R II \\ 564. Xak. m er ı:šdın korkundı: altassa'l--raculu'l-xawf ıva admara fi nafsihi ‘the man had a sensation of fear (over the matter) hut concealed it within himself’ Kaš. II 250 (korkunu:r, korkunma:k).
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VUD kurğır- (? kurğar-) Hap. leg.; abbreviated Den. V. in fr. 1 kuruğ; ‘to be dry’, in contrast to kurga:d- which means ‘to become dry’; the MS. has -ı- in the second syllable, but the normal vowel would be -a-. Xak. xı ye:r kurğırdı: ‘the ground (etc.) was dry (yabisat) for lack of moisture’ Kaš. II 193 (kurğıra:r, kurğırma:k).

VUD korğur- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. korğu:; the MS. has -l- everywhere in the second syllable, but in view of the etymology this must be an error. Xak. xı er korğurdı: ‘the man (etc.) was heedless and irresponsible’ (taša) Kaš. II 194 (korğura:r, korğurma:k).

D karğaš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of karğa:-. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: karğašdı: ‘the two cursed one another’ (tala ane) Kaš. II 220 (karğa-šu:r, karğašma:k).

D kırğaš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of kırğa:-. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: kırğašdı: 'arada kull tcehid nıitıhume šehibahıı meaning obscure; 'arada with the Acc. normally means ‘to meet’; a'rada means ‘to shun’, but is followed by 'atı, see 1 kırğa:ğ; the sentence must, however, mean ‘those two cursed (or were angry with, or shunned) one another’ Kaš. II 220 (kirğašu:r, kırğašma:k).

D kırkıš- Hap. leg.?; Co-op. f. of kırk-, Xak. xı ol mağa: yu:g kırkıšdı: ‘he helped me to shear the wool and hair’ (ft cazzi’l-šûf tea teabar) Kaš. II 221 (kırkıšu:r, kırkıš ma:k).

D korkuš- Recip. f. of kork- (qorq) (fear, be afraid) (Meduza Gorgona) ; ‘to be afraid of one another’; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: korkušdı:la:r ‘those two were afraid (xafa) of one another’ Kaš. II 221 (korkušu:r, korkušmn:k): Čağ. xv ff. korkuš- be-ltam tarsidan ‘to be afraid together’ Satt. 285r. 17.

Tris. ĞRĞ

D kara:ğu: (blind, black, dark, sulphate of iron) Den. N./A. fr. kara:; kara:ğu:nı: in Kaš. is obviously the Acc. of this word misunderstood. Survives in SE Tar. kariğu R II185; Türki kariğu BŠ 472; karğu Jarring 240; ‘blind’. Cf. teglük, közsüz. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if an ear is blocked) karağu sıčğannıŋ ötin tamıšsar ačılur 'if one drops into it the gall of a blind (? ; ‘black’ is more prob.) mouse, it is cleared’ H I 56-7: Xak. xı kara:ğu: al-zec ‘sulphate of iron’: kara:ğu: al-a'me ‘blind’ Kaš. I 44e: (among words of the form fa'fdalŋ kara:ğunı: ‘the name of a children’s game which they play in the dark’ ('ašfya (n)) III 243: KB sözüg bolsu közsüz karağuka köz ‘let your words become an eye for the eyeless blind man’ 178; biligsiz karağu turur ‘the ignorant man is blind’ 179, 271; o.o. 493 (biliš-), 1861:x111 (?) Tef. al-a'me karağu közsüz 200: xıv Rbğ. (Adam looked at them and) ba'dini karağu kördi ‘saw that some of them were blind’ R II 152.

kıra:ğu: (hoar frost (иний)) ‘hoar frost’. Etymology obscure. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Mong- (kirağu (n) Kow. 2548)and I’e., etc., Doerfer III 1600. Uyg. xıv Chin.-Mong. Dict. shuang ‘frost’ (Giles io, 120) kırağu Ligeti 16e: Xak.xi kira:gu: ‘the hoarfrost (al-caltd) which falls from the sky in cold weather’ Kaš. I 44e: Čağ. xv ff. kıravv kırağu which falls from the sky to the ground on cold nights and whitens the round’ Vel. 330 (quotns.); kıravv (spelt) šabnam-i barf, ‘hoarfrost’; in Ar. sa'iq San. 295r. le: Xwar. xıv kırağu ditto Qutb (131 error), 149: Kom. xıv ‘hoar frost’ kirov CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv al-sumite ‘hoar frost’ kirawu: Bui. 14, 1: xv zumite kiraw Tuh. 17b. 10: Osin, xvııı kırağu in Rumi, ‘hoar frost’ San. 29sr. 11.

D kurı:ğu: (dry) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr.kurı:-. Xak. xı kurı:ğu: ne:g ‘a thing which is on the point of drying’ ('ale šarafi’l-cafef); also ‘the time when a thing dries’ Kaš. I 446.

D karakčı: (brigand, highwayman) N.Ag. fr. 2 karak; in spite of the dubious status of that word there is no alternative etymology; ‘brigand, highwayman’. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe., etc. Doerfer III 1445 (with an ingenious but dubious etymology). Xak. xı KB (keep the roads safe and) karak-čığ sekerčig arıtğıl arığ ‘make a clean sweep of the brigands and ?’ 5577; a.o. 1737: Čağ. Vel. 317; San. 27ir. 27 (2 karak): Xwar. xıv karakčı ‘brigand’ Qutb 132; MN 135: (Kom. xıv ‘beggar’ karakčı (? error for kara:čı:, q.v.) CCG; Gr.): Osm. xıv karak-čı ‘brigand’; in three texts TTS II 583.

D korığčı: (forester, gamekeeper, лесник) N.Ag. fr. korığ; survives in SW Osm. korıcı/korucu ‘the guardian of a fenced tract of pasture or forest’. Xak. xı korığčı: (MS. korttğči:) hemi’l-hime ‘a guardian of private property’ Kaš. III 242.

F koruğjı:n (lead (metal)) ‘lead’ (metal); the -j- and form of the word show that it is a l.-w. An early l.-w. in Mong. as korğolci, (Kow. 969) unless this is an independent borrowing fr. the same foreign language. S.i.a.m.l.g., in most cases with minor phonetic changes, but some NE languages use the Mong. word and SW Osm. has kuršun, Tkm. ğuršun, and Az. gur-ğušun. In some languages also used for ‘tin’, usually qualified by ak ‘white’. L.-w. in Pe., etc. in various forms, Doerfer III 1466. Xak. koruğji:n, ‘with -j-’, al-usruf ‘lead’; the Oğuz leave some letters out and say košu:n (sic, in margin koršu:n, which was perhaps the original reading) Kaš. I 512; a.o. II 293 (bat-):xiv Muh. al-rašeš ‘lead’ koršun; al-usrub kara: koršun Mel. 75, 6; Rif. 178: Čağ. xv ff. korğašun kuršun Vel. 338 (quotns.); ditto (spelt) stirb ‘lead’ San. 28er. 11 (quotn.): Oğuz xı see Xak.: Kom. xıv ‘lead’ korğašın; ‘tin’ ak korğašın CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-rašeš korğa:šun; Tkm. kuršun Hou. 31, \\ 13: xıv korğušun (sic) al-rašeš-, Tkm. kuršun İd. 70; al-rašeš kuršun Bul. 4, 11: xv al-rašeš korğašın («c) Kav. 58, 13; rašeš korğašın and kuršun Tuh. 17a. 1.
657

Tris. ĞRĞ

D kırğağlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 2 kır-fea:ğ ; ‘having a selvedge or border’. Türkü vııı II N 11 (kutay).

karğıla:c ‘swallow, swift’, and similar birds; this is the earliest form of the word, with the ending -lač, which also appears in other bird names; it was very soon metathesized to karlığa:č, prob. because -ğa:č was a familiar, though in this context inappropriate, Turkish Suff. S.i.a.m.l.g., often with large phonetic changes, e.g. SC Uzb. kaldirğoč; SW Az. ğaranğuš; Osm. kırlanğıč; Tkm. garla:-va:č. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1513. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. karlığač etin ‘swallow’s flesh’ HI 94; a.o. do. 95 (İ uya:): Xak. xı karğtla:č al-zvatıuet ‘swallow’; karlığač metathesized alternative form (luğa büıi 'ale'l--qalb) Kaš. I526; (in verse) karğıla:č al-xuttef ‘swift’ I 529, 6; III 178, 15: Čağ. xv ff. karluvvač/karluğač (spelt) pirisUik ‘swallow’ San. 272r. 18 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv karluğač ditto Nahc. 42, 17: Kip. xııı al-sunfinii ‘swallow’ karla:ğa:č Hou. 10, 10: xıv karlağuč al-xuftef; karlavvuč ditto Id. 70; ditto karlığač Bul. 11, 15; xv ‘the black sparrow ('ušfûŋ called al-xııttef’ karlağaš Kav. 62, 15; sunûnü huwa ’ušfüru'l-bayt (?)... (three words illegible) ‘the swallow; it is a house (?) sparrow’ karla:ga:š (in margin, in different hands, al-xutfef and karlağuč) Tuh. 19a. 13: Osm. xiv. ff c.i.a.p.; xıv karluğač (once): xıv to xvı karlağuč; xvı ff. karlanğuč TTS I 425; II 592; III Aib-, IV 478.

D karaklığ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. 1 karak. Xak. xı karaklığ ‘any animal which has eyeballs’ (muqla) Kaš. I 497: (Čağ. xv ff. karağ-lik qaht wa ğale ‘famine, drought’ San. 27ir. 28 (quotn.); the meaning is inferred fr. the quotn. which contains the phr. qah (: wa karağlık but the word is clearly an A.N. fr. 2 karak meaning ‘brigandage’).

D korağlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. *korağ Dev. N./A. fr. kora:- (lose, diminish). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if a boy) korağluğ bolsar ‘becomes sickly, loses weight’ (put donkeys’ hair on his head and) koranmaz bolur ‘he ceases to lose weight’ H I 103-4.

D korığlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. korığ; ‘privately owned’ or the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Chuas., Berlin, 27, 8-9 (evinlig).

D kuruğluğ (prepared, readied, armed) P.N./A. fr. 2 *kuruğ (prepared, readied, armed), Dev. N. fr. kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı kuruğluğ ya: al-qazustt l-mmvattar ‘a strung bow’ Kaš. I496; a.o. I 501, 4-5.

D 1 kuruğluk (dryness) A.N. fr. 1 kuruğ; ‘dryness’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı kuruğlukdryness’ (cafef) of anything Kaš. I 503; a.o. I 505, 6.

D 2 kuruğluk (bow-case) A.N. fr. 2 *kuruğ (prepared, readied, armed); ‘bow-case’. N.o.a.b. Cf. kurma:n (bow-case). Xak. xı kuruğluk al-miqwas ‘bow-case’; hence \\\ one says ke:š kuruğluk ‘quiver and bow-case’ Kaš. I 504; in / 501, 6 mis-spelt kuruğluğ, although kuruğluk is clearly intended.

VUD korğuluk A.N. fr. korğu:; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı korğuluk al-tayš wa’l-zaqzaqa ‘heedlessness, irresponsibility, volubility’ Kaš. I 528: KB 2078 (yenik).

?D kara:ka:n perhaps Den. N. fr. kara:; some kind of tree or bush. An early l.-w. in Mong. as karağana ‘thicket, scrub’ (Haenisch bo); ditto, also karağuna, karğana ‘the false acacia of Siberia, Robinia caragana' (Kow. 831 — 2, 844); see Doerfer I 275. Survives in NE Šor, 'I’el. karağan ‘ Robinia siberiaca' R II151; Khak., Tuv. xaragan ‘a kind of ocacia bush’, unless these are reborrowings fr. Mong. Xak. xı kara:ka:n ‘a kind of mountain tree’ Kaš. I 448.

D korkınčığ Dev. N./A. fr. korkın-; ‘frightening, terrible’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. M III 45, 4 (i) (E etin): Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. korkınčığ sansar ‘the terrible samsera (chain of rebirths)’ TT III 141: Bud. kor-kınčığ yel ‘a terrible wind’ PP 18, 3; o.o. do. 18, 5; 26, 5-6 (adalığ), etc.

D korkmčlığ P.N./A. fr. korkınč; ‘terrified, full of fear’. Pec. to Uyğ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Kuan. 43-4 (busušluğ); Suv. 620, 22.

D korkınčsız Priv. N./A. fr. korkınč; ‘fearless’, sometimes rather in the sense of ‘lacking (proper) awe’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. korkunčsuz kögülümüz üčün ‘because our minds lack (proper) awe’ Chuas. 253-4: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. korkınčsız kögülin ‘with minds lacking (proper) awe’ U III 17, 18; same phr. ‘fearlessly’ do. 55, 2; a.o. Kuan. 52 (2 bušı:).

D kuruğsa:k (stomach) ‘stomach’; as Kaš. says, a Dev. N. fr. kuruğsı:-. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as kursak and the like; cf. karm. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 8 (kılıč) :"Xak. xı kuruğsak al-ma'ida, ‘stomach’; and qenišatu'l-tayr, ‘a bird’s gizzard’, is called kuruğsa:İc Kaš. I 502; o.o. / 17, 2; III 334 (kuruğsı:-): KB 375 (öč-): xıv Muh. al-ma'ida ku:rsa:k Mel. 47, 15; Rif. 142: Čağ. xv ff. kursak hazvšala wa arn'e ‘stomach, intestines’ San. 28er. 9 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kursak ‘stomach’ Qutb 145: Kom. xıv ‘stomach, bladder’ kursak CCI, CCG; Gr.\ Kip. xııı (under ‘birds’) al-hawsala kursak Hou. 10, 14: xıv kursak al-kabid ‘liver’; and in the Kiteb Beylik al-hawšala, and in another place al-fu'ed ‘heart’ Id. 70; Bui. 12, 7 (bokuk): xv ra'sul-ma'ida ‘the upper part of the stomach’ kursak Tuh. 16b. 8; ma'ida ditto 32b. 8: Osm. xıv ff. kursak ‘stomach’, and haw šala in the metaph. meaning ‘intelligence’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 498; III 489; IV 554.

D karaksi:z Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. 1 karak. Xak. xı (after karaklığ) and one says karaksi:z teg körü:r yatağemaz (sic, not yata’eme as in printed text) fi'l-harb wağayrihi \\ ka'atınahu le yadrV (corrected in margin to yara) l-muherabin tva uhbatahum 'he blinks in the battle (etc.) as if he did not know (see) the combatants and their weapons’ Kaš. I 497.
658

Tris. ĞRĞ

D karıksız Hap. leg. ; Priv. N./A. fr. *karik, Dev. N. fr. 1 knr-. Xak. xı KB 3899 (katıksız).

D kargaša: (quarrel, dispute, cursе) Dev. N. fr. karğaš-; ‘quarrel, dispute’, lit. ‘cursing one another’. Survives in SW Osm. There are only three earlier occurrences, all prob. of xiv. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. in a late document, D. Z. Tikhonov, Khozyaistvo i obshchestvennyi slroi uigurskogo gosudarstva, X — XIVw., Moscow-Leningrad, 1966, p. 240, bu borlukta čamm (jic?) karğaša yok ‘there is no objection or dispute regarding this vineyard’ 11. 6-7; (let not any of my relations) čam karğaša kılmazunlar 1. 10: Kom. xıv ‘a quarrelsome man’karğaša CCG\ Gr.: Osm. xıv ff. karğaša (rarely karkaša) ‘quarrel, dispute’; in several texts xıv to xvııı TTS I 421; III 416; IV 477.

Tris. V. ĞRĞ-

D karakla:- (pillage) Den. V. fr. 2 karak; ‘to pillage’ and the like. Survives in NE Tel. karakta-‘to destroy’ R II 149. Yağma: xı <ol> tawa:-rığ karakla:di: qata'a'I-tariq tva axada'l-mal ‘he cut the road and took the property’ (? or livestock) Kaš. III 338 (karakla:r, karakla:ma:k): Xwar. xıv karakla- ‘to steal’ Qutb 132.

D kuruğla:- (dry (napkin)) Den. V. fr. 1 kuruğ; survives in NE Bar. kururla- ‘to give a child a dry napkin’ R II 932. Xak. xı kuruğlardı: ne:gni: ista'mala’l-šay’ fi cafefihi ‘he used the thing in its dry state’ Kaš. III 336 (kuruğla:r, kuruğla:ma:k).

D kırğıllat- Hap. leg.; Caus. Den. V. fr. kırğıl. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (many years and months have passed and) bašımız takı kara sačımız učı bölüki kırğll (l)atyuk ‘have turned the ends and (other) parts of our heads and black hair grey’ U III 55, 15-16.

D kuruğlan- (dry) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of kuruğla:- (dry (napkin)). Xak. xı ol ötmekni: kuruğlandı: ‘he reckoned that the bread was dry (qifeŋ and did not eat it’ Kaš. II 268 (kuruğlanu:r, kuruğlanma:k).

VUD korğulan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. korğu:. Xak. xı er korğulandı: feša’l-racul tva abde (MS. ayda) min nafsihi al-nazq (MS. al-zaq) ‘the man behaved heedlessly and irresponsibly and displayed levity’ Kaš. III 201 (korğulanu:r, korğulanma:k; emendations in printed text are convincing).

D kararğur- Hap. leg.; Intrans. Den. V. fr. kara:ğu: ‘to be blind’. Xak. xı KB (do not forget death, make your preparations for it; do not forget yourself, know your own fundamental nature) karağurma dunySka sukluk kılıp ‘do not be blind, setting your heart on

this world’ (it remains, but you go, screaming in pcnitence) 6092.

D kuruğsı:- Hap. leg.; Simulative Den. V. fr. 1 kuruğ; cf. kurğa:d-, Xak. xı kuruğsı:di: <ne:g> tatvaccaha'1-šay' li'1-cafef 'the thing started to dry’; the stomach (al-mi'da) is called kuruğsn:k after it, because it dries (tariff) hour after hour, and a desire for food arises from it Kaš. III 334 (kurugsı:r, kuruğsı:ma:k).

Dis. ĞRL

D karlığ (snowy) P.N./A. fr. 1 ka:r; ‘snowy, covered with snow, inclined to snow’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Suv. 590, 4-5 (buzluğ).

D korluğ (loser) P.N./A. fr. 1 ko:r; ‘loser, liable to loss’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. korluğ and the opposite korsuz occur in a standing formula relating to the incidence of loss arising from a contract in USp. 16, 30, 107, 108, no, 114; it provides that one party korluğ bolzun ‘shall be responsible for any loss’, and that the other korsuz bolzun ‘shall not be responsible’: (Xak.) xıv Muh. al-xešir ‘loser’ ko:rluğ Mel. 52, 5; Rif. 148: (Kip. xv al-mahqür ‘despised, slighted’ korluk Tuh. 33a. 2; prob. a P.N./A. fr. Pe. xivur, same meaning).

D korluk A.N. (Coııc. N.) fr. 2 ko:r. Xak.

XI korluk ‘an old skin container (al-šann) in which sour milk (al-emiš) is stored’ Kaš. I473.

Dis. V. ĞRL-

D karıl- (ka:rıl-) (associate, mate, mix, add to) Pass. f. of 1 kar-; ‘to be mixed (with something)’. Survives in SC Uzb. koril-; SW Osm. karıl-; Tkm. ğa:rıl-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Suv. 133, 15 (katıl-): Xak. xı Kaš. II 134 see Oğuz: KB (undoubtedly Thou art one, oh Everlasting Ancestor) katılmaz karılmaz sakıška (VU) sečü (four terms for sex) ‘Thou art not mingled (Hend.) with plurality’ 10 (the meaning of the last word is obscure); bularmg bile sen katıl ham karıl ‘associate freely (Hend.) with these people’ 4401: Oğuz xı bi:r ne:g bkrke: karıldı: ‘one thing was mixed (ixtalata) with another’; and the Turks use this word in Hend. ('ale farîqi'l-itbe') and say katıldı: karıldı: Kaš. II 134 (karılur, karılma:k): Xwar. xıv karıl- ‘to be mixed with (something Dat.)' Qutb 134: Kom. xıv ünl karıldı ‘his voice was hoarse’ CCG; Gr. (perhaps Pass. f. of 2 ka:r-); Kip. xv ixtalafa kan- (sic, and katıl- (associate, mate, mix, add to), with karıl- added in the margin, and šexa ‘to be old’ written below kan- in a second hand) Tuh. 6b. 12; izwarra (of food ?) ‘to go the wrong way’ karıl- 5a. 12; ğašša ‘to be choked’ karıl- 27a. 9 (the last two Pass. f.s of 2 ka:r-?): Osm. xıv karıl- ‘to be mixed; (of animals) to mate’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 423; II 590; III 414; IV 475.

D kırıl- Pass. f. of kır-; s.i.s.m.l.g. with the same extended meanings as kir- (enter). Xak. xı kırıldı: ne:g ‘the thing was scraped’ (qušira); and one says ka:r kırıldı: ‘the snow was r scraped (curifa) off the ground’; and er \\ kırıldı: ‘the man was impoverished’ (iftaqara), that is when his property is taken from him Kaš. II 134 (kırılur, kirilma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kırıl’ (spelt) 'to be scraped’ (xarešida šudan); ‘to be massacred’ (qatl-i müfrit-šudan); ‘to be broken’ (šihasta šudan) San. 294T. 13 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘to die’ (inter alia) kırıl- CCG'; Gr.: Kip. xıv kırıl- uhlika ‘to be destroyed’ Id. 70.
659

Dis. ĞRM

D kurul- Pass. f. of kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)); s.i.m.m.l.g. with the same wide range of meanings as kur-. Xak. xı er eliği: kuruldı: translated ‘his hands and feet were stiff’ (or deformed, tašannacat); and one says ya kuruldı: ‘the bow was strung’ (wuttira) Kaš. II 134 (kurulur, kurulma:k); a.o. I 520 (sigiŋ: xıv Rbğ. (a snake came and) ol yerde kurulup yattı ‘settled itself on that ground and lay down’ R II 932: Čağ. xıv kurul- murattab wa arasta šudan ‘to be put in order, arranged’; and našb šudan ‘to be erected’ San. 284V. 2 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kurul- (of a bow) ‘to be strung’ Qutb 145; (of guests) ‘to be assembled’ MAT 21: Kip. xv (?) xadara ‘to remain, stay put’ kurul- Tuh. 15a. 9 in margin.

D karla:- (snow) Den. V. fr. 1 ka:r; ‘to snow’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı bulıt karlardı: ‘the cloud snowed’ (atlacat) Kaš. III 298 (karla:r, karlarma:k); o.o. I 463, 11; 77/319, 1.

D kırla:- Den. V. fr. 2 (and 3) kir; survives in NE Sag. kırla- R II 753; Khak. xirla-‘to travel through the mountains’. Xak. xı ol ye:rig kırlardı: ‘he made furrows (axadtd) in the ground’, for melons and the like, also used for making a dam ('arim) Kaš. III 298 (kirlar, kirlarma:k).

D kurla:- (gird) Den. V. fr. 1 kur; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol kafta:nığ kurla:dı: ‘he made a belt (minfaqa) for the robe and fastened it over it’ Kaš. III 298 (kurla:r, kurla:ma:k): Xwar. xıv kurla- 'to gird (oneself)’ Qutb 145.

D karlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of karla:-. Xak. xı teŋri: karr karlattı: ‘God made it snow’ (at laca... al-tilc) Kaš. II 347 (karlatu:r, karlatma:k).

D kirlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kırlar-. Xak. xı ol arık kırlattı rafa'a li'l-nahr 'arim wa šaff ‘he erected a dam and banks for the canal’ Kaš. II 347 (kirlatu:r, kirlatma:k).

D ka:rlan- (sic) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of karlar-, Xak. xı art karrlandi: ‘the mountain pass was full of snow’ (det talc) Kaš. III 197 (ka:rlanu:r, ka:rlanma:k).

D kirlan- Refl. f. of kırlar-; survives in NE Alt., Tel. kirlan- (of mountains) ‘to come to a peak’ R II 754. Xak. xı ye:r kırlarıdır ‘the ground contained dams and furrows’ (šerat. . . det 'aram (sic) wa axedid) Kaš. II 251 (kır-lanu:r, kirlanma:k).

D 1 korlan- (korrlan-) Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 korr; NE korlan-/korlon-; NC Kzx. korlan- R II 575; Kır. kordon- ‘to be offended, ashamed, humiliated, insulted’ may be survivals of this word but are more likely to be Den. V.s fr. Pe. xwur (see korluğ). Xak. xı er tava:nga: korlandi: translated ‘the man regretted that something was beyond his reach (tahassara... 'ale fawt) and reckoned that it was lost’ (xt/sron); originally korrlan-Kaš. II 250 (korlanu:r, korlanma:k); er tavarnga korrlandir ‘the man was sorrowful and regretted the loss of (talahhafa wa tahassara) his property when it disappeared’ (dahaba) III 197 (2 korrlan- follows): (xııı (?) Tef. xorlan- ‘to be despised’, fr. Pe. xwur 348).

D 2 korlan- (korrlan-) Refl. Den. V. fr.2 korr; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı yoğrut korlandi: ğaluza'1-re’ib ‘the curdled milk thickened’ Kaš. II 250 (no Aor. or Infin., follows 1 korlan-); kımız korrlandir hamuda'1-amiš min xamir kena fihi ‘the sour milk fermented because of the yeast that was in it’; also used of curdled milk when it thickens (xatura) 777 197 (korrlanu:r, korrlanma:k).

Tris. ĞRL

D karılık A.N. fr. 1 karır; ‘old age’. S.i.s.m.l.; in SW Osm. meaning ‘womanhood, wifehood’. Xak. xı KB (whatever youth may have collected for me) karılık kelip aldı ‘old age has come and taken from me’ 372; a.o. 1079: xııı (?) Tef. karılık ‘old age’ 201: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 134.

S karlığač See karğılarč.

Tris. V. ĞRL-

D kararlar- Den. V. fr. karar s.i.s.m.l. for both (physically) ‘to blacken, defile’ and (metaph.) ‘to denigrate, defame’. Xak. xı ol kararlardır nergnir ‘he blackened (sawwada) the thing’ (kara:la:r, kara:la:ma:k; followed by 1 karıda:-, 2 karıda:-); it kararlardı: ‘the dog defecated’ (salaha; no Aor. or Infin.) Kaš. III 324; a.o. 329, 14.

D 1 karırlar- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 karır. Xak. xı ol erigStanrlardir ‘he reckoned that the man was advanced in years (kabiŋ and attributed an advanced age (kibar) to him’ Kaš. III 324 (karirla:r, karirlarma:k); a.o. 329, 29.

D 2 karırlar Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 2 karır. Xak. xı ol ye:rig kartrlardi: dara’a’l-ard ‘he measured the ground (etc.) in cubits’ Kaš. III 324 (followed by 1 kari:la:-); a.o. 329, 15.

?E 3 kan:la:- Hap. leg.; follows the second half of the entry of kararla:-; prob. an error for karlar- inserted here by a later scribe. Xak. xı tüpi: karrığ karırlardır al-rih nafahati'l--takbi-dawi wa hafif ‘the wind blew the snow with a confused rustling noise’ Kaš. III 324 (kan:la:r, kan:la:ma:k).

Dis. ĞRM

D karım (moat, town ditch) N.S.A. fr. 2 kar (crunch, rumble) ‘a moat, town ditch’, and the like; lit. (a moat filled by) ‘a single overflow of water’. Survives with this meaning in NE Tel. R II 183. Uyğ. \660\ Bud. (all kinds of poisonous dragons and snakes lie) ol balık (erasure leaving -e at thr end; tegre would suit the sense) yeme yet’ kat karam (Uyğ.-A form) ičinte ‘:uund (?) that town and in the seven-fold moat’ PP 39i 4-5: Xak. xı KU (if in a dream you drink half a goblet of water, half your life has finished as a debt; if you drink the whole of it) tükedl tiriglık kazıldı karım ‘your life is finished and a grave (lit. ditch) been dug’ 6063 (Arat reads kırım, but the word, which is unvocalized, rhymes with ynrim and berim): xııı (?) Tef. bir uluğ kari:m (unvocalized) kazdurdi ‘he had a great ditch dug’ (and a great fire lit in it) 209 (mistranscribed kirtm).
660

Dis. ĞRM

D kura:m Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. *kura:-, Den. V. fr. 2 kur; lit. ‘a single act of placing people according to their rank’. Xak. xı kuratm klši:le:r al-nesu’l-culüs 'ale'l-maretib ‘people sitting according to (i.e. in the order of) their ranks’ as they sit at the king’s gate (bnb)\ hence one says kıši:le:r kura:m olturdi:la:r ‘the people sat according to their ranks’ Kaš. I 413.

korum ‘a massive rock, or pile of rocks’; survives in NE Alt., Leb., Šor, Tel. korum R II 561; Khak. xonm Tuv. xorum; SE Turki koram/koyam/kura:m Jarring 252; the second element in the well-known name of the town Karakorum, originally an Uyğ. capital, but mentioned in Mong. as early as xııı (Haenisch 176). Xak. xı korum al-šaxr ‘a massive rock’; and ‘abundant wealth’ (al-mölu'1-camnı) is called korum; one says ol korum buldi: wacada mel camın ‘he has made a pile’ Kaš. I 398; o.o. III 61, 20; 105 (yuvluš-): KB (whatever country my laws reach) ol dİ barča etlür taš erse korum ‘that country is completely organized, even if it is (only) stone and rock’ 830: xııı (?) Tef. korum taš ‘a rock’ 215.

?D karma: (pillaging; theft) ‘pillaging; theft’; etymologically connected with 2 karak; not connected with SW Osm. karma in the phr. karma karıšıkmuddled, confused’ which is a Dev. N./A. fr. 1 kar-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı karma: al-nahb 'pillaging, theft’; hence one says <ol> ne:g karma:la:di: ‘he stole (nahaba) the thing’ Kaš. I 433; ka:ğu:n karma: bolsa: ‘if a melon has been stolen’ (nuhiba) I 410, 11.

D kırma: Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kir- (enter); lit. ‘scraped’ i.e. to a particular shape. In Ar. xarata means ‘to turn (on a lathe)’ and maxrut normally ‘conical’, but with ‘ball’ it must mean ‘spherical’. Survives in SW Az. ğırma ‘pellet, shot’; Osm. kırma ‘pleat, fold, crease; broken’. Xak. xı kırma: al-maxriit ‘turned on a lathe’ of anything; hence one says kırma: tobık kura maxrilta ‘a spherical ball’ Kaš. I 433-

F kurma:n (bow-case)bow-case’; there is an apparent [morph]ological connection with kuruğluk (bow-case), same [meaning] but the word itself, which is only [ ] seems to be a corruption of \\\ Pe. qurban, and that word, though not so far traced in Ar. with this meaning, seems to be derived fr. qaraba, which inter alia means ‘to put (something) in a sheath or case’. The word seems therefore to be by origin Ar., or at any rate Pe.-Ar., and one of a number of such words in Oğıız (see 2 turma:), and the connection with kuruğluk illusory. The long note on the word in P. Pelliot, Notes sur I’histoire de la Horde d’Or, Paris, 1950, p. 42, must be corrected accordingly. See also the discussion of Pe. qurban in Doerfer 111 1451. N.o.a.b. Oğuz/Kıp. xı kurma:n al-miqzcas, ‘bow case’; one says ke:š kurma:n ‘quiver and bow case’; its origin is fr. ku:rma:n (sic,’ error for ku:rma:k) šuddu l-mintaqafi’l-wasat ‘to fasten a belt round the waist’ Kaš. I 444; a.o. III 16 (yasik): (Xwar. xıv kurbanbow-case’ Qutb 141): Kip. xv tirkaš (Pe. l.-w.) ‘quiver’ (sic) kurman Tuh. 8b. 11.

Dis. V. ĞRM-

S karma:- See karva:-. (grope, grasp)

S (D) karmaš- as such Hap. leg.; at a later period a Sec. f. of karvaš-; Kaš.’s etymology is, in doubt, correct. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: tava:r karmašdı: ‘he competed with me in pillaging (ft nahb) property’; also used for helping (karmašu:r, karmašma:k); originally karma:lašdı: (karma:lašu:r, kar-ma:lašma:k) Kaš. II 221.

Tris. ĞRM D

kırmačı: Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. kırma:; presumably ‘turner’, or perhaps more generally, ‘carpenter’. Xak. xı KB 4458 (in a list of craftsmen; blacksmiths, bootmakers, and) kırmačı (painters, decorators, arrowmakers, bowmakcrs).

D kara:muk Den. N. fr. kara:; originally ‘tares, corn-cockle’, and the like. S.i.m.m.l.g. Xak. xı kara:muk zizvenu'1-ta'em ‘tares among the wheat’ Kaš. I 487: Čağ. xv ff. karamuk (1) ‘a red-coloured fruit like a sour cherry’ (elü belü), in Ar. za'rtir (‘wild plum’); (2) ‘black seeds which appear in wheat’, in Pe. šayiam (‘tares, darnel’) or siıven, beneficial when mixed with sulphur as an ointment for leprosy; (3) metaph., ‘a dangerous black pimple which appears on children’ (P. smalipox) San. 271 v. 12; o.o. 209 V. i7 (syn. w. Rumi čevrünti ‘tares’); 224V. 19 (syn. w. Rumi deliice ditto): Osm. xvı ff. karamuk (1) ‘tares’; (2) ‘wild plum’; (3) (once, xvŋ ‘pimple, rash’; in several texts TTS I 417; II 585; ///409; IV 470.

D korumluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. korum. Xak. xı korumluğ ta:ğ cabal di7 canedil ‘a mountain covered with loose rocks’ Kaš. I 498.

Tris. V. ĞRM-

D karmada:- (pillage, steal, grope) Den. V. fr. karma:; ‘to pillage, steal’. As such pec. to Kaš.; NE Tel. karmada-; SC Uzb. karmala-; NW Kaz., \661\ Krim. karmala- 'to grope about’ R II 218 are ultimately der. fr. karva:- (grope, grasp), although their morphology is obscure. Xak. xı ol karma:-la:di: ne:ŋni: ‘he pillaged (or stole, ttahaba) the thing’ Kaš. III 354 (karma:la:r, karma:-la:ma:k); a.o. / 433 (karma:): (Kom. xıv ‘to hurry’ (sic?) karmala- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv karmala- massa ‘to touch’ Id. 69: xv cassa ‘to feel, grope’ (yoka-, karma-, and) karmala- Tuh. 12a. 13).
661

Dis. V. ĞRN-

D karmalaš- Co-op. f. of karmala:-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (Sanskrit missing) elig ulušuğ kırmalaš [gap; «cj TT VIII is. 17 may belong here, since ‘pillaging the realm and country’ seems a likely meaning, and a connection with kırma: is improbable: Xak. xı Kaš. II 221 (karmaš-).

D karımsın- Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. *karım, N.S.A. fr. 2 ka:r-; quoted only as an illustration of this form of V. Xak. xı er suvka: kanmsindi: ‘the man pretended to choke over the water’ (an yašraq bi'l-me') Kaš. II 260, 24; n.m.e.

Dis. ĞRN

karın (belly, abdomen) ‘belly, abdomen’; a general term for the lower part of the body and its contents, less specific than kuruğsa:k (stomach)stomach’ and bağırsukentrails’. S.i.a.m.l.g., often more specifically for ‘womb’. Türkü vııı ff. adığıp karnı: yarılmiš 'the bear’s belly was slit open’ IrkB e: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit garbhe ‘in the womb’ ka:rında: TT VIII D.35; körjullerln karınların irintürdüm... erser ‘if I have distressed their minds and feelings’ Suv. 136, 10-11; o.o. U II 44, 28-9 (1 ö:g); U III 43, 24 (keber-): Civ. karın is common in H I for ‘stomach’, e.g. ač kannka ‘on an empty stomach’ 19, 64, 170; arid ‘womb’, e.g. (if a foetus dies) kisinirj karında ‘in a woman’s womb’ 61; (in an unfavourable omen) kar İčinde Ig kirdi; ?read karın, ‘if an illness has entered the belly’ TT I 18; o.o. TT VII 22, 16 (1 öt- (pierce, pass)); 27, 15 (arkuru:): Xak. xı karın al-batn ‘the belly’; karın atmak a beast is slaughtered and its paunch (karšuhu) is set up as a target and shot at, and anyone who hits it gets a share of the meat Kaš. I 403; 16 o.o., same translation: KB (character and knowledge) karında törümiš ‘which are formed in the womb’ 883; kara karm todsa ‘when the common people’s bellies are full’ 988; ana karm ‘his mother’s womb’ 1387: xııı (?) At. karın toklukm ‘a full belly’ 186; Tef. karın ač- ‘to be hungry’ 201: xıv Muh. al-batn karın Mel. 47, 15; Rif. 141; al-ceyi' ‘hungry’ karna:c (crasis of karm: a:c) 54, 16; 152; al-haml ‘foetus’ karında:kı: oğla:n 143: Čağ. xv ff. karn (spelt) šikam wa šikanba ‘belly’ (Hend.); also called karın San. 272r. 23 (quotn.); same entry reversed 272V. 14: Xwar. xıv karm ‘belly’ Qutb 134: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-bafn karın Hou. 20, 19; 51, 2; al-kirš karin 21, 17: xıv karın al-batn Id. 70: xv ditto Kav. 61, 5; Tuh. 7a. 5; al-kirš karın 61, 11; 30b. 5 (also kebe).

D kurun (soot, crock) (crock, greaves) Intrans./Pass. Dev. N. fr. kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)); ‘soot’, lit. something which establishes itself (on a wall, etc.). Survives as kurun in some NE languages, but everywhere else as kurum (properly a N.S.A.). Cf. 2 ıš. Xak. xı kurun ‘traces of smoke (ataru l-duxan) which adhere to the walls’ Kaš. I 404: (Kom. xıv ‘soot’ kurum CCG; Gr.).

D kurınč (dry) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. kurın- (dry). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. közlüg kurmčımıznı sen! körmeklig yağmur üze kanturalim ‘let us satiate (i.e. alleviate) the dryness of our eyes with the rain of seeing you’ U IV 44, 22-4.

D karna:k (bellied) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. *karna:-, Den. V. fr. karın (belly, abdomen); the preceding entry is Karna:k balda min biledi’l-ğuzziya ‘one of the Oğuz villages (or districts?)’. Cf. karna:ğu: Xak. xı karna:k er ‘a man with a large belly’ ('azîmu'l-bafn) Kaš. I 473.

?F kirna:k (slave girl, concubine, girl, fem. commoner, ) ‘a slave girl’; a specifically Western word, surviving only (?) in SW Osm. kırnak; Tkm. ğırnak. Perhaps a corruption of Ar. ğurnüq ‘a good-looking boy, or girl’. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1470. Basmıl, Čumul, Ka:y, Kıp., Oğuz, Yaba:ku: xı kırnak al-ceriya ‘slave girl’ Kaš. I 473: xııı (?) Tef. kırnakgirl’ 209: xıv Muh. al-surriya ‘concubinekirna:k Mel. 51, 9; Rif■ 147; al-ceriya (opposite to elti: ‘lady’) kima:k 152 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kırna:ğ/kırna:k (spelt) kaniza (‘girl’) wa ceriya; also called ğırnak San. 295V. 7; ğırnak ‘a word occurring in two languages (muštaraka), in Turkish kaniza wa cariya, in Ar. mard-i camil ‘a handsome man’ 262V. 17: Kip., xııı al-ceriya kirna:k (/ka-ra:wa:š/kara:ba:š/tüge:) Hou. 32, 17: xıv kırnak al-ceriya İd. 70: xv ditto Kav. 64, 10 (vocalized karnak); Tuh. 87a. 5; ama ‘slave girl’ kırnak (and karavvaš) do. 3b. 13: Osm. xıv ff. kırnak ‘slave girl’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 462; II 632; III 449; IV 514.

E kirrja:k See kigra:k.:k.

Dis. V. ĞRN-

D kırın- (cringe) Refl. f. of kır- (enter); survives only (?) in SW Osm. kırın- ‘to cringe’; Tkm. ğırın- ‘to cut (etc.) for oneself’. Xak. xı ol ne:rjni: kırındı: ‘he pretended to scrape (or peel, yuqaššir) the thing’ Kaš. II 155 (kırınu:r.r, kırınma:k).

D koran- (lose, losses) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of kora:- (lose, diminish); ‘to lose flesh’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. HI 104 (korağlıg).

D korın- (korı:n-) (defend, miserly and niggardly, restricted, protected) Refl. f. of kon:- (protect, restrict, fence in); s.i.s.m.l. as korın-/korun- ‘to defend oneself’. Xak. xı er tava:rir>a: korindi: (MS. korundi:) ‘the man was miserly and niggardly (baxila... tea danna) with his money’ Kaš. II 155 (korı:nu:r (sic), korınma:k): Čağ. xv ff. korun kendüyi sakın hifz eyle ‘protect, defend yourself’ Vel. \662\ 339; korun- mamnû' tıa mahriis šudan ‘to be restricted, protected’ San. 285V. 19.
662

D kurın- (dry) Refl. f. of kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); survives in SW Osm. kurun- 'to dry oneself’. Xak. xı er kurundi: (sic) ‘the man dried himself (tacaf-fafa) after washing’ Kaš. II 155 (kurinutr, kurınma:k); kurindi: ne:g ‘the thing dried’ (caffa) I 505, 7; kurin ‘dry yourself’ II 160, 7.

Tris. ĞRN

S karınča See karınčğa:. (ant)

D kurunčı: (soot-catcher) Hap. leg.; N.Ag. fr. kurun; morphologically this should mean ‘something which catches or collects soot’ or the like. Xak. xı kurunčı: ‘felt which has been blackened (istcadda) from the smoke in a tent (etc.)’ Kaš. III 242.

S karınčak See karınčğa:. (ant)

karınčğa: (ant) ‘ant’; specifically a Western word; an old animal name ending in -ğa:; the form in Kaš. is aberrant. Surv ives only (?) in SW Az. ğarıšğa; Osm. karınca; Tkm. ğarınca. Cf. čüme:lı:, kumursğa:. Oğuz xı karınčak al-naml ‘ant’, also called karınča: Kaš. I 501; karınča: ‘ant’ III 375: xıv Rbğ. karınčka (sic) megizllk ušak ‘as small as an ant’ R II 174; Muh. al-naml sarıncak (one MS. adds karınca:) Mel. 74, 6; sırınča: Rif. 177 (Muh. gives no word for ‘locust’; the text prob. originally read al-naml (karmča:; al-cared> sarıncak): Čağ. xv ff. karınčğa (spelt) murča ‘small ant’; also called kumursğa San. 272V. 14: Xwar. xıv karınčka ‘ant’ Qutb 134: Tkm. xııı al-naml karınca: (Kıp. kumurska:) Hou. n, 19: xıv al-naml (kımıršağı: and) karınca: Bul. 11, 5: xv al-naml karınca: Kav. 72, 10; karınčak (Kıp. kumruška) Tuh. 36b. 2.

D kırındı: Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kırın- (cringe); survives in SW Osm. kırındı/kırıntı; Tkm. ğırındı ‘small fragments, crumbs’. Xak. xı kırındı: qašera kull šay’ ‘scrapings of anything’ Kaš. I 449.

D karında:š N. of Assn. fr. karın; lit. ‘associated in the womb’, that is ‘a brother (or sister, usually as kı:z karında:š) by the same mother’, irrespective of seniority and so a more general term than ečh, ini:, eke:, slgll, etc. S.i.a.m.l.g., sometimes with a more restricted meaning, e.g. Kk. only ‘sister’ or a more general one e.g. Osm. also ‘comrade’; in SW and some NW languages abbreviated to kar-daš. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1471. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. oğul kardaš yegečim ‘my son, brother, and sister-in-law’ Fam. Arch. 125-6. Xak. xı (after a note on the suffix -da:š) hence two children (waladayn) out of the same womb are called karındaš; karın means al-batn and when -daš is added to it, it gives the meaning mušehibu'1-batn ‘associate of the womb’ Kaš. I 407: xııı (?) Tef. karandaš/ karındaš ‘brother’ 200-2: xıv Muh. al-xafa ‘maternal aunt’ karmta:š ana:; al-amm ‘paternal uncle’ ata: karıntašı: (Mel. kar- \\ dašı:); al-uxt ‘sister’ kı:z karınta:š; al-ax ‘brother’ karmta:š Mel. 49, 6-7; Rtf. 144: Čağ. xv ff. kardaš biredar ‘brother’, an abbreviation of karındaš meaning ham-šikam ‘from the same womb’ San. 271 v. 26 (quotn.); karındaš ‘brother’ 272V. 15 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı (?) (Urum Kağan had) bir karundašı 'one brother’ Oğ. 173: xıv karındaš ‘brother’ Qutb 134: Kom. xıv ‘brother’ karındaš; ‘sister’ kız karındaš CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. al-'amm (ačkı:/) afn: karındašı:; al-ax karında:š; al-uxt kız karında:š; aıvledu'l--alıme' ‘brothcrs-in-law’ kayın karmda:šla:r Hou. 31, 19: xıv karında:š al-ax mina'l-batn İd. 70; al-ex karında:š; al-amm a(a: karın-da:š (/ečči:); al-'amma a(a: kız karında:š; al-xela ana: kız karında:š (/tağza:) Bul. 9, 2: xv bhnig kardašı: ‘the bey's brother’ Kav. 27, 5; ex kardaš; uxt kız kardaš Tuh. 3b. 12: Osm. xıv ff. karındaš common till xvi, sporadic till xvııı; kardaš once in xv TTS I 424; II 591; HI 414; IV 476.

D karagğu: (dark, darkness) der. fr. kara: but morphologically obscure; ‘dark, darkness’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as karatjğujkaratjğuy (Haenisch 60; Kow. 838); s.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. karagğu kararığığ tarğarğu üčün ‘in order to dissipate the dark darkness’ Hüen-ts. 185; o.o. Suv. 101, 16 (blUgsizIlk); USp. 102a. 34 (emgekllg): Xak. xı karagğu: al-zulma ‘darkness’ Kaš. III 388; (a bribe will settle) karagku: (sic) ı:šığ al-amra'1-mušlim ‘a nefarious affair’ III 217, 1; a.o. III 290 (karva:-): KB karagku tüni ‘the dark night’ \\35, 288; karagkuda erdlm ‘I was in darkness’ 383; karagku ev ‘a dark house’ 1840: xııı (?) Tef. karagğu/karagku ‘dark, darkness’ 200: xıv layl muzlim ‘a dark night’ kara:gu: tü:n Mel. 80, 9; Rif. 185 (tu:nle:); al-zalem (opposite to ‘light’ aydug) karagu: 152 (only): Čağ. xv ff. karagğu karayu Vel. 320; karanğu zulm wa terik ‘darkness’ San. 271 v. 14: Xwar. xıv karagğu ‘dark’ Qutb 131: Kom. xıv ‘darkness’ karagğu/karagğı CCI, CCG; Gr. : Kip. xııı (light aydig) al-zulma kara:ğu: IIou. 26, 17: xıv al-zalem karanı: Bul. 14, i: xv šuhta karanğı: Tuh. 24a. 11: Osm. xıv karagu/karaguluk ‘darkness’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 417; II 585; III 419; IV 471.

D karna:ğu: Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. ♦karna:- cf. karna:k. Xak. xı karnağu: er al-raculu l-batin ‘a man with a large stomach’ Kaš. I 491.

D karınlığ P.N./A. fr. karın; s.i.s.m.l., usually for ‘pregnant’. Xak. xı bedük (sic) karınlığ er ‘a man with a large stomach’ (al-batin) Kaš. I 499.

D kurunluğ P.N./A. fr. kurun; ‘sooty’. Survives in SW Az. gurumlu; Osm. kurumlu (sic). Xak. xı kurunluğ ev ‘a house blackened (muswadd) by dense smoke’ Kaš. I 499-

Tris. V. ĞRN-

D karınla:- Dev. N. fr. karın; survives in SW Rep. Turkish for (of a ship) ‘to collide \663\ with’ (a jetty, etc.). Xak. xı (in a para, on the various meanings of Den. V.s in -la:-) ol am: kannla:di: bafanahu, ‘he struck him in the stomach’ Kaš. III 345, 27; n.m.e.
663

Dis. V. ĞRR-

D kara:r- Intrans. Den. V. fr. kara:; ‘to be, or become, black or dark’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kararmıš kögüllüg ‘with darkened minds’ TT III 89: Bud. (of a dying man) till ağızı kararıp ‘his tongue and mouth become black’ Suv. 595, 14: Xak. xı tü:n karardı: ‘the night was dark’ (azlama); and one says to:n karardı: ‘the garment (etc.) was black’ (iswadda) Kaš. II 77 (kara:rur (sic)» kararma:k): xııı (?) Tef. karar- ‘to become dark’ 200: Čağ. xv ff. karar- (spelt) ‘to become black or dark’ (siyah wa tiro) San. 268V. 18 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 132: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv iswadda karar- Kav. 5, 14; (the Den. V. fr.) kara is karar- Tuh. 83b. 5.

D kurır- (kurı:r-) Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); cf. kurğa:d-, Xak. xı kurirdi: ne:g ‘the thing began to dry’ (tawaccaha... li’l--cafef) Kaš. II77 (kuri:rur (sic), kurirma:k).

D karart- Caus. f. of karar-; ‘to darken, or blacken’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol amg Homin kararttı: ‘he blackened (sawwada) his garment’ (etc.) Kaš. III 431 (karartur, karartmak): KB (the king was angry and) artuk kararttı megiz ‘made his face even blacker’ (i.e. fierceŋ 629; a.o. 639: xııı (?) Tef. karart -‘to blacken’ 200: Čağ. xv ff. karart- Caus. f.; siyah kardan ‘to blacken’ San. 269^ 4 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 132.

Tris. ĞRR

D kararığ (dark, darkness) Dev. N./A. fr. karar-; 'dark, darkness’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A M III 9, I (tünerig); do. 19, 11 (i) (alagadtur-): Man. kararığ nızvanıları ‘their dark passions’ TT III 114: Bud. yeknig ičgeknig kararığ ıšığa ‘the dark doings of demons and vampires’ TT VI 273; (in this world the sky is called ‘light’, and the brown earth below) kararığ ‘darkness’ (the sun is called ‘light’, and the moon ‘darkness’, man ‘light’, and woman ‘darkness’) do. 319-21; o.o. Kuan. 66 (kögüzlüg); Hüen-ts. 185 (karaŋğu:).

Mon. ĞRS

1 kars (garment) some kind of ‘garment’; n.o.a.b. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1457. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. PP 2, 4-5 (bodut-): Xak. xı kars 'an outer garment (al-kise’) of camels’ hair or sheeps’ wool’ Kaš. I 348; (patch brocade with brockade) kars yama:ğı: karska: ‘and a woollen (garment, al-šııf) with woollen (fabric)’ Kaš. III 28, 17 (MS. has karıš which makes no sense and is obviously an error for kars): Čağ. xv ff. kars (rhyming with pars) ‘a shawl (šal) and anything (similar) which they wrap round their waists’ San. 271 v. 29.

2 kars (clapping) an onomatopoeic for clapping; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SW. L.-w. in Pe. (?), Doerfer III 1458. Xak. xı one says ol kars kars aya: yaptı: 'he clapped (saffaqa) his hands’; it is an onomatopoeic for the sound of clapping Kaš. I 348: Čağ. xv ff. kars (rhyming with dars) dast bar-hatn zadan 'clapping the hands’, also called karš, in Ar. šafaqa San. 271 v. 29.

Dis. ĞRS

karsa:k (steppe fox, Canis corsac) 'the steppe fox, Canis corsac’. An early l.-w. in Mong. as kirsa (Studies, p. 232; Kow. 2553) and in Russian as korsak. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE where Tel. has the Mong. form kırsa; in NC Kır. karsak is a generic term for ‘fox, wolf’, etc. and kırsa ‘fox’ (a word mainly used by women). L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1459. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. karsak is included in a list of predatory animals with wild cat, Siberian panther, and fox in Suv. 599, le: Xak. xı karsa:k al-fanak ‘steppe fox’ Kaš. I 473: Čağ. xv ff. karsak the name of an animal larger than a squirrel (sinceb) which they import from the Rüs and Türk (sic) countries; its skin is red, white, or parti-coloured, and more sweet smelling and warmer than those of squirrel or ermine; called in Pe. fanak San. 272T. 2: Kom. xıv ‘steppe fox (fuŋ’ karsak CCI; Gr.ı Kip. xv banet ewe ‘jackals’ karsak (/šakal) Tuh. 7b. 9.

S kursak See kuruğsak.

D korsuz Priv. N./A. fr. 1 ko:r; ‘not responsible for loss’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. USp. 16, etc. (korluğ, q.v.).

Dis. ĞRŠ

(D) karıš perhaps Dev. N. fr. 3 *kar-, see

2 karı:, karıš- (span, distance, вершок); ‘a span, the distance between the tips of the outstretched thumb and little finger’. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes. Xak. xı karıš al-šibr ‘a span’; one says bir karıš ‘one span’ Kaš. I 369; a.o. II 365, 9; (in III 28, 17 karıš is an error for kars, q.v.): xıv Muh. al-šibr kan:š Mel. 47, 7; ka:nš Rif. 141: Kıp. xııı al-šibr karıš Hou. 20, 18: Xiv ditto Id. 69; Bul. 9, 10: xv ditto Kav. 39, 12; Tuh. 20b. 8.

D 1 karšı: (opposed, opposite; the opposite, a place opposite, against, cross-purposes, adversary, hostile, danger. disagree, meet, facing, face to face ) Dev. N./A. fr. karıš- (span, distance); primarily a N./A. meaning ‘opposed, opposite; the opposite, a place opposite’, e.g. the opposite bank of a river and the like, but often used as an Adv., ‘against’ and the like. A l.-w. (not early) in Mong. w. extended meanings ‘obstacle, delay; evil, harm, ill-treatment’, etc. (Kow. 847); s.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes. Türkü vııı ff. karšısr.n ‘his adversary^?) IrkB 19 (a very obscure para.): Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. begi kišike yarašmaz karšı bolur ‘he does not agree with the beg or people, he becomes hostile’ TT VII 12, 7-8; adası karšısı [gap] perhaps ‘danger’ (Hend.) do. 17, 10; in do. 24, 7 (?); 25, 22 ölüm karšısı ‘danger of death’ (?); (on the dragon day) kiši bile karšı bolur ‘he gets at \664\ cross-purposes with people’ do. 32, 7; in TT VIIIP., an astrological text, the phr. köč karšı: occurs in 24, and köč ka:n karšıla:r in n, 33, the first phr. being followed by 'the peach tree flowers’. This can hardly be I köč ‘migration’, and is prob. 2 köč ‘the hour is hostile’; ka:n may be ‘king’ or some unknown word (? Chinese): Xak. xı karšı: al-didd ‘the opposite’; one says tü:n ku:nniiŋ karšı:sı: ol ‘night is the opposite to day’; karšı: ‘a disagreement (nl-i.xtilaf) between two chiefs’; one says ol beg amŋ birle: karšı:ol ‘that beg disagrees (mf/.vd/i/)withhim’/Crt;. 7423; karšu: (sic, in error ?) Sİile: ağzu ilayhi muheifahahu ‘take the field and meet him face to face’ III 272, 2: KB bu dîn dalı dünye dalı karšı ol ‘the branch of religion and the branch of the world are opposed to one another’ 5311: xıı (?) Tef. (they will sit) yüzleri biri birine karša karšu 'facing one another’; karšu keldiler ‘they caınc to meet him’ 202: Čağ. xv ff. karšu (spelt) bar-e-bar wa mutahadi ‘face to face, opposite’ San. 272*. 7: Xwar. xııı (?) Oğuz xaganka karšu keldiler ‘advanced against Oğuz Xagan’ Oğ. 265-e: xıv karšu (usually with Dat.) ‘against’ Qutb 133: Kom. xrv karšı bardı ‘went to meet him’ CCG; Gr.: 194 (quotn.): Kip. xıv karšu muqabil ‘opposite’ td. 70; al-tnuxelif li'I-šay' karšu Bul. T4, 8: xv tnuqnbi/uk karšında: Kav. 36, i; muqabil karš (sic) Tuh. 35a. 13; 73b. 9 (a.o.o. with Poss. Suff.s): Osm. xıv ff. karšı/ karšu (ol-, bar-, etc.); c.i.a.p. TTS I 427; 7/ 594! /// 417; IV 478.
664

Dis. ĞRŠ

?F 2 karšı: (palace) ‘(royal) palace’; prob. a l.-w. fr. Tokharian B (Kuchaean) kerciye same meaning; an early l.-w. in Mong. (Haenisch 62, Koiv. 847) but becoming obsolete so early in Turkish that in San. it is described as Mong. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1460. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. bara vaydurı ertinin etilmiš karšı ‘a palace adorned with choice cat's eyes’ (Sanskrit vara vaidilrya) TT V, p. 30, note B 31, 1-2: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. tien ‘palace’ (Giles 11,202) karšı Ligeti 163; R II 207: Xak. xı karšı: qasru'I-malik ‘a king s palace’; Kaš. I 423; o.o. \\ I 255 (emgen-); 111 374, 7: KB karšıka kirdi ‘he entered the palace’ ini; o.o. 4118; 5263 (ordu:): xıı (?) KB VP (in every town, country, capital) karšı ‘palace’ (and place) 2e: xııı (?) Tef. karıšı (sic) ‘palace’ 202: Čağ. xv ff. karšı the name of a district (tvileyat) in Transoxiana to the south of Samarkand, also called Nasaf and Naxšab ... in Mong. it means gür xana ‘mausoleum’ (Babur cited as the authority); the author of the Rawdatu'l--Safe said that the district was so called after a ‘castle’ (qasŋ built there, in Mong. karšı, and IVaššef said that karšı in Mong. meant kax-i xan wa bergeh-i saltanat ‘the king’s palace and royal court’ San. 272X. 3: Xwar. xıv karšı ‘palace’ Qutb 133.

D karšut Hap. leg.; abbreviated Active Dev. N. fr. karıš- (span, distance, вершок); syn. w. 1 karšı:. Xak. xı karšut al-didd ‘the opposite’, like night and day Kaš. I 451.

D karša:ğ Hap. leg.; N.Ac. fr. karša:-. Xak. xı karša:ğ šabru'l-tawb ‘measuring a garment in spans’; hence one says amg karša:ğı: kö:r ‘see how he measures garments (etc.) in spans’ Kaš. I 464.

D kurša:ğ (rib, ridge) Dev. N. fr. kurša:-; survives in NE, several languages, kurčak/kurčağ/kurču:; NC Kır. kırčo:/kurčo:; Kzx. kur-saw all meaning ‘barrel hoop; girth of a tent’; SW Az. ğuršağ; Osm. kušak; Tkm. ğušak ‘belt’. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1565. Xak. xı kurša:ğ al-tanattuq bi'l-mintaqa ‘girding oneself with a belt’: kurša:ğ ‘a strip (furra) woven from wool used as the girth of a tent’ (mintaqatu'l-xiba ); it is called ev kurša:ğı: Kaš. I 464: xıv Muh. al-mintaqa ku:ša:ğ Mel. 67, 7 (only); al-hiyeša ‘belt’ v.l. in one MS. kurša:k do. 67, 9 (see 1 kuŋ: Čağ. xv ff. kuršak kamarband ‘a belt’; also abbreviated and called kur San. 28er. 11 ; a.o. 285V. 22 (1 kuŋ: Kip. xııı al-hiyeša ku:šak (/kur/ be:l (waist) (belt) ba:ğı:) Hon. 19, 3: xıv kušak al-mintaqa Id. 72 (for ku:ša:k Hou. 21, 5 and kušak Kav. 63, 18 see kučak).

Dis. V. ĞRŠ-

D karıš- Recip. f. of 3 *kar-, et. karšı:, karšut, etc.; ‘to disagree with 011c another, to be opposite to one another’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SC Uzb. and SW where ğarıš-/karıš- is the Recip. f. of 1 kar-, ‘to mix with one another’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (pacifying all quarrels and) karıšmakığ ‘disagreements’ UII 58, 5 (ı); (mother and father, kin and kinsmen, maids and man servants) bir ikintike karıšur ‘quarrel with one another’ TT VI 64; o.o. do. 324 (kavıš-), etc.; Sanskrit bhinııe ‘disunited, set at variance’ ka:rıš-mıšla:r TT VIII G. 13; a.o. do. E. 15: Civ. iki körjül karıšdı: ‘two minds were at variance’ TT 171: Xak. xı böri: tı:šı: karıšdı: ‘the teeth of the wolf were at cross purposes’ (ixtalafat); this happens during its fasting days, because for one week in each month the wolf does not eat and during that period lives on air; and one says tün kün birle: karıšdı: ‘night and day are opposites’ (ixtalafa); (in a verse) yn:y kıš bile: karıšdı: ‘summer and winter had a disagreement and contended with one another’ (ixtalafa wa tanešare); and one says ikki: begle:r karıštı:-la:r ‘the two begs quarrelled and fought one another (ixtalafa... wa taqatala); and one says ol maga: yo:lda: karıštı: ‘he met me (istaqbalanŋ on the road’ Kaš. II 97 (karıšu'.r, karıšma:k); o.o. 7 367, 23; II95, 8 (kırğu:y); 111 11, 3: KB karıšmaz yağılar ‘enemies who do not meet’ 145; o.o. 1053 (İčin), 2290 (2 kadit-), 2310 (esri:), 2384 (bodul-), etc.: (Čağ. (?) xv ff. karıšmamzüc wa daxil šudan ‘to mix, mingle’ (Intrans.) San. 270V. 10 (prob. Rumi, immediately follows 1 kar-which is so described): Xwar. xıv karıš- 'to be mixed with’ (blrle) Qutb 134: Kip. xıv ixtalata ‘to mix’ (Intrans.) karıš- Bul. 32r.): Kom. xıv ‘to meet, defend’ (?) karıš- CCI; Gr.
665

D kırıš- Co-op. f. of kır-; s.i.s.m.l. with meanings based on the later meanings of kir- (enter). Xak. xı ol maga: ye:r kırıšdı: ‘he helped me to scrape (fr qašŋ the ground’ (etc.); also used for competing Kaš. II 98 (kırıšu:r, kırıšma:k).

D korıš- Hap. leg. ; Co-op. f. of korı:- (protect, restrict, fence in) (care). Xak. xı ol marja: korığ korıšdı: ‘he helped me to protect the private property’ (fi hifzi’l-hima) Kaš. II 98 (no Aor. or Infin.).

D 1 kuruš- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)) Co-op. f. of kur- (fix, set in order, organize, set up)); s.i.s.m.l. with meanings derived from the later extended meanings of kur-, xı ol meniŋ birle: ya: kuruštı: ‘he competed with me in stringing (fi tawtir) a bow’; also used for helping Kaš. II 98 (kurušu:r, kurušma:k); a.o. II 97, 14.

D 2 kuruš- (kurıš-) (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)) Co-op. f. of kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)), in \\ the sense of simultaneous action of all parts of an organism. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı etme.'k kamuğ kurušdı: tacajfa'l-xubz ba'duhu fl ba'd acze'ihi ‘the bread became dry in all its parts’ Kaš. II 98 (kuıušu:r, kurušma:k).

D karša:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. karıš; cf. karıšla:-. Xak. xı ol to:nuğ karša:dı: šabara’l-taıvb ‘he measured the garment (etc.) in spans’Kaš. III 286 (karša:r, karša:ma:k).

D kurša:- (fasten, bind, surround, encircle) Den. V. fr. *kurıš apparently a Den. N. fr. 1 kur; for a similar pair of words cf. 1 ba:ğ (bag, bundle, bale, bond, tie, belt, binder) (bag, pouch), 1 bağıš. Survives w. much the same meaning as kurča- in some NE languages and NC Kır.; SE Türki kurša-; SW Az. ğurša-; Osm. kuša-; Tkm. ğuša-, Xak. xı ol kafta:n kurša:dı: šadda mintaqata’l--qabe' ‘he fastened the belt of the robe’ Kaš. 77/287 (kurša:r, kurša:ma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kurša- (spelt) (1) kamar bastan ‘to bind the svaist’; (2) ihata kardan tea dar miyen giriftan ‘to surround, encircle’ San. 284V. 8.

D karšat- Caus. f. of karša:-; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı ol btt:züg karšatti: ašbara'l-kirbes ‘he had the linen (etc.) measured in spans’ Kaš. II 337 (karšatu:r, karšatma:k); same phr., but adra'a properly ‘had measured in cubits’ \\ 365, 7.

D kuršat- Caus. f. of kurša:-; survives in the same languages. Xak. xı men agar ku:r kuršattım ‘I told him to put on a belt (bi'l-tanattuq) and he did so’ Kaš. II 337 (kuršatu:r, kuršatma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kuršat- Caus. f.; kamar basta saxtan wa ihata farmudan ‘to cause to bind the waist; to order to encircle’ San. 284V. 21.

D kuršan- Refl. f. of kurša:-; survives in much the same languages. Xak. xı er ku:nn kuršandı: ‘the man put on his belt’ (tanattaqa... bi-mintaqatihŋ Kaš. II 249 (kuršanu:r, kuršanma:k) a.o. II 255, 11.

Tris. ĞRŠ

D karšısız Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. 1 karšı:. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap]Iar birle karšısız ‘without quarrelling with the...’ TT III 106.

Tris. V. ĞRŠ-

D kuršatıl- Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of kuršat-; ‘to be surrounded’ Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 30, 29-30 (kavzatıl-).

E karıšıklan- in Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. USp. 43, 6 is an error for katığlan-; this is the word required by the context and karıšık is not a likely Uyğ. word.

D karıšla:- Den. V. fr. karıš; ‘to measure in spans’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic variations. Cf. karša:-. Xak. xı ol barčın karıšla:dı: ‘he measured the brocade (etc.) in spans’ (šabara) Kaš. III 335 (kanšlaır, karıšla:ma:k): xıv Muh. šabara karišla:- Mel. 27, 9; Rif. no: Čağ. xv ff. karıšla- (spelt) ıvacab kardan ‘to measure in spans’ San. 27or. 7: Kip. xıv šabara karıšla- Bul. 50V.

Tris. ĞRY

VUD kurıya:/kurıya:kı: See 1 *kun:.

Tris. ĞRZ

D kan:za:n Hap. leg.; there is no doubt about the form of this word which is listed under the heading fa'ilen after the crossheading -Z-; Den. N. fr. 1 karı:, but there is no other trace of a Suf. -za:n or anything resembling it. Xak. xı karı:za:n al-šayxu’l--haram ‘a decrepit old man’ Kaš. I 448.

Mon. ĞS

ka:s (bark (tree)) ‘the bark of a tree’, less specific than to:z ‘birch bark’. The word is entered under the cross-heading -S in Kaš.; the spelling ka:z is prob. due to the fact that after long -a:- a -z might be expected. There is no widely accepted word for ‘bark’ in Turkish, most modern languages use kabik/kabuk a Dim. f. of ka:b (cover, sack, leather bag, water-skin, vessel, container) and not an ancient word. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kas ‘bark’ IIII16, 17: Xak. xı ka:z ‘the bark (qirf) of any tree’; hence it is quoted in the prov. ka:dig ka:siga (‘the birch tree for its bark’); [the zey] was changed [into] sin, because the zey came first (? ,sabaqathe) and improved the euphony in speech (},istawfat hazzahe mina'l-kalem) but when sin followed it there was no room (macel) for it in speech and the zey was changed into sin, just as [in Ar. zey and šed interchange]; (examples follow) Kaš. III 151 (the text is partially corrupt, but Kaš. seems to have been confused by the fact that after words ending in vowels an euphonic -s- is introduced before Poss. Suffs. and suspected the presence of a similar -s- in ka:siga:); o.o. of the same prov. I 356, 21; III 134, 14; 369, 22; a.o. 7 382, 26 (kasuk, q.v.).

Mon. V. ĞS-

*kas- See kasığ, kasna:-, etc. (shiver)

kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post) ‘to compress, squeeze, pinch’, and the like; almost syn. w. sık- (sığ-) (squeeze, press, compress, distress, depress), but the metathesis is prob. fortuitous (i.e. the s/k divide is “prob. fortuitous”) . S.i.a.m.l.g. Ttirkti vııı (the leader of the revolt was the šad; he said \666\ ‘collect the people’ and I collected them) xağan-mu: kısayım tedim ‘I said (to myself) ‘‘Shall I press (him to become) xagan}”’ T 5; similar phr. T 6; usar idi: yok kısalım ‘if possible, let us completely annihilate them’ T n ; similar phr. IE 32 and 34; II E 25; T 21; balbal kısdı: 'thrust (post) a memorial stone (into the ground)’ 0.3: Xak. xı kapuğ anig ada:kın kısdı: ‘the door pinched (dagafa) his foot’; also used of anything that pinches something; and one says ol amŋ to:nIukin kısdi: ‘he reduced (restrained) (naqaša) his allowance for the purchase of clothing’; also used when anything is held back (restrained) (muni'a) from an allowance Kaš. II 11 (kısa:r, kısma:k): KB özin kısğan er ‘a self-controlled (restrained) man’ 965; kali kıstačı bolmasar ‘if (a father) does not control (restrain) (his son)’ 1220; (if a king is wicked, he ruins the world) kısığlısı bolmasa ‘if there is no one to restrain him’ (he strays from the path) 5282; a.o. 636e: XII| (?) Tef. kıs- ‘to squeeze’ 209: xıv Muh. al-'asr ‘to squeeze, presskısmak Mel. 35, 1; Rtf 120: Čağ. xv ff. kıs- tang fašardan ‘to squeeze tight’ San. 296V. 24 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Nahc. 7, le: Kom. xıv ‘to compresskıs- CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kıšdi: dağata; kıštı: (spelt kasti:) ‘to shorten (qassara) a long garment’ Id. 72: xv hazaqa ‘to compress’ kıš- Kav. 76, 14 (misspelt xaraqa); Tuh. 13b. 8; haqin ‘suffering from retention of urine’ kıšıptır do. 12b. 8: Osm. xıv to xvı kıs- ‘to compress, squeeze’; in several texts TTS I 462; III 450; IV 515..
666

1 kus- (vomit, fade) (cast) ‘to vomit’; s.i.a.m.l.g.; cf. yarsı:- (revolted, disgusted). Türkü vııı ff. Man. MI 7, 13 (anča: (some, as much as that, thus, just as)): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (some mortals have gone to the next world) isiğ kan kusupvomiting their life blood’ TT X 40: Civ. kusup ölür ‘he vomits and dies’ TT VII 21, 7; kusa:r a:šağ ya:rsir 'he vomits and regurgitates the food’ VIII 1.8: Xak. xı er kusdi: ‘the man (etc.) vomited’ (qa’a); and one says boduğ kusdi: našala’l-xidöb ‘the dye faded’ Kaš. II 10 (kusa:r, kusma:k): xıv Muh. qa'a kus- Mel. 30, 3; Rif. 114: Čağ. xv ff. kus- qay kardan ‘to vomit’ San. 287V. 3: Xwar. xıv ditto Nahc. 395, 5; 389, 9: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr. : Kip. xııı taqayya'a 'to vomitkus- (mis-spelt kuš-; also yondur- («c ?; 4 yantur-)) Hou. 38. 20: xıv kuš- qa'a Id. 72; taqayya’a kuš- Bid. 4m: xv ditto Kav. 10, 9; Tuh. 10a. 9; 83b. 8.

2 kus- (fade) (OTD p. 470 QUS- II выцветать, блекнуть (о краске) ~ fade
and one says boduğ kusdi: našala’l-xidöb ‘the dye faded’ Kaš. II 10 (kusa:r, kusma:k)

Dis. ĞSA

kası: (enclosure) (case) Hap. leg.; possibly a l.-w. Kaš. xı kası: 'a wooden enclosure’ (hazira) for sheep and other (animals); hence one says kası: ba:dim 'I fitted together (*aqadtu) an enclosure’ Kaš. III 224 (followed by Kası: the name of a place (maxvdi*) of ours).

Dis. V. ĞSD-

D kıstur- (squeeze, compress, reduce, shorten) Caus. f. of kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); s.i.m.m.l. Xak. xı beg anıt) ada:kın kısturdi: 'the beg ordered that his leg should be compressed’ (bi-dağt ricliht); also used when he tortured him with a noose ('aqabahu bi’l-rvahq); and one says  (ol) amg ašın kısturdi: ‘he ordered a reduction (bi-naqf) in the food (etc.) assigned to him’; and one says (MS. in error? ašluhu ‘its origin is’) ol anig to:nin kısturdi: ‘he ordered the shortening (bi-taqšîŋ of his garment’ Kaš. II 190 (kısturur, kısturmn:k).

D kustur- (sick) Caus. f. of kus- (vomit); s.i.m.m.l. Xak. xı süčig erig kusturdi: ‘the wine made the man sick’ (aicqa'a... fVI-qayy); also used of anything when it makes a dye fade (anšnla’l--xidab) Kaš. II 190 (kusturur, kusturma:k).

E kıstaš- See kasnaš- (shiver).

Dis. ĞSĞ

?D kasığ (stomach, groin, scrotum, frontal bone, cheek, jaws, mandibles, thigh, hypochondria) morphologically a Dev. N. fr. *kas- or *kasi:-, cf. kasna:- (shiver); an anatomical term with a wide range of meanings; in II 350 R. suggests that it was basically a part of the body on which there are folds in the skin or wrinkles, but kasna:- (shiver) suggests that it was a part which wobbles. Survives in NW Kaz. kasık ‘the lower part (external) of the stomach’, and SW Az. ğasığ; Osm. kasık; Tkm. ğa:sıkgroin’, and in Az. also ‘scrotum’ and ‘frontal bone’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. in II I 95-6 a remedy for kasığ ağrığ (ı) lies between remedies for an itching ulcer and tooth-ache; here perhaps ‘a pain in the jaw’: Xak. xı kasığ al-šahr, that is, ‘the inside (dSxil) of the mouth on the right and left’ Kaš. I 375; (in a note on Den. V.’s in -la:-) like the expression ol am: kasığla:dı: toakazahu ‘he hit him with his fist’, from kasığ al-mediğen ‘the jaws, mandibles’ III 345, e: xıv Muh. (l) a flu’ l-faxd ‘the base of the thigh’ ka:sık (MS. ka:štk) Rif. 142 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kasığ/kasık tahigöh ‘the hypochondria’; in Ar. xasira (‘waist’; and the people of the New World call their chiefs kasık (Haitian cacique)) San. 273V. 9.

kasıkın (bark (tree), skin (onion, snake)

D kasuk (bark (tree)) Dim. f. of ka:s; lit. ‘a small (piece of) bark’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kasuk ‘bark’ occurs several times in 11 I, (of a tree or shrub) 26 (ığa:č), 191 (čüšüm); also ‘peel’ (of a peach) 38 (1 erük), (or garlic) 44 (osğun), and ‘the skin’ (of a snake) 109 (spelt kastk): Xak. xı kasuk ‘a thing like a water-skin (aj--rajciya) made of horse-hidc in which milk, fresh or sour, is stored’: kasuk ‘the bark (liha) of any tree’; its origin is ka:s and the qaf is a Suff. (ziyada) Kaš. I 382.

D kısığ (constriction, confinement) Dev. N. fr. kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); ‘constriction, confinement', and the like. N.o.a.b.; kısık ‘confined, compressed’ in several NW and SW languages is a parallel Dev. N./A. in -uk (Pass.) and not a later form of this word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 103-4 (ün-): Bud. TT IV, p. 15, footnote, 1. 5 (tagığ); VI110-11 (kavrığ): Xak. xı kısığ al-habs wa'l-dtq ‘imprisonment, confinement’; one says ol beg kısığında: kaldı: ‘he remained in the beg’s prison’, and payment for something was demanded from him Kaš. I 37e: Čağ. xv ff. kısık šiddat ‘difficulty, hardship’ San. 297V. 8 (quotn.): Osm. xıv to xvı kısu 'pain, \6677\ embarrassment’, and the like; in several texts TTS I 463; II 633; IV 516.
667

D kusığ (nausea, vomiting) N.Ac. fr. kus- (vomit); ‘nausea, vomiting’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (demons) kusuğ ašlığlar ‘who devour vomit’ UII61, 11: Xak. xı kusığ al-quye' ‘vomiting’; one says am: kusığ tutti: 'he had an attack of vomiting’ Kaš. I 376.

kusik (fruit) a word used for several kinds of tree fruit. Survives in most NE dialects as kuzuk normally ‘cedar nut’, but in Šor ‘pine kernel’. L.-w. in Pe. as qusuq ‘pine kernel’, Doerfer III 1490. Xak. xı kusik al-cillawz ‘pine-kernel’; slave girls (al-eme’) are named after it Kaš. I 382; (Den. V.s in -la:- cannot be formed from all N.s) e.g. it is not permissible to form a V. kusikla:di: fr. kusik al-cillaioz III 347. 12.

D kısğa: (short) N./A.S. fr. kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); ‘short’ and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g., usually as kıska, but SW Az. ğısa; Osm. kısa; Tkm. ğısğa. Türkü vııı Ix. 23 (uvul-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 42, 27-8 (özlüg): Xak. xı (prov., cut wood long (uzu:n) but) temür kısğa: kes ‘cut iron short’ (qašiŋ; i.e. shorter than you need because it can be made longer Kaš. II 11, 20; n.m.e.: KB yašı kısğa isiz ‘the shortlived sinner’ 348; elig kısğa tuttuih ‘I have not been grasping’ 6079; o.o. 964 (yašlığ), 1533: xııı (?) Tef. kıska ‘short’ (not long; not tall) 209: xıv Muh. al-qaslr (opposite to ‘long’ u:zu:n) kısğa: Mel. 48, 10; kı:ska: Rif. 142 (in margin kı:sa:); kısğa: 152 (only); gašura 'to be short’ kıšğal- (crasis of kıšğa: ol-) 30, 7; kısal- 114; Čağ. xv ff. kıska küteh ‘short’ San. 297V. 8: Xwar. xıv kıska/kısxa ‘short’ Qutb 149; Nahc. 435, 16; 436, 2: Kom. xıv ‘short’ kısğa/kıska CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-qašlr (opposite to ‘long’ uzu:n) kıška:/ kıša: Hou. 25, 15: xıv kıšğa: al-qastr, in the Kiteb Beylik kıška:; Tkm. kıša: Id. 72: xv qaštr kıska: Kav. 28, 4; a.o.o.; Tuh. 29a. 2.

D kısğa:č (pincers, tongs, claw, crab, grasping, avaricious) N.I. fr. kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); s.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes for ‘pincers, tongs, (a crab’s) claw’, and the like; occasionally also for animals like ‘the crab’, and metaph. ‘grasping, avaricious’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A MI 8, 10  (ol): Bud. ‘shafts’ (?) TT V 26, 116 (boğuz): Xak. xı kısğa:č al-kalbatdn ‘tongs, pincers’ Kaš. 7455: xıv Sluh. (l) kalbaten kısğa:č Rif. 160 (only): Oğuz xı kısğa:č ‘a small black animal (duıvaybba saiedd) which bites men’ Kaš. I 455 (? crab): Kom. xıv ‘tongs’ kıskač CCI; Gr.: Kip. xıv kıšğač al-nti'šer ‘a wine, or olive, press’; kıškač al-saratdn ‘crab’ Id. 72; al-saratdn kıska:č Bul. 5, 1: xv al-baxil ‘miserly’ klzğaš (sic, vocalized kazğiš) Kav. 60, 7; Tkm. sarafan kıškaš (in margin kısaš; Kıp. ilengiš (for *llingeč, not an ancient word, with yegeš in margin) Tuh. 19a. 9: Osm. xv ff. kısač ‘pincers, tongs’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 462; 7/632; 777 449; IV 515.

D kısğak Hap. leg.; N./A. of Habitual Action fr. kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); ‘mean, stingy, grasping’; cf. kısğan-. \\ Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (generous men who give alms are scarce) kısğak bušı b^rmez tmlığ-lar üküš ‘mean men who do not give alms are numerous’ TT VI 5 (some MS. read kız kıvırğak saran for kısğak).
667

D kusğak (vomiting) N./A. of Habitual Action fr. kus- (vomit); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (his legs ache, his mouth is dry) kusğak bolur ‘he becomes prone to nausea’ TT VII 25, 5: Kip. xv side-note (in same hand) to the discussion in Tuh. 83b. of V.s and Dev. N.s, and kukšak (metathesis of kuškak) from kuštı.

Dis. V. ĞSĞ-

D kısğan- abbreviated Refl. Den. V. fr. kısığ (constriction, confinement); ‘to be mean, grasping’, and the like. S.i.s.m.l. in NE and SW. Türkü vııı ff. Man. M III 21, 1-4 (i) (ağı:) : Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (hide your hidden treasure) arığ nomka: kısğanmatm ‘without being miserly regarding the pure doctrine’ (?) M III 11, 8 (in: Xak. xı er tava:rın kısğandı: ‘the man was miserly about spending money’ (tadayyaqa bi-infdqi'l- -mdl); also about other things Kaš. II 250 (kısğanır.r, kısğanma:k): Kom. xıv ‘niŋgardly’ kısğanıp CCG; Gr. 208: Kip. xııı hasada ‘to envy, grudge’ kiskam- Hou. 36, 7: xıv kıškan- ğdra mina'1-ğira ‘to be jealous, to grudge’ Id. 72; ditto kısğan- Bul. esr.: xv baxila ‘to be miserly’ kızğan- (sic) Tuh. 8b. 4; šahha wa baxila ditto, kızğan- in margin do. 21b. 11: Osm. xvııı kıskan- (spelt) in Rumi, rašk wa hasad bur dan ‘to be envious, jealous’ San. 297V. 5.

Tris. ĞSĞ

kasukluğ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. kasuk. Xak. xı kasukluğ er ‘a man who owns a skin vessel (rdiviya) full of sour milk’ Kaš. I 497.

D kusıklığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. kusik. Xak. xı kusıklığ er ‘a man who owns pine-kernels (cillawz) Kaš. I 497.

Tris. V. ĞSĞ-

D kasığla:- (punch) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. kasığ. Xak. xı ol kulın kasığla:dı: wakaza 'abdahu wakza (n) ‘he punched his slave (on the jaw)’ Kaš. III 336 (kasığla:r, kasığla:ma:k); a.o. 34s, 4 (kasığ).

Dis. ĞSL

D kısıl Pass. Dev. N. fr. kıs- (compress, squeeze, pinch, collect, restrain, post); ‘a narrow gorge’. N.o.a.b., but also used as a geographical name of a place near Kucha, now called Kızıl, mentioned in an Uyğ. Bud. colophon, UI 14, 9 and a Civ. document USp. 17, 8-9. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Himavant tag kist-ltnda kirip ‘entering a narrow gorge in the Himalayas’ U II 26, 3.

Dis. V. ĞSL-

D kısıl- Pass. f. of kis- (press); ‘to be squeezed, compressed’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT IV, p. 15, note, 1. 5 (taijil-): Civ. \\ (if a man’s hair is cut on a Leopard day) öz yaš kısılur ‘his life is shortened’ TT VII, 33, 6; a.o. H II 8, 27: Xak. \ı elig kapuğka: kısıldı: ‘his hand was pinched (indağafa) in the door’; also used of anvthinp when it is squeezed (tadayyaqa) between two objects and cannot pet out (baqiya fihŋ Kaš. If 135 (kisi-lur, kisilma:k): KB tiriglik kısıldı: ‘life is for a limited period’ 648e: Čağ. xv ff. kisil- (spelt) tang fašurda šudan ‘to be squeezed tight’ San. 297r. 5 (quotn.).
668

Dis. V. ĞSL

D kisilt- Caus. f. of kısıl-; ‘to blockade’ (a fort) and the like. Survives in NW Kaz. kisilt- ‘to force one’s way into (something)’ R II 806. Türkü vııı II E 37 (karğu:).

D kıšlın- Hap. leg.; abbreviated Refl. f. of kısıl-, Xak. xı kislmdi: ne:r> ‘the thing was squeezed and pinched (tadayyaqa wa indağata) between two objects’, as for example the foot is held (tabqa) between the two straps of a stirrup or between the door and the threshold Kaš. II 251 (kislinu:r, kislinma:k; the reference seems to be to a primitive loop-strap stirrup without a stirrup iron; see kisma:k).

Dis. ĞSM

D kisma:k Conc. N. fr. kis- (press). Survives in NE Šor kispak ‘gorge, defile’ R II 817 (cf. kısıl); for the meaning see kıšlın-, Xak. xı kısma:k sayrayi'l-rikebi'l- arîdayn yakunu'l--rikab baynahume ‘the two broad straps of the stirrup between which is the stirrup’; (‘stirrup’ here must be something like a platform on the stirrup leather, not a stirrup iron of modern shape): kisma:k al-wahaq ‘a noose’ Kaš. I 474; a.o. II 219 (kısruš-).

Dis. ĞSN

F xasm: Hap. leg.; no doubt an Iranian l.-w. cognate to Pe. kavn ‘endive, chicory’; al - ukka means normally ‘a skin for making butter in’; its meaning here is obscure. Xak. xı xasm: ‘an Indian drug (dazca’) put in a child’s 'ukka so that he can suck it and put on flesh’ Kaš. I 435.

Dis. V. ĞSN-

D kısın- Hap. leg.?; Refl. f. of kis- (press); cf. kis-ğan-, Xak. xı er tava:rın kısındı: baxila’l--racul bi-infeq sil'atihi ‘the man was mean about spending his property’; also used of a man suffering from strangury (al-haqin aici'l-haqib) when his urine is retained Kaš. II 155 (kısınılır, kısınma:k).

D kasna:- (shiver) Den. V. fr. *kasın Dev. N. fr. *kas- or *kası:-, cf. kasığ, kasınčığ; ‘to shiver with cold’. This V. and its der. f.s are all pec. to Kaš.; it is possible, but semantically improbable, that NE Bar. kasnal- ‘to be chipped, slightly broken’ R II 354 is the Pass. f., since this V. is Intrans. Xak. xı er tumluğka: kasna:di: daraba’l-raculu'l-hanaka'l--a'hl 'ala’l-asfal mina’l-bard ‘the man struck his upper jaw against the lower because of the cold’ (i.e. his teeth chattered); also used of a dog when it whines (harra) because of the cold Kaš. III 302 (kasna:r, kasna:ma:k); kirdi: bodu:n kasnayu: 'the people came in shivering with cold’ (irta’ada... mina’l-bard) II 223, 11 (misvocalized kusnayu:)', III 147, 15.

D kasnat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kasna:- (shiver). Xak. xı tumluğ ani: kasnatti: ‘the cold made him shiver (ar'adahu) so that he struck his upper teeth against the lower with the cold’ Kaš. II 350 (kasnatu:r, kasnatma:k).

D kasnaš- (shiver) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kasna:- (shiver); mis-spelt kıstaš- in the MS. Xak. xı it kamuğ tumluğdın kasnašdı: ‘the dogs all whined (harrat) because of the cold and shivered’  (irta'adat); also used of others Kaš. II 221 (kasnašdı: (sic for kasnašu:ŋ kasnašma:k).

Tris. ĞSN

D kasınčığ either Den. N./A. fr. *kasın, see kašna:- (shiver), or Dev. N./A. fr. *kasııı- Refl. f. of *kas-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı fl. Man. kasın-čığım ü[čün] kadğurarmcn ‘I am uneasy because of my timidity’ M II 8, 5: Bud. (the power of Kuan-ši-im to bestow divine grace) kasınčığ uluğ tetir ‘is called terrifyingly great’ Kuan. 60; in v.l.s to TT VI 88-9, ‘demons below the earth, torturers and killers’ kasınčığlar is inserted in one MS. and korkınčığlar in another, both meaning ‘terrifiers’.

D kusınčığ (revolting) Hap. leg.; a N./A. of the same character as kasmčığ ultimately der. fr. kus- (vomit); ‘revolting’ Xak. xı kuš bala:sı: kusınčığ ‘a nestling before it is fledged is something by which everyone who sees it is revolted’ (šay’ yastaqdir minhu man ra'ehır, with a puppy it is the other way round) Kaš. III 232, 14; n.m.e.

Dis. ĞSR

?D kısır perhaps ücv. N. fr. kis- (press) in the sense of having the sexual organs constricted; ‘sterile, barren’, of a woman or animal. S.i.a.m.l.g. in the same sense, also more widely of trees, etc.; cf. arsalik. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1491. Xak. xı kısır ‘barren’ (al-aqim) of a woman or any quadruped; and one says kısır kisra:k ‘a barren mare’ (ramaka ha'il) Kaš. I 364; a.o. III 88 (yoza:-); in I 236, 3 adğır kısır is an error for adğır kısrak: xıv Muh. (?) al-na'ca ‘ewe’ kısır Rif. 172 (only; this is an addition to the original text, prob. some words have fallen out between the two parts of this entry): Čağ. xv ff. kısır ‘an animal which is not pregnant’ (ebistan) San. 297V. 8: Kip. xııı al-hicru'l-'aqir ‘a barren mare’ kısır kısrak Hou. 12, 8: xıv kısır al-he'il Id. 72; xv 'aqim kısır Tuh. 24b. 9.

D kisra:k Dim. f. of kısır; originally ‘a young mare which has not foaled’, later, more generally, ‘a mare’. Survives in its original meaning in NE, NC, some NW languages and SW Az. ğısrağ and for ‘mare’ in SW Osm., not used in SE, SC. Cf. be:. Xak. xı kisra:k al-ramakatu’l-fatlya ‘a young mare’, \\ and in Oğuz ‘a mare of any kind’ Kaš. I 474 (prov.); about 10 o.o. nearly always translated ‘mare’, in some contexts clearly a mare which has already foaled: xıv Muh. al-hicra ‘mare’ kisra:k Mel. 69, 12; Rif. 170 (adding ‘a mare in foal or with a foal’ be:): Čağ. xv ff. kısrak medyen ‘mare’; the Türk-i Moğol use yunt and Rumi yund San. 297V. e: Xwar. xıv kısrak ’mare’ Qutb 149: Kom. xıv ‘a young mare’ kistrak (sic) CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-hicr kısrak (and ‘a mare with a foal’ be:) Hou. 12, 7; a.o. do. 12, 8 (kısıŋ: xıv kıšrak al-ramaka Id. 72: xv al-hicra kısrak Kav. 6i, 19; Tuh. 13a. 3.
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Dis. V. ĞSR-

D kisur- Caus. f. of kis- (press); ‘to shorten, abbreviate’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol uzun ne:gni: kisurdi: 'he shortened (qaššara) the long thing’ Kaš. II 78 (kisurur, kisurma:k): KB 176 (uzatıl-), 4052: (Kip. xv in the discussion in Tuh. 83b. of V.s and related Dev. N.s kısar- in kıska, kısar- seems to be a later form of *kısğar-, cf. kısğan-, rather than this word).

D kısruš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kisur-. Xak. xı ol agar kısma:k kısrušdı: ‘he helped him to shorten his stirrup leather’ (fi qasr sayri'l-rikeb; etc.) Kaš. II 219 (kısrıšu:r, kısrıšmatk sic).

Tris. ĞSR

D kasırku: (pkasırğo:) ‘whirlwind’; listed in Kaš. under -K-, which excludes the possibility of a scribal error, but prob. a dialect form of kasırğu: Dev. N. fr. *kasir- Caus. f. of *kas-. Survives in SW Az. ğasırğa; Osm. kasırğa; the -a suggests an earlier -o:, for which there is other evidence in the case of this Suff. Xak. xı kasırku: al-i'šer ‘whirlwind’ Kaš. I 489: Kip. xııı al-zawha'a ‘hurricane’ kašırka: (unvocalized) Hou. 5, 13:xiv kašurka al-zawha'a Id. 72: Osm. xvııı kasırğa (spelt) in Rumi, gird-bed ‘whirlwind’, also spelt kasırğa, in Ar. i'ser San. 273V. 6; kašırğa is another w-ord for Rumi VU dola ‘whirlwind’ do. 225V. 19 (dola is not traceable elsewhere).

Tris. V. ĞSR-

D kisraklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kısrak. Xak. xı er kısraktandı: ‘the man became the owner of a mare’ (ramaka) Kaš. II 275 (kisraklanu:r, kisraklanma:k); a.o. 279, 8.

D kısırkan- Refl. Dev. V. fr. kis- (press); ‘to be miserly’ and the like. Survives only (?) in SW Osm. kısırgan-, Cf. kısğan-, kısın-, Xak. xı er tava:rın kısırkandı: ‘the man took great pains to preserve (tašaddada... fi tahaffuz) his wealth and was afraid to spend it’ Kaš. II 263 (kısırkanu:r, kısırkanma:k; verse).

Mon. ĞŠ

1 ka:š (eyebrow, mountain ridge, crest, summit, cliff, large rock, edge, side, saddle bow, frown, facing, (in the) presence, beside) (Scythian Kau Kas “White Cliffs, Rockies” (Herodotus 1.104), Krou Kas “Snow Cliffs, Rockies” (Pliny 6.XIX), both translated) properly ‘eyebrow’, hence metaph. ‘the edge or side’ of a thing (cf. ‘the brow of a hill’ in English). S.i.a.m.l.g. in both meanings, except that in NE the Mong. l.-w. kömösge is generally used for ‘eyebrow’; metaph. meanings include ‘the brow (of a hill), saddle bow’, and the like; in some it is used in oblique cases with Poss. Suffs. in such phr. as kašımda ‘in my presence, near me’. SW Tkm. ğa:š. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1391. Türkü vııı (when I die, my relations’, beg's and people’s) közi: kašı: yavlak boltačı: ‘eyes and eyebrows will be sore (with weeping)’ 1 N 11 Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kašı körtlem ‘my lovely eyebrowed one’ M II 8, 7: Bud. TT X 436-7 (tü:): Civ. ogdın kaš tepreser ‘if the right eyebrow twitches’ TT VII 34, 11: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. mei ‘eyebrow’ (Giles 7,714) kaš Ligeti 164: Xak. xı ka:š hecibu'l--ayn ‘eyebrows’; (2 ka:š follows here); ka:š the side, edge, summit’, etc. (harf... tva šafiruhu) of anything’; hence one says ya:r ka:šı: ‘the edge of an eroded river-bank (ravine)’ (etc.) Kaš. III 152; / 424 (kavšı:); 524, 6; II 328 (kırčat-): KB (the partridge with blood-red beak and) kašı kap kara ‘dead black eyebrows’ 76; tügme kašıŋ ‘do not frown’ 191; o.o. 69 (etin-), 80 (kalık), 770 (ačıt-), etc.: xııı (?) At. 205 (alın); Tef. kašeyebrow; mountain ridge’ 20e: xıv Muh. al-hecib ka:š Mel. 46, 1; Rif. 140: Čağ. xv ff. kašıda yanında ‘by his side’ Vel. 322 (quotns.); kaš (1) ebrû ‘eyebrow’ (quotn.); (2) bar-e-bar wa hudür ‘facing, (in the) presence (of)’ (quotn.) San. 273V. 23: Xwar. xııı kaš with Poss. Suffs. ‘beside’ 'Ali 22: xııı (?) kašeyebrow’ Oğ. e: xıv ditto Qutb 134, MN 104, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘eyebrowkaš; ‘saddle-bowkaš CCI; Gr. 195 (quotn., see 3 al): Kip. xııı al-hecib ka:š which also means ( (i) see 2 k.a:š (jade)); (2) qunnatu’l-cabali’l--mumtadda tüla (n) le irtife'a (n) ‘the brow of a mountain stretching horizontally not perpendicularly (ridge)’ Hou. 20, 2: xıv kaš al-hecib, also ‘the crest of a hill’ (ra’su'1-rebiya) Id. 72; a.o. do. 41 (čat-): xv al-hecib ka:š Kav. 60, 11; 74, 18; Tuh. 12b. 5; šaqif ‘a large rockkaš do. 20b. 2 (prob. <korum (?): šafir) omitted): Osm. xıv ff. kašeyebrow’ and with metaph. meanings noted in several phr. TordsTS I 430; II 595-6; HI 418; IV 480.

For the toponym Caucasus Herodotus and Pliny left us 3 Scythian translated words, Kau “White”, Krou “Snow”, and Kas “Mountain, Mountaintop”, all 3 words are listed here in the EDT. The other 6 Scythian words translated to Greek are also listed here in the EDT. That is 9 out of 9, or 100%. Of the 10 translated Scythian words recorded in the Assyrian tablets, 9 words are listed here in the EDT. One word, vita “opposite” (adj), unless it is some distorted allophone of utru:, is not listed in the EDT. That is 9 out of 10, or 100%. Of the combined 19 words, 18 are Türkic words, or 95% are known and still active Türkic words.

2 ka:š (jade) properly ‘jade’; survives with this meaning, usually in the phr. kaš taš, in SE Türki; in other areas, where jade is unknown, it came in the medieval period to mean more generally ‘precious stone’, and in particular ‘the bezel of a finger ring’; in these meanings survives in NC Kır., some NW languages, and SW Az. ğaš; Osm. kaš; Tkm. ğa:š; fee 2 ya:t. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. yii shih ‘jade stone’ (Giles 13,630 9,964) kaš taš Ligeti 163; R II 389: Xak. xı ka:š hacera šefiya ‘a translucent precious stone’, white and black; the white sort is used in finger rings (yuxtam) as a protection against thunderbolts, thirst, and lightning; ka:š ögü:z two rivers which flow one each side of the city of Khotan; one is called ürüŋ ka:š ögü:z, the white translucent stone is found in it, and the river is called after it; the other is called kara: ka:š \670\ ögü:z, the black traııslııcent stone is found in it; this precious stone is not found in any part of the world except these two rivers Kaš. III 152; o.o. I 330, 25 (savur- (scatter; winnow), q.v.); kimiŋ bile: ka:š bolsa: yašın yakma:s ‘if anyone has ka:š with him, that is a white translucent stone used in finger rings (yataxattum bihŋ, lightning does not strike him’, because this is its nature; and if it is wrapped in linen and put in a fire, it does not burn and neither does the linen III 22, 4: XIV Muh. al-yašm ‘jade’ ka:š Mel. 75, 9; Rif■ 178; al-fašš ‘bezel’ ğö:z ka:š S3. 81 15°: Ča&- xv ff. kaš . . (3) nigin-i anguštar ‘the bezel of a finger ring’ San. 273V. 27: (Xwar. xıv kaš in neče kaš İčre gaw-har izleğeyin looks like a misreading of taš ‘in however many stones I search for jewels’ Qutb 134): Kip. xııı faššu'l-xetim ‘the bezel of a ring’ ka:š Hou. 17, 20; a.o. do. 20, 2 (1 ka:š): xv ditto kayš (sic)-, and ‘a ring with a bezel’ is kayšlı: yüzük Kav. 64, 11.
670

kıš (winter) ‘winter’; c.i.a.p.a.l. Türkü vııj (in my 38th year) kıšın ‘in the winter’ II S 2: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. ak kıšıg az ‘you have few white winters' TT I 159: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘winter’ kıš Ligeti 16e: Xak. xı kıš al-šita ‘winter’ Kaš. I 332 (prov.); about 10 o.o., once spelt kı:š: KB yayı boldi kıš ‘his summer has become winter’ 367: xıı (?) Tef. kıš ‘winter’ 210: xıv Muh. al-šita kı:š Mel. 28, 15; 79, 15; Rif. 184: Čağ. xv ff. kıš is the three months of the winter (zamisten) season, and yaz the three months of the summer season; they also call the first six months of the (Pe.) year yaz and the second six months kıš San. 297V. 22 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kıš ‘winter’ MN 36, etc.: Kom. xıv ditto CCI, CCG; Gr. 208 (quotns.): Kip. xıv kıš al-šita ; kıš (‘with a long kasra') fašlul-šita *thî season of winter’ Id. 72; al-šita kıš Bul. 13, e: xv ditto Kav. 36, 16; Tuh. 21 a. 6.

ko:š (pair; one of a pair) ‘a pair; one of a pair’, and the like; s.i.a.m.l.g. with some extended meanings; l.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1361. Cf. koš-, Xak. xı ko:š at the name used for ‘a king’s led, or spare, horse’ (canebatu’l-malik): ko:š ‘a pair’ (al zatvc) of anything; hence in Oğuz ‘scissors’ (al-miqrad) are called ko:š blče:k that is ‘a pair of knives’ Kaš. III 126 (prov.); koš (sic) kılıč al-sayfen 'two swords’ I 359, 4: xııı i (?) Tef. koš koš anlardın ‘some families of them’ 215: Čağ. xv koš ‘two full cups at a banquet which they call čift' (Pe. cift) (quotns.); koš koš beraber beraber ve čifta čıfta ‘in pairs’ (quotn.) Vel. 340-1; koš (‘with -o-’) (1) xena tva manzil ‘house, dwelling’ (there is no other trace of this meaning); (2) cift tva zatvc (quotn.); (3) metaph. dii piyala ‘two cups’ which the wine-bearer gives in immediate succession (quotns.); (4) cift-i getv-i ker ‘a pair of working oxen’ (quotn.) and also mahall-i zire'at ‘an arable field’ San. 288r. 19: Oğuz xı Kaš. /33ı (kuš); III 126 (see Xak.); 221-2 (kara:): Xwar. xıv koš (1) ‘a pair’ (of anything); (2) ‘a double drink’ (as a toast) Qutb 141; MN 48, etc.: Kip. xıv \\\ (1) ko:š al-farasu'1-ceııib ‘a led, or spare, horse’; (2) koš al-qiren ‘0 conjunction ot planets’ İd. 72; (2) only Bul. 2, 15.

kuš (bird)bird’; often used as a sort of appendage to specific names of birds. C.i.a.p.a.l. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer 111 1561. Türkü vııı ff. kuš oğlı: either gencrically ‘birds’ or specifically ‘young birds’ IrkB 15; ögüz kušı: ‘river birds’ do. 43 ; several occurrences as appendage, e.g. toğan kuš do. 4, 44 etc.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A takığu kuš ‘domestic fowl’ M I 36, 2 etc.: Bud. učuğma kuš kuzğun ‘flying birds and ravens’ U HI 32, 4; a.o.o.: Civ. kök kalıkta učar kuš ‘birds flying in the sky’ TT I 23; a.o.o.: Xak. xı kuš ‘bird’ (al-tayŋ a generic term; then some of them have specific names (yufarraq); ‘the white falcon’ (al-bezŋ is called ürüŋ kuš; kara: kuš ‘eagle’ (al-uqeb); tevey kuš ‘ostrich’ (al-na'öm); (PU) yo:n kuš ‘peacock’ (al-te’ıls); (VU) 1:1 kuš ‘vulture’ (al-rahama); kara: kuš al-muštari mina'l-nucûm ‘the planet Jupiter’; one says kara: kuš tuğdı: ‘Jupiter has risen' (fala'a), it rises at dawn Činda'l-šubh) in their country; (Oğuz phr. follows); kız kuš ‘a bird like the finch (abû bareqiš) in colour’ Kaš. I 331 ; many o.o.: KB ular kuš ‘the partridge’ 75: xııı (?) At. (fortune) kuš teg učar ‘flies away like a bird’ 224; Tef. kuš ‘bird’ 219: xıv Muh. al-tayr ku:š Mel. 72, 13; Rif. 175: Čağ. xv ff. kuš parvena ‘moth’ Vel. 340 (quotn.; as pointed out in San., a mistranslation); kuš (‘with -u-’) ftıyür ‘bird (s)’ San. 288r. 24 (quotns.; correction of Vel.): Oğuz xı although the following entry is embedded among names of birds it seems to belong to ko:š; kara: koš atref axfefi'l-ibil ‘the sides of camels’ feet’ Kaš. I 331: Kom. xıv ‘bird’ kuš; ‘eagle’ kara kuš CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-fayr muflaqa (n) ‘bird’ in general ku:š... al-'uqeb kara: kuš... al-qubaysa ‘little screech owl’ ba:y kuš (and many other names without kuš appended) Hou. 9, 19 ff.: xıv kuš al-tayr; kuš kuyruğı: (‘bird’s tail’) al-dummal ‘ulcer’ Id. 72; Bui. 11, 9; 10, 2; al-macarra ‘the Milky Way’ kuš yolı: do. 2, 13: xv (mutlaqul-) teı’ir ku:š Kav. 39, 8; 62, 12; Tuh. 23b. 6; al-uqeb kara: kuš; al-na'em devve: kuš Kav. 62, 13-14.

Mon. V. ĞŠ-

kıš- (deviate) ‘to deviate’ and the like; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı er yo:ldin kı:šdı: ‘the man deviated (mela) from the road’; also used of the sun when it declines from the zenith (zelat 'an kabidi'l--same') Kaš. HI 182 (kıša:r, kıšma:k): xııı (?) Tef. kıš- ‘to turn away’ (from God) and the like 210.

koš- (conjoin, unite (two things), together) ‘to conjoin, unite (two things); homophonous w. ko:š. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. this and extended meanings, e.g. ‘to string together (verses), to compose (a poem), to harness (animals)’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (if I fall behind in my payments) blrke bir košup b^rürmen ‘I will pay two (rolls of cloth) for every one (overdue)’ USp. 8, 7; üpiip kušnug sügükin yıpar birle košup ‘combine hoopoe’s bones \671\ with musk’ (and rub them on the face) TT VII 23, e: Xak. xı ol ko:yka: ečkü: košdı: ‘he united (qarana) the goats and the sheep’; also used for uniting anything with something else; and one says ol yı:r košdı: nazama’l-ğazal wa’l-ši'r ‘he composed an ode or poem’ Kaš. II 14 (koša:r, košma:k): KB ukar erse ši'r ham košar erse öz ‘if he understands poetry and composes it himself’ 2631: Čağ. xıv koš- (1) amwet-re nubüha kardan ‘to eulogize the dead’; (2) ham-reh kardan wa amixtan ‘toput (travellers) on the road together, to mix’ San. 287V. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv koš- ‘to compose (poetry)’ Qutb 141: Kip. xıv koš-canaba (‘to lead (a horse) beside someone’) wa qarana Id. 72; a.o. do. 7 (ebe:): xv qarana koš- Tuh. 30a. 11; (alqa ‘to meetkoš- do. 5b. 12 and rassama ay alqa koš- do. 17b. 5 are prob. mis-spellings of kavuš-): Osm. xıv ff. koš- ‘to add (one thing to another), to associate, to attach (someone to someone else)’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 486; II 652; III 478; IV 542.
671

Dis. ĞŠA

D koša: (pair, double) Gerund fr. koš- used as a N. or Adv.; s.i.s.m.l. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1567. Xak. xı (the mother being deceitful makes the bread thin; the son being intelligent) koša: kapa:r ‘filches a double ration’ Kaš. III 33, 27; kutluğka: koša: yağa:r ‘the man favoured by heaven gets a double ration of rain’ III 60, 24; n.m.e.: Xwar. xıv koša kašıgda ‘in your two eyebrows’ MN 271: Osm. xıv to xvı koša ‘a pair, double’; in several texts TTS I 485; II 652; IV 542.

Dis. V. ĞŠA-

*kaša:- (relieve by scratching, scratch) See kašaŋ (relax, relieve, lazy, sluggish, idle), kašaŋ- (relieve (urinate)).

kašı:- (relieve by scratching, scratch) ‘to scratch’ and the like; s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?) w. minor phonetic changes, including final -ı:--a:-. Xak. xı ol meni: kašı:dı: ‘he scratched (hakka) me’ Kaš. III 267 (kašı:r, kašı:ma:k; prov.); same prov. I 438, 15: xıv Muh. hakka ka:šı:- Mel. 25, 7; Rif. 108; al-hakk kašı:mak 36, 5; 122: Čağ. xv fF. kašıp’Aajjyı//) Vel. 323; kašı- (spelt) xendan ‘to scratch’; boyun kašı- ‘to scratch one’s neck’ is an idiom for šarmanda šudan ‘to be confused, disconcerted’ San. 273V. 10 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv kašı- ‘to scratch’ (oneself) Qutb 135: Kom. xıv ‘to scratchkaša-/ kašı- CCI, CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xııı masaha min mashi'l-faras ‘to curry-comb a horse’ kašı:- Hou. 36, 16; hassa min hassi'l-faras ditto kašı:-; hakka kašı:- do. 39, 13: xıv kašı- hakka İd. 72: xv ditto Tuh. 13b. 3; Kav. 77, 9 (-š- represented by he’ with three superposed dots and the remark ‘between cim and šin’).

Dis. ĞŠC

D kuščı: (birder, falconer) N.Ag. fr. kuš; ‘falconer’. S.i.s.m.l. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1564. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in lists of people who kill animals) kuš[čı] PP 1, 7; kuščı TT IV 8, 57: Xak. xı KB (in a list of royal servants) kuščı 4148.

Dis. V. ĞŠD-

D kašıt- (relieve by scratching, scratch) Caus. f. of kašı:- (relieve by scratching, scratch); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı er tanıtn kašıttı: ‘the man had his body scratched’ (ahakka) Kaš. II 307 (kašıtu:r, kašıtma:k); a.o. I 514: Čağ. xv ff. kašıt- Caus. f.; xerendan ‘to order to scratch’ San. 273V. 20.

Dis. ĞŠĞ

kašak ?pec. to Kaš.; but a l.-w. in Buriat Mong. as xalaxan; the context in II 328, 17 suggests that al-halfe here means ‘bulrush’ rather than ‘alfalfa’. Xak. xı kašak al-halfe Kaš. I 383; a.o. II 328, 17 (tergek).

D kašığ Dev. N./A. fr. kašı:- (relieve by scratching, scratch); pec. to KB. It clearly has a metaph. meaning of some kind, perhaps ‘trim, conscientious’. Xak. xı KB ‘if a wazir is clean-shaven, he is kašığ; if a wazir is kašığ, he does his work well’ 2217; ‘a brave man must be kašığ and clean-shaven; his reputation must be widespread and he must be famous. He must be kašığ to evil-doers, so that they fear him, and kind to the well-behaved so that they love him’ 2298-9.

D kašuk Pass. Dev. N. fr. kašı:- (relieve by scratching, scratch); ‘spoon’, lit. ‘something which has been hollowed out by scratching’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, usually as kašık, SE Türki kašuk/košuk. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1393. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. bir kašukča ‘about one spoonful’ HI 169; a.o. II 18, 63 (ašnu:): Xak. xı kašuk al-mil'aqa ‘spoon’ Kaš. I 383 (prov.): xıv Muh. al-miVaqa ka:šuk Mel. 68, 14; Rtf. 169: Čağ. xv ff. kašuk ma'rüf ‘well-known’ (i.e. as a l.-w. in Pe.) San. 274r. 4 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘spoon’ kašuk CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-rmVaqa ka:šu:k Hou. 17, 10: xıv kašuk ditto Id. 72: xv ditto ka:šuk Kav. 54, 16; 64, 7; Tuh. 34». 6.

kaškıp (wolf) (Shcherbak, 1961, p. 132 Kaшkïp. Казах., к.-калп. kackip; кирг. kapiıukip; узб. kaıuk'ip; чув. кашкар.
Shcherbak, 1961, p. 132: Возможны два пути этимологизации kaшkïp 80. Если за исходную в этимологическом отношении принять казахско-узбекскую форму, то слово kaшkïp
удобно сопоставить с глаголом kackai- 'прямо и ясно выставиться’, 'оскалить зубы’ (см. БСл, II, 17; ср. там же: kackap- 'прямо, лбом обратиться к чему-нибудь’). Если же за исходную будет принята киргизская форма, основой необходимо считать kapïш-, ср. уйг. käpшi- 'скалить зубы81. -Fyp, -rip — аффикс одного из древних причастий.)

D košuğ Dev. N. fr. koš-; normally ‘poem, song’ but with other potential meanings, see košuğluğ. Survives as košu with several such meanings in SW Osm. The forms košuk/ košak; NW Kk. kosak in some modem languages seem rather to be the Pass. Dev. N. which would have the same meaning. Xak. xı košuğ al-ši'r wa'l-racaz tva'l-qasa'id ‘poem, metre, odes’ Kaš. I 376 (verse): Čağ. xv ff. košuk ûrgüštak ušûltnda trlanan terkib ‘a composition sung in the ûrgüštak mode’ Vel. 342 (quotns.); košuk ‘a kind of composition' (tašnif); a technical description by Nawe't follows San. 288V. 5 (quotn.).

kašğa: (white head, light-colored marking on head, bald, bayonet on horse head, brave advance-guard) originally (of an animal) ‘with a white head and darker body’ or ‘with a white blaze on the forehead’. An old word ending in -ğa:; s.i.a.rp.l.g. except SW w. the same meaning, and sometimes (of a man) ‘bald-headed’. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1495. Xak. xı kašğa: ko:y al-arxam mina'1-ğanam ‘a sheep with a white head and a black body’; kašğa: at al-farasu'l-mubarqa' ‘a horse with a white blaze on the forehead’; a camel with a white blaze (al-asqa') is also called this Kaš. I 426 (followed by Kašğa: Buğra:, the name of \672\ two places): Čağ. nv ff. kaška (spelt) (i) ‘a horse or other animal with a blaze of white or some other colour on the forehead’; ( (2) Rumi); (3) ‘a kind of weapon (sileh) made of iron which they fasten on a horse’s forehead on the day of battle’ San. 27^. r: Kom. xıv ‘baldkaška CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kaška: al-ğurra ‘a blaze on a horse’s forehead’ Id. 72: xv ditto Tuh. 26b. e: Osm. xvııı kaška ... (2) in Rumi, dilir piš-cang ‘a brave advance-guard’ San. 274r. 2.
672

Dis. ĞŠĞ

D kıškı: N./A.S. fr. kıš; ‘wintry’ and the like. S.i.s.m.l. in NE. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. üč aylar bolur kıškı ödler 'three months are the winter season' Suv. 589, 12-13: Xak. xı KB (of the signs of the Zodiac) üčl kıškı ‘three belong to the winter’ 142: xııı (?) Tef. (in the summer you gave me) kıškı nı‘matnı ‘the amenities of the winter’ 210.

D kušğa:č unusual Dim. f. of kuš; ‘sparrow’; s.i.s.m.l. in NE, SE. Xak. xı kušğa:č al-'ušfür ‘sparrow’ Kaš. I 455: Xiv Muh. (l) al-'ušfür (serče:; in margin) kuška:č Rif. 175 (only).

VUF kıšğun a corruption, or dialect form, of ıšğu:n, q.v., an Iranian l.-w.; neither word is vocalized. N.o.a.b. Kaš. xı kıšğu:n ‘fresh reeds (al-qasab) which are eaten by cattle’; kıšğu:n diaİect form (luğa) of ıšğu:n ‘sorrel’ (al-ribes) Kaš. I 440.

Tris. ĞŠĞ

kašukluğ Hap. leg.?; P.N./A. fr. kašuk. Xak. xı kašukluğ aya:k qas'a det mil'aqa ‘a bowl with a spoon’ Kaš. I 497.

D kašukluk A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. kašuk; s.i.s.m.l. in such nıeaııİTTS as ‘spoon rack’. Xnk. xı kašukluk (MS. kašıklık) mügüz ‘a horn suitable for making into a spoon’ (al-mil'aqa) Kaš. I 504.

D košuğluğ P.N./A. fr. košuğ; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yüğrük atların košuğluğ karj-lıda olurup ‘seated in a chariot harnessed to swift horses’ Suv. 625, 5: Čağ. xv ff. košuk-luk mamzüc wa amixta ‘mingled, mixed’ San. 288v. 9.

D kašğalak Dev. N. fr. a Den. V. fr. kašğa:; ‘coot, bald coot’. S.i.s.m.l.; e.g. SC Uzb. kašğaldok. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1493. Xak. xı kašğalak ‘a kind of water-bird smaller than a duck’ Kaš. I 528 (verse): Čağ. xv ff. kaškaldağ (sic) ‘a black water bird, the flesh of which is rose-scented’, in Pe. meğ (‘a kind of cormorant; a kind of pigeon’, Steingass) San. 273V. 29.

Tris. V. ĞŠĞ-

D kašukla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. kašuk. Xak. xı ol ba:lığ kašukla:dı: ‘he licked (la'iqn) the honey in the spoon’ (al-mil'aqa) Kaš. III 338 (kašukla:r, kašukla:ma:k).

D kašuklan- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of kašukla:-. Xak. xı er kašuklandı: ‘the man owned \\ a spoon’ (mil’aqa) Kaš. I1 268 (kašuk!anu:r, kašuklamna:k).

Dis. ĞŠL

D kašlığ P.N./A. fr. 1 ka:š; usually preceded by a qualifying word, ‘having... eyebrows’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. tolılığ bulit teg (PU) tonkı kašlığ ‘with frozen (?) eyebrows like a cloud full of hail’ M II 11, 16-17 (tonkl is Hap. leg., perhaps a misspelling of *togki, N./A.S. fr. 1 tog): Xak. xı Kaš. III 239 (karvi:): (xiv Muh. (al-kundur ‘frankincense’ sakız); xitjiabu'l-hecib ‘dye for the eyebrows’ kašlık Rif. 162 is the parallel A.N. (Conc. N.); in Mel. 63, 15 xidebul-hecib has fallen out and kašlık comes below al-kundur; see sakız).

D kıšla:ğ (winter village) (castle) Conc. N. fr. kıšla:-; ‘winter quarters’; opposite to yayla:ğ. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes and extended meanings, e.g. in SW Osm. kıšla is merely ‘barracks’. L.-w. in Pe.,etc., Doerfer III 1496. Türkü vııı ff. (I am a predatory eagle...) kızı:l kaya: kıšlağım ‘a red rock is my winter quarters’ IrkB 51; a.o. do. 56 (kušluğ): Xak. xı kıšla:ğ al-mašatte' ‘winter quarters’ Kaš. I 464 (prov.); two o.o.: xıv Muh. al-mašatte' kıšla:ğ Mel. 76, 1; kı:šla:ğ Rif. 179: Cağ. xv ff. kıšlak ‘a warm place in which one spends the winter’, in Ar. masif (error, masif is ‘summer quarters’) San. 297V. 25.

D kıšlık A.N. (winter village) (castle) (Conc. N.) fr. kıš; survives in some NW and SW languages. Cf. kıšla:ğ. Xak. xı kıšlık ‘a residence for the winter’ (baytu’l-šataıvŋ; also anything that has been made ready (u'idda) for the winter Kaš. I474: Kip. xıv kıšlık al-mašatte’ ‘a winter station’ Id. 72.

D kušla:ğ Conc. N. fr. kušla:- ; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı kušla:ğ al-matira, that is la place where there are many birds and they are hunted’ Kaš. I 465: Čağ. xv ff. Xucandnig awlagi kušlağı bisyür yaxšı dur ‘in Khojend the areas for hunting game and wild birds are particularly good’ R II 1029, quoting Babur.

D kušluğ P.N./A. fr. kuš; ‘full of birds’. S.i.s.m.l. Türkü vııı ff. (I am a stallion...) kušlr.ğ ığač kıšlağım ‘trees with lots of birds in them are my winter quarters’ IrkB 56.

D kušluk A.N. (and Conc. N.) fr. kuš; a specifically Western word surviving only (?) in SW Osm. kušluk; Tkm. ğušluk (1) ‘the early part of the day’ (when birds are most active) (2) ‘aviary, place haunted by birds’, and the like. Oğuz xı kušluk al-dahwa ‘the early part of the forenoon’ Kaš. I 474: xııı (?) Tef. ditto 219: xıv Muh. al-ğade' ‘early morning meal’ kušluk Mel. 65, 10; Rif. 164; al-dahe ‘forenoon’ ku:šluk 80, 1; kušluk 184: Čağ. xv ff. kušluğ (sic) (1) češtgeh ‘the time of the mid-morning meal’; (2) murğiyat wa tayriyat ‘a bird-like character’ (quotn.) San. 288V. 9; a.o. do. i78v. 10, where it is described as Rumi: Kip. xııı al-dahe kušluk, derived \\  (muštaqq) from the fact that the birds then go to look for food Hou. 28, 14: xıv kušluk (1) člahwatu'l-naher; (2) al-našlu'l-'aričl ‘an arrow with a broad head used for shooting birds’ Id. 72: xv al-dahe kušluk Kav. 36, 13; Tuh. 72b. 10; al-dahwatu l-kubre ulu: kušluk Kav. 36, 13- ’
673

Dis. V. ĞŠN-

Dis. V. ĞSL-

D košul- (joined, join, united) Pass. f. of koš- (conjoin, unite (two things), together); ‘to be joined, united (to something)’, and the like; also Intrans. ‘to join (something Dat.)’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit dharmayukta ‘yoked to dharma’ (the true doctrine) nom tize: košolmıš TT VIII A.33: Xak. xı bi:r ne:g bi:rke: košuldı: ‘one thing joined (qarina) another’; also used when someone else joins them (qaranahu ğayruhu); hence one says yı:r košuldı: ‘the ode was composed’ (jıušima) Kaš. II 135 (košulur, košulma:k); bu kuzı: ol sağlık birle: košulğa:n ‘this lamb is constantly in the company (yuqdrin) of that ewe’ I 520; ölüg birle: košuldı: ‘he has been united with the dead’ II 128, 5; sağlık sürüg košuldı: 'the flocks have been collected (dummat) for milking’ III 102, 19: Čağ. xv ff. košul- (-ğučı) košul- ve ula- Vel. 341; košul-/košuš- (both spelt) ham-reh šudan wa emixta šudan ‘to be fellow travellers, to be intermingled’ San. 287V. 28 (quotns.): Kip. xıv košul- iqtarana Id. 72.

D kašla:- Den. V. fr. 1 ka:š; survives in NE kašla-/kašta- ‘to fit a saddle-bow; to fasten the reins to the saddle-bow; to walk along the bank (of a lake, etc.)’ R II 396-8; and SW Osm. kašla- ‘to make a sign with the eyebrows’ (also ‘to fit a bezel to a ring’, which is a Den. V. fr. 2 ka:š). Xak. xı <ol> arık kašlardı: ‘he made a side bank ('arim) for the canal’; also used for hitting a man on the eyebrow (al-hecib) Kaš. III 299 (kašla:r, kašla:ma:k).

D kıšla:- (winter, зимовать) Den. V. fr. kıš; ‘to spend the winter, to go into winter quarters’. S.i.m.m.l.g. Türkü vııı I N 8; II E 31 (1 ımğa:): Uyğ. vııı Šu. E 7 (1 ımğa:): Xak. xı er evinde: kıšlardı: ‘the man spent the winter (tašatte') at home’ (etc.) Kaš. III 299 (kıšla:r, kıšla:ma:k): xıv Muh. (?) 'abara'1-šite' ‘to pass the winter’ kıšla:- Rif. 112 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kıšla- ktšlak kardan, that is ‘to spend the winter in a warm place’ San. 297V. 9 (quotns.): Kom. xıv 'to spend the winter’ kıšla- CCG; Gr. : Kip. xıv šatte' kıšla- Bul. 52r.

D kušla:- Den. V. fr. kuš; ‘to hunt birds’. S.i.s.m.l. Türkü vııı ff. toğan ögüz kušı: kušlayu: barmi:š ‘a falcon went hunting river birds’ IrkB 43: Xak. xı beg kušla:dı: ‘the beg hunted (šeda) birds’ Kaš. III 299 (kušla:r, kušla:ma:k): Xwar. xıv kušla- ditto Qutb 146.

D kıšlat- Caus. f. of kıšla:-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol anı: evinde: kıšlattı: ‘he accommodated him for the winter (šattehu) in his house’, that is he took care of him and looked after him // (ta'ayyarahu wa hafašahu) Kaš. II 348 (kıšlatır, kıšlatma:k).

D kušlat- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kušla:-. Xak. xı ol agar kuš kušlattı: ‘he urged him to hunt ('ale išfiyed) birds’ Kaš. II 348 (kuš-latu:r, kušlatma:k); a.o. II 343, 16.

D košlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. ko:š. Xak. xı er özlge: at košlandı: ‘the man provided himself with a spare, led horse’ (caniba) Kaš. II 252 (košlanu:r, košlanma:k).

D košlun- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of košul- in its Intrans. sense. Xak. xı iki: ne:g košlundı: ‘junction was effected between (qurina bayn) the two things’; this is Intrans. (lezim), just as one says that one sheep is close in the company (yuqerin) of another and their heads are kept level (yastawŋ on one rope; also of two horsemen when they bring their horses together (aqrane) and travel in such a way that their heads are level Kaš. II 251 (košlunu:r, košlunma:k).

Tris. V. ĞŠL-

D kıšlağlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kıšla:ğ. Xak. xı ol bu: yerig kıšlağlandı: ‘he reckoned that this place was his winter quarters (mašattehu) and spent the winter in it’ Kaš. II 273 (kıšlağlanu:r, kıšlağlanma:k).

D kušlağlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kušla:ğ. Xak. xı xa:n bu ye:rlğ kušlağlandı: ‘the xa:n took this place as a hunting place for birds’ (misted mutayyara) and hunted birds in it Kaš'.' II 273 (kušlağlanu:r, kušlağlanma:k).

Dis. ĞŠN

D kašaŋ (relax, relieve, lazy, sluggish, idle, underdeveloped, lean) Dev. N./A. fr. *kaša:- (scratch) which must have meant something like ‘to relax (something), to relieve the pressure on (it)’, cf. kašaŋ- (relieve (urinate)); ‘lazy, sluggish, idle’, of men, horses, etc. S.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC, NW w. this meaning. L.-w. in Mong. kašaŋ, same meaning (Kow. 767). From this basic meaning it came to mean ‘underdeveloped, lean’ and became a l.-w.. in Pe. and other languages as qašangslim, elegant’ Doerfer III 1498. Cf. erinčig. Xak. xı when a slave is being abused (subba) you say to him kašaŋ ‘you vile fellow’ (ye la'im) Kaš. III 370: Čağ. xv ff. kašag (spelt) xira wa sumuc ‘lazy, unpleasant’ San. 273V. 28 (quotns.).

?E košu:n See koruğjı:n. (lead (metal))

S б See konšı:.

Dis. V. ĞŠN-

D kašaŋ- (relieve (urinate)) Refl. f. of *kaša:- (scratch), cf. arra (urine)
ČIŠÄ- мочиться, испускать мочу (о детях) čišä-
čörgü: (urinate) # ČÜRKÜ моча (в разговоре с детьми):
čiš (urination, defecation) (dependents)
QAŠAN- мочиться: at qašandï
; ‘to urinate’, esp. of horses. Survives in SW Az., Osm.; cf. sıd-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (a woman suffering from strangury...) bat kašanur ‘promptly urinates’ H I 39; a.o. do. 128: Xak. at kašandı: ‘the horse urinated’ (bela), also of other animals, but particularly horses Kaš. \674\ II 155 (kašanu:r, kašanma:k). Čağ. xv ff. kašan- (spelt) bawl kardan ‘to urinate’, in general but esp. of horses Satt. 273V. 22: Xwar. xıv kašan- (of a horse) 'to urinate’ Qutb 134: Kıp. bela'l-faras aj kašandı: Hon. 12, 21.
674

Dis. V. ĞŠN

D kašın- Refl. f. of kašı:- (relieve by scratching, scratch) ‘to scratch oneself’. S.i.s.m.l. in NW, SW, often as kašaŋ- (relieve (urinate)), Xak. xı kašınma:k al-hikka ‘irritation’ Kaš. I 2el(emrit-); n.m.e.: xııı (?) Tef. kašın-‘to scratch oneself’ 210: Čağ. xv ff. kašın-xwud-re xaridan ‘to scratch oneself’ San. 273V. 21.

Tris. ĞŠN

D kašanığ Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. kašaŋ- (relieve (urinate)); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (demons) kašanığ ičtečller ‘who drink urine’ U II 61, 13: Civ. kašanığ yolı ‘the urinary duct’ H I 38.

Mon. ĞY

F 1 kay (street) ‘street’; l.-w. fr. Chinese chieh ‘street’ (Giles 1,434; Middle Chinese keŋ, see U IV, p. 54 (Index). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kay beltir sayu ‘every crossroads’ U IV 8, 13; kaydakı oğlanığ ‘children in the streets’ U III 65, 5 (ii); kay (mistranscribed kty) sayu bodun sayu barğu 'going to every street and every people’ USp. 97, 33.

S 2 kay See ka:d. (snow-storm; blizzard)

S 3 kay See ka:ñu:. (how, which? what?, some)

S 1 ko:y (sheep) See 1 ko:n. koy, koyun ‘sheep’

S 2 ko:y (bossom) See 2 *ko:n (bossom).

kuy Preliminary note. Kuy (woman’s half) ‘the women’s apartments, the private part of a dwelling', a l.-w. fr. Chinese kuei, same meaning (Giles 6,440; Middle Chinese kusŋ is very common in O. Ktr. and occurs in Türkü vııı ff. Yen. It is also prob. that it reappears in Uyğ. as küy, but Müller transcribed this as kün, and was perhaps right, see 2 kün. It is possible that, with their different social arrangements, the Turks took this l.-w. as meaning merely ‘a secluded spot' and that 2 ku:y below is the same word.

F 1 kuy (cave) ‘the women’s apartments’, Chinese l.-w., see above. Occurs only in the hoc. in the stock phr. below. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. (I have been parted from) kuyda: kunčuyfıma:] ‘my consorts in the women’s apartments' Mai. 27, 2: kuyda: kadašıma: kunčuyıma: ‘from my kinsfolk and consorts in the women’s apartments’ do. 29, 3: O. Kır. ıx ff. the phr. occurs nearly a dozen times, kuyda: kun’ čuyım Mal. 3, 1; kuydakı kunčuytmğa: 6, 4; kuyda: kunčuyımğa: 7, 4 etc.: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. küydeki U III 42, 23-4 (kırkın).

2 ku:y (cave) basically perhaps ‘a secluded spot’ or the like. Survives in most NE languages as kuy ‘a cave’ R II 887; Khak. xuy; Tuv. kuy; perhaps also behind other longer words like SW Osm. kuytu ‘sheltered from the wind; \\ a sheltered nook’, although the morphology of such words is obscure. Xak. xı ku:y qareru'l-wedt ‘the bottom of a valley’ Kaš. III 142; (who can withstand his arrows?) tağığ atıp uğrasa: ö:zJ: kuyi: yırtılu:r ‘when he shoots purposefully at a mountain, the centres and bottoms of the valleys (arvsafu’l-wadt wa qararuhu) are torn to pieces’ III 106, 15; a.o. III 65, 14 (oğruğ).

Mon. V. ĞY-

kay- (2 *ka:d-) (bend, turn, return, turn attention, pay attention) (care) although it has not actually been noted, various der. f.s make it certain that this V. must originally have been *ka:d-. The basic meaning was prob. ‘to bend or turn oneself’, hence ‘to bend in respect’ and ‘to turn away or back’. Survives in NE Alt., Tel. kay-‘to turn back’ R II 4; Khak. xay- ‘to pay attention to (something)’; Tuv. xay- ‘to visit, supervise; to deviate from’; (to look) xayabackwards’; and in SW Osm. kay-; Tkm. ğa:y- with some extended meanings hard to connect with the original one. Türkü vııı ff. Yen. Mai. 28, 8 (kalın): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. klrtü nomuğ (v.l. nomka) kaymadın ‘paying no respect to the true doctrine’ TT VI 41-2: Xak. xı kada:šıga: kaydı: ‘he showed respect Čafafa) to his kinsmen’; prov. kadaš (MS. kadaš) t&miš kayma:duk, kadm t&miš kaymıš ‘if you said “kinsman”, he showed no respect to him (le yaltafit ilayhŋ; if you said “relative by marriage", he showed respect ('afafa) to him’; (verse); and one says ke:ru: kaydı: ‘he turned back’ (iltafata halfa (n)) Kaš. III 245 (kaya:r, kayma:k); o.o. / 403, 22 (same prov.); II 45, 26 (ayık); and see 2 kaya:: Osm. xıv kay- ‘to turn aside or away’; in two texts TTS II 607.

S kıy- See kıd- (cut).

S koy- See kod- (ko:d- (kod-) (put, put down, abandon, give up)).

1 kuy- (spook, shy) (of a horse) ‘to shy’. Survives in NE Sag. kuy- R II 889; Khak. xuy-. Xak. xı at kuydi: ‘the horse (etc.) shied’ (nafara) Kaš. III 246 (kuya:r, kuyma:k).

S 2 kuy- See kud- (qud) (pour (liquid)).

Dis. ĞYA

1 kaya: (cliff) ‘a rock’, more particularly ‘a sharp upstanding rock or rocky cliff’. An early Mong. word kada (Haenisch 55, Kow. 770) has exactly the same meaning. TTus suggests that thid was originally *kada:, perhaps a Dev. N. fr. 2 *ka:d- (leaning) in the sense of ‘a leaning object’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SE, NC. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 49 (1 ımğa:); 51 (kıšla:ğ); a.o.o.: Yen. begkü kaya:memorial rock’ Mai. 39, 1; meŋkü: kaya: do. (memorial rock) (mengir) 5: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kuruğ kayada suv akar ‘water flows among the dry rocks (cliffs)’ TT VII 29, 13: Xak. xı kaya: al-šald mina’l-cabal ‘a hard, bare place on a mountain’ Kaš. III 170; o.o. III 7 (yalt); 19 (yalım): KB (some are born wise, some tough, some brave and) kaya teg yalım ‘as hard as a rock’ 6393; a.o. 1535: xııı (?) Tef. kayacliff’ 1^3: \\ Čağ. xv ff. kaya kûh-i buland ‘a high mountain’ San. 28ir. 21 (quotn.): Kom. xıv ‘rock’ kaya CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xnı al-šaxr ‘a mass of rocks’ kaya: Hou. 17i xıv kaya: al-šaxra ‘a rock’ İd. 7e: XV šahre ‘a broad desert’ kaya Tuh. 22a. 1; (after al-nahr ‘river’) mawdi'u’l--sayl ‘the bed of a torrent’ kaya do. 36a. 6; wadi ‘valley’ (tere (d-) and) kaya do. 38a. 7.

Dis. V. ĞYD-

D 2 kaya: Ger. fr. kay- (bend, turn, return, turn attention), used only in the phr. kaya: bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await), kör-, and the like in the sense ‘to look back, or behind one’. Such phr. survive in NE Tel., Tuv. Rll 89 (xaya Pal. 454). It seems clear that this is the only form and that the spelling kıya which might be taken as a similar Ger. fr. kıy- (kıd- (cut)) is an error. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. (they threw the stone in the well) anča barıp kaya kördiler ‘and so going on they looked backwards’ U I 8, 11 (Müller, in error, kay ‘what ?’): Xak. xı kačıš bolsa: kaya: körme:s 'if there is a panic, no one stops (yu'arric; should be ‘looks back’) for anyone else’ Kaš. I 369, 8; (the hunted wolf) kaya: kö:rüp baku: ağdı: turned back towards me (iltafata ilayya) and when he' saw me he climbed’ III 219, 17: KB 4095 (ešimsin-; Arat kıya, but the MSS., though they vary, do not confirm this): xjii (?) Tef. kaya bak- (view, look, look after, obey, await) 193.

S kayu See ka:ñu:. (how, which? what?, some)

Tris. ĞYC

D kaya:čuk morphologically Dim. f. of 1 kaya: (cliff) but meaning ‘a small rock plant’. R II 92 lists a SW Osm. phr. kayacık ağačı ‘a kind of tree’, not noted elsewhere. Xak. xı kaya:čuk ‘a sweet-scented mountain plant’ (nabt); I reckon (ahsibuhu) that it is al-zarnab (translations vary widely, the most plausible are ‘saffron’ (Steingass) and ‘the fragrant leaf Flacourtia cataphracta’ (Red.)) Kaš. III 177.

Mon. V. ĞYD-

D kayt- See kadit-.

Dis. ĞYD

E kıyı^ in the phr. emgekler kiyitlar in Suv.' 117, 15 seems to be an error for kıyın (km), ‘pains and tortures’.

SD kayda, kaydan See ka:ñu:. (how, which? what?, some)

Dis. V. ĞYD-

D kuyit- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 kuy- (spook, shy); vocalized both kuyit- and kuyut-. Xak. xı ol atığ kuyıttı: ‘he made the horse shy’ (anfara) Kaš. II 326 (kuyitu:r, kuyitma:k).

D kaytar- Caus. f. (with unusual vocalization) of kayt- (kadit-); 'to turn, turn back’ (Trans.).; S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE. Oğuz xı ol atığ kaytardı: ‘he turned (šarafa) the horse from the direction in which it was going’ ('an tvachihŋ; the Turks say katardı: Kaš. III 193 (kaytarur, kaytarma:k); a.o. (not marked Oğuz) Oğrak sü:sin kaytarğa:n ‘he drove back \\  (1radda) the Oğrak army by his firmness’ I 516, j; in/ 517, 16 the Xak. form katarğa:n, which is the only possible one in this section, seems to have been altered to kaytarğa:n by a second hand: xııı (?) Tef. kaytar- ‘to turn (someone) away’ 194: Čağ. xv ff. kaytar- (-mak etc.) döndür- ‘to turn back’ (Trans.) Vel. 327 (quotns.); kaytar- (spelt) Caus. (., bar-gardenidan ditto; and metaph. qay wa istifreğ kardan ‘to cause to vomit’ San. 28or. 6 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kaytar- ‘to turn, turn back, return’ (Trans.) Qutb 129; Nahc. 286, 17: Kip. xııı arca'a ğayrak ‘to turn someone back’ kaytur- (sic) Hou. 34, 17; radda kaytur- (sic) do. 40, 13: xıv (karyıt- raca'a); kaydur- (sic) radda; the Imperat. of the first is ka:yit and of the second kaytar (tic)» the original form was ka:yitdur, then the -d- was assimilated to the -t- and it became kayittur; then it was shortened by omitting one of the assimilated (-t-s), the second, and it became kaytur, then the -u- became -a- for the sake of euphony (falaba (n) li’l-taxfif); we reckon that it was the second -t- that was elided for two reasons, (1) the first (-t-) is part of the root (ašliya) and the second of a suffix (ze'ida), and the suffix part would be elided before the root part; (2) there is a precedent for the elision of the -t- and the retention of the -r- in such words as ičür-, kečir- Id. 77: xv (radda in the meaning of raca'a kayf-), but raddada, Caus. f. in the sense of ‘closing’ a door or bale of merchandise (raddada’l-bab awi'l-saVa) is kaytar- Kav. 78, 2.
675

D kaytur- Caus. f. of kay- (bend, turn, return, turn attention); survives in SW Osm. kaydır-; Tkm. ğa:ydır- but only in extended senses. Xak. xı <ol> agar kayturdi: translated ‘he urged him to help his brother and show respect to him’ ('affihi 'alayhŋ Kaš. III 193 (kayturur, kayturma:k): (Kip. see kaytar-, ?mis-spelt).

D kıytur- Caus. f. of kıy- (kıd- (cut)); survives only (?) in NE Tel. kıydır- (1) ‘to order to cut on a slant’; (2) ‘to lose one’s way’ R II 699; Khak. xiydir- (1) only, and NC Kzx. neke kıydır- ‘to have a marriage celebrated’ R II 699 (neke is Ar. nikeh ‘marriage’). Xak. xı ol agar kamiš kıyturdı: ‘he ordered him to cut the reed (etc.) on a slant’ (bi-qaf’... muharrafa (n)) Kaš. III 193 (kiyturur, kiy-turma:k).

D kuytur- (pour (liquid) Caus. f. of 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))); s.i.s.m.l. for ‘to order (someone) to smelt (metal)’. Xak. xı ol meniŋ eligke: su:v kuyturdi: ‘he ordered (someone) to pour (bi-šabb) water on my hands’ Kaš. III 193 (kuyturur, kuy-turma:k).

D kaytart- Caus. f. of kaytar-; survives in NW Kaz. R II 35. Xak. xı ıtka: keyik kaytartsun yuğriya’l-kalb ’ale raddi’l-šayd ilayne ‘let him incite the hounds to drive the game back to us’ Kaš. III 429, 5; n.m.e.

D kaytıš- Hap. leg.; Recip. f. of kayt- (kadit-); vocalized kayttıš-, but in a section \\ containing Dis. V.s. Xak. ıx ola:r ikki: kaytıšdı: ‘they two turned round and looked ('aqaba) at one another’ Kaš. III 195 (kaytıšu:r, kaytıšma:k).
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Dis. V. ĞYD-

Tris. V. ĞYD-

D kaytarıl- Pass. f. of kaytar-; survives in NW Kaz. R II 35. (Xak.) xııı (?) At. kade kaytarılmaz katığ ya kurup ‘fate cannot be turned back when it strings its strong bow’ 462; Tef. kaytarıl- ‘to be turned back’ 195.

Dis. ĞYĞ

S kayak See kanak. (cream layer)

VUD kayığ (kayuk, kayak, canoe, small boat) Dev. N./A. fr. kay- (bend, turn, return, turn attention) (2 *ka:d-); the existence of this word is doubtful; in the entry' in Kaš. the qaf carries a fatha and the ya is unvocalized, but this entry follows koyuğ and the normal order of words with the same consonants in Kaš. is the usual one, fatha, damma, kasra-, in this position therefore kıyığ, a Sec. f. of kıdığ, would be expected, and the resemblance between the translations of this word and kıyık in Kaš. makes this all the more probable. The word in Vel., if correctly translated, is more likely to be a Pass. Dev. N./A., but San. does not mention this meaning and lists only kayuk (kayğuk (kayuk, kayak, canoe, small boat)), and it is very prob. that Vel.'s is a mistranslation. Xak. xı kayığ (Pkıyığ) ye:r al-mawdi'u'l--munharifa 'ani'l-cedda ıva ğayrihi ‘a place at an angle from the (main) road, etc.’ Kaš. III 16e: Čağ. xv ff. kayik/kayuk kayki... ardına eğilmiš ma'nesme ‘bent backwards’ Vel. 329S kayik/kayuk See kayğuk. (kayuk, kayak, canoe, small boat)

S kıyığ See kıdığ.

D kıyık (*kiduk) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kıy-; ‘crooked, cut on a slant’, and the like. Easily confused with kıyığ (kıdığ) in some modern languages. NE Tel. kıyık ‘anger’ R II 716; Khak. xiyix ‘injury, insult’ may belong here; the word certainly survives in SW Osm. kıyık ‘minced, chopped up’ (the translation ‘fainting fit’ in R II 716 is not confirmed elsewhere); Tkm. ğıyık ‘crooked’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kim-nig közin ağızın yei tartıp kıyık kılmıš erser ‘if a man’s eyes or mouth are made crooked by demoniacal possession’ (i.e. a paralytic stroke) H I 124: Xak. xı ‘a breach of promise’ (xulfu'l-wa'd) is called kıyık; and it is used as an Adj. (yüšaf), one says kıyık kiši: ‘a man who breaks his promises’ (muxlaf li’l--'ida): kıyık ne:Q ‘anything crooked’, for example a reed-pen cut at an angle (muharraf) Kaš. III 167; a.o. I 70, 10: KB (he served his master faithfully and) kayırča kıyık kılmadı ‘did nothing which was as crooked as a sand-dune’ 1723: Čağ’ xv ff. kıyık sih küša ‘triangular’ (quotn.); also used for a triangular towel or woman’s veil (quotn.) San. 300r. 4.

kuya:ğ (breastplate, cuirass) ‘breastplate, cuirass’; an early l.-w. in Mong. (Haenisch 74, Kow. 945); survives as kuyak in most NE languages (including Tuv.); SE Tar.; NC Kzx. R II 901. Cf. küpe:, 2 yarık. Xak. xı KB (he gave him the rank of wazir, a seal, a title, and together with a standard a drum and) kuyağ ‘a breastplate’ 103e: Čağ. xv ff. kuyak ‘a piece of armour (šiİeh) like a katlaw which they wear on the day of battle’; the difference between it and the katlaw is that they sew the scales (barghe) of the latter on its surface, and those of the former they put between (the layers of fabric, dar miyen mi-gudarand) San. 2Č2r. 6 (katlaw is a medieval word, presumably der. fr. 1 kat ‘layer, fold’).

D koyuğ (koduğ) (thick, viscid) Dev. N./A. fr. koy- (ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up)); of a liquid, ‘thick, viscid’; the semantic connection is not close, but cf. koyul- (kodul-) (placed, thick, viscid, coagulate) (coagulate, cuddle). S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes and extended meanings. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1589. Uyğ. xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘thick, viscid’ koyuğ Ligeti 168; R II 528: Xak. xı koyuğ ne:g al-taxinu’l-ğaliz mina'l-mayi'et ‘a thick, viscid liquid’; hence al-rubb ‘fruit syrup’ is called koyuğ süčig šareb raqiq ğali1? ‘a weak (? non-alcoholic) thick drink’ Kaš. III 16e: KB (listen to the man) bilgi koyuğ ‘with profound knowledge’ 3829: xııı (?) Tef. koyu yašıl ‘dark green’ 211: Čağ. xv ff. koyuk ‘viscid’ (ğalîz) of a liquid, also ‘which has sediment at the bottom’ San. 292V. 18: Xwar. xıv koyuğ kan takı Irig kusti ‘she vomited thick blood and pus’ Nahc. 395, 5.

S kuyuğ See kuduğ.

kuyka: (skin; fur) ‘skin; fur’. A l.-w. in Mong. kuyika ‘the skin of the scalp’ (Kow. 853, Haltod 212). NE Kač., Koib., Sag. (and Tuv.) kuyğa R II 890; NC Kır., Kzx. kuyka, with the latter meaning, seem to be reborrowings fr. Mong. Xak. xı kuyka: basically (fi ašli'1-luğa) ‘skin’ (al-cild); ‘fur’ (al-furwa) is called kuyka: after it; hence one says ol ko:yuğ kuyka:ladi: ‘he burnt (ahraqa) the hair off the sheep so that the skin appeared, but did not flay it’ (lam yaslux); that is the process of roasting (al-tasmit) Kaš. III 173: (kuyğa: ‘town gate’ in Rif. 179 is an error for kapğa: and koyğa in Vel. 334 a misprint of kobğa (kovğa: (pail, bucket))).

D kayğuk (kayuk, kayak, canoe, small boat) Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. kay- (bend, turn, return, turn attention); ‘a small boat’; etymologically perhaps (a boat of which the prow, and perhaps stern are) ‘turned upwards’; smaller than a kemi: S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (where only keme (sic) is used) w. some phonetic changes. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1415. Cf. uča:n. Xak. xı kayğuk al-zawraq ‘a small boat’ Kaš. III 175; o.o. I 100 (bög-); 186, 13: xıv Muh. (î) (after ‘ship’ kemi:) al-zaivraqu’l-kabtr ‘a large boat’ ka:yğa:k (MS. ka:nğa:k; ‘small boat’ kiči: kemi:) Rif. lel(only): Čağ. xv ff. kayuk (spelt) ‘a small boat’ (zazvraq); the Rumi spell it kayık San. 281 v. 14 (quotn.).

Dis. V. ĞYĞ-

S kayğur- See kadğur-.
677

D koyğaš- Recip. f. of koyğa:-, Den. V. fr.

2 koy (2 ko:fl); ‘to embrace one another’. Koyğa- ‘to embrace’ survives in NE Šor R II 503, and koyğaš- in that language and Tuv. (xoyğaš-). Xak. xı koyğašıp yatsa: anıg yü:zi:ge: inan deca'ahu warn i wachihi ‘whoever lies by his side face to face with him' Kaš. I 243, 10; n.m.e.: Kom. xıv ‘we lay with one another’ biz koyğašıp yattık CCG; Gr.

Tris. ĞYĞ

D koyuğluk (viscosity) A.N. fr. koyuğ; ‘viscosity’. S.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı koyuğluk ‘viscidity’ (al-taxana) of liquids Kaš. III 178.

D kıyıksız I’riv. N./A. fr. kıyık; ‘unswerving; not guilty of breaches of faith; loyal’. Pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB (anyone entering the royal service...) tapınsa kıyıksız yarutsa yüzin ‘must serve loyally and cheerfully’ 482; tapındı kıyıksız bağırsaklıkın ‘he served with unswerving kindliness’ 608; a.o. 952.

Tris. V. ĞYĞ-

D kuyka:la:- (skin; fur) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. kuyka: (skin; fur). Xak. xı Kaš. III 173 (kuyka:); n.m.e.

D kayaklan- (separate, skim (liquid)) Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kayak (kanak) (cream layer); everywhere misvocalized kayuklan-. Xak. xı sü:t kayaklandi:skin (al-datveya) formed on the surface of the milk’ Kaš. III 197 (kayaklanu:r, kayaklanma:k).

Dis. V. ĞYL-

D kıyıl- Pass. f. of kıy- (kıd- (cut)); s.i.m.m.l.g. with rather various meanings (cf. kıd- (cut)). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. baxšımıznı kıyıldı ‘our teacher has died’ Hüen-ts. 1887-8 (the Acc. form must be a scribal error;’ ‘our teacher (Norn.) has been cut off (from life)’ could have this meaning): Xak. xı kü:n kıyıldı: ‘the sun sank Czelat); and one says ö:d (time) kıyıldı: ‘the time passed’ (mada); and yığa:č kıyıldı: ‘the wood was cut on a slant’ (muharrafa (n)); and sö:z kıyıldı: ‘the promise was broken’ (uxlifa'l--ida tva'l-kalem) Kaš. III 190 (kiyilu:r, kiyilma:k): KB (from this day forward) kıyılma tapın ‘serve and do not fail in your duty’ 597; o.o. 607 (erte:); 1652.

D koyul- (kodul-) (placed, thick, viscid, coagulate) (coagulate, cuddle) Pass. f. of koy- (ko:d- (put, put down, abandon, give up)); s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE (?), usually ‘to be placed’, etc., but in NC Kır., Kzx. also ‘to be thick, viscid’. Xak. xı yuğrut koyuldi: ‘the yoğurt coagulated’ (xatura), also used of other liquids when they become viscid (ğaluza) Kaš. III 190 (koyulu:r, koyulma:k): Čağ. xv ff. koyul- gudešta šudan ‘to be relinquished, abandoned’ (and, of water, ‘to be poured out’, i.e. kuyul- Pass. f. of 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid)))) San. 292r. 21: Kom. xıv ‘to be placedkoyul- CCG; Gr.: (Kip. xıv kuyul- harra (? read hurra) ‘to be poured out’ Id. 77; hazza ‘to shake, brandish’, error for hurra kuyul- Bui. 8er. (the dot of z is not at all cleaŋ): Osm. xıv ff. koyul- (1) ‘to be placed’; (2) ‘to attack’ \\  (and kuyul- ‘to be poured out’); in several texts TTS I 489; /// 481; IV 545.
677

D koyluš- (kodluš-) (placed, coagulated) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of koyul- (kodul-) (placed, thick, viscid, coagulate) (coagulate, cuddle); vocalized koyuluš- but in a section containing Dis. V.s. Xak. xı sü:tle:r koylušdı: ‘the milks (or any other liquids) all coagulated’ (xaturat) Kaš. III 195 (koylušu:r, koylušma:k).

D kuyluš (kudluš-) (poured) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kuyul- (kudul-); vocalized kuyuluš-, but see koyluš- (placed, coagulated), Xak. xı ta:ğdın su:vla:r kamuğ kuylušdı: ‘the waters (or other liquids) all streamed down (poured) (inšabbat) from the mountain’ Kaš. III 195 (kuylušu:r, kuylušma:k).

Dis. ĞYM

D kuyım (qïjïm) (fear and panic) Hap. leg.; the qaf is unvocalized, but there is no doubt that this is a N.S.A. fr. 1 kuy- (spook, shy). Xak. xı kuyimfear and panic’ (al-xawf tva'l-faza') which breaks out among the people of a province on the approach of an enemv; one says korkınč kuyım boldi: Kaš. III 168.

D kıyma: (kidma:) (cut on a slant) Pass. Dev. N. fr. kıy- (kıd- (cut)); lit. ‘cut on a slant’, but normally the name for a form of foodstuff so prepared. S.i.a.m.l.g. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1608. Xak. xı kıyma: ügre: ‘the name of a kind of noodles (al-itriya); the dough for it is cut on a slant (muhrifa (n)) like sparrows’ tongues; it is called kıyma: ügre: (sic) Kaš. III 173: Čağ. xv ff. kıyma ‘meat cut into small pieces’ (riz rîz karda) San. 3oor. 2: Kip. xıv kıyma: ‘a well-known form of cooked meat’ (al-fabix) Id. 77: xv mudaqqaqa ‘minced meat’ kıyma Tuh. 35a. 4.

D kuyma: (kudma:) (cast (metal)) Pass. Dev. N. fr. 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))); s.i.s.m.l. in SE, NC meaning ‘cast (metal), a cast’. Xak. xı kuyma: the name of a kind of cake made with butter (al-xubzu'l--musamman) made as follows; the dough is flattened in (pieces) the size ('ale qawem) of the dough for sweet cakes (al-qateyif) and placed in butter heated in a pot, flattened until it is thoroughly cooked, sprinkled with sugar, and eaten. And any tool (ela) made of bronze (falizzi'l-ard) which is cast (mafrûğa) and not forged with a hammer, for example a mortar or candlestick (or lamp, al-sirac) or hammer is called kuyma: Kaš. III 173: (there is a cognate form in Kip. xıv kuymak ‘a thick soup (hartra) cooked with butter’; also ‘a sweet pancake’ (al-zalebiya) td. 77; ‘dough cooked with butter’, also ‘a sweet pancake’ kuymak Bui. 8, 1 s).

D kıymač (kıdmač) Dev. N./A. fr. kıy- (kiñ-); an unusual use of a Suff. normally used for names of foodstuffs. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı kıymač börk ‘a white hat (qalansuwa) of goats’ hair’ (al-mar'izzŋ worn by the Čigil Kaš. III 175 : Čağ. xv ff. kıymač čašm-i ahwal ‘an eye with a squint’ San. 3c>or. 2.

S kaymak See kañak.
678

Mon. ĞYN

S kıyn See 2 kı:n (kı:n) (punishment, torture).

S koyn (sheep) See 1 ko:n. koy, koyun ‘sheep’

Dis. ĞYN

S kayın See kadin (relative, related by marriage, father-in-law, wife’s brother (свояк)).

S kayıg See kadig.

koyan (kodan) (coney, hare) ‘hare’; not actually noted before the medieval period but certainly much older for two reasons: (1) some NE forms go back to *kodan which must be an old word; (2) while kuyan (coney, hare) is a fairly recent word in Čuvaš there is evidence for the existence of a really old Čuvaš form xoran (hare) (with -r- fr. -d-), see V. G. Yegorov, Etimologicheskü slovar' chuvashskogo yazyka, Cheboksary, 1964, p. 122. Survives in NE Alt., Leb., Tel. koyon/köyön R II 526, 1240; Koib., Sag., Šor kozan do. 629; Khak. xozan; Tuv. kodan/koyğun; in some NC, SC, NW languages koyan and the like. Cf. tavıšğa:n. (Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A koyan in MI 8, 8 is the Man.-A form of koyun (1 ko:ñ): (Xak. ?) xıv Muh. al-arnab ‘hare’ ko:ya:n Mel. 72, 10; Rif. 175 (mis-spelt ko:ba:n): Čağ. xv ff. koyan (inter alia) tavšan ‘hare’ Vel. 346; koyan (spelt) xargtlf ‘hare’ San. 292V. 7: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 138: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-arnab koya:n (Tkm. tawša:n) Hou. 11, 4: xıv koyan al-arnab İd. 76; ditto (also called dawušğan) Bul. 10, 6; xv arnab (fawšan and) kıyan (sic) Tuh. 4b. 8.

S 1 koyun (sheep) See 1 ko:n. koy, koyun ‘sheep’

S 2 koyun (bossom) See 2 *ko:n. .

S kıynčı See kı:nčı:.

Dis. V. ĞYN-

kayın- (*kan-) (boil) ‘to boil’ (Intrans.); the main entry in Kaš. is kayın- and this form is confirmed by the Caus. f. kayintur-, but everywhere else, even in Kaš. (unless these other passages have been misvocalized), the form is kayna- (boil), the form in which the V. s.i.a.m.l.g. This situation is best explained by assuming that the original form was kan-; cf. kanak (cream layer). Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the pot called upanat (Sanskrit l.-w.) full of ashy water) iizüksiiz tolu kayinar ‘is continuously full and boiling’ TM IV 255, 132: Xak. xı (between tayan- and kuyun-) ešič kayındı: (later revocalized kaynadı:) ‘the pot (etc.) boiled’ (ğale); in a prov. kayna:r ögüz 'a river which is swollen and in high flood’ (yaciš tea yafûr mauhu) Kaš. III 191 (kayna:r, kayinma:k, later revocalized kaynama:k); kayna:r ešič I 166, 12; 248 (amrul-); 390, 18; köglüm agar kaynayu: (sic, rhyming with oynayu: (play, dally), boynayu:) ‘my heart boiled (ceša) for him’ I 225, 27; kaynap yana: yumšalım ‘let us intensify (naštadd, our attacks) and then make peace’ / 441, 10; a.o. III 280 (čokra:-); (in III 302 kayna:- (qayna:-) (boil) is an error for katna:- (be hard, firm, tough, strong, hardship, stiff)): KB 72 \\\  (kaki:la:-): xııı (?) Tef. kayna- (-r, -yu) 'to boil’ 194: xıv Muh. ğale kayna- Mel. 29, 9; Rif. 113; me' mağlî 'boiling water’ kayna:r su: 77, 10; 181: Čağ. xv ff. kayna- (spelt) cüšidan 'to boil’ San. 28m 6 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv kayna- 'to boil’ (Intrans.; lit. and metaph.) Qutb 128; MN 119 : Kom. xıv ditto CCG; Gr. 190 (quotn ): Kip. xıv kayna- ğalati'l-qidr İd. 77; ğale'l-me' Bul. 6ev.: xv ğale kayna- Tuh. 27a. 3. S katna:- (boil) second form of kayna:- (qayna:-) (boil) second form of kayın- (*kan-) (boil)

D kuyun- (kudun-) (pour (liquid) Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))). Xak. xı ol ö:zlge: su:v kuyundı: ‘he made it his business to pour (šabb) water over himself’ t\aš. III 191 (kuyunu:r, kuyunma:k).

S kayna- See kayın-, (boil)

D kaynat- (boil) Caus. f. of kayna- (boil) (kayın- (boil)); 'to boil’ (Trans.). S.i.a.m.l.g.; cf. kayintur-. Xak. xı ol ešič kaynattı: 'he boiled (ağle) the pot’ Kaš. II 357 (kaynatu:r, kaynatma:k): Kom. xıv 'to boil’ (Trans.) kaynat- CCI; Gr.: Kıp. kaynat- ağle İd. 77; ağle'l-nıe' kaynat-Bul. 28v.

Tris. V. ĞYN-

D kayintur- (boil) Caus. f. of kayın- (boil); pec. to Uyğ.; cf. kaynat-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (you must administeŋ kayınturmıš yağlarığ 'boiled oil’ (to sufferers from jaundice) Suv. 592, 17; a.o. I'M IV 254, 100: Civ. kayintur- is common in H I, e.g. kayinturup ‘boil’ (two joints of goat’s meat in one cup of wine and one cup of water) 17; o.o. do. 106-7, II2» !35~6; ka:yıntrup TT VIII M.33-4.

Dis. ĞYR

kayır Preliminary note. Neither of the words below can be explained as Sec. f.s of kadir; but NE Leb., Tub. kayr, Tel. kayır in the alternative meanings of 'steep, precipitous' R II 20, ).f are such Sec. f.s.

1 kayır (fine pebbles, coarse sand, sand, hillock, sandbank, sandy/rocky steppe, soft level ground) (cairn) survives in NE Tuv. kayr/kayir/ xayir 'a salt steppe or marsh in the mountains’ R II 20, 95; Pal. 445; and kayır ‘sandbank’ (on land or in a river) in NC Kzx.; NW Kk., Nog.; SW Osm. Xak. xı kayır al-dahes mina l-ard ‘soft level ground’ among the Turks; the Oğuz call ‘sand’ (al-raml) kayır Kaš. III 165; o.o. I 158 (ešil-); 166 (2 eš- (pour, литься, сыпать); in both cases translated ‘sand’ although these words are not specifically Oğuz): KB 1723 (kıyık): Oğuz xı see Xak.: Kip. xııı al-hašbe’ ‘small pebbleskayır (cairn) Hou. 5, le: xıv kayır al-ramlu'1-ğaliz 'coarse sand’ İd. 77; al-raml kayır (and kum) Bui. 4, 10: xv falak ‘hillockkayır (or kir?) Tuh. 27b. 2: Osm. xıv to xvı kayır, usually in Hend. with kum, 'coarse sand, fine pebbles’; fairly common TTS 1437; II 605; ///426; IV 4S6.

2 kayır (castor oil, castoreum) 'castoreum, the odorous secretion of the beaver’; survives only (?) in NE Sag. kayır ; Tob. kayr R II 19, 95. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. 77/125 (kunduz): Xak. xı Kaš. I 458 (kunduz); n.m.c.: Čağ. xv fî. San. 29ın 26 (kunduz).
679

D kuya:r Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. (Aor. Participle) fr. 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))). Xak. xı kuya:r sabb yusabb bihi ‘a term of abuse’ addressed to animals and slaves; hence one says bu: kuya:r (MS. kuya:rv.) hede šebb tva mac bi-fihi (MS. bintuhu) ‘this man who dribbles and froths at the mouth’; taken fr. the phr. su:v kuydi: ‘he poured out water’ (etc.) Kaš. III 171 (as convincingly amended by Atalay).

S kayrak See kadrak.

Dis. V. ĞYR-

S kayrıš- See kadrıš-.

Tris. ĞYR

D kayırlığ Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. 1 kayır. Xak. xı kayırlığ ye:r ard dahsa ‘soft level ground’ Kaš. III 178.

Dis. ĞYŠ

S kayaš See kadaš. (family and kinsmen)

S kayıš See kadıš.

kuya:š originally ‘the blazing heat of the (midday) sun’; later, more generally, ‘the sun’. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SW in the latter sense as well as, or instead of, 1 kün (sun, day). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. isig kuya:ška: emge:nmiš kiši ‘a man suffering from sun-stroke’ TT VIII 1.10: Xak. xı kuya:š hamarattı'l-qayz tva šidda waq'i'l-šams ‘intense midsummer heat and the violent impact of the sun’ Kaš. III 172; o.o. I 155 (usit-); 353 (tlirk); 7/337 (1 koğšat-): Čağ. xv ff. kuyaš it is generally known that they use this word for güneš ‘sun’ Vel. 346 (quotn.); kuyaš efteb ‘the sun’ San. 292V. 5 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı kuyaš ‘sun’ (but kün commoneŋ 'Ali 49: xıv ditto Qutb 143; MN 16, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘sun’ kuyaš (and kün) CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ši'e’ ‘the sun’s rays’ kuya:š (Tkm. küne:š (MS. küne.s)) Hou. 5, 2:xiv kuyaš bafğanda: ‘at sunset’; kuyaš ši'au’l-šams also used for al-šams İd. 77, a.o. 85 (küneš); ši'au'l-šams kuyaš Bul. 2, 11:xv ditto Kav. 58, 8; ši'a (yarık and) kuyaš Tuh. 20b. 1.

Dis. V. ĞYŠ-

D kayıš- Recip. f. of kay- (bend, turn, return, turn attention); s.i.a.m.l.g., usually for ‘to bend, bow’, occasionally ‘to show sympathy to’. Xak. xı ola:r ikki: bi:r bi:rke: kayıšdı: ‘they showed respect Čata/a) to one another’ Kaš. III 188 (kayıšu:r, kayıšma:k; verse).

S kıyıš- See kıdıš-.

D kuyuš- Co-op. f. of 2 kuy- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol agar su:v kuyušdı: ‘he helped him to pour out (/f šabb) water’ (etc.) Kaš. III 189 (kuyušu:r, kuyušma:k).

Mon. ĞZ

?F 1 ka:z (goose, duck)goose’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; Kaš. consistently translates 1 ka:z al-batt ‘duck’ and ördek al-itvazz ‘goose’, but this must be an error. The word is generic, particular species being identified by preceding qualifying words. Almost certainly an early l.-w. fr. some Indo-European language, prob. Tokharian (Agnean ?), cf. Sanskrit hamsa, Old English got, German Gans. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1389. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kazlar begige oxšatı ‘like the leader of (a flight of) geese’ TT X 133; a.o. do. 160 (tizig); o.o. Pfahl. 6, 6 etc. (üyür, q.v.); Suv. 4, 12 (ördek): Civ. TT VIII M.25 (üyüŋ: Xak. xı ka:z al-batt (see above) Kaš. III 149; about a dozen o.o.: KB kaz ‘geese’ (ducks, swans, and swallows) 72: xıv Muh. (under ‘water birds’) al-batt tva l-iwazz ka:z Mel. 73, 5; Rif. 17e: Kom. xıv ‘goose’ kaz CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-iwazz ka:z Hou. 10, 5: xıv kaz al-ivazz (sic, Sec. f. of itvazz) Id. 71; karaca: ka:z al-lağlağ (according to the Kemüs not the same as al-laqlaq ‘stork’, but not further specified) do. 70; ditto (both entries) Bui. 11, 11: xv al-iwazz ka:z Kav. 39, 4; 62, 12; Tuh. 4b. 11 (and töpe kaz).

1 kı:z (girl, unmarried woman, maiden, virgin, daughter, slave girl) (girl) basically ‘girl, unmarried woman’, but often used with a more restricted meaning ‘daughter, slave girl’, and the like. Although the main entry in Kaš. is kız the original form was certainly ki:z, SW Tkm. still ğı:z. C.i.a.p.a.l. ; cf. kırkın, kırnak. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1601. Türkü vııı silik kız oğlı:n ‘their pure (i.e. virgin) daughters’ (as opposed to un: oğlı:n ‘sons’) IEy,IIEj; (I wedded) kızımın ‘my daughter’ (to the Turgeš xağan and took) kızı:n ‘his daughter’ (to marry my son) IIN 9-10; a.o. T 48 (ağı:): vııı ff. ol kız ‘that girl’ Toyok IV ir. 6 (ETY II 180): Uyğ. vııı eki: kızı:n tapığ berti: ‘he gave his two daughters to serve me’ (i.e. as hostages) Šu. W 4-5; a.o. do. E 3 (koduz): ıx (I had three sons and) kızım üč ‘three daughters’ Suci 6; a.o. do. 7: vııı ff. Man.-A (the Light Goddess) amrak kızı ‘the benign daughter’ (of the God Zurvan) M I 25, 33: Bud. kızgirl’ is common, e.g. Badra kız ‘the maiden Bhadre’ U II 20, 2; o.o. in PP 41 ff. (kırkın); it also often means ‘daughter’, e.g. (said by a mother) amrak kızım U III 84, 9; o.o. TT VI 146 (tüzün): Civ. kız is common in TT VII, usually for ‘daughter’; a.o. TT I i56 (utlılığ): O. Kır. ıx ff. (I could not stay with) oğlanım küdegü:lerim kız kelinlerim ‘my sons, sons-in-law, daughters, and daughters-in-law’ Mai. 3, 6; kız oğlım ‘my daughters’ do. 22, 1; a.o. do. 16, 1 (yal-T)u:s): Xak. xı kız al-ceriya ‘slave girl’; hence one says kız kırkın al-catverî; kız al-bint ‘daughter’; one says meniŋ kızım ‘my daughter’; and ‘a virgin’ (al-'adre’) is called ew (sic) kızı: that is ‘ (a girl) kept (muxaddara) in the home’; yinčge: kız al-surriya ‘concubine’; this word is used both for ‘a young free woman’ (al-hurratu'l-fattiya) and ‘a slave girl’ (al-ceriyatu'l-mamlüka), but originally meant ‘virgin’ (al-'adre') and the other meanings were taken metaphorically (ustuira) from it: kız kuš the name of a bird which fluttefs \680\ (yatakefih) round a man as if it wishes to alight on him (yaqa 'alayhŋ Kaš. I 326; the word, nearly always spelt kı:z, is very common in Kaš.; both 1 kı:z (girl, unmarried woman, daughter, slave girl) and 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly) occur in the prov. kaliŋ be:rse: kı:z alı:r kere:k bulsa: kı:z alı:r ‘if a man pays a bride price he gets a virgin for a bride (a!-'arils bikra (n)); if he wants something and must have it (huwa muhtec ilayhŋ, he inevitably pays high for it’ (yaštariyahu ğeliya (n)) III 371, 20; the Oğuz and Kip., who are a section (tabaqa) of the Xalač, say xı:zım ‘my daughter’, and the Turks say kı:zım III 218, 21: KB (the Prophet gave him) iki kızın ‘his two daughters’ 56; (the partridge calls its mate) silik kız okir teg körjül bermišln ‘as a pure maiden calls him to whom she has given her heart’ 75; o.o. 564 (2 kı:z), 2380, 4477 (ev kızı): xııı (?) Tef. kız ‘daughter’ 207: xıv Muh. al-bikr ‘virginevdeki kı:z Mel. 53, 1-13; aru: kız Rif. 149; arı: kız 150; al-bint kı:z 49, 9; 144; a.o. do. (karında:š): Čağ. xv ff. kız duxtar-i (daughter) bekira ‘unmarried daughter’ San. 296V. 3: Kom. ‘virgin, daughter’ kız; ‘sister’ kız karandaš (sic); ‘maid-servant’ (sic) evdegi kız CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-bint kız Hou. 24, 21; 32, 3; al-bikr kız oğlan do. 25, 1; a.o. do. 32, 1 (karında:š): xıv kız al-bint wa’l-bikr; one says kızı kız-mu (kır-mu) durur ‘is his daughter a virgin?’ Id. 71; al-bint kız Bui. 9, 2; o.o. do. (karında:š): xv al-bikr kız Kav. 59, 14; Tuh. 7a. 4; a.o. do. 3b. 4 (karında:š).
680

Mon. ĞZ 

2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly) basically ‘costly, expensive’, hence ‘rare’, and by a further extension, ‘miserly’. N.o.a.b.; it survived until recently in SW Osm. but is now displaced by kıt, not an old word. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VI 5 v.l. (kısğa:k): Xak. xı an ‘expensive’ (al-ğelŋ thing is called kız neŋ; hence one says bu at kız aldım ‘I bought this horse for a high price’ (ğeliya (n)) Kaš. / 326; a.o. III 371, 20 (1 kı:z): KB (men like this) bolur İdi kız, bu kız kızlıkı kıldı kız atı kız ‘are very rare; the rareness of virgins made the word kız mean “virgin” ’ 564; ‘men are not kız (‘girls’), it is kindliness that is kız (‘rare’); men are not az (‘ermine’, a pet name for a slave girl), it is uprightness that is az’ (‘rare’) 86e: xııı (?) At. (a combination of skıll and luck never occurs) kamuğ kızda ol kızrak ol ‘that is the rarest of all rarities’ 444; a.o. 480 (čuz): xıv ğale kız ol- Mel. 29, 9 (only); al-ğeli (opposite to ‘cheap’ u:čuz) kız 55, 9; Rif. 153: Kıp. xııı (‘daughter’) kız, also aİ-šay’u'l-ğeîi Hou. 24, 21; al-ğeli (opposite to ‘cheap’ učuz) kız do. 24, 2: xıv kız al-ğeli Id. 71; gale'l-sıer ‘the price was highkız oldl Bul. 6ev.: xv ğeli kız 26b. 12; ğale (kayna-‘to boil’ and) kız bol- (and kiči-, q.v.) 27a. 3: Osm. xıv ff. kızcostly, rare’; fairly common down to xvı TTS I 466; II 636; III 452; IV 518: xvııı kız ... (2) in Rumi, kamen ‘rare, costly’, opposite to arzen ‘cheap’ San. 296V. 3.

F ko:z (nut, walnut) ‘nut’, and more specifically ‘walnut’; a corruption, prob. Oğuz, of Ar. cawz, cf. the Pe. corruption gawz. First noted in xııı ; survives in NW Kk. ğoz; Knm, Kumyk, Nog. koz; SW Az. ğoz; Osm. koz; Tkm.xo:z. (Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. IVs reading and translation of USp. 50, 2 koz yarmıš üčiipü tört bakır birdim ‘I paid four copper coins for a nut-cracker’ is certainly wrong, the first word is prob. koš; the second and third (which must be Dat.) prob. mistranscribed): xıv Muh. dahttıt'1-caıvz ‘nut oil’ ko:z yağı: Mel. 66, 7; Rif. 165; al-cawz ko:z 78, 13; 183; (al-caıvze' ‘ (»emini’ (in the signs of the Zodiac) ko:z 183 (only) is either a transcription of al-catvse' or an error for koš): Čağ. xv ff. koz girdgen ‘walnut’, in Ar. cawz San. 287^ 22: Kom. xıv ‘nut’ koz; ‘nut oil’ koz yağı CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-caivz koz Hou. 8, 3:xiv ko:z al-cawz, Turcicized (mutarrak) fr. the Ar. by substituting k- for c- Id. 71: xv cawz koz Tuh. 11b. 11.

kuz (ku:z?) (north, northern, northern slope) ‘the northern side of a mountain seldom reached by the sun’. Perhaps still survives in SW Osm.; base of the word (etymology obscure) Az. ğuzey; Osm. kuzay/ kuzey; Tkm. ğuzaynorth, northern’. Türkü vııı T 7 (čogay): Xak. xı al-maqnu-watu'l-cabal ‘the shady side of a mountain’ is called kuz ta:ğ, that is the side which the sun does not reach until it has passed the zenith, and is to the left ('an yasar) of the sun; frost and snow reign there; prov. kuzda: ka:r egsü:me:s ‘there is no shortage of snow on the shady side of a mountain’ Kaš. I 325; ku:z ta:ğ same translation III 124: KB 5372 (kotuz): Kıp. xıv kuz ‘a place which the sun does not reach when it first rises’ Id. 71: Osm. xıv to xvı kuz ‘a place which the sun does not reach’; in several texts TTS 11 672; III 492; IV 558: xvııı kuz ... (2) in Rumi, ‘ (a part of) the mountains on which the sun does not shine’, and, more generally, ‘shade’ (seya) San. 28yr. 22.

Mon. V. ĞZ-

kaz- (dig) ‘to dig, dig out"; s.i.a.m.l.g. with some extended meanings. Cf. 3 eš-, Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. toprak kaza ‘digging up the earth’ (to lay the foundations of a house) TT VI 82: Civ. kuduğ kazsar ‘if he digs a well’ TT VII 39, 4; a.o. 29, 2 (1 bulak (spring (water), fountain)): Xak. erarık kazdı: ‘the man dug (hafara) a canal’ (etc.); and one says at kazdı: ‘the horse was restive (camaha) and dug up the ground with its feet’ Kaš. II 10 (kaza:r, kazma:k): KB 1734 (tupul»-): xııı (?) At. (pardon the sins of the sinner and) 'adawat kökinl kazıp sen köčür ‘dig up and remove the root of hostility (to God)’ 338:xiv Muh. hafara ka:z- Met. 9, 3-7; 20, 12; 25, 7; Rif. 81, 100, 107; (among kinds of dogs) al-hefir kazğa:n 174 (only): Čağ. xv ff. kazkandan ‘to dig’ San. 272V. 16 (quotns.): Xwar. xııı ditto 'Ali 30: xıv ditto Qutb 137: Kip. xııı hafara kaz- Hou. 37, 17: xıv ditto; kazdı: atm: ‘he stopped (istatvqafa) his horse’; and a horse which is stopped is called kazağuč (so vocalized) td. 71 (this seems to be a misunderstanding of Kaš.’a secorid meaning; kazğuč, Dev. N./A-, w-ould be apt to describe a horse which paws the ground): XV hafara kaz- Tuh. 13b. 5.
681

Dis. ĞZĞ

kız- (red) basically ‘to be red’; hence (i) 'to be red hot’; (2) 'to be red’ (with anger, shame, etc.). S.i.a.m.l.g. (in SP3 Türki kızı- ; SC Uzb. kizl-) usually ‘to be hot’, but NE Tuv. ‘to blush’; SW Osm. ‘to blaze with anger’. See kızğur-. Türkü vııı T 40. (ört): Xak. xı KB kızğu megiz ‘his complexion will be ruddy’ 480; o.o. 1100, 1164, 2385, 3845 (1 og-), 4524 (egllğ), 57el(all relating to the face): xıv Muh. (?) al-dafa ‘to be warm’ kızmak Rif. 1 i9 (only; MS. kırmak): Čağ. xvfT. kız- (-ğan) kız-, gann ol- ‘to be hot’ Vel. 331; kiz-/ kızıš-/kızıt- garni šudan San. 295V. 29 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to glow with heat’ kiz-CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kiz- hamiya ‘to be hot’ Id. 71: Osm. xv kiz- ‘to be hot; to be red’ in two texts TTS IV 520.

Dis. ĞZA

kazı: (belly fat, kazı: sausage, ) s.i.a.m.l.g. except SE, SW meaning ‘the fat on a horse’s belly’, hence ‘a sausage made from such fat’. L.-w. in Pe. as ğezi, Doerfer III 1356. Xak. xı kazı:rolls of fat Čukun) on a man’s belly, and fat (siman) on a horse’s belly’; hence one says yund kazı:sı: ya:ğ ‘the fat on a horse’s belly is (real) fat’ (sanın); it is the favorite meat of the Turks Kaš. III 223.

kuzi: (lamb, кузя) ‘lamb’; a very old, First Period, l.-w. in Mong. as kuriğan (Hacnisch 72; Studies, p. 235). S.i.a.m.l.g., in some SE, NC, NW languages as kozi, which is prob. a Sec. f.; some NE languages use the Mong. word reborrowed, see Shcherbak, p. 113. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A kuzı buzağu ‘a lamb and a calf’ MIR, 4; a.o. 18, 4 (in: Man. kuzı etin yĞgler ‘eat the flesh of a lamb’ M III 39, 2 (iii): Civ. (small numbers of various animals) beš kuzı ‘five lambs’ USp. 36, 3: Xak. xı kuzi al-hamal ‘lamb’ Kaš. III 224; I 444 . (bakla:n (lamb)); 520 (košul-); III 270 (bula:-), a.o.o. sometimes translated al-saxla ‘lamb’: KB kuzi is common both in its lit. meaning 461, 1040, etc.; as a term of endearment ay kuzi 'my darling!’ 695; and for the constellation ‘Aries’ 66, 139: xııı (?) Tef. kudi ‘lamb’ 210 (kodŋ: xıv Muh. al-hamal ku:zi: Mel. 70, 14; Rif. 172; ditto (‘Aries’) ku:zi: 79, 4; 183: Čağ. xv ff. kuzı bara ‘lamb’ (quotn.), also 'Aries’ (burc-i hamal), and metaph. ‘a human child’ San. 287^ 28: Xwar. xıv kuzi ‘lamb’ Qutb 142: Kom. xıv ‘lamb’ kozi (sic) CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-xanlf ‘lamb’ kuzu: Hou. 15, 2: xıv kuzi: al-xanlf; kuzu: (sic) kulağı: al-lmmmayd ‘sorrel’, that is ‘lamb’s ear’ Id. 71; (‘middle-sized lamb’ fokli:) ‘small one’ kuzı: Bui. 7, 13 : xv there is some confusion in the list of animals in Kav. 61, 19 ff. (22 ‘donkey’ ešek); al-xanlf koyun; 62, 1 al-ramts (unintelligible, ?read al-radV ‘suckling’) kuzi:.

Dis. V. ĞZA-

?S kazı:- (carve, engrave, scrape, shove off, erase, scratch, pluck up, uproot) both semantically and phonetically half-way between kaz- (dig) and kašı:-, perhaps a Sec. f. of the former; survives in SW Az. ğazı- ‘to carve, engrave’; Osm. kazı- ‘to scrape, scrape off, shove off, erase’. Xak. xı \\\ ol yeriğ kazı:dı: ‘he dug (harafa) the ground and scraped it’ (balıatahe); also used when one scratches off a scab (anke l-qarha) and the like Kaš. III 264 (kazi:r, kazi:ma:k): xıv Muh. qala'a ‘to pluck up, uproot’, and the like ka:zi- Mel. 30, 9 (Rif. 114 kap-): Kip. xv carada ‘to strip off (e.g. bark); to clean (e.g. the ground of weeds)’ kazı- Tuh. 12b. 2.

D kıza:- (dishonor, despoil, violate, deflower) Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 ki:z (girl, unmarried woman, daughter, slave girl). Xak. xı ol kı:zığ kıza:dı: ‘he deflowered (iftadda, MS. iqtadda) the virgin’ Kaš. III 265 (kiza:r, kiza:ma:k).

D kizu:- (priced, costliness) Hap. leg. ; Den. V. fr. 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly). Xak. xı tava:r kızu:dı: ğalat as'eru l-sila' ‘the price of the merchandise went up’ Kaš. III 265 (kizu:r, kizu:ma:k).

S kuzi:- Hap. leg.; Sec. f. of kurı:- (cure (food), dry, parch, diminish (desire)); an interesting case of an -r-/-z- interchange in reverse in a standard Turkish language; misspelt kurı:- in the MS. but listed between kazı:- and kizu:-. Xak. xı anıg boğzı: aška: kuzı:dı: ‘his throat dried (caffa) with the food’; this word is in current use (al-musta’mal); but the correct form is with -r- (not -z-) and this word is irregular (šaddat) just as the phr. süt emizdi: arda'ahu ‘he made him drink milk’ is irregular Kaš. III 264 (kuzi:r, kuzi:ma:k).

Dis. V. ĞZD-

(S)D kuzit- Caus. f. of kuzr.-; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. lešip tözlüg Igligke kuzıtğu emler yarašur ‘for someone suffering from an illness caused by mucus (Tokharian (Agnean ?) l.-w.) drying drugs are beneficial’ Suv. 592, 19-20: Xak. xı ol anıg boğzın kuzuttı: ašhehu'l--ta'em ‘he excited a desire for food in him’; the original (sound) of the -z- was -r-, as if someone had dried (caffa, i.e. emptied) his throat of food and he longed for it; this is irregular (šedd) because (sic) the Caus. f. of Intrans. V.s is formed only with -r- Kaš. II 306 (kuzu-tu:r, kuzutma:k; in all cases spelt kurut-, but under the cross-heading -Z-).

D kaztur- Caus. f. of kaz- (dig); s.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı ol agar kuduğ (MS. apparently kadağ) kazturdi: ‘he gave him the task of digging (hafŋ a well (Kaš. inadvertently ‘canal’) and he dug it’ Kaš. II 190 (kazturur, kazturma:k): xııı (?) Tef. kazdur- ditto 193: Čağ. xv ff. kazdur- ‘to order someone to dig’ (kandan) San. 273r. 1.

Dis. ĞZĞ

D kazuk (dugout (canal)) Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kaz- (dig); not to be confused with later forms of kazğuk. Cf. kadik. Xak. xı kazuk arık ‘a canal which has been dug’ (mahfûr) Kaš. I 382.

D kızğut (punishment) Dev. N. fr. kiz-; ‘punishment’, lit. ‘something which makes a man blush’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. U II 26, 14 etc. (2 kı:n (punishment, torture)): Xak. xı kızğut al-nakel ‘a public or exemplary punishment’; the man is \682\ publicly disgraced (yufdah) for a crime, and punished for it (yueqab 'alayhe), while others look on and reproach him (yanzacir minhtŋ Kaš. I 451.
682

D kazğuk (pin, peg, nail) Conc. N. fr. kaz- (dig); ‘a peg driven into the ground’. S.i.a.m.I.#, usually as kazık (not to be confused with kazuk (dugout (canal)) above). L.-w. in Hungarian as karü. The Xak. form is Hap. leg. and seems to be a parallel Dev. N. fr. kazın- (dig), Cf. talğuk. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (her black-coloured nipples are) kazğuk teg M II \\ 11, 18: Bud. (I cut the magic spells of all these demons with a sword and) vacir iize kazğuk tokıyurmen ‘peg them down with a vajra' U II 61, 18; a.o. do. 62, 19 (on p. 102 there is a picture of such a kazğuk; there are others in Pfahl.); (just as when one) temir kazğukuğ yerke tokısar ‘drives an iron peg into the ground’ TT IV 12, 42-3: Civ. yirde kazğuk bekürü tokıyurmen ‘I will fasten a peg firmly in the ground’ TT I 185-e: XIV Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ‘the Pole Star’ altun kazuk (lit. ‘golden peg’) Ligeti 165; R II 383: Xak. xı kazguk (vocalized kazujjuk, but under fatal) ‘a peg’ (al-tvatad); hence the Pole Star (al-qutb) is called temür kazguk (ditto), that is ‘iron nail’ (mismeŋ because the sky revolves on it Kaš. III 383; a.o. III 40 (yultuz): xııı (?) Tef. kazuk ‘ (tent) peg’ 193: xıv Muh. al-tvatad ka:zuk Mel. 69, 3; Rif. 169; wata-du'l-xayma ‘tent-peg’ ka:zuk 76, 11; 180; al-qutb temü:r ka:zuk 79, 8; 183: Čağ. xv ff. kazuk (spelt) (1) mix-i buzurg ‘a large nail’; (2) sitera-i qutb-i šimali ‘the Pole Star’, which is an expression for cudayy (same meaning); they also call it temür kazuk San. 273V. 1; (in 45V. 14 it is said that ekseri, a Greek l.-w. in Rumi, means ‘a small nail (mix) used in carpentry’, and that large ones fixed in the ground are called kazuk): Xwar. xııı (?) (a mole on the forehead) altun kazuk teg Oğ. 49: Kip. xıv kazık al-tvatad İd. 71: xv al-cudayy temlr xa:zuk, meaning that it is fixed and does not set Kav. 58, 7.

E kızğak See kısğak.

D kızğıl Dev. N./A. fr. kız-; ‘reddish’. Survives with the same meaning in NC Kır., Kzx. kızğılt (sic); in other languages prob. absorbed by kızıl. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. közi kızğıl (ktzkil) bolu:r ‘his eyes become reddish’ TT VIII 1.e: Xak. xı kızgıl (MS. ktzğul) at 'a horse which is somewhere between blackish and greyish’ ( ?; al-athal tva'l-ašhab) Kaš. 7483.

D kazğa:n Dev. N. fr. kaz- (dig); in its etymological meaning noted only in Kaš. and San.; San.'s first translation seems to supply the transition to ‘cauldron’, which is the meaning elsewhere. This meaning, which s.i.a.m.l.g., must be a very old one, as the word in this meaning survives in Čuv. xuran Ash. xvı 216. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1390. Xak. xı kazğa:n ye:r ‘ground which is full of banks undermined by water, crevices, and cracks’ (curuf wa axaqiq wa šuqüq) Kaš. I 439 (prov.): xııı (?) Tef. kazan ‘cauldron’ 192: xıv Muh. \\\  (among household utensils) al-qezğen (sic) ka:za:n Mel. 68, 14; Rif. 169: Čağ. xv ff. kazğan ‘a circular object made of wood and reeds’; when they take a cauldron (dig) off the stove (öteğ) they place it on it; the author of the Burhen-i Qe (i' recorded it as Pe. and translated it dig; it also means ‘digging, dug, to dig’ (kananda wa kanda wa kandan) San. 27 $r. 27; kazan (1) ‘a kind of small large-bore cannon’ (tûp) (quotn.); (2) dig-i fabaxi ‘a cauldron for cooking’; (3) ‘a large goblet’ (rikeb-i pahn); (4) a tribe of the Salur Türkmen use this word as a rallying cry for one of their sections (firqa) when they pitch camp; (5) the name of an emperor (padišah) of the family of Čingiz (details given); (6) one of the kingdoms (mamlakat) of Rûs; in all six meanings also pronounced with ğayn, i.e. kazğan do. 273r. 22: Xwar. xıv kazan ‘cauldron’ Qutb 137; Nahc. 125, 9: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-qidru l-nahes tva'l-mircal ‘a copper cooking-pot or cauldron’ kazğa:n, also called kaza:n Hou. 17, 8: xıv kazan ‘a large copper cooking-pot’ İd. 71: xv (among household utensils) al-dast ‘copper pot’ ka:zan Kav. 64, 6; qidr kazan Tuh. 29b. 4. \\

kuzğu:n (raven) properly ‘raven’, but also used for other large black birds. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes, sometimes metaph. for ‘greedy’ and the like. L.-w. in Pe., Doerfer III 1480. Türkü vııı ff. kuzğu:nu:ğ ığacka: bami:š ‘they tied a raven to a tree’ IrkB 14; a.o. do. 54 (yalvar-): Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kuzğun ‘raven’, usually in the Hend. kuš kuzğun ‘birds and ravens’, is fairly common PP 1,4; 75, 3! 80, 4 (ko:n-); U 777 32, 5; TT VI 59: Xak. xı kuzğu:n al-ğudef ‘raven’ Kaš. I 439 (prov.); a.o. III 240, 2e: KB kara kuzgun erdim ‘I was a black raven’ 1098 (see ča:l (grey, mix of white and black, reddish-brown, roan, чалый)); a.o. 365 (tü:): xııı (?) Tef. kuzğun ‘raven’ 2le:xiv Muh. al-zeğ ‘rook, carrion crow’ kuzğu:n Mel. 72, 3; Rif■ 175: Čağ. xv ff. kuzğun (spelt) ‘a large black raven’ (or crow, kuleğ) also called ğug San. 287^ 26 (quotn.); reverse entry 262V. le: Xwar. xıv kuzğun ‘raven’ Qutb 147: Kip. xıv kuzğun naw mina'l--ğurben ‘a variety of crow’, with a long bill and a long tail İd. 71: xv al-ğurebu’l-aswad ‘black crow’ kuzğun Kav. 62, 14; Tuh. 26b. 3 (karğa:).

D kazğanč (profit, gains, earnings) Dev. N. fr. kazğan-; survives only (?) in SW Az. ğazanč; Osm. kazanč; Tkm. ğazančprofit, gains, earnings’. Türkü vııı ff. čığan er oğlı: kazğančka: barmi:š ‘a poor man’s son went out to earn money’ IrkB 30: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the common people...) kazğanč tileyür ‘seek to earn money’ TT VI 13; (or if he goes trading) kazğančı ükliyür ašılur ‘his profits increase’ (Hend.) do. 104; o.o. PP 12, 2 (üze); 13, 1-2; 4 16, 4; Kuan. 77 (kazğan-): Xak. xı kazğanč al-kasb ‘earnings, profits’ Kaš. III 38e: KB sarSy ol ajun kör bu kazğanč yeri ‘this world is a merchants’ inn, a place for making profits’ 1444: xııı (?) Tef. kazğanč (mis-spelt karğanč)!kazanč ‘profits’ 193, 201: xıv Muh. al-kasb kazğa:nč Mel. 85, 1; Rif. 191: Čağ. \683\ xv ff. kazanč/kazančlığ/kazğanč/kazğanč-Iik tahfil wa iktisab ‘profit, gain, earnings’ San. 273r. 2e: Kip. xııı takassaba ‘to seek to earn’ (kazan-/) kazanč eyle- Hou. 38, 16.
683

Dis. V. ĞZĞ-

E kızğa:- See kırğa:-.

D kazğan- (earn, gain, strive, acquire) basically ‘to earn (wages by labour), to gain (profits by trade)’, with some more general meanings; Refl. f. of *kazğa:- (not listed); morphologically this could be a Den. V. fr. *kazığ (not listed) Dev. N. fr. kaz- (dig), but the semantic connection is tenuous and it is more likely to be a very old V. in -ğa:-. Survives only (?) in SW Az., Tkm. ğazan-; Osm. kazan-. Türkü vııı kazğan- is fairly common; (1) without an Object it seems to mean ‘to strive for success’; e.g. (when I came to the throne I did not sleep by night or rest by day, together with Kül Tegin and the two šads) ölu: yetü: kazğantım anča: kazğanıp ‘I nearly worked myself to death; and so striving...’ I E 27, II E 22; (2) governing e:l (country, land), with or without = (law), it means ‘to strive to acquire’, e.g. IE 9 (1 e:l (country, land)); IIE 36 (yeged-); (3) otherwise it means ‘to acquire’, e.g. kagtmiz ečümiz kazğanmıš bodun atı: küsi: yok bolmazu:n ‘may the fame and reputation of the people whom my father and ancestors acquired not perish’ I E 26, II E 22; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Yen. eliŋiz üčü:n kazğanu:striving for success on behalf of your realm’ Mal. 26,4; El-čor eli:ŋe: kazğantım ’I strove for the success of El-čor’s realm’ do. 32, 8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kazğan-, which is common, normally means ‘to acquire, earn’, e.g. kaŋ kazğansar ‘if a father acquires (wealth)’ PP 8, 3; ağı barım kazğansar 'if one acquires treasures and property’ do. 12, 7; a.o. do. 14, 4; yığmıš kazğanmıš ‘collected and acquired’ U II 34, 13; atamız kazğanmıš tavarığ ‘the property acquired by our father’ U III 81, 13 ; (Kuan-ši-im Bodhisattva) ertigü üküš edgü kılınč kazğanč kazğanuracquires (i.e. performs) very many good deeds’ Kuan. 77; al čevlš bilge bilig kazğanč ertirjü üküš kazğanmıš üčün ‘because he has acquired very many (clever) devices (Hend.) and (much) wisdom’ do. 187-8: O. Kır. ıx ff. (I went to the emperor of China and because of my manly virtues and toughness) kazğandım ‘I acquired’ (gold, silver, etc.) Mai. ir, 9; xamgiz yoklaya:r kadašlarıgız kazğanu:r ‘your xan rises in importance, your kinsmen gain (wealth)’ do. 25, 6 (? so read, but the text is not reliable): Xak. xı er tawa:r kazğandı: ‘the man acquired (kasaba) wealth’ Kaš. II 249 (kazğanu:r, kazğanma:k; verse): KB (if a man takes my words for his companion) kümüš kazğanur 'he acquires silver’ 189; (the sword holds the realm and) bodun kazğanuracquires people’ 2714; o.o. 3666, 3923; xııı (?) At. kamuğ kazğanığlı ajun malını ‘after acquiring all the wealth in the world’ (he could not enjoy it) 273; Tef. kazğan-/kadğan-/kazan- 'to acquire’ (wealth) 192-3; Xiv Muh. haššala ‘to acquire’ \\\ kazan- Rif. 107 (MS. karan-); al-lahšll kazğanmak (this must have been the translation, the edition has korkutmak) Mel. 36, 1; kazanmak Rif. 121 (MS. karanmak): Čağ. xv ff. kazğan- (spelt) kasb wa tahfil kardan; also pronounced kazan- San. 273r. 3 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to acquirekazan- CCI; kazğan- CCG; Gr.: Kom. xııı takassaba ‘to seek to acquirekazan- (MS. karan-) (and kazanč eyle-) Hou. 38, le: xv haffala kazan- Tuh. 13b. 12.

D kızğur- Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kız-, lit. ‘to cause to blush’; cf. kızğut, kızıl-, Xak. xı ol anı: bu: ı:šta: kızğurdı: 'he inflicted exemplary punishment on him (nakala bihŋ for this act, and made him experience the evil consequences of it so that he should not do it again’ Kaš. II 194 (kızğurur, kızğurma:k); a.o. 200, 22.

SD kuzğır- (kudğır-) Hap. leg.; Inchoative f. of kuz- (kud- (qud) (pour (liquid))); the word is clearly spelt kuzğır- and, as it is Kip., this may be correct, but it is listed between kadğur- and kurğır-, so the original text should have had kudğır-. Kip. xı ka:r kuzğırdı: (in the MS. the -ğ- has both fatha and kasra) ‘the snow came (poured) in masses like flocks of birds’ (fabib bi-tayren) Kaš. II 193 (kuzğıra:r, kuzğırma:k).

Tris. V. ĞZĞ-

D kızğutlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. kızğut. Xak. xı er ı:štı:n kızğutlandı: ‘the man was deterred (imtana'a) from the act, when he realized the evil consequences of it and was put to shame (iftadaha) over it’ Kaš. II 271 (kızğutlanu:r, kızğutlanma:k).

Dis. ĞZL

D kızıl (red, cornel (dogwood berry)) Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. kız-; ‘red’. S.i.a.m.l.g.; l.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1481. Cf. 2 a:l (red, scarlet). Türkü vıii kızıl kanım 'my red blood’T 52: vııı ff. kızıl kaya: 'a red rock’ IrkB 51: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kızıl sağızğan ‘the red magpie’ (name of a star) TT VI 95: Civ. kızıl orduluğ 'having a red palace’ TT VII 13, 34; kızıl čından ‘red sandalwood’ HI 91; a.o.o.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Did. ch’ih ‘red’ (Giles 1,967) kızıl Ligeti 167: Xak. xı kızıl al-ahmar ‘red’ of anything (prov., verse); Kızıl the name of a river in Kešğar (verse) Kaf. I 394; I 40 (2 eg), a.o.o.: KB (in spring the trees adorn themselves with mauve, crimson, yellow, blue, and) kızıl 67; o.o. 120, 954, 2312 (alčı:), etc.: xııı (?) At. 26 (2 ey); Tef. kızıl ‘red’ 207: xıv Muh. ahmaru’l-fa’r ‘red-haired’ kızıl sač Mel. 46, 5; Rif. 139; o.o. 68, 2-6; 78, i; 168; 181: Čağ. xv ff. kızıl (ŋsurx ‘red’; (2) efker wa šadid ‘manifest, intense’; (3) ‘a kind of red bird’; (4) ‘a kind of falcon’ San. 296V. 9 (quotn.; followed by several phr. beginning with kızıl): Xwar. xııı (?) eteš kızıl ‘as red as fire’ Oğ. 6; kıp kızıl ‘deep red’ do. 16e: Kom. xıv ‘bright red’ kızıl CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ahmar kızıl Hou. 31, 2:xiv ditto; kıp kızıl al-šadtdu’l-humra Id. 71: \684\ xv fi ta'kidi'l-lmmra kıp kızıl Kav. 5,9; ahmar kızıl Tuh. 68b. 3; a.o.o.
684

D kızla:k Hap. leg.; P. abbreviated Dim. f. of kızıl; ‘reddish’. Xak. xı Kaš. I 473 (köt); n.m.e. .

D kızlık (virginity) Preliminary note. Kızlık the A.N. of 1 kı:z 'virginity, the duties of a girl', etc. s.i.m.m.l.g., but is not noted before Kip. xıv Id. 71; the A.N. of 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly) survived until recently in SW Osm. but has now been displaced by kıtlık, a modern word.

D kızlık (costliness, rarity) A.N. fr. 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly); ‘costliness, rarity’, and the like. Xak. xı KB 564 (2 ki:z): xııı (?) Tef. kızlık ‘famine, scarcity’ 207: Xwar. xııı kızlık 'costliness’ 'Ali 48: xıv ditto Qutb 150: Kip. xııı al-ğale ‘costliness’ (opposite to ‘cheapness’ učuzlı:k) kızlı:k Hou. 27, 3: xrv kızlık al-ğale (also al-bikera ‘virginity’) Id. 71: Osm. xıv ff. kızlık ‘costliness, rarity, scarcity’; c.i.a.p. down to xvııı TTS I 467; II 639; III 454; IV 520: xvııı kızlığ ( (1) Čağ. ‘virginity’); (2) in Rümi, gireni ‘costliness, rarity’ San. zgev. 7.

E kozluğ (embers) in Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. telim kozluğ ükmekleriğ seems to be an error for közlüg, a P.N./A. fr. 2 kö:z (embers) not recorded elsewhere; ‘many heaps of burning embers’ TM IV 253, 47 (the text is damaged at this point).

Dis. V. ĞZL-

D kazıl- (dug) Pass. f. of kaz- (dig); ‘to be dug’. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı arık kazıldı: ‘the canal (etc.) was dug’ (hufira) Kaš. II 135 (kazilur, kazilma:k): KB 6063 (karım): Čağ. xv ff. kazıl- (spelt) kanda šudan ‘to be dug’ San. 273r- 2.

D kızıl- Pass. f. of kiz-; n.o.a.b.; modem NE kızıl- is a Sec. f. of kısıl-. For meaning cf. kızğut, kızğur-, Xak. xı er yazuktin kızıldı: ‘the man was given an exemplary punishment’ (nukila 'ale'1-racul) and experienced the evil consequences of his offence Kaš. II 135 (kızılur, kizilma:k); a.o. 200, 20.

D kazla:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. 1 ka:z; like other Den. V.s fr. the names of animals used only in the Ger. in -u:, ‘like a swan (’s neck)’. Xak. xı ivrik bašı: kazlayu: ‘the ewer (Pe. l.-w.) with its neck vertical (muntašib) like a swan’s’ Kaš. I 100, 6; n.m.e. . , D kazlin- Hap. leg.; Refl. f. of kazıl-, and practically syn. w. it. Xak. xı yd:r kazlmdr. ‘the ground was broken up (inxaraqat, MS.? inhazaqat) and holes (hufar) formed in it’ Kaš. II 251 (kazlinu:r, kazlinma:k).

D 1 kızlan- (girlish, shy, modest, delicate) Refl. Den. V. fr. 1 ki:z (girl, unmarried woman, daughter, slave girl); survives in SW Osm. for ‘to be shy, modest, delicate like a girl’. Xak. xı ol anı: kizlandi: taban-nehe ay itta.vadahe bint ‘he adopted her’ Kaš. II 251 (kizlanu:r, kizlanma:k); same phr. translated ‘he reckoned the girl as one of his daughters’ III 198, 14.\\\

D 2 kızlan- Hap. leg.; Refl. Den. V. fr. 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly). Xak. xı ol bu: atığ kizlandi: ‘he re,ckoned that this horse w’as expensive’ (ğelŋ KPš. II 251 (followed by 1 kızlan-).

D kızlaš- (slave girl) Hap. leg.; Recip. Den. V. fr. 1 ki:z (girl, unmarried woman, daughter, slave girl); prob. used only in Ger. in -u:. Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: ok attı: kızlašu: ‘he had an archery competition with me, making the stfike a slave girl (wa ca'ala'l-xafar baynane’l-.epriya) Kaš. II 221 (kızlašu:r, kızlašma:k).

Tris. ĞZL

D kızla:muk (measles) Den. N. (pejorative) fr. kızıl; ‘measles’. The -ı- was elided at an early date. Survives as kızamık or the like in SC Uzb.; N'W Kaz., Kumyk; SW Osm., Tkm.; most otlher languages use kızılča in this sense, but SlS Türki kızıl (ağrığı), and the NE languages the Russian l.-w. kor'. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kızamuk üniip karını ötmeser ‘if a man develops measles and becomes constipated’ TT VII 22, re: Xak. xı kızla:muk al-hašba wc? butür mitluhe ‘measles and similar eruptions’ Kaš. I 528: Čağ. xv ff. kizamuk 'illat-i hdšba San. 296V. 4.

D kızılsığ (reddish) Hap. leg.; Simulative Den. N./A. fr kızıl ‘reddish’. Türkü vııı Toyok 15-16 (ETY II 58; ün-). ‘

Tris. ĞZM

S kiza:muk See kizla:muk.

Dis. ĞZN

S kazan See kazğa:n.

S kazın See kadin (relative, related by marriage, father-in-law, wife’s brother (свояк)).

F kaznak ‘treasury’; the Ar. word xazina seems to have become kaznak or the like in some Middle Iranian language, fr. which it was borrowed by Turkish. N.o.a.b., but l.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1485; the original Ar-. word was also an early l.-w. in Turkish, the first occurrence being in Xak. xıı (?) KB VP j-j , 51. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. kaznakka (transcribed kiznakka) kirip (a thief) ‘entering the treasury’ U II 76, 2: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. k'utrieasury, storehouse’ (Giles 6,279) kaznak Ligeti 165: Xak. xı KB ačtı ağı kaznaki ‘he opened the treasury’ (and distributed alms) 10 34; (if a skilled Secretary watches the incomings and outgoings) kaznak tolur ‘the treasury fills’ 5913: xııı (?) Tef. kadnak(k)a (sic) kirgil 192

D kazguk See kazğuk.

Dis. V. ĞZN-

D kazın- (dig) Refl. f. of kaz- (dig); s.i.s.m.l., usually as a Pass. Xak. xı <ol> ö:zige kuduğ kazındı; ‘he made it his business to dig (hafr) a well for himself’, also for ‘to pretend (to dig)’ Kaš. II 155 (kazinu:r, kazmma:k).

VtU (D) kozan- (koza:n-) (adorn, ornament) Hap, leg.; no obvious etymology, prob. a mere jingle with \685\ bezen-, Xak. xı ura:ğut bezendi: kozandı: ‘the woman adorned and ornamented herself’ (tabarracat... tva tazayyanat) Kaš. II 155 (koza:nur, kozanma:k).
685

Tris. ĞZN

D kazındı: (dug up) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kazın- (dig); survives with same meaning in SW Osm. Xak. xı kazındı: topra:k nabitatu'l-tureb ‘soil that has been dug out and heaped up’ Kaš. I 449.

PUD kazıŋku: Hap. leg.; this word shares a separate section with karaŋğu: and final -ğu: might have been expected; if so, Dev. N./A. fr. kazın- (dig), but the semantic connection is nebulous. Xak. xı yip kazigku: boldi: ‘the string was knotted (in'aqada) and very much tangled’ (iltawd) so that it could not be disentangled (yanšarih) Kaš. III 388.

Dis. ĞZR

D kizrak Comparative f. in -rak of 2 kı:z (costly, expensive, rare, miserly); n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB tirigllkte kizrak bütün čın kiši ‘one who is the rarest of living creatures, an honest, upright man’ 1724: xııı (?) At. 444 (2 ki:z).

Dis. V. ĞZR

D kızar- ‘to be, or become, red’; obviously connected w. kiz-; prob. Intrans. Den. V. fr. a homophonous N. *kiz different fr. 1 kiz and 2 kiz. S.i.a.m.l.g. Xak. xı kızardı: ne:g ‘the thing was, or became, red’ (ihmarra) Kaš. II 77 (kızarur, kizarma:k); ‘verbs ending in -r- fall into three classes; (1) there is a N./A. (ism) and the verb is compounded (rukiba) from it, e.g. to:n kızardı: “the garment was red” (ahmarra), the origin is kızıl erdi: šera ahmar, the lem and hamza were elided, and it became a genuine (mahd) verb’ II 163, 14: Čağ. xv ff. kızar- surx šudan ‘to be, or become, red’ San. 295V. 15 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 149: Kom. xıv ‘to glow with heat’ kızar- CCG\ Gr.: Kip. xıv kızar- ihmarra Id. 71: xv ditto Kav. 5, 13; hammara kızar- Tuh. 13b. 5; a.o.o.

D kızart- Caus. f. of kızar-; s.i.a.m.l.g. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (the lords of hell beating them) kızartmıš t[emir]Iig bergen ‘with red hot iron rods’ TT IV, p. 18, note B 7, 7: Xak. xı ol kızarttı: ne:gni: hammara’l-šay’ ‘he made the thing red’ Kaš. III 431 (kizar-tur, kizartma:k): KB (when the rulers are not wicked) isiz ol 61de sevinčin kızartmaz megiz 'they do not make the wicked man’s face glow with pleasure in that realm’ (or ‘the wicked man does not make his own face glow...’) 892; o.o. 1287, 2185, 2384: Čağ. xv ff. kızart- (spelt) surx kardan ‘to make red’ San. 295V. 27 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 149.

Dis. V. ĞZŠ-

D kazıš- Co-op. f. of kaz- (dig); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı ol maga: yer kazıšdı: ‘he helped me to dig (fi hafi) the ground’ (or something else); also for competing Kaš. II 100 (kazıšu:r, kazıšma:k): Čağ. xv ff. kazıš- (spelt) be-ham kandan ‘to dig together’ San. 273r. 2.
686

INITIAL VELAR POST-PALATAL PLOSIVES G K (Q) H

Preliminary note. As pointed out in Studies, pp. 131, etc. there is good evidence that, although in Türkü there was only one, unvoiced, Postpalatal initial, and the position was prob. the same in Uyğ. and Xak., in an earlier stage of the language both voiced and unvoiced Postpalatal initials existed. Where such evidence exists regarding a particular word, (g-) is added after the heading. (I.e. where the record has only kiv- “give, bestow”, a version giv- “give, bestow” has existed, thus kiv- (giv-), in alternate spelling qiv- (giv-))

Mon. G(Q)E

*ke: (g-) (back, behind) ‘back, behind’, and the like; not noted in the unsuffixed form but see ke:din (back, behind, afterwards), 2 ke:n (behind (place), after (time), later, thereafter, onwards, in future, finally), ke:rü:. (voiced, gene, genealogy, genera, general, generate, etc.)

kü: (rumour; fame, reputation) (gossip) 'rumour; fame, reputation(gossip), and the like. Fairly common down to XI both by itself and in Hend., but survives only in NC Kır. kü:; syn. w. ča:v, q.v. The theory in TT X, p. 29, note 440 that this is a l.-w. fr. Chinese hao ‘mark, designation; to call out’ (Giles 3,884; Middle Chinese yau) is unconvincing. Türkü vııı tašra: yorıyu:r teyen ešidip 'hearing the rumour that he had marched out’ I E \2\ (because he fought so much against the Chinese and displayed toughness and manly virtues) kü: bunča: tutdi: ‘he acquired so great a reputation’ Ix. 12; o.o. I E 25, II E 21 (1 a:t (name)); II E 22, 3e: Uyğ. ıx küm soru:ğum ‘my fame and reputation’ Suci 4: vııı ff. Man.-A küsin ‘his reputation’ M I 21, r (ii); a.o. do. 26, 27-8 (1 a:t): Bud. ol edgü at tört buluğda yadıltı ‘that good reputation was spread in all quarters of the world’ PP 7, 1-2; o.o. Hüen-ts. 156 (kelig), etc.: Civ. atıg küg TT I 43; 15e: Xak. xı kü: al-šît bayna’l-nes ‘fame among the people’; hence one says kü:lüg bilge: ‘a famous sage’ Kaš. III 212: KB küsi čavı ‘his fame and reputation’ 87, 102, 458, 171 r, etc.

Mon. V. G(Q)E-

VU kü:- (protect, cover) pec. to Uyğ. and used only in Hend. w. közed-, usually in the phr. küyü (protect, cover) közečlü tut- (keep, hold, grasp, seize, guarantee) ‘to protect and keep’, but apparently the basis of 3 kü:g (care, pasturing, cared), q.v. and küse:- (wish, desire, long for). Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. kop ada tudadın yarın keče küyü közedü tutmakları bolzun ‘may they be protected and kept from all dangers (Hend.) early and late’ M III 36, 4-6 (iii) (I 31 4-6 (ŋ); a.o. TT IX 55: Bud. küyü közedü, usually w. tut- is common U IV 36, 81-3 (ačın-); o.o. Suv. 192, 20; 401, 8; 448, 5; 562, 7: USp. 60, ib., 6-7; 106, 14; öz etözin kümek közedmek ‘to protect (Hend.) his own body’ Tiš. 50a. 1-2.

Mon. G(Q)B

ki:b (g-) (likeness, resemblance, like, sort, kind, mould, model) (kimi, ki:m > com-) originally ‘mould, model’ in a concrete sense, in Oğuz it early acquired the metaph. meaning ‘likeness, resemblance’, and \\\ with the Poss. Suff. -1: kibi: (gibi:) came to be used as a Postposition meaning ‘like’. As a N. n.o.a.b., but the Postposition survives in SW Az. kimi; Osm. gibi and in some other languages in altered forms like NW Kaz. kebek/kük (? for kibi ök). Cf. sa:n. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (later teachers must realise that you are) yag kib yalguklarda üstünki kiši ’supreme among men who are models and examples’ Hüen-ts. 2110-11: Xak. xı ki:b ‘a mould’ (qalib) for anything; one says kerpič ki:bi: ‘a brick mould’ Kaš. III 119 (and see Oğuz): xııı (?) Tef. kibi (Bor. kebŋ ‘like’ 168; bigl ‘like’ 100: Čağ. xv ff. kibi an Adv. of Comparison meaning ‘like, resembling’ (mi// wa menand) placed after words San. 311 v. 1 (quotn.); bigin menand do. i48r. 10 (one Čağ., one Rumi quotn.): Oğuz xı ki:b ‘likeness, resemblance’ (al-mitl ıva'1-šibh); hence one says bu: er anig ki:bi: ‘this man is like him’ Kaš. III 119 (but yağmur kibi: ‘like rain’ I 272, 18; kušlar kibi: ‘like birds’ I 483, 22; it kibi:like a dog’ III 23, 2; korum kibi: 'like boulders’ III61, 20 are all in Xak. verses): Xwar. xııı kibi (? gibŋ and once bigin ‘like 'Ali 47: xıv kibi Qutb 97; kibin MN 167; bigin do. 345: Kom. xıv kibi ‘like’ CCI, CCG; Gr. 142 (quotns.): Kip. xıv kib (? ; text keb) al-qelib; kibi: mi// Id. 78; harfu’l--tašbih ‘Adv. of comparison’ glbi: (sic) Bui. 16, 2: xv in a note on comparisons in Turkish it is said that there is no harf for this purpose but N.s like kibi:/kibik are used Kav. 28, 9; a.o. do. 25, 1; qelib keb (sic) Tuh. 29b. 3; šinf tva'1-nešir wa'l-mitl ‘sort, kind, likeness’ (teg and) kibi Tuh. 22a. 13; ‘the indicators of comparison ('alematu'l-tašbih) are (ošar, Tkm. oxšar, menzer, teg and) kibi for what is near (li'l-qartb) and klbik for what is distant (al-ba'id) do. 89a. 11-13: Osm. xıv ff. bigi ‘like’; very common down to xvı TTS I 96; II138; III 90; IV 101; gibi is not listed in TTS.

1 köp (copious, abundant, luxuriant) originally ‘abundant, luxuriant’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except SW for ‘much, a great deal, many’. Although listed in Red. it became obsolete in Osm. in about xvi, and is described by Sami as Čağ. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (in the spring the trees become) semiz öglüg yağlığ küčlüg köp bedük 'swelling, colourful, full of sap and vigour, luxuriant and large’ Wind. 19-20: Civ. urubumuz köp bolti anig teg ök bağlarnıg köpi kalti ‘our taxes (Ar. rub' 'quarter (share)’) have become heavy, and like this most of the gardens have come to a standstill’ (USp. 22, 49 ff. as revised in) Rahmeti (Arat), Uygurca yaztlar arasında, Istanbul, 1957, l*nes 5^ ff•: Xak. xı köp ne:g 'anything luxuriant and abundant’; hence one says köp sač 'thick (catal) hair’; (in a prov.) köp sögütke: kuš kona:r ‘the bird alight \\687\\ on the willow-tree with luxuriant branches’ (al-multaffati’l-ağšen) Kaš. I 319; a.o. II 328, 17 (tergek): KB (all this work) baš ağrığ köp ol ’is a severe headache’ 421; bu beglik išİQe takı köp kılın ‘make yourself abundantly helpful) in the affairs of this government also’ 430; köp altun kUmüš ‘quantities of gold and silver’ 1564a. (spurious verse): xııı (?) At. Postscript köp 61ni körürbiz ‘we see many people’ 511; Tef. köp mel ‘abundant wealth’ 185: Čağ. xv ff. köp (‘with -p’) čok ‘much, many’ Vel. 326; köp (spelt) bisyer ditto San. 302r. 21 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı köp ‘many’ ’Ali 49: xııı (?) ditto, common in Oğ., 20, etc.: xıv ditto Qutb 100; MN 34, etc.; Nahc. 33, 11: Kip. xııı al-katir ‘abundant, much’ köp (also üküš; Tkm*. te:lim, bo:l (MS. yo’l)): xıv köp (‘with -p’) al-katir \ bu: köptür hSde kafir \ also čoktur (‘with č-), üküštlir and delİmdür all hede katır İd. 78:xv katır köp (/šok/xayıl, sic) Tuh. 30b. 3; katura (šok bol-/)köp bol- do. 31b. 3: Osm. Xiv to xvı köp ‘many, much’ in several texts TTS I 490; II 658.
687

2 köp Reduplicating Prefix see kö:k. 1 kök (root, origin), 2 kök (latch, thong) (cock), 3 kök (seam)4 kö:k (g-) (sky, sky-colored, blue, blue-grey)

küp (kü:p) (cup, earthenware jar or jug) (cup) ‘an earthenware jar or jug’. There seems to be good evidence both for -ü:- and -p. Survives only (?) in SW Az. küpe; Osm. küp. Türkü vııı ff. iki: küp begni: ‘two jars of beer’ Tun. IV 10 (ETY II96): Uyğ. Vm ff. Civ. yarım küp bor ‘half ajar of wine’ USp. 32, 11; bir küp küči bor ‘one jar of Kucha wine’ do. 35, 5 (third word uncertain, but certainly not ‘strong’ as R. suggests): Xak. xı kü:b (or kü:p ?) al-dann ‘earthenware jar’ Kaš. III 119; I 154 (ačıt-); III 253 (azı:-); 325 (čıfi:la:-) and three o.o. all spelt küp and translated al-dann or al-hubb ‘large jar’: Muh. (}) (under ‘wine merchants’ equipment’) al-xabiya ‘a large jar’ kli:b Rif. 162 (only): Tkm. xııı al-xabiya wa huwa'l-zir (same meaning) küp (-b) Hou. 17, 5: Kip. (?) xıv küp (‘with -p’) al-zîr Id. 78: xv zir küp (-b) Tuh. 18a. 8.

Mon. V. GB

kev- (g-) (chew) (chew, chaw, cud, quid) ‘to chew’, with some extended meanings; survives only (?) in SW Osm. gev-. Xak. xı er sö:züg kevdi: ‘the man was indistinct (talaclaca) in his speech’; its origin is the phr. tanču:nı: kevdi: ‘he chewed (leka) the gobbet of meat in his mouth but did not swallow it’ (le yabtali') Kaš. II 16 (keve:r, kevme:k); küči: kevdim awhantu quw-watahu ‘I weakened his strength’ I 167, 10; kü:čin keve:r yuda"ifuhu ‘it weakens him’

köp- (swell, foam, boil over, кипеть, кипетить) ‘to swell, foam, boil over’. Not noted before xiv, but see köpük; survives in NE, SE, and NC Kır. Kom. xıv ‘to swell’ köb- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xv fera ‘to boil over’ ($aš-J) köp- (-b-) Tuh. 28b. 1: Osm. xvı köp- ‘to swell’; in one text TTS II 658.

Dis. GBE

kebe (gebe) See keber-.(pregnant, swollen, inflated, balloon, exhale, die)\\\

kibe: (soon, shortly, недолго) pec. to Kaš. Oğuz, xı kibe: al-nadra mina'1-ayyem ‘a short period of time, a few days’; hence one says kibe: boldi: madat burha mina'1-zamen ‘a (short) period of time passed’ Kaš. III 217; a.o. do. (büte:).

D kibi: See ki:b. (likeness, resemblance, like, sort, kind, mould, model) (kimi, ki:m > com-)

küpe: (ring, earring) originally 'a small metal ring’ (not in Neolithic times); hence, by itself ‘an earring’ and in the phr. küpe: yank one of the ‘rings’ making up chain-mail. An early l.-w. in Mong. (and thence Pe.) as kühe, see Doerfer I 346. Survives in NE Šor kübe ‘a ring in harness’; NC Tara, Tob.; NW Kar. L. kübe ‘chain-mail’ R II 1517; SW Osm. küpe ‘earring’. Türkü vııı ff. Miran A.8 (ETY II 64; yank): Xak. xı küpe: al-qurf ‘earring’; küpe: yarık al-dir' mina'l-hadid ‘an iron coat of mail’ Kaš. III 217; a.o. 777 15 (yarık): xıv Muh. (after al-cawšan ya:nk) al-zaradtya ‘a coat of mail’ kü:pe: (-b-) ya:nk Rif. 173 (only); against halqatu'l-udn ‘earring’ ı:sırğa: (not an ancient word) one MS. has küpe: in the margin Mel. 53, 9: (Čağ. xv ff. köbe ‘fringe, edging’ in San. 302V. 6 is a Mong. l.-w.; kühe the Mong. form occurs in the Čağ. translation of the Muqaddimatu'l--Adab, see Doerfer, op. cit.): Kom. xıv ‘a coat of mail’ kübe CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı (under ‘military equipment’) al-zaradiya küpe: (-b-) Hou. 13, 15; (under ‘clothing’) al-halaq wa'l--ašnef ‘rings, earrings’ küpe: (-b-) (/išırğa:k) do. 18, 1: xıv küpe (-b-) al-qurt fVl-udn also used for tiyebu’l-harb ‘battle clothing’ Id. 78:xv al-zaradiya küpe (-b-) Tuh. 18a. 5: Osm. xvııı küpe (‘with -p-’) in Rumi gûšwera ‘earring’ San. 302V. 8.

Dis. V GBE-

kebi:- (clammy, dry, wet) (clammy) ‘to become more or less dry, to dry partially’ (Intrans.); usually of clothing (?). Survives as keb-, kep-, and the like in SE Türki, NC Kzx. and some NW languages. Xak. xı to:n kebi:di: caffa a'ali'l-tawb mina'l-balal wa ğayrihi ba'da l-cafef ‘the surface of the garment dried from the moisture (etc.) partially’ Kaš. III 257 (kebi:r, kebi:me:k).

*küve:- (proud, pride) See küven- (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness), küvenč (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness), küve:z (proud, pride).

kübi:- (quilt) 'to quilt, oversew’ and the like. Survives only (?) in NE Tob. kübi- ‘to whip, oversew’ R II 1519. Xak. xı ol to:n kübi:di: darraba’l-tawb tadriba (n) ‘he quilted the garment’ Kaš. 777 257 (kübi:r, kübi:me:k): Kıp. xıv kübi- darraba l-tawba'l-mubattan ‘to quilt a lined garment’ Id. 78.

Dis. GBC

küveč (pot, pottage, гювеч) survives in SW Az. küvec; Osm. güveč ‘a flat, shallow earthenware cooking pot’. The exact meaning in Xak. is obscure; as Brockelmann points out al-nayraki is an error for al-nayzaki (Dozy II 631); the meaning is prob. ‘a curb bit’. The connection between the two meanings is obscure. The spelling with -w- in Kaš. is deliberate, since it is under the \688\ heading fa'al mitıa'l-tveıv, but cf. küvečlig (pot-like) (convex). The word may be foreign; cf. kuzeč. Xak. xı küweč yügü:n al-licemu’!-nayzakî (so read) ‘a curb bit’ (?) Kaš. III 163: Xwar. xıv küvečnig (so spelt) ağzı ačılmıš erdi ‘the mouth of a cooking pot was open’ (and a sparrow fell in it and died) Nahc. 193, 6; o.o. 28, 17; 29, 17.
688

VU?F küvij (rotten) Hap. leg.; the -j suggests that it is a Sogdian l.-w. Xak. xı küvij (‘with -j’) tvasaf kull šacara belîya ‘the interior of a rotten tree’, for example a decaying willow; and one says küvij turma: ‘a rotten (al-fesid) radish’ (etc.) when it has lost its taste Kaš. I 366.

?F kevči: (unit of weight (Kashgar)) Hap. leg.; prob. a foreign unit of weight, but morphologically unlike Chinese. The ritl varies widely from place to place, and its value here is unknown. Xak. xı kevči: mikyel li-Köšğar ile Uygür ‘a Kešğar unit of weight’ used as far as the Uyğur (country); it contains ten rith Kaš. I 417.

?F köpčuk (попона, копчик) survives in NC Kır. köpčük ‘under-saddle horse-cloth’; Kzx. and NW Kk. köpšik ‘pillow’ Nog. ditto ‘saddle-pad; nave of a wheel’. The obvious semantic connection w. köpen, köpsün, inexplicable by Turkish morphology, suggests that all three are l.-w.s. Oğuz xı köpčük al-mltara ’undersaddle horse-cloth’ Kaš. I 478.

Tris. GBC

D küvečlig (pot-like) (convex) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. küveč (pot, pottage, гювеч). Xak. xı kuvečlig küri:me:s al-licem ide kena nayzaki (sic) fa-imıa'l-faraš le yacmah tva le yarmak ‘when the bit is a curb (?) the horse does not run away or kick’ Kaš. III 256, 4; n.m.e.

Dis. GBD

kebit ‘shop’ (кибитка covered wagon, cab, cabriolet); a l.-w. as kebid in xıv Mong., see N. Poppe, The Mongolian Monuments it. ItP'ags-pa Script, Wiesbaden, 1957, p. 125, but not later. Survives in NE Tob. kibit; NW Kar. kebit; Kaz. kibet R II1197, 1400, 1416; most modern languages use l.-w.s, generally Pe. duken, for ‘shop’, xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. p'u mien ‘shop’ (Giles 9,493 7,886) kebit Ligeti 171: Xak. xı kebit al-henüt ‘a shop’ Kaš. I 357 - KB kebit ked bezedim ‘I have ornamented my shop well’ 5108: xııı (?) Tef. kebüt ‘shop’ 168: Xwar. xıv ditto Nahc. 267, 4: Kom. xıv ditto CCI; Gr.

?F kövdöŋ (g-) (body, trunk, corpse, torso < kaba “cave” > inner part ) ‘the trunk, that is the human body without its extremities’, and, in the early period, more particularly ‘a dead body’. Survives in NC Kır. kö:dön and in distorted form in NC Kzx. kewde; SW Uzb. gavda; NW Kk. gewde/kewde; Kaz. gewde; Nog. kevde; SW Az. kövde; Osm. gövde and perhaps Tkm. gövre. There is an obvious semantic connection with kövre, inexplicable by Turkish etymology, which suggests that both are l.-w.s. The evidence for g- is unusually strong. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit uparateni kadepareni (for kalevareni) ‘dead \\\ bodies’ ölmiš kövtöŋle:r erme:se:r (-t- = -d-) TT VIII D.26; ol tınlığlarnıg kövdöŋ etözi üze sačsar ‘if one makes a libation over the (dead) bodies of those mortals’ U II 44, 39-40: Xwar. xııı (PU) kövde ‘body’ 'Ali 55 Kip. xııı (among ‘parts of the body’) al-cutta ‘the trunk’ (VU) kewde: (unvocalized) Hou. 21, 20.

Dis. V. GBD-

D kebit- (clammy, dry, wet) (clammy) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kebi:- (clammy, dry, wet) (clammy). Xak. xı ye:l to:nuğ kebitti: ‘the wind partially dried (acaffa... ba’da’l-cafef) the garment’ Kaš. II 298 (kebitü:r, kebitme:k).

D köpe:d- (swell, foam, boil over, кипеть, кипетить) Hap. leg.?; Intrans. Den. V. fr. köp (swell, foam, boil over, кипеть, кипетить). Xak. xı KB (his realm is well organized) xazina köpedür kutadur yılı ‘his treasures become abundant (swell), and his years are divinely favored’ 2262.

D kübit- (quilt) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kübi:- (quilt). Xak. xı ol to:nin kübitti: 'he gave orders for the quilting (bi-tadrib) of his garment’ Kaš. II 298 (kübitü:r, kubitme:k).

D kevtür- (g-) (chew, weaken) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kev- (chew). Xak. xı ol amŋ kü:čin kevtürdi: kallafa man ivahana qmvwatahu ‘he made someone weaken his strength’ Kaš. II 195 (kevtürür, kevtürme:k).

Dis. GBG

kepek (bran, scurf, dandruff) (копейка) properly ‘bran’; metaph. ‘scurf, dandruff(копейка). S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1615. Cf. kavik. Xak. xı kepek al-mıxela ‘bran’: kepek yinčü: ‘seed pearls’: kepek lıazeza-tu l-ra's ‘scurf’ Kaš. I 390; o.o. II 3io (čılat-); III 93 (yölpir-): 101 (yelpiš-): xıv Muh. al-nu.rela kepek Mel. 64, 7 (so spelt); Rif. 163: Kom. xıv ‘bran’ kebek CCI; Gr. Kip, xıv kepek (-e-) al-rmxala Id. 78; But. 8, 8: xv ditto Kav. 63, 14; Tuh. 36b. 3.

VU kevig (cartilage) Hap. leg.; not to be connected, as Atalay suggested with ‘Čağ’- kevek ‘empty, hollow’ R II 1201, which is the Pe. word ketvak used by Bebur. Xak. xı kevig (ve’ unvocalized) ‘with -g’ ğudriifa'l-anf ‘the cartilage (Fseptum) of the nose’ Kaš. I 391.

S? kevük See 2 küvük (straw).

köbek (g-) (navel) ‘navel’; a purely Western (? Oguz) word, not noted before xııı but prob. older. Survives only (?) in SW Az. köbek; Osm. göbek; Tkm. gö:bek. Cf. kindik (navel, muse sac, or bladder), xıv Muh. a!-surra ‘navelköbe:k Mel. 47, 15 (mis-spelt köte:l); Rif 141: Čağ. xv ff. göbek (spelt) nef ‘navel’ San. 302r. 27: Tkm. xııı al-surra gö:bek (Kıp. kindik) Hou. 2t, 2: xıv köbek al-surra Id. 78: Osm. xv ff. göbek often noted in phr. TTS I 313; II 440; III 301; IV 345 .

D kü:big (quilt) (sic, under fe'il) Hap. leg.; Dev. N. fr. kübi:- (quilt). Xak. xı kü:big tadrîbul-tatvb ‘quilting a garment’ Kaš. I 408.
689

D köpük (froth, foam) îııtrans. Dev. N. (Conc. N.) fr. köp- (swell); ‘froth, foam’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes; SW Az., Osm., Tkm. köpük. L.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1656. Türkü vııı ff. (I am a camel stallion) ilrilrj köpü:kü:mi:n sačarmen ‘I scatter my white froth’ IrkB 20: Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (scatter pepper on the liver of a black goat, plunge it in the fire and) köpikitı alıp ‘take the froth from it’ H I 35; a.o. II 12, 103: Xak. xı köpük zabadu'1-me' ‘foam on water’: köpük tufehatu'l-qidr ‘froth on a cooking pot’ Kaš. I 390; a.o. III 135 (kö:l): Čağ. xv ff. köpük (‘with -p-’) ‘the foam (kafŋ which appears on the surface of water or oil’; in Ar. zabad San. jo2v. 4: Xwar. xıv köpük 'foam’ Qutb 100: Kip. xıv köpük (‘with -p-’) al-ragwa ‘foam’ Id. 78; Bui. 8, 11 (misvocalized köpek)-, xv ditto Tuh. 17a. 2.

VU 1 küvük (male cat) n.o.a.b.; (VU) mü:š is Čigil; this word is so described in I, but not III. Čigil xı küvük mü:š al-daywan ‘a tom cat’ Kaš. I 391; küwük mü:š al-daywan III 165.

VU 2 küvük (? küwük) (straw) ‘straw’; n.o.a.b.; except in Kaš. the first vowel is -e-; as in Kaš. this word follows 1 küvük the -ü- can hardly be an error for -e- but might be an error for -e-; cf. saman (straw, adobe, солома, саман). Oğuz xı küwük al-tibn ‘straw’ Kaš, III 165: xıv Muh.(?) al-tibn ke:wük (waw unvocalized) Rif. 181 (only): Kip. xııı al-tibn kewük (unvocalized; also šala:m (Russian soloma); Tkm. sa:ma:n) Hou. 9, 14: xıv kewük al-tibn Id. 86; Bui. 7, 2.

D kevge:k (g-) (mumbler, stammerer, (chewer)) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. (connoting Habitual Action) fr. kev- (chew) . Xak. xı kevge:k (MS. kefgek) al-altağu’lladi yulaclic bi-kalamihi ‘a stammerer who is indistinct in his speech’ Kaš. II 289.

D kevgin (g-) (chew) Hap. leg.; Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. kev- (chew) ; lit. ‘which is, or has to be, thoroughly chewed’. Xak. xı kevgin aš ta'em ğayr neci' ‘indigestible food’, opposite to čivgin, wa kadalika'l-nabt ‘also a plant’ Kaš. I 443.

Tris. GBG

D kepeklig (bran'er) P.N./A. fr. kepek (bran); survives in SW Az., Osm. kepekli (of flour) ‘mixed with bran’. Xak. xı (after kepeklik) and with -g ‘an owner (of bran)’. Kaš. I 508.

D kepeklik (brannery) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. kepek (bran). Xak. xı kepeklik ‘a place where bran (al-nuxala) is produced’ Kaš. I 508.

Dis. V. GBL

kevel (käbäl) (well-bred fast horse) (cavalry) pec. to Xak. Xak. xı kevel at al-faram'1-reyı u'l-cawad ‘a well-bred fast horse’ Kaš. I 395; a.o. II 133, 13: KB 5369 (büktel), 5803 (1 arkun).

F ke:vli: (liman) Hap. leg.; no doubt a l.-w., prob. Iranian (see čo:vlı: (sieve)). Ganceki xı kervli: fühatu’1-nahr ‘the mouth of a canal’ (or river) Kaš. III 442.
689

D köplüg Hap. leg.; dubious, if genuine, P.N./A. fr. köp (copious, abundant); ‘abundant’. The A.N. köplük is well authenticated. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT IX 85 (2 ağu:): (Xak. xııı (?) Tef. köplük ‘abundance’ 185: Xwar. xıv alamig köplükindin t^predi yer ‘the earth shook because they (the army) were so numerous’ Qutb 100).

VU (D) küvlük Hap. leg.; prima facie a Den. N. in -lük or a Dev. N. in -ük but with no obvious etymology. Xak. xı küvlük ‘a lump (bunduqa) of mud used as a missile’ (yurma bihŋ either after being dried or before it Kaš. I 479-

Dis. V. GBL-

D kevil- (g-) Pass. f. of kev- (chew); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. küčim küsünim kevJlü tüketti ‘my strength (Hend.) has been completely undermined’ Ilüen-ts. 2071-2; a.o. Suv. 586, 21: Xak. xı er kü:či: kevildi: ‘the man’s strength was weakened’ (da'ufat) Kaš. II 137 (verse; no Aor. or Infin.); o.o. / 397, 8; II 13, 14 (same verse): Kip. xıv kevvül- harima ‘to be, or become, decrepit’ Id. 86.

D kübül- (kübil-) Hap. leg.; Pass. f. of kübi:- (quilt), perhaps misvocalized in MS. Xak. xı amŋ to:nı: kübüldi: ‘his garment was quilted’ (durriba... tadriba (n)) Kaš. II 120 (kübülür, kübülme:k).

Tris gerL

?F kepe:li: (butterfly) ‘butterfly’; except in some NE, languages which use Mong. l.-w.s, the standard word for ‘butterfly’ in all Turkish languages, but in such a wide range of forms as to suggest that it is a l.-w. Survives as NE Alt., Leb., Tel. köbölök R II 1317: SE Türki köpilek 523; kepile/kepi:le Jarring 170: NC Kır. köpölök; Kzx. köbelek: SC Uzb. kapalak: NW Kk. gübelek; Kaz. kübelek; Kumyk gümelek/göbelek; Nog. küpelek: SW Az. kepenek; Osm. kelebek; Tkm. kebelek. Xak. xı kepe:li: al-farešatu'llatiyatır ‘butterfly’ Kaš. I448: xııı (?) Tef. kebelek ‘butterfly’ 168: xıv Muh. al-fareš kele:bek Mel. 74, 8; Rif. 177 (Ar. corrupt): Čağ. xv ff. göpeleg (so spelt) kelebek Vel. 362 (verse); köpelek (so spelt) ‘an animal like a moth (parwana) but bigger, with coloured wings, found in gardens’ San. 302r. 28 (quotn.): Kom. xıv köbelek CCG; Gr.

Dis gerN

F kebin See kabin (dowry, betrothal, marriage).

?F köben (? köpen) (feather bed) prob. a l.-w., see köpčuk; survives in NE Leb. Sag. köbön ‘feather bed’ R II 1316; Khak. köbe: ‘the lining of the skirt of a garment’; SW Az. köbe ‘a felt rug’

R II 1315. Oğuz xı köben ‘a saddle-pad (hils) for a camel; and a pack-saddle (al-barda'a) or similar equipment for a pack-animal’ Kaš. I 404.

D küvenč (g-) (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness) Dev. N. fr. küven- (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness), q.v. for the development of meaning. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. \690\ vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit icche manasča vardhante ‘their desires and pride increase’ küsüšlerl küvenčleri yeme: ükliyür TT VIII E.2; (in a list of vices) küvenčpride’ U II 76, 14; 86, 32: Xak. xı KB küvenč is fairly common and is a virtue rather than a vice, ‘legitimate pride, self-respect’, and the like, 95, 123 (avtnč), 937, 1038, 1424 (udin-), etc.: Čağ. xv ff. güvenč (spelt) nezıš wa mufaxira ‘boasting, arrogance’ San. 3ior. 29 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv küvenč ‘legitimate pride, joy’ Qutb 104; MN 65: Kip. xıv küvvenč (a small dal below the kef perhaps indicates g-) al-farah ‘joy, cheerfulness’ Id. 8e: Osm. xıv toxvi güvenč ‘joy, pleasure^?) TTS II 480; III 328.
690

Dis. V. GBN-

D küven- (g-) (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness) Refl. f. of *küve:- (proud, pride) originally, in a pejorative sense ‘to be proud, arrogant', a meaning still surviving in some languages; later in a laudatory sense ‘to have legitimate pride, enjoy self-respect’; thence ‘to be glad, rejoice’. In the last sense survives, with a change of vowel position, in SC Uzb. kuvon- ; NW Kk., Kaz. kuwan-; Kumyk, Nog. kuvan-; SW Az. küven- means (1) ‘to be proud, to boast’; (2) ‘to rely on (someone Dat.)’; Osm. güven- (2), and (3) ‘to be confident, to dare’. The evolution of (2) is obscure. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit darpa ‘pride, arrogance’ küve:nmeki TT VIII D.30; (he walks) artukrak küvenlp ‘very proudly’ X 438: Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: küvendi: iftaxara bi ‘he boasted (in competition) with me’ Kaš. II 157 (küvenü:r, kuvenme:k): KB (then the world...) sevinip küvenip edlrje bakıp ‘happy and proud and looking at its treasures’ 81; (when chiefs are kind to the people ... the latteŋ küvenür özün ‘feel proud of themselves’ 603; küvenme bu kutka ‘do not boast of this divine favour’ (it comes and goes) 694; o.o. 1332, 4090, 5212: xn ı (?) Tef. muhtal ‘cunning, deceitful’ küven-gen 187: xıv Rbğ. küvvengü nerse ‘a thing on which one can rely’ (sicî) R II 1522: Čağ. xv ff. kuwan- (spelt) faxr kardan wa mubehet kardan ‘to be proud, to boast’ San. 291 v. 1 (quotns.); güwen- (spelt) the same as kuwan-meaning mufaxirat kardan ‘to be proud’ do. 31 or. 27: Kip. xıv kuwan-/kuvan- ‘to be happy, pleased’, etc. Qutb 146-7; küven- ‘to boast’ Nahc. 373, 9; 376, 9: Kip. xıv küven- (a small dal below the kef perhaps indicates g-) fariha ‘to be happy, to rejoice’ İd. 8e: Osm. xıv to xvı güven- (1) ‘to boast’; (2) ‘to rejoice at (something Dat.)’; (3) ‘to rely on (something Dat.)’; in four texts TTS II 480; /F378.

Tris. GBN

D küvenčüg (g-) (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness) P.N./A. fr. küvenč (pride, boasting, arrogance, joy, cheerfulness); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (to those blinded by the glare from) küvenčlig suv ‘the water of pride’ TT III 55: Bud. Sanskrit dfpta ‘proud, arrogant’ küvenčlig TT VIII D.27; bramanlar küvenčlig bolurlar ‘the Brahmans become arrogant’ TT X 474; biligsiz \\ küvenčlig kılınčı artuk küčlüg erip ‘his ignorant, proud deeds being extremely strong’ TT VI 72 (the loop of the -I- was inadvertently omitted and the word is transcribed küvenčey): Xak. xı KB küvenčlig tiriglik kötürdİ özin ‘happy, self-confident life has taken itself off’ 1073.
690

Dis. GBR

VU ?F kövre: (? g-) listed under -R- but obviously connected semantically with kövdöŋ, which suggests that both are l.-w.s. Survives in SW Tkm. gövre (see kövdög). Xak. xı kövre: ‘the body (šabac, MS. in error šayx) of any animal when it has died and the internal organs have disappeared, and the dried flesh remains on the bones’ Kaš. I 422.

D kevrek (g-) (fragile, friable) Dev. N./A. fr. kevre:- (weaken, dry and crisp); survives in NE Khak. kibrek; SW Osm. gevrekfriable, fragile’. Xak. xı kevrek ne:g ‘any fragile (rixw) sort of tree like the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (al-xarwa'), etc.’, Kaš. I 479: Kip. xıv kewrek (? , MS. kewrük) al-baqsimet ‘biscuit’ Id. 86; baqsimatu'l-rukab ‘ship’s biscuit’ kewrek Bui. 8, le: Osm. xvııı kewrek (spelt) in Rumi, turd wa šikanda ‘broken’ San. 301 v. 13.

VU kevrik Hap. leg.; the first kef is unvocalized. Xak. xı kevrik al-arfac mina'l--šacar ‘a tree, the Vitex agnus castus' (so Red. for Osm.) Kaš. I 479.

D köprüg ‘a bridge’; morphologically Dev. N. fr. köpür- but with no obvious semantic connection. S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes. A First Period l.-w. in Mong. as ke’ürge (Studies, p. 238); l.-w. in Pe., etc., Doerfer III 1623. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. (to those blinded with the glare from the water of pride) köni nomluğ köprügüg körkittlgiz (sic) ‘you have shown the bridge of the true doctrine’ TT III 55-e: Civ. USp. 15, 2 (ÖQdUn):xiv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ch'iao ‘bridge’ (Giles 1,398) köprüg Ligeti 175: Xak. xı köprüg al-qantara ‘a large arched bridge’ Kaš. I 478: xııı (?) Tef. köprü ‘bridge’ 185: xıv Muh. al-qanfara kö:prü: Mel. 76, 16; Rif. 180: Čağ. xv ff. köprük (so spelt) köprü Vel. 362 (quotn.); ditto pül ‘bridge’, in Ar. qanfara San. 302r. 26 (quotn.): X\var. xıv köprüg/ köprü ‘bridge’ Qutb 100-2: Kom. xıv ‘bridge’ köprü CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-cisr ‘bridge’ köpri: (-b-) Hou. 6, 9: xıv köprü: (‘with -p-’) al-cisr, in Tkm. al-qantara İd. 78; al-qantara wa’l-cisr köpri: (-b-) Bui. 4, 4: xv cisr wa qanfara köpri (-b-) Tuh. 11 a. 10; qanfara ditto 28b. 10.

küvrüg (drum)drum’; n.o.a.b.; an early l.-w. in Mong. as ke’urge/kö'Urge (Haenisch 100-5)/ körge (Studies, p. 239); this later became kerj-gerge (Kow. 2447; Haltod 181). The earlier form was reborrowed in Čağ., see below, and the later in NE Tuv. Cf. tümrüg. Türkü vııı the word read küvrügsi: in II W 4 might contain this word misread, but this part of \\ the inscription is fragmentary: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. Sanskrit ratir ghoša ‘a joyful noise’ küvrüg üni te:g yagkuluğ ‘resounding like the sound of a drum’ TT VIII G.yo; o.o. PP 31,8 (tokıt-); Suv. 375, 9 (ün), etc.: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. ku ‘drum’ (Giles 6,241) ktir-büg Ligeti 17e: Xak. xı küvrüg al-küs wa'l-tablu'lladi yudrab ‘the kettle-drum and drurrl which are beaten’ Kaš. I 479: KB küvrügi birle ‘together with his drum’ 1036 (cf. kuyatg): xıv Muh. (?) al-kûs küvrüg (-/-) Rif. 146 (only): (Čağ. xv ff. kewürge (‘with k- -g-’) küs-i šehi ‘a royal kettle-drum’ Vel. 349 (quotn.); kewürge/küwürge kfts-ibuzurg San. 301 v. 12 (quotn.)): Xwar. xıv (PU) küvvrü ‘drum’ Qutb 103 (köriŋ: Kxp. xıv al-kûs wa'l-dabdaba (mis-spe\t al-dabda, ‘drum’) küwrü: Bui. 6, 8: Osm. xıv küslar ke:vrüg-ler (sic) čalıp ‘beating the drums’; in one text TTS III 440.

Dis. V. GBR-

D keber- (g-) (pregnant, swollen, inflated, balloon, exhale, die) Intrans. Den. V. fr. kebe: (pregnant, swollen, inflated, balloon, exhale, die). The latter word is first noted in Kip. (see below) and survives in SW Osm. gebepregnant’; Tkm. gebeswollen, inflated, a balloon’; it seems originally to have meant ‘with a swollen stomach’. Keber- survives in SW Az. keber- ‘to exhale, die’; Osm. geber- ‘to die’ (of an animal or contemptuously of a human being); Tkm. geber-/güber- ‘to be swollen, inflated’. San. describes it as the Rumi form of kabar- (swell up, (to form) container, vessel, blister, vesicle); the words are syn., but it is unlikely that kebe:, keber- are Sec. f.s of kaba:, kabar-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (of a corpse) karım keberip ‘its belly swells' U III 43, 24; TT X 548: Kip. xıv kebe: muntafixu l--bafn ‘with a swollen stomach’; hence keberdi:: kebermek al-nafxa ‘to be inflated’ Id. 78: Osm. xvııı keber- (Pgeber-) ıvaram kardan ‘to swell’, in Čağ. kabar- San. 300r. 8.

D köpür- (froth, foam, swell) Caus. f. of köp- (swell), but practically syn. w. it; ‘to froth, foam’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. except NE, SE. See köti-. Xak. xı ešič köpürdi: ‘the cooking pot, etc. frothed (or foamed, zabadat)'; and one says sü:t köpürdi: ‘the milk formed cream’ (tazab-badat); also used of a man when he foams (tazabbada) Kaš. II 72 (köpürür, köpürmek): Čağ. xv ff. köpür- (‘with -p-’) kaf kardan eb tva dahan ‘of water or oil, to froth’ San. 302r. 9 (quotn.): Kip. xıv köpür- (‘with -p-’) arğe ‘to foam, froth’ Id. 78.

D kevre:- (g-) (weaken, dry and crisp) Den. V. fr. *kever Dev. N. fr. kev- (chew); ‘to be, or become weak’. Survives only (?) in SW Az. küvre- (sic) ‘to become weak, brittle’ R II 1524; Osm. gevre- ‘to become dry and crisp’. Xak. xı anıg kü:či: kevre:di: ‘his strength weakened’ (wahanat); also used of anything hard (šulb) when its strength weakens Kaš. III 282 (kevre:r, kevre:me:k); o.o. I 103, 1; III41, 18: xııı (?) Tef. kevre- ‘to become weak’ 168.

D köpürt- Caus. f. of köpür-; s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı o:t ešični: köpürtti: ‘the fire made the cooking pot froth’ (azbadat); also used when something makes the mouth or water foam Kaš. III 430 (köpürtür, köpürtme:k): KB (when a brave man sees the enemy) köplrtir (jjc) izig ‘he makes his steps froth’ (i.e. raises the dust) 2382: Čağ. xv ff. köpürt- (spelt) is its (i.e. köpür-’s) Caus. f. San. 302r. 20.
691

Dis. GBŠ

D kevret- (g-) Hap. leg. ?; Caus. f. of kevre:- (weaken, dry and crisp). Xak. xı ol anıŋ kü:čin kevretti: ‘he weakened (atvhana) his strength’ Kaš. II 334 (kevretü:r, kevretme:k; verse).

Tris. GBR

VU kövürge:n (onion (wild))wild onion’; both forms pec. to Kaš.; the second occurrence, where the first kef carries a fatha, is given as an example of a word in which -ge:n does not connote Habitual Action or the like. The Mong. syn. kömel (Kow. 2610, Ha!tod 231) cannot be borrowed direct from this word, but may be borrowed from an earlier form; alternatively both may be borrowed from a third language. Xak. xı kövürge:n al- unšul wahwa'l-basalu'l--cabali ‘the wild onion’; in Oğuz kömürge:n Kaš. I 522; a.o. 525, 24.

Dis. GBS

VUPF köpsü:n Hap. leg.; semantically connected with köpčük (q.v.), köpen and perhaps a l.-w. Xak. xı köpsü:n al-hašiya wa'l--firešu’l-maw(u' ‘a soft bolster or mattress’ Kaš. I 437.

Dis. GBŠ

D kevšek (g-) (soft) Dev. N./A. fr. kevše:-; ‘soft’ and the like, both lit., ‘soft, limp’, etc. and metaph. ‘soft-hearted, mild, gentle’. Survives with some vocalic changes in NE Tel. köpšek RII1315: NW Kaz. küpšek R II1517: SW Az. kövšek; Osm. gevšek; Tkm. ğovšak, all meaning ‘soft, friable, fragile’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. keg kövšek [kılıjklığ ‘with an open-hearted, gentle character’ Hüen-ts. 1901 (a.o.o. in note thereon); Suv. 619, 22 (tokuluğ): Xak. xı kevšek ne:g ‘anything distinguished by softness and limpness’ (Itn tva futûŋ like a thin (al-raqiq) garment: kevšek (MS. kövšek) et ‘tender (fihi rixewa) meat’: kevšek (MS. kövšek) etme:k ‘bread the dough of which is (mixed) with Superior yeast’ (xamlr hašan) Kaš. I 479; a.o. III 287 (kevše:-): Osm. xvııı gevšek in Rumi, narm wa sust ‘soft, gentle’, etc. San. 301 v. 16; the word is also noted in several xv to xvııı texts, the TTS transcription geyšek is no doubt an error for geyšek spelt gegšek TTS I 302; II 427; III 287; IV 332.

kevšeg Hap. leg.; unvocalized in the MS. and spelt kfsng, but placed under the cross-heading -š; Atalay III 386, footnote says that it survives in the same meaning in NW Bashkir as kefeŋ. Xak. xı kevšeg the word for ‘a gift of food’ to someone who comes to stack the crop after the fields are cleared (hadara'l-kuds ba da'l-tanqiya) Kaš. III 385.
692

Dis. V. GBŠ-

D kübüš- Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of kübi:- (quilt); so spelt, perhaps in error, but cf. kübül-, Xak. xı ol maga: torn kübüšdi: ‘he helped me to quilt (fi tadrib) the garment’; also used for competing Kaš. II 88 (kübüšü:r, kübüšme:k).

D kevše:- (g-) (chew, cud, limp, soft, жеванный, размягченный) Den. V. fr. keviš, Dev. N. fr. kev- (chew) which survives in SW Osm. geviš; Tkm. gevüš 'chewing the cud’; with two quite different meanings (1) ‘to chew the cud’ (of a ruminant); (2) ‘to become limp, soft’, and the like. In the first meaning survives in (NE Tuv. see kevšen-); SE Türki köše-/köši-Jarring 178: NC Kır. kepše-; Kzx. küyse-; SC Uzb. kavša-: NW Kk. güyse-; Kaz. küše-; Kumyk güyše-; Nog. küyze-: SW Az. kövše-; Tkm. gevüše-; (Osm. uses the phr. geviš getir-); in the second only (?) in SW Osm. gevše-; Tkm. ğovša- (and köše-‘to lie down, rest, be at ease’). Xak. xı tevey ot kevše:di: ‘the camel chewed (ictarra) the forage’; and one says kurč ne:g kevše:di: ‘the hard thing became weak and soft’ (fatara ... tva šûra raxzc); hence ‘good leavened bread well baked and made with butter’ is called kevšek etme:k Kaš. III 287 (kevše:r, kevše:me:k): Čağ. xv ff. gewše- (spelt) nišxıver kardan ‘to chew the cud’ San. 301 v. x: Kip. xıv kewše- (of a camel, sheep, etc.) ictarra; one says dewe: kewšer ‘the camel is chewing the cud’ Id. 8e: Osm. xv and xvı gevše- ‘to chew the cud’ and ğeyše- (spelt gegše-, mistranscribed geyše-) ‘to be soft’ and the like; in several texts TTS I 302-7; II 427; III 292; IV 338; xvııı gevvše- (after Čağ.) and, in Rumi, narm ua sust šudan ‘to be soft, gentle’, etc. San. 301 v. x. (chew, cud, limp, soft, жеванный, размягченный)

D kevšet- (g-) (weakened) Caus. f. of kevše- (chew, cud, limp, soft, жеванный, размягченный); s.i.s.m.l. 111 the first meaning of kevše:- and in the second meaning in SW Osm. gevšet-; Tkm. ğovšat-, Xak. xı ol katığ ne:gni: kevšetti: ‘he weakened the strength (atvhana'l-quwwa) of the hard thing’ (kevšetu:r, kevšetme.'k); and one says ol teveysin kevšetti: ‘he urged his camel to chew’ ('ale'1-ictireŋ with the same (Aor. and) Infin. Kaš. II 338.

D kevšen- (g-) (chew) Refl. f. of kevše:- (chew, cud, limp, soft, жеванный, размягченный); s.i.s.m.l., including NE Tuv. gegjen- ‘to chew the cud’. Xak. xı tevey kevšendi: ‘the camel (or other animal) chewed the cud’ (ictarra) Kaš. II 252 (kevšenü:r, kevšenme:k); o.o. 255, 16; 256, 20: Kıp. xv ictarra kevšen- Tuh. 6b. 10.

D kevšeš- (g-) Co-op. f. of kevše- (chew, cud, limp, soft, жеванный, размягченный); survives in SW Tkm. govšaš- ‘to begin to grow weak’, and the like, köšeš- ‘to rest, lie down together’, and the like. Xak. xı tevey ot kevšešdi: ‘some of the camels chewed (the forage, ictarra) in the sight (bi-ru’ya) of the others’ Kaš. II 351 (kevšešü:r, kevšešme:k).

Dis. V. GBY-

PUS küfyen- See (küyfen-/)küymen-.\\\

Dis. GBZ

?F kebe:z (cotton seed) 'cotton seed’; prob. like bamuk ‘cotton’, q.v., a l.-w. Survives in SE Türki kebez/kevez Jarring 168; NC Kır. kebez. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. (as I, Bay Temür, required) kebez tarığu yer ‘land to plant cotton’ USp. 2, 2-3 ; o.o. do. 70, 6 (bütgür-), etc.: Xak. xı kebe:z zar'ul-qupi ‘cotton seed’ Kaš. I 293 (uruğla:-); / 303 (uruğlan-); qutna ‘cotton’ I 510 (bitiklik); n.m.e.

VU keviz (carpet, rug) ‘carpet, rug’, and the like; survives, only (?) in NE Alt. kebis R II 1197; Khak. kibis; Tuv. xevis; the forms with rounded vowels are clearly Sec.; the original first vowel was prob. -e- and the rounded substitute -Ğ-rather than -Ü-. Xak. xı keviz al-zarbtya ‘a large carpet’ Kaš. I 366 (the first vowel is fatha, not kasra as in the printed text); köwüz ‘a large carpet, or any mattress or sofa (fireš aio tnihed) woven of wool’ III 164: Kom. xıv ‘carpet’ kövvıiz CCI; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-bisat ‘carpet’ köwüz (mis-spelt kihŋ Hou. 16, 21:xiv kevvüz ditto Id. 8e: xv ditto köyüz Tuh. 8a. 2.

D küve:z (g-) (proud, pride) Dev. N./A. fr. *küve:- (proud, pride); ‘proud, pride’ (reprehensible or justified, see küven-). N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (in a list of Bodhi-sattvas) vacır tumšuklığ keg küvez ‘with a vacra beak, open-handed (?) and (rightly) proud’ U II 60, 2 (ı); a.o. Suv. 619, 23: Xak. xı küve:z al-mutahabbir ‘proud’ Kaš. I 411; kodğıl küvez (sic) utruki'l-kibr ‘lay aside pride’ II 140, 9; o.o. I 252, 18; 325, 3: KB kür küvez erdi ‘he was brave and (rightly) proud’ 409; o.o. 1706 (uluğsığ), 2381, 4725.

Tris. GBZ

D kebezlig Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. kebe:z. Xak. xı (after) kebezlik), and when it is used as an Adj. (tvııšifa) one says kebezlig er ‘a man who owns cotton’ (qutn) Kaš. I 507.

D kebezlik (cotton field) Hap. leg.; A.N. (Conc. N.) fr. kebe:z. Xak. xı kebezlik al-maqtana ‘a cotton plantation’ Kaš. I 507.

küvezlik (g-) (insolence) Hap. leg.; A. N. fr. küve:z. Xak. xı küvezlik ‘insolence’ (al-bafar) Kaš I 507 (verse).

Tris. V. GBZ-

D küvezlen- (g-) (proud) Refl. Den. V. fr. küve:z; pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB (if fortune smiles on you) küvezlenmegildo not get proud’ 1330; a.o. 5211.

Mon. G(Q)C

ke:č (ge:c) (evening, late, lateness, delay, long time, slow ) (Anglo-Saxon caefen “eve, evening”)late, lateness’, and the like; homophonous w. 2 ke:č- (late), q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Az. Wc; Osm. geč; Tkm. gi:č. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. (months and years have passed and) ür keč boldi ‘a long time has elapsed’ Hüen-ts. 25; o.o. do. 1990 (abamuluğ), 2040; PP 62, 1 (öglen-); U III 82, 14: Civ. TT VII 27, 16 (umay): Xak. xı ke:č al-but' ‘lateness, delay’; hence one says ke:č keldi: \693\ abfa'a fi'1-hudür ‘he was slow in coming’ Kaš. III i2i; alım ke:č kalsa: ‘if a debt remains (unpaid) for a long time (late)’ (zamen tawil) I 294, 1: KB (when you go to bed at night) keč yat ‘go late’ (and get up early) 1506; o.o. 556 (uza:-), 1553 (uzu:n), 1585: xııı (?) Tef. kečlate’ 177: Čağ. xv ff. geč (spelt) qurtin axšamdan sogra gee waqt ‘the late evening’ Vel. 355 (quotns.); keč dir wa dir waqt ‘slow, late; a long time’ San. 312r. 29; keč qurun ‘evening’ (waqt-i šem) and ‘a long time’ 312V. 4 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘latekeč/keče CCI; Gr.: Kip. xv but' kečrek Tuh. 7a. 8; amse ‘to be eveningkeš (sic) bol- do. 67a. io; a.o.o.
693

1 köč (g-) (migration, travel) ‘migration’ and the like; homophonous w. köč- (coach, herding, migrate, move, march, transport, live in coach, stay in inn, die), q.v. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Osm., Tkm. göč. L.-w. inPe.,etc., Doerfer III 1660. (Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. see 2 köč): Xak. xı köč al-za'n wa'l-irtihal ‘migration, emigration’; hence (sic) one says sü: köčti: ‘the army marched off’ (irtahala) Kaš. I 321: KB (a man who travels from one city to another) köčln ögdün ıdsa eter uz iši (must mean) ‘manages his affairs skilfully if he sends his heavy luŋgage (or his baggage train) ahead’ 4814: Čağ. xv ff. köc (‘with -c’) naql wa harakat ‘migration’ San. 303V. 11: Xwar. xıv köč ‘migration’ Qutb 100: Kip. xııı (among the Proper Names) kö:čbe: amiru’l-qnfl ‘the leader of the caravan’ Hou. 29, 15 (and see 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult)): xıv köč (‘with -č’) ‘migration (al-za'n) when the women are included’ Id. 79; al-rahil ‘migration’ köč (‘with -č’) Bui. 6, e: Osm. xıv ff. göč ‘migration’, etc., by itself and in phr.; c.i.a.p. TTS II 441; III 301; IV 345.

VU 2 köč ‘an hour’; n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. TT VIII P11, etc. (1 karšı:): Xak. xı köč al-saa ‘an hour’; hence one says bi:r köč küdgil ‘wait for an hour’ Kaš. I 321.

1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult)strength’ in a physical or abstract sense, with some extended meanings; see Clauson ‘The Concept of “Strength” in Turkish’ in Ndmeth Armağanı, Ankara, 1962. An early l.-w. in Mong. as güčü (n) (Haenisch 51), also in Pe., Doerfer III 1662. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Az. küc; Osm. güč, but guc... before vowels; Tkm. güyč. Türkü vııı teŋri küč bertük üčün ‘because Heaven gave him strength’ / E 11, \\ E 11; el(l)ig yıl išig küčig birmiš ‘for fifty years (the Türkü) gave their efforts (Hend.)’ (to the Chinese) I E 8, II E 7-8; a.o.o. (1 i:š): vııı ff. teŋri: küčfcge: ‘by strength (given) by Heaven’ IrkB 17: Man. (the Five Gods are, inter alia) küči ‘the strength’ (of everyone on earth) Chuas. 47: Yen. (you were a tough archeŋ utsar küč ertlgiz ‘you were strong in conquering’ Mai. 28, 2; the word also occurs as an element in P.N.s: Uyğ. vııı Šu. E 5 (be:r- (bear, give) (bear)): vııı ff. Man.-A bdš teŋri küčin M I 16, 17; a.o.o.: Man. TT III 170 (üstel-); a.o.o.: Bud. küč is common, e.g. PP 37, 2 (alagad-), and see küsün: Civ; küči yötmeser ‘if his strength is insufficient’ TT VII25, 18; a.o.o. TT/64-5 (artat-): Xak. xı kü:č al-qmvwa ‘strength’: kü:č al-zulm ‘violence, oppression \\  (prov.); hence al-zelim ‘the violent, oppressive man’ is called küčemči:, and al-qawwi ‘strong’ kü:čluğ Kaš. III 120; about 20 o.o., nearly half spelt küč, usually before Suffs.; Küč Tegin P.N. I 413, 27: KB küč ‘strength’ is common, e.g. yiğitlik küči ‘the strength of youth’ 362; o.o. 247 (üzül-), 380, 600, 656, etc. — küč kılğan ‘a violent, oppressive (man)’ 848: xııı At. küč emgek tegürme kišike ‘do not inflict violence or pain on people’ 331; Tef. küč ‘strength; violence, oppression’ 190:xiv Muh. al-quwwa gü:č Mel. 52, 3; Rif. 148 (kü:c): Čağ. xv ff. küč (with k-) (1) zûr ‘strength, violence’; (2) ker u ber wa muhimm ‘business, important affairs’; in this sense it cannot be used by itself, but only in the Hend. İš küč San. 303V. 10 (quotn.); a.o. ioev. 17 (1 i:š): Xwar. xıv küč ‘strength; force, violence’ Qutb 105; MN 39; Nahc. 196, 17; 390, 1-2: Kom. xıv ‘strength; work; compulsion’ küč CCI, CCG; Gr. 157 (quotns.): Kip. xııı (among the P.N.s) Kü:čbi:... amir qawwi ‘strong lord’, it is an idiom (luğa) Hou. 29, 15 (and see 1 köč): xıv küč al-quwwa; and one says küč bördi: našarahu qiwwahu ‘he helped him with his efforts’ Id. 79: xv ša'b ‘difficult’ (šarp and) küš (sic) Tuh. 22b. 2: Osm. xıv ff. güč ‘strength’ (once in xiv); ‘violence, oppression’; common by itself and in phr. TTS I 335; II 470; III 301; IV 345.

?F 2 kü:č ‘sesame seed’; prob. a l.-w. cognate to künčıt, q.v., which is Tokharian (Agnean ?). N.o.a.b. Člgll xı kü:č al-simsin ‘sesame seed’; hence ‘sesame oil’ (duhnu' l-hall) is called kü:č ya:ğı:, and ‘castor seed’ (hamlul-xarwa') is called inge:k kü:či: ‘cow sesame-seed’ because of its large size Kaš. III 121: Xwar. xıv bir ağrı altun köp yaxšı durur yüz 6111 batman küčdin ‘one gold coin is better than 150 batmans of sesame seed’. Seyfi Sereyî, Gülistan Tercümesi, Ankara, 1954, p. 205, 11. 11-12; see E. N. Nadzhip, Arkhaizmy v leksike tyurkoyazychnogo pamyatnika XIVv., ‘Gülistan’ Seyfa Sarai, p. 84, where the word is misunderstood.

Mon. V. GC-

1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) both ‘to pass away, elapse’ (Intrans.), including ‘to pass through (something Abl.)' and ‘to cross, pass over’ (something Acc., Trans.). In the early period specifically for crossing rivers; contrast 1 a:š- (cross over, перевалить), S.i.a.m.l.g. w. minor phonetic changes; in SW Az. keč-; Osm., Tkm. geč-, Cf. 1 öt- (pierce, pass). Türkü vııı Ylnčü: ögüz keče:crossing the Pearl River’ I S 3-4, II N 3; a.o.o.: Uyğ. vııı Seleğe: keče:crossing the Selenga River’ Šu. E 4; a.o.o.: vııı ff. Uyğ. Man. kamağ yer suv kečgülük yarašı ‘capable of crossing all lands and waters’ Wind. 28-9: Bud. anig arasında bu sav takı kečmezken ‘meanwhile and before this story had reached (the public)’ Suv. 623, 1-2; Sındu ögüz suvin kečer erken ‘while crossing the Indus’ Hüen-ts. 2021-2: Xak. xı a:y kü:n kečti: ‘months and days passed’ (mada); and one says er su:v kečti: ‘the man crossed ('abara) the water’ \694\  (etc.); and one says er kečti: ‘the man passed away’ (madd), that is died (meta) Kaš. II 5 (keče:r, kečme:k); / 80 (t a:ğ); about 20 o.o., usually ‘to cross’ (Trans.), occasionally ‘to pass’ (Intrans.): KB özüg terk kečer ‘you yourself quickly pass away’ (from this dreamlike world) 231; yiğitlik kečer ‘youth passes’ 361; negü teg kečer bu kecigli künüg ‘how does this passing day of yours pass?’ 1583; o.o. 693, 954: xııı (?) At. kečer yöl kečer teg maza muddati ‘the time for enjoyment passes as the wind passes’ 194; 178 (tüš-) a.o.o.: Tef. keč- ‘to pass, cross’, etc. (Intrans. and Trans.) 177: xıv Muh. 'ahara kö:č- Muh. 28, 15 (aš- in text, keč- in margin Rif. 121); al-ubür gö:čmeg (sic) 13, 12; 35, 1; gečme:k 89, 120: Čağ. xv ff. köč- (-ti, etc.; ‘with k-’) geč- in all its meanings Vel. 356; köc- (spelt) gudaštan wa 'ııbür kardan ‘to pass, pass away; to cross’ San. 3i2r. 13 (quotn.; the spelling due to confusion with 2 kö:č-): Xwar. xııı keč- (? ğeČ-) ‘to cross’ 'Ali 33: xnr (?) ditto Oğ. 20e: xıv kečigli ‘past’ (year) Qutb 92; köč-‘to pass; to cross’ do. 95; ditto, and w. Abl. ‘to renounce’ MN 37, etc.; kečken tün ‘last night’ Nahc. 426, 14: Kom. xıv ‘to pass, pass through’ keč- CCI, CCG; Gr. 135 (quotns.): Kip. xııı 'abara keč- Hou. 33, 17 (mis-spelt köč-); 37, 19 (-e-); al-šahrıı l-medi ‘last month’ keč ay do. 28, 9 (-c-): xıv keč- (‘with -č-’) 'abara tva mada iva ttafada (‘to pass through’), also pronounced keš- İd. 79; a.o. do. 14 (ašnu:ki:); 'abara keč- (-c-) Bui. 62V.:xv keš- ’add tva edza ‘to cross’ Kav. 9, 8; edza keš- (and aš-) Tuh. 12a. 7; 'add ditto do. 25b. 13: Osm. xıv ff. geč- ‘to pass on, pass into, pass over, surpass, pass one’s life, renounce’; in a number of texts TTS 1 295; II 419; IV 327.
694

Mon. V. GC-

2 ke:č- (ge:c-) (late) ‘to be late’ and the like; homophonous w. ke:č. N.o.a.b., during the medieval period displaced by the Emphatic f. kečik-, which w. minor phonetic changes (SW Osm. gecik-) s.i.a.m.l.g. except NE. Xak. xı er kö:čti: abta'a'l-racul fVl-amr ‘the man was slow about the business’ Kaš. III 180 (kö:če:r, kö:čme:k): KB (the moon’s brightness disappears) tuğar keče azın yana ok tolur ‘by degrees it rises later and later, and then becomes full again’ 734: xııı (?) At. isiz edgü iške yanut köčmez ol ‘the requital for good and evil deeds is not slow in coming’ 374; a.o. 180 (1 öŋ): xıv Muh. abta’a gö:č-Mel. 2i, 15 (only); al-but’ gö:čmek 35, 16; Rif. 121 (ke:čmek): Kip. xııı abta’a mina l-but’ kec- Hou. 37, 19; kec- do. 38, 4: xıv kec- (-di:) abta'a (and köcik- (-di:) tabatta'a ‘to be slow in doing something’) Id. 79; abfa’a kec-Bul. 28V.: (xv abta'a kecik- Tuh. 5a. 12; ğeba ‘to be absent’ and the like keclk- do. 26b. 13).

köč- (g-) (coach, travel, herding, migrate, move, march, transport, live in coach, stay in inn, die) 'to change one’s abode, migrate’; with some extended meanings like ‘to be nomadic’, and metaph. ‘to die’ (i.e. migrate from this world to the next) (and abstract and tangible verbs); homophonous w. 1 köč. S.i.a.m.l.g.; SW Osm., Tkm. göč-, Xak. xı sü: köčti: ‘the army (etc.) marched \\\ off’ (rahila); the correct practice (al-ašıvab) with the unvoiced consonants (httrüfu l-šaleba) is to convert the -d- in the Perfect into -t- to facilitate the pronunciation; the unvoiced letters are -p-, -č- and velar and post-palatal -k-; but there is this difference about these letters that the correct usage is to form the Caus. verb (al-fi'lul-wdcib) with -d- because this is preferable (actvad) Kaš. [I 5 (köče:r, köčme:k; verse. It is only exceptional for this rule to be respected in the surviving MS. of Kaš.; for example the Perf. of tik- (erect, stick, insert, sew, ткнуть) is shown as tıkdı:; it should be noted that -t- is not mentioned, although in this case the suffix is almost always -ti:/-ti:, and that -s- and -š- are not described as unvoiced): KB 4814 (uluš), 6112 (köčtitči:): xııı (?) At. (this world is an inn) tüšüp köčgülük ‘the man who lodges there must travel on’ 177:xiv Muh. rahala gö:č- Mcl. 26, 10; 32, 13 fT.; Rif. 109, 117 (kö:c-); al-rahil gö:čmek 36, 5; 122: Čağ. xv ff. köc- (‘with -c-’, sic) kuč kardan ‘to set out, migrate’ San. 303T. 15 (quotn.): Xwar. xıv köč- (and, metri gratia, köče-) ‘to migrate’ Qutb 100: Kom. xıv ‘to migrate’, and metaph. ‘to dieköč- CCG; Gr. 149 (quotn.): Kip. xııı rahala köč- (so spelt) Hou. 37, 19: xıv köč- (‘with -č-') za'ana ‘to set out, migrate’ İd. 79; sefara bi-tna'ne relta... 7ca aktar me yusta'malfi rahl ‘to travel, go’, usually in the sense of ‘to migrate’ (safar et-/ket-/) köč- Bul. 47V. (the last six words follow the Turkish translation and are followed by köčti (repeated); they prob. refer only to köč-): xv köš- (sic) rahala Kav. 9, 8; Tuh. 17b. 4; Osm. xıv ff. göč- ‘to depart, migrate’; metaph. ‘to die’; c.i.a.p. TTS I 315; II 441; III 301; IV 346.

Dis. GCE

1 keče: (felt) ‘felt’; specifically Oğuz, survives only (?) in SW Az., Osm,, Tkm. keče; cf. kidiz. Oğuz xı keče: al-libd ‘felt’ Kaš. III 219: xıv Muh. Mel. 78, note 2 (edrim); (labdbidi ‘felt maker, or merchant’ kečeči: (-c-, -c-) Rif. 157): Čağ. xv ff. köče (so spelt) namd ‘felt’ San. 312V. 7: Tkm. al-lubbdd ‘saddle-felt’ keče: (so spelt; Kip. kiyiz) Hou. 17, 4: xv ditto İd. 79: Osm. xvı köče (51c) in two Pe. dicts. TTS IV 520.

VU 2 keče: (basket) Hap. leg.; the first vowel is unmarked and as this word follows 3 keče: (evening, night, murk, yesterday) it is unlikely to be -e-, and more likely to be -e- or -i-. Xak. xı keče: ‘a basket (al-šartca) used to transport melons, cucumbers and the like’ Kaš. III 220.

D 3 keče: (geče:) (evening, night, murk, yesterday) Dev. N./A. fr. 2 ke:č- (late); in the earliest period used as an Adv. ‘late in the evening’, but soon after as a N. for 'the late evening’, the period preceding tün, ‘the night’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic and semantic variations; e.g. in NE keče means ‘evening, in the evening, yesterday’; in NW Nog. 'evening’ is keš (ke:č) and ‘night’ keše and tün; in SW ‘evening’ is Az., Osm. axšam; Tkm. ağšam; ‘nightkece, gece, \695\ gi:ce and ‘yesterday’ dünen, dün, düyn. Türkü vııı ff. yarın köče: ‘early in the morning and late in the evening’ (murk, сумерки) IrkB i, 2, 22: Uyg. vııı (we fought) köče: yaruk batar erikli: ‘in the evening as the light failed’ Šu. E 1: vııı ff. Man. yarın keče M III 36, 5 (iii) (I 31, 4 (i)): Bud. tünle kečedelate at night’ (in antithesis to taŋda örte ‘early in the morning’) Hüen-ts. 1964-5: Civ. kayu kiši keče edgü körmeser 'if a man does not see well when the light is failing’ (it is murky) II133 ! (make a liniment and) üč köče yakzun ‘run it in on three (successive) evenings’ do. 41; bir köce taštın salkımka tegürüp ikinti kün ‘put it out in the cold one evening, and the next day...’ do. 178; in TT VII 35 the times of day mentioned are tagda ‘at dawn’, ktin ortuda ‘at midday’ and köče ‘in the evening’; a.o.o.: Xak. xı köče: al-layl, ‘night’; (in a verse) köče: turup yorır erdim qumtu asri layla (n) ‘I got up at night and set out’ Kaš. III 219: KB köče yattı ‘late in the evening he went to bed’ 489; o.o. 1506, 6016; (the secretary must be at the (king’s) door) keče tagda 2731: xııı (?) At. 184 (örte:): Čağ. xv ff. geče (so spelt) šab ‘night’ San. 312V. 8: Xwar. xııı (?) kırk kün kırk köče (? g-) ‘for forty days and nights’ Oğ. 369; o.o. do. 18, 65:xiv köče ‘night’ Qutb 95: Kom. xıv ‘night’ keče CCI; kiče CCG; Gr. 135 (quotn.) Kip. xııı (‘night’ tün; ‘day’ kündüz) hede’l-layl ‘to-night’ bu: kö:če: (spelt fatha ye’); ‘yesterday night’ tün kö:če:; ‘to-morrow night’ kelgern kö:če: Hou. 28, 19-20: xıv kece: (‘with -e-’) al-mase’ ‘evening’ Id. 79: xv al-mase’ kece: (-0) Kav. 36, 13; layl kece (and tün) Tuh. 32a. 3: Osm. xıv ff. gece ‘night’ in several phr. TTS I 294; III 281-2; IV 325.
695

Dis. V. GCD-

S keči: See ečkü:.

F küji ‘incense’; no doubt a l.-w., prob. Sogdian. L.-w. in Mong. as küci (Kow. 2619, Haltod 237). N.o.a.b., Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. altun zmuran ktijl (so spelt) ‘gold, myrrh, and incense’ U I 6, 14-15: Bud. U II 40, 105-6 (tütsüg): Civ. sarığ küji ‘yellow incense’ HI 91; yürüŋ küji... kara küji ‘white... and black incense’ do. 111: xıv Chin.-Uyğ. Dict. hsiang ‘incense’ (Giles 4,256) küji R II 1513 ; Ligeti 179 (küšŋ.

Dis. V. GCE-

kiči:- (gici:- (giji:-)) ‘to itch’. This verb and/or the Co-op. f. kičiš- s.i.a.m.l.g., but almost everywhere with back vowels, perhaps under the influence of kıčı: ‘mustard’. The only modem forms with front vowels are NE Tuv. kiji-; SW Az. kiciš- (kijish-); Tkm. gi:ce- (gije-); for Osm. Sami 1222 lists giciš- (gijish-) with the Dev. N. gici/gicik (giji/gijik); Red. has the same entries with kicik (kijik) as an alternative form, but in Rep. Turkish the accepted spellings are gıcık (and gıcıkla-). Xak. xı etim kiči:di: ‘my flesh itched’ (ihtakka); also used of any animal (haywen) Kaš. III 259 (kiči:r, kiči:me:k): Kom. xıv ‘to itch' kiči- CCG; Gr. 142 (quotn.): Kip. xıv kicidi: (-c- (-j-)) akalahu cismuhu ‘his body \\\ itched', and one says eti: kicidi: ‘his flesh itched’, and elim kicir ‘my hand itches’ Id. 79: xv ğala ‘to boil over; to be expensive’ is translated kayna- ‘to boil over’; kız bol- ‘to be expensive’ and kici-; there is no other evidence that either word had a meaning matching the other Tuh. 27a. 3.

D küče:- (güce:-) Den. V. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); ‘to oppress, use violence towards (someone Acc.)’. N.o.a.b. Türkü vııı ff. Man. küčedukinte ötrü ‘because of his violence’ MI 5, 7: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. küčeyü kunup ‘robbing with violence’ U II 24, 9; o.o. PP 32, 5-6 (ölet-); Suv. 219, 23-4: Civ. kücemiš yolinda ‘by violence’ USp. 77, 13; a.o. IIII 20, 2: Xak. xı ol anig tava:rm küče:di: galama melahu ‘he took his property by force’; and one says <ol> oğla:nığ küče:df: ‘he copulated (facara) with the boy or female slave by force’ (zulma (n)) Kaš. III 258 (küče:r, küče:me:k; verse): KB küčemezmen ‘I will not force (you)’ 3708; küčeyü möni ‘using violence towards me’ 3961; o.o. 4004, 6008: xııı (?) At. özüg küče ‘restrain yourself’ 182; Tef. küče- ‘to use violence (towards)’ 190: Kom. xıv ‘to compel’ küče- CCG; Gr.: Osm. xv güce- ‘to compel, force (someone)’; in two texts TTS III 321.

Dis. GCD

D kečüt See kečlg.

D köčüt (g-) Active Conc. N. fr. köč- (coach, travel, herding, migrate, move, march, transport, live in coach, stay in inn, die); lit. ‘something which travels or migrates’, in practice ‘a caravan horse’. Survives in SC Uzb. köcat and see Doerfer III 1663. Cf. köčütči:, kölük. Xak. xı köčüt (cim unvocalized) al-faras ‘a horse’ Kaš. I 357; a.o. II 75 (köčür-): KB köčüt teg bolur kut tübi ham tözi ‘the fundamental character (Hend.) of fortune is like that of a caravan horse’ (i.e. it never stays long anywhere) 1704.

Dis. V. GCD-

D 1 kečit- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past), cf. kečtür- and the normal form kečür-, Xak. xı ol agar su:v kečitti: ‘he made him cross (a'barahu) the water’ Kaš. II 300 (kečitü:r, kečitme:k; largely unvocalized).

D 2 köčlt- (g-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 2 kö:č-; cf. kö:čür- Xak. xı ol ı:šığ köčittı: (misvocalized kečitti:) abfa’a’l-amr ‘he delayed, or was slow about, the affair’ Kaš. II 300 (köčitu:r, köčitmek; separated from 1 kečit-by küčet- which confirms that the vowel was kasra).

D kičit- (g-) Caus. f. of kiči:-; s.i.s.m.l. with back vowels. Xak. xı anig udu:zı: kičittl ‘his itch irritated him’ (ahakkahu) Kaš. II 300 (kičitu:r, kičitme:k).

D küčet- Preliminary note. A V., which occurs several times in Uyğ. and has no Caus. meaning, has hitherto been transcribed küčet-, but this is clearly not the Caus. f. noted in Xak. and should be transcribed küčed-.
696

Dis. V. GCD-

D küčed- (g-) Trans. Den. V. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); ‘to grip, take firm hold of (someone Acc.)'. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT II 16, 13-14 (1 ağu:); do. 17, 55 (ašıl-): Bud. (diseases caused by wind (or demoniacal possession?) begin in the summer season) küzkü öčlte küčedür ‘in the autumn they grip (the suffereŋ’ Suv. 591, 13-14; a.o. do. 133, 19.

D küčet- (g-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of küče:-. Xak. xı ol anıŋ tava:rın küčetti: ‘he urged him to seize (’aleğašb) his (a third party’s) property’ Kaš. II 300 (küčetü:r, küčetme:k).

D kečtür- (g-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); cf. kečit- and the normal form kečür-. Xak. xı ol anı: suvtlın kečtürdı: ‘he ordered him to cross (bi-'ibera win) the water’ Kaš. II 194 (kečtürür, kečtürme:k; the Ahi, translated min, seems to connote ‘to pass by’, rather than ‘to pass over’, which would require an Acc.).

Tris. GCDD

D köčütči: (g-) N.Ag. fr. köčüt; ‘the man who leads, or drives, the horses in a caravan’; pec. to KB. Xak. xı KB (take what you need for the day which is passing) köčütčl kellrke etigig kılın ‘make your preparations for the coming of (death) who will drive your horse (to the next world)’ 3788; özüg köčgü atıg senig köčgün ol, köčütči ölüm kelgü axir kün ol ‘you yourself will migrate (to the next world), your reputation (1 a:t (name), pun with 2 at ‘horse’) is transitory; death will come to drive your horse (to the next world); that will be the Last Day’ 6112.

Dis. GCG

D kečig (g-) (ford, crossing, access, way round) Dev. N. fr. 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); lit. ‘crossing place, ford’; metaph. ‘access, way round’, and the like. S.i.a.m.l.g. with minor phonetic changes except SW Az. kečid, Osm., Tkm. gečit, which are survivals of a cognate Dev, N. in -üt which is first noted in the medieval period, see also Doerfer HI 1621. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. ıntın kıdığnıg kečgülek (sic}) kečü-gi (sic?) erür ‘it is the ford which must be crossed to the other bank’ (i.e. Nirvana) Hüen-ts., p. 23, note 1810, 3: Xak. kečig al-ma'bar ‘a ford’ Kaš. I 390 (prov.): KB kamuğ beg bedükke menigdin kečig ‘access to all begs and great men is through me’ 674; ölümdin kačığlı kečig bulmadı ‘he found no way round to escape death’ 4837; o.o. 249 (ütül-), 4042 (ogar-), 5208: (Čağ. xv ff. kečit ma'bar-i eb ‘ford’ San. 312V. 8A (quotn.)): Kip. xııı al-maxeda ‘ford’ ke:či: (-c-); (Tkm. ke:čü:t (-c-)) Hou. 6, 20: (xiv kečüt al-maxeda... kečit (? MS. fticit) ditto Id. 79; ditto kečüt (-c-) But. 4, 15).

kičig (small) ‘small’, with some extended meanings like ‘puppy’. S.i.a.m.l.g. with some phonetic changes; SW Osm. alone has the form küčük; this and the medieval forms with rounded vowels are obviously somehow connected with the syn. Pe. word kılčak; it is prob. that the resemblances purely fortuitous and that Osm., etc. küčük is a Pe. l.-w.; the final -k is hard to explain in any other way. See Doerfer III 1620, 1664. Türkü vııı kičig atlığ P'having as a name in childhood’ II E 41 (damaged); o.o. I S 3, etc. (teg-): vııı ff. kičig dintar ‘the young Hearer’ IrkB Postscript: Man. (all mortals) uluğka kičigke tegi ‘from great to small’ Chuas. 86-7; kičig bačağ erti ‘it was the lesser fast’ TT II 8, 62; M III 38, 5 (in: Uyğ. vııı ff. (Man. kičigk[iyejm 'my little one’ M II 8, 13 (iŋ): Bııd. (I am a delicately brought up) kerıč kičig ‘young woman’ U III 82, 17; evindeki ulug kičigke ‘to the great and small in his house’ PP 67, 7-8; o.o. Kuan. 122; TT V 8, 54, etc.: Civ. (major (uluğ) undertakings...) kičig iš küdükler ‘minor undertakings’ TT I 73; in the calendar texts TT VII 4 and 5 there is constant mention of uluğ and kičig ay (‘month’); a.o.o.: Xak. xı kičig ‘small’ (al-šağıŋ of anything Kaš. I 390; klčlgde fî šiğerihi in ‘childhood’ II 268, 20; III 87, 26; about 8 o.o. translated sağır or xasis, ‘paltry’: KB kičig oğlanığ ‘a small boy’ 293; uluğka kičigke 500; o.o. 611, 707 (basit-), 1493 (ögret-), 4042 (ogar-), etc.: xııı (?) At. uluğka kičigke 356; Tef. kičig ‘small; childhood’ 181: xıv Muit, al-šağlr (opposite to ‘great’ uluğ) gi:či:/gi:či:g (sic) Mel. 55, 13; Rif. 153 (ki:ci:)\ ‘small boat’ kiči: gemi: 62, 10; 161: Čağ. xv ff. kİčİk (‘with k- -k’) küčük Vel. 356; küčük (spelt) sag-i bačča ‘puppy’ San. 303V. 17; kicik (‘with -c-’) corrupt and Turcisized form of küčak, meaning haqjr ‘little, small’ do. 312V. 17 (quotn.): Xwar. xııı kiči ‘small’ 'AH 58: xıv kičlg/kiči Qutb 97; MN 64: Kip. xııı carrcu’I-knlb ‘puppy’ (VU) kičig (-c-, un-vocalized); Tkm. eııük (MS. etük) Hou. 11, 10; (al-tifl ‘child’ k.č oğla:n; prob. an error for kenč oğla:n but could be read kiči do. 24, 20): xıv kiči: (‘with -Č-’) al-šağtr; Dim. f.s Kıp. klčglııc:; Tkm. klčlcük, the former also used in P.N.s... küčük (-c-) al-carw . .. küčük (-C-) al-abtar ‘bob-tailed’, used as a P.N., and one says küčük it kalb abtar, that is one without a tail Id. 79: XV carw küčük (/uruk/enük) Tuh. 11b. 6; a.o. 30b. 13; (šağîr küčüčük/klčkez 22a. 2): Osm. xıv ff. kičük ‘small’ once in XIV; kiči very common till xvi, rare in xvıı , xvııı TTS I 467; II 640; III 454; IV 521.

D küče:k (strong, strongly) Hap. leg.; Dev. N./A. fr. küče:-; ‘strong, strongly’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. TT VIII 1.10 (bu:zluğ).

VU?F küjek (lock (hair)) ‘a lock of hair’ and the like; prob. an Iranian l.-w. cognate to Pe. kilj ‘crooked, curved, a hump’, with Iranian Dim. Suff. N.o.a.b. Arğu: xı küjek al-qus'a tnina'1-ša'r zva'1-šudğ ‘a lock of hair; the hair on the temples’ Kaš. I 391: Xak. xı KB (when it rains let the flowers open and) kurımıš yığačtın salmsu küjek ‘let bunches (of leaves) burst from the desiccated trees’ 118; küjek yazdı Rüm! kızı 'the Greek girl let loose her tresses’ 4885: xıv Muh. (?) the people of Turkistan call al-du’eba ‘the forelock’ küje:k, and the Turks of our country küse:k \\ Rif. 79 (only); al-du'ebaten kü:Je:k (MS. gü:ze:h) do. 139.
697

Dis. V. GCL-

PU ?D Iköčük ‘the [buttocks’; prob. a crasis of *kötčük Dim. f. of köt; completely unvocalized in the MS. but between kečiğ and kičig (small), which would be correct; survives only (?) in NE Sag., Šor köčük R II 1289. Cf. köčükle:-. Xak. xı köčük al-alyaten tva ridfu’l-insen ‘a man’s buttocks’ (Hend.) Kaš. I 390.

D kečki: (g-) N./A.S. fr. ke:č; survives only (?) in NW Kaz. klčkl ‘evening’ (meal, etc.) R II 1383. Xak. xı KB idi köčkJ söz ol matalda kelir ‘a very old saw comes in the proverb’ 110 (the proverb follows); a.o. 5133 (kovr.).

D köčgün (g-) Intrans. Dev. N./A. fr. köč- (coach, travel, herding, migrate, move, march, transport, live in coach, stay in inn, die); ‘migratory, transitory’, and the like. N.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB 6112 (köčütči:): (Kip. xıv köčgen (sic) al-nasr ‘eagle’; might be this word misvocalized Id. 79).

D küčgey (g-) (violent’, difficult) Den. N./A. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); ‘violent’, difficult’, etc.; n.o.a.b. Xak. xı KB özi küčgey erse ‘if he himself is violent (or oppressive)’ 814; o.o. 2030-5, 5521: xııı (?) Tef. küčey ‘difficult’ 190: Xwar. xıv ditto Qutb 105; Nahc. 214, 16; 298, 2; 304, 15.

Tris. GCG

D kičiglik A.N. fr. kičig (small); s.i.s.m.l. meaning ‘smallness, a little’. Xak. xı KB (if greatness comes to you) kičlglik anuk tut ürüŋ bolğuka ‘retain humility until you become white-haired’ (or ‘in order that you may live to become...’) 552; kičlglik kılıp ‘acting humbly’ 1702.

D kečigsiz (g-) P.N./A. fr. kečig; n.o.a.b. Türkü vııı İrtiš ögüzig kečigsiziıı kečdimiz ‘we crossed the River Irtiš without using a ford’ T. 35: Xak. xı kayna:r ögüz kečig-si:z bolma:s ‘there is no rushing river without a crossing-place (manfad) somewhere’ I 390, 18; III 191, 6 (with mabar ‘ford’ instead of manfad)-, n.m.e.

Tris. V. GCG-

D kičigle:- Den. V. fr. kičig (small); survives in SE, SW. with the same meaning as in Xak. Xak. xı ol anı: kičigle:di: ‘he considered that he was small’ (šağiŋ Kaš. III 341 (kičigle:r, kičigle:me:k): Čağ. xv ff. küčükle- (spelt) bačča kardan sag ‘of a bitch, to pup’ San. 303V. 9: Xwar. xıv kicigle- ‘to consider small’ Qutb 97.

D köčükle:- Hap. leg.; Den. V. fr. köcük; fully vocalized. Xak. xı ol oğlın köčükle:di: ‘he beat his son on the buttocks’ ('ale alyatihŋ Kaš. III 341 (köčükle:r, köčükle:me:k).

Dis. GCL

D kü:člüg (g-) P (N./A. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); ‘strong, powerful; violent, oppressive, and the like. S.i.s.m.l.; SW Az. küclü; Osm. güčlü; Tkm. güycli. See Doerfer III 1676. Türkü vııı küčlüg [alp P] xa[ğani]mda: ‘from my strong, tough xagan’ Ongin 12: vııı ff. anta:ğ küčlütg men ‘I am so strong’ IrkB 3, 20, 60: Uyğ. vııı küčlü:g boltu: 'he became powerful’ III C 5 (ETY II 38): vııı ff. Man. Wind. 19-20 (1 köp (copious, abundant)): Chr. uluğ küčlüg teŋri ‘oh great, mighty God’ M III 49, e: Bud. on küčlüg translates Sanskrit dasabala ‘having ten (kinds of) strength’ U III 34, 1 (ii); uluğ küčlüg kutluğ bodisavt ‘a great, mighty, blessed Bodhisattva’ PP 45, 2-3; artuk küčlüg övkeči ‘with a very violent temper’ Kuan. 64; a.o.o.: Civ. küčlüg yağı ‘a strong enemy’ TT I 122: O. Kır. ıx ff. küčlügin üčün 'because he was strong’ Mai. 49, 4: Xak. xı anıŋ yöli: kütčlüg ‘its wind is strong’ (1qawwiya) Kaš. III 161, 29; o.o.1 509 (bilek-lig); III 120 (1 kü:č); n.m.e: KB (anyone who has a backeŋ küčlüg bolur ‘becomes powerful’ 1699: xııı (?) Tef. küčlig/küčlüg ditto 191: xıv Muh. al-qatnwi (opposite to ‘weak’ gü-.csiz) kü:clü: Mel. 55, 5; kü:clüg Rif. 152: Čağ. xv ff. güčlük (spelt) quwivatlu Vel. 363; küčlük zûrmand ‘strong’ San. 303v. 14: Xwar. xıv küčlüg ‘strong’ Qutb 105: Kom. xıv ‘strong’ küčlü CCI, CCG; Gr.: Kıp. xııı al-qaıowî (opposite to ‘weak’ küčsi:z) küclü: Hou. 32, 7: xv ditto küšli: (sic) Kav. 60, 4; küčli dü quivwa Tuh. 68a. 10.

D küčlük (g-) A.N. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); n.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man.-A (within a man’s body are many) küčlükler kögü İler blllgler sa-kınčlar ‘strengths, minds, knowledges, and thoughts’ M III 9, 14-15 (iŋ.

Dis. V. GCL-

D 1 kečil- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) Pass. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); s.i.s.m.l. Xak. xı su:v kečildi: ‘the water was crossed’ Kaš. II 136 (kečlür (sic?), kečilme:k): Čağ. xv ff. köcü- (spelt) 'ubür šudan ‘to be crossed’ San. 312r. 27.

D 2 ke:čil- (g-) Pass. f. of 2 ke:č- (late); survives in NW Kk. kešil- ‘to be postponed, delayed’. Xak. xı ıš ke:čildi: ubti’afl l-amr ‘the matter was delayed’ Kaš. III 195 (ke:čilü:r, kö:čilme:k).

D küče:l- (g-) Pass. f. of küče:-; survives in SW Tkm. gyücel- ‘to be strengthened, intensified’. Xak. xı er tavam: ktičeldi: ‘the man’s property (etc.) was taken by force’ (zulima) Kaš. II 136 (küče:lür (sic), kuče:lme:k): Osm. xvııı gücel- ‘to be complicated, made difficult’; in one text TTS IV 368.

D küčle:- (g-) Den. V. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); not noted before the medieval period, but see küčlen-; s.i.s.m.l. in NE, NW, e.g. Tel. küčte- ‘to compel’ R II 1497- Cf. küče:-. xıv Muh. zalama tva qahara ‘to ill use, oppress’ gü:čle:-Mel. 28, 13; Rif. 112 (kü:cle:-): Kip. xv qatviya ‘to be strong’ (kat>/ka(ı bol-/) küčle- Tuh. 29b. 10: Osm. xıv güčle- ‘to compel’; in one text TTS I 335.

D küčlen- (g-) (difficult) Refl. f. of küčle:-. S.i.s.m.l.; in SW Osm. güčlen- ‘to be or become, \698\ difficult’. Xak. xı er küčlendi: ‘the man (etc.) •was, or became, strong' (qaxviya) Kaš. II 252 (kličlenü:r, küčlenme:k): xııı (?) Tef. küčlen- ditto 19ı: Čağ. xv ff. küčlen- (sic) šehib-i zûr šudan ditto San. 303V. 8: Xwar. xrv küčlen- ‘to gather strength’ Qutb 105: Kip. xv taqatvtvd ‘to become strong’ küčlen- (-C-) Tuh. 10b. 1; qauiya ditto do. 30a. 1.
698

Tris. GCM

D küčemči: (g-) (violent, oppressive) N.Ag. fr. *küčem, N.S.A. fr. küče:-; ‘a violent, oppressive man’. Pec. to Xak. Xak. xı Kaš. III 120 (1 kü:č): KB (my frowning brows, my ugly and unfriendly looks) küčemčl kelirke ‘are for the man who comes as an oppressor’ 816.

D kečimlig (g-) (one pass) Hap. leg.; P.N./A. fr. ♦kečim N.S.A. fr. 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); lit. ‘that passes only once’. Xak. xı KB (‘Oh king’) bu dunyS kečimlig turur ‘this world is transitory’ 3782.

Dis. GCN

D küčtin (g-) (violently, by force) Instr. of 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult) used as an Adv., ‘violently, by force’; survived as an Adv. long after the Instr. ceased to be an ordinary declensional case. Survives in SW xx Anat. gücün SDD 679; obsolete elsewhere. Xak. xı kü:čü:n bi'l-qtitmva ‘by force’ Kaš. II 289 (küsgük); four o.o. spelt küčün, three spelt kü:cin; n.m.e.: KB (a good man repents because he is good) atıkmıš İsiz öknür §xİr küčün ‘the notorious sinner repents in the end under compulsion’ 928; a.o. 838: Čağ’ xv ff. güčün (spelt) güčle in the sense of influencing by compulsion (bi’l-durürŋ (quotn.); güclii qmcu'atlu ‘by force’ (quotn.) Vel. 363; gücün (spelt) az rtly-i zür tva 'unf ‘by force, under compulsion’ San. 303V. 18 (quotns.): Osm. xiv, xvı gücün ‘by force, with difficulty’; in two texts TTS II 469.

Dis. V. GCN-

D kečin- (g-) (earn, get along, pass for, pass, cross, expire, past) Refl. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); survives in SW Osm. gečin- ‘to earn one’s living; to get on well (with people); to pass for (e.g. an expert)’. Xak. xı er su:v kečindi: ‘the man pretended to cross (ya'buŋ the water’ Kaš. II 156 (kečinu:r, kečinme:k; the -č- carries a damma in the Perf. and is unvocalized elsewhere).

D kičin- (g-) Refl. f. of kiči:-; s.i.s.m.l. with back vowels (cf. kiči:-). Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. kayu tiši kartı kičlnür (so read for kičirir, see facsimile) bolsar ‘if a woman’s ulcer becomes itchy’ HI 93: Xak. xı ura:ğut kičindi: ‘the woman was wanton’ (bağat); hence one says kičinme: le tabği'1-darb ‘don’t ask for trouble’; the origin is the phr. et klčlndi: ‘the flesh itched’ (ihtakka) Kaš. II 156 (kičinü:r, klčlnme:k).

D küčen- (g-) Refl. f. of küče:-; s.i.a.m.l.g., usually meaning ‘to exert oneself’, but in NE ‘to rely on one’s own strength’ R II 1492, and SW Osm. gücen- ‘to be offended’. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. [gap] küčenip utru kettiler meaning obscure TT. IX 8e: Civ. senig borlukugm el küčenip Inalğučka katdı \\ ‘the government has seized your vineyard and transferred it to Inalğııč’ USp. 24, 3: Xak. xı at küčendi: faturat qutvrvatu l-faras ‘the horse’s strength diminished’ because it carried a heavy load; and one says ol anig tava:rin küčendi: zalama melahıı ‘he seized his property by force’; the first is Intrans., the second Trans. Kaš. II 156 (küče:nü:r (sic), küčenme:k): KB in the description of the physical causes of dreams in 6006 ff. küčen- seems to mean ‘to become dominant’ of bile, gall, phlegm, etc.: Kom. xıv ‘to exert oneself’ küčen- CCG; Gr.: Kip. xıv kücen- (-c-) da'afa ‘to be weakened’ by heavy burdens İd. 79.

Tris. GCN

D kečinčsiz (g-) Hap. leg.; Priv. N./A. fr. *kečlnč Dev. N. fr. kečin-; ‘hard to cross’ or the like. Uyğ. vııı ff. liud. TT VI, p. 62, footnote, 1. 2 (toğur-).

Dis. GCR

D köčrüm (g-) Hap. leg.; N.S.A. fr. köčür-; lit. ‘a single (event) causing migration’. Xak. xı köčrüm al-fasa'a ‘panic’, that is the people of the country districts (al-ra$etîq) are scared and come into the town’ Kaš. I 485.

Dis. V. GCR-

D 1 kečür- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) Caus. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) ; s.i.a.m.l.g. with a wide range of meanings; physically ‘to make (someone) cross (something), to pass (something) through (something)’, and abstract ‘to pass (time), to forgive (sins)’, etc.; in SW Osm., Tkm. gečir-, Uyğ. vııı [gap] toğur-ğu:ğ kečü:rü: ‘leading [my army?] across the Toğurğu: River (?)’ Šu. S. 12: vııı ff. Man. TT III 51 (taluy): Xak. xı ol meni: suvdin (MS. surdan) kečürdi: ‘he made me cross (MS. a'barahu ’an) the water’; and one says beg anig ya:zukm kečürdi: ‘the beg pardoned (šafaha 'an) his offence’ Kaš. II 75 (kečürür, kečürme:k); anig ı:šı:n kečür-dim amdaytu amrahıı bi l-qatl 'I concluded his affair by killing him’ I 47, 15; bu: be:g ol ya:zuk kečürgem ‘this beg is constantly pardoning (šafüh 'an) offences’; and one says bu: er ol telim ı:š kečürgem ‘this man is constantly altering, changing and settling affairs’ (hutvtval qullab faššel xutfa); one also says evürgem tevürge:n Kaš. I 521 (verse): KB kečür- is common in several meanings; (my Lord, who creates’, nurtures, and) kečür-gen ‘pardons’ (mankind) 124 (also 1, but out of place there); o.o. of. ‘to pardon’ 28, 1155 (tüzünlük), 2122, etc. — (this world has made many begs old, but does not age itself) telim beg kečürdi kesilmez sözi ‘it has made many begs pass away, but does not stop talking’ 404 — (hear what the experienced man says) bašında kečürmiš yetürmiš yašı ‘who has passed through much and reached maturity’ 426; (you have done evil) kečürmiš künüg \\ ‘during the day which you have just lived through’ 3787; o.o. 649, 1155, 1192: xim (?) At. kečürgen idim 37; yazukm kečür 337; kečür sen me 'umrug ‘and pass your life’ (in uprightness) 154; Tef. kcčlr-/kečür- ‘to pardon’ 177: Čağ. xv. ff. kečür- (spelt) guda-renidan tva 'ubürfarmûdan ‘to cause, or order, to pass over or cross’ Satt. 312.T. 24 (quotns.); Xwar. xııı (?) kečür- (? g-) ‘to bring, to pardon’ 'Alt 49: xıv kičür- ‘to pass (time); to bring over; to allow to exceed’, etc. Qutb 96; ‘to pardon’ MN 42e: Kom. xıv ‘to bring across; to forgive’ kečir- CCG.-, Gr. 135 (quotns.): Osm. xıv ff. gečir- (1) xıv ‘to pardon’; (2) xıv ‘to shoot (an arrow) through (someone)’; (3) xvı ‘to cause to forget’ TTS I 294; II 419.

D 2 ke:čür- (g-) Caus. f. of 2 ke:č- (late); n.o.a.b. Cf. kečit-. Uyğ. vııı ff. Civ. one of the standard phr. in contracts is (I will repay what I have borrowed on a stated date) bermedin kečursermen ‘if I delay and do not pay’ (I shall incur certain penalties) USp. i, 5-6; 7, 5; 8, 6-7; 10, 6-7, etc.: Xak. xı ol ı:šığ kečürdi: ‘he delayed (or was slow about, abfa'a) the business’ Kaš. III 187 (ke:čürür, ke:čürme:k).

E kičir- See kičin-.

D köčür- (g-) Caus. f. of köč- (coach, travel, herding, migrate, move, march, transport, live in coach, stay in inn, die); ‘to cause to migrate’, with some extended meanings. S.i.s.m.l.; SW Az. köčur-; Osm., Tkm. göčür-. Türkü vııı ff. IrkB 34 (kontur-): Xak. xı ol am: evdin köčürdi: ‘he made him move (hawwalahu) from his residence, and made him migrate and leave home’ (anqalahu tva az'anahu) ; one also says ol bitig köčürdi: ‘he copied (nasaxa) the book’; also used when one conveys (naqala) something from one place to another, e.g. ol köčüt köčürdi: ‘he moved the caravan horse from one place to another’ Koš. II 75 (köčürür, köčürme:k, misvocalized keč-); a.o. I 522, 5 (1 to:y): xııı (?) At. 338 (kaz-): Čağ. xv ff. göčür- (-güg; spelt) göčür- Vel. 364 (quotn.); göcür- (spelt) kûčenidan ‘to cause to migrate’ San. 303r. 25 (quotns.): Kom. xıv ‘to transfer’ göčür- CCG; Gr. 150 (quotn.): Osm. xv ff. göčür- ‘to transfer, or move, from one place to another’; fairly common TTS I 315; II 442; III 302; IV 347.

D kečürt- (g-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kečür-Xak. xı ol agar su:v kečürtti: ‘he made him cross (a'barahu) the water’ (etc.); also used when he entrusts a task to someone else (amde li-ğayrihi amŋ Kaš. III 431 (kečürtür, kečürtme:k).

D kečrüš- (g-) Recip. f. of kečür-; pec. to Kaš. Xak. xı ola:r bi:r bi:rke: ya:zu:kın kečrüšdi: ‘they forgave (šafaha) one another’s offences’; also used when they help one another to cross a canal (fVl-i'ber 'ani’l-nahŋ Kaš. II 222 (kečrüšü:r, kečrüšme:k); ol anı: suvdm kečrüšse:k erdi: ‘he wished to help him to cross the water’ II 257, 5; a.o. 7/ 225, 24.

Tris. GCR

D köčürme: (g-) Pass. Dev. N./A. fr. köčür-; survives w. different meaning in SC Uzb., Doerfer III 1669. Xak. xı köčürme: očuk ‘a fireplace (al-kenün) which is transported (yunqal) from place to place’: köčürme: oyun al-arba'a 'ašara ‘fourteen’; the name of ft kind of game. Four lines are drawn on the ground in the shape of a castle (al-hišn)\ and ten gates (abtveb) are made in it; the game is played with nuts (al-banddiq) and the like Kaf. I 49°.

Tris. V. GCR-

D kečrümsin- (g-) Hap. leg.; Refl. Simulative Den. V. fr. *kečrüm N.S.A. fr. kečür-; mentioned only as a grammatical example. Xak. xı ol anig ya:zukın kečrümsindi: ‘he pretended to pardon (yašfah) his offence without actually doing so’ Kaš. II 261, 11; n.m.e.

D kečürse:- (g-) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of kečür-. Xak. xı kara: tü:nüg kečürse:dim ‘I wished to make the dark night pass’ (istam-saytu) Kaš. III 247, 22; n.m.e.

Dis. GCS

D küčsüz (g-) Priv. N./A. fr. 1 kü:č (gütc) (strength, work, efforts, compulsion, violence, oppression, difficult); ‘weak, feeble’. S.i.s.m.l. Uyğ. vııı ff. Man. TT III 87 (2turuk); M III 37, i7 (i) (ögsüz): Bud. ÜIII 35, 22 (mčıkla:-): (Xak.?) xıv Muh. al-'eciz ‘feeble’ (opposite to ‘tough’ tığra:k) gü:csi:z Mel. 54, 1; Rif. 150; al-da'if ‘weak’ (opposite to ‘strong’ kü:clü:) gü:csiz 55, 5; 152: Kıp. xııı al-da'if (opposite to ‘strong’ küčlü:) küčsi:z (-C-), that is ‘without strength’; Hou. 26, 8: xv al-da'if (opposite to ‘strong’ kušli:) küšsiz (sic ?; MS. küšünsiz) Kav. 60, 4.

Dis. V. GCS-

D kečse: (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past) Hap. leg.; Desid. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past), Xak. xı ertlš suvin kečse:di: (the enemy) ‘intended to cross (keda ... an ta'buŋ the River Iitiš’ Kaš. I155, 18; n.m.e.

D kečset- (g-) Hap. leg.; Caus. f. of kečse:-. Xak. xı ol meni: suvdın kečsetti: ‘he inspired me with a wish to cross (mannenı 'übüŋ the water’ (etc.) Kaš. II 336 (kečsetü:r, kečsetme:k).

Tris. V. GCS-

D küčsire:- (g-) Priv. Den. V. fr. 1 ku:č; ‘to be weak, lack strength’. N.o.a.b. Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. küčsiremiš alagadmıš ač bars ‘the weakened and debilitated hungry tigress’ Suv. 610, 22; a.o. do. 586, 21: Civ. köz küčsirep yaš aksar ‘if the eyes are weak and water’ HI 155.

Dis. GCŠ

D kečiš (g-) (ford, crossing, get on, outcome) Dev. N. fr. 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); n.o.a.b. Cf. kečig. Xak. xı kečiš ‘a ford, crossing place over a canal or river’ (ma'baru’l-nahr tca'l--1vedŋ Kaš. I 369 (prov.; see 6let-): KB tirigke bu negdin kečiš yok kadaš ‘my \700\ comrade, a human being cannot get on without these things’ (clothes and food) .1665; (death is certain) kečiš yok adın ‘there is no other (possible) outcome’ 6076.
700

Dis. GCŠ

Dis. V. GCŠ-

D kečiš- (g-) (pardon, pass, cross, expire, past) Co-op. f. of 1 keč- (g-) (pass, cross, expire, past); n.o.a.b. R II 1148 lists ‘Čağ.’ kečiš- ‘to pardon one another’, but it is not traceable elsewhere, and could hardly have this meaning (cf. kečrüš-). Xak. xı ol meniŋ birle: su:v kečišdi: ‘he competed with me in crossing (fi 'ubfiŋ the water’ Kaš. II 93 (kečišü:r, kečišme:k).

D küčeš- (g-) Hap. leg.; Co-op. f. of küče:-. Xak. xı olatr ikki: tava:r küčešdi: ‘those two competed with one another in forccably seizing (fi ğašb) property’ Kaš. II 93 (küče-šü:r, kučešme:k).

Dis. GCY

S küčey See küčgey. (violent’, difficult)

Mon. G(Q)D

F ked (very, extremely, extremely good) (quite) l.-w. fr. Sogdian k'dy, ‘very, extremely’, see Caf., p. 78; originally used in the same meaning to qualify both Adj.s and V.s, it soon came to mean ‘extremely good’ and the like. Kaš.'s statement that it was also pronounced ked confirms its foreign origin since final -d, except in the cluster -nd did not exist in Xak., but final -d was not a Sogdian sound either. Now P obsolete everywhere; the latest trace seems to be SW xix Az. gey ‘very, extremely’ R II 1551. Uyğ. vııı ff. Chr. ked kögül tegürüp tilegler istegler ‘seek (Hend.) him applying your minds vigorously’ U I 6, 1; a.o. do. 9, 16 (anığ): Bud. Ked Yegen Totok I\N. Pfahl. 23, 24; a.o. Suv. 4, 9-10 (ölütči:): Civ. ked tiğrak ‘very tough’ TT VII 17, 8; er kiši er išige ked bolaym teser ‘if a man says “I wish to become very potent” (sexually)' II I 75; süt ked bolğu em ‘a remedy to ensure that (a mother’s) milk becomes copious’ do. 105: Xak. xı ked/ked with both (mo'a (n)) del and döl; an Emphatic Particle (harf ta'kid tea mübalağa) used in describing (ft n'ašf) a thing; hence one says ked at ‘what a good horse’ (ni'ma’l-faras) and ked ne:g ‘what a good thing’ Kaš. I 321; the later form key may occur in a verse bıčğa:s bitig kilurlar, and key yeme: berü:rler yaktubün kiteba'l--ahd ıva’l-bay'a arı le yuxalifu l-malik ‘they sign a treaty and (swear) an oath that they will not oppose the king’ I 459, 7; and see 7 244 (erpel-): KB ked is common in three usages; (1) qualifying Adj.s. it means ‘very’, e.g. ked bağırsak kadaš ‘a very compassionate comrade’ 317; (2) qualifying V.s it strengthens the meaning, e.g. tilig ked ködezgll ‘keep a firm control of your tongue’ 176; (3) qualifying N.s it means ‘very good’ or the like, e.g. bodunda talusı kišinig kedi ‘chosen among the people, the best of men’ 34: xıı (?) At.  (1) w. Adj. ked berklig ‘very unyielding’ 254; (2) w. V. ked ag-a ‘understand thoroughly’ 18; four o.o.: xıv Muh. al-cayyid ‘ (very) good’ gey Mel. 18, 6 (Rif. 97 edgü): Xwar. xııı key (1) ‘good’; (2) qualifies V. 'Ali 58: xıv ditto (2) only Qutb 93: Kip. (?) xııı i al-cayyid (opposite to ‘had’ yama:n/yawuz) (eygi:/) key IIou. 2S, 10: xıv key cayyid; one says bu: key dür ‘this is good’; Kip. eygl Id. 86 (the inference is that key was Tkm.): Osm. xıv ff. key usually qualifying Adjs. or V.s, but occasionally ‘good’; very common till xv, rare later TTS I 451; II 621; III 440; I V 504.

köt (g-) (buttocks, backside, tail end) ‘backside, buttocks’; s.i.a.m.l.g., but like other similar words rarely listed in modern dicts.; SW Osm. göt (Acc. götü). See köčük. See Doerfer III 1657. Xak. xı köt al-dubur ‘backside, buttocks’ Kaš. I 321; köti: kizla:k al-hummara mina'I-fayr, that is ‘with a red tail’; a bird, species uncertain, hardly ‘the red-headed finch’ which is the normal meaning I 473, 20: Kom. xıv ‘backsideköt CCG; Gr.: Kip. xııı al-ist 'buttocks’ köt (MS. kit) Hou. 21, 5: xıv köt al-dubur Id. 78: xv ditto Kav. 61, 7; Tuh. 15a. 12.

Mon. V. GD-

ke:d- (g-) (wear put on, dress) ‘to put on, or wear (clothing)’, practically syn. w. don- Den. V. fr. to:n, see tonat- (d-) (don) Caus. f. of tona:-. S.i.a.m.l.g.; NE kİ:-; SE Türki key-/kly-/ kİ-; NC, SC kly-; NW ICk., Nog. kiy-, Kumyk gly-; SW (Az. keyln-), Osm., Tkm. gev-. Türkü vııı ff. Man. munča anğ ton kedmlsin (,r;c) ‘his wearing so clean a garment’ M I 7, 14; al [gap] kedip ‘putting on a scarlet [robe]’ TT II S, 67-8: Uyğ. vııı ff. Bud. yank kedip ‘putting on a breastplate’ U IT 78, 30; 86, 48; TT IV 10, 12; arlğ ton kedip U I 29, 12; o.o. U 7/42, 33; TTX 312; USp. 105, 10: Civ. ke:dmiš (MS. ke:tnıiš) ke:re:k ‘he must wear’ (warm clothing) TT VIII 7.20: Xak. xı er to:nm ketti: ‘the man put on (labisa) his clothes’; originally kedti: Kaš. II 296 (kede:r, kedme:k); er torn ke:dti: ‘the man put on clothes’ (etc.) III 441 (ke:de:r, ke:dme:k): KB kök al kedip 'putting on blue and scarlet’ 69; o.o. 84, 519, 4425 (İč), 4774: xııı (?) At. 167 (to:n); a.o.o., with some v.l.s of key-; Tcf. ked- ‘to wear’ 169; kez- ditto; kly- ditto 178: (xiv Muh. al-malbiis ‘clothing’ geymek Mel. 66, 13; PU teykü Rif. 166): Čağ. xv ff. key- (-gülük) gey- Vel. 353. !3Î key- (‘with -e-’) püšidan ‘to put on, wear’. San. 301 v. 16 (quotns.): Xwar. xıv ked-/ked-/key- ditto Qutb 93-7; ked- Nahc. 267, 13: Kom. xıv ditto key-/kly- CCI, CCG; Gr. 136 (quotns.): Kip. xııı labisa key-Hou. 33,19: xivdittoId. 86; Bui. 78V.; keymek al-libs Id. 8e: xv labisa key- Kav. 10, x; 75, 4; a.o. 63, 18; kiyedir, untranslated, example of Pres. Tuh. 74b. 4.

1 ket- (ged-) (notch, chip, gash) ‘to notch, chip, gash (something)’, and the like, not noted before xıv but see ketü:, ketüt, ketmein. More or less syn. w. kert- (notch, gash, carve) (carve), but unlikely to be a Sec. of it, since elision of -r- is unlikely at so early a date, and kert- always has initial k-. Survives in SW Osm. ged-, Sami 1152; Red. 1531 and Tkm. ge:t- (ge:d... before vowels), same meaning. Kip. xıv (kedük al-talma ‘a notch’) the V. fr. it is ked- Id. 79: Osm. xv ff. ged- ‘to chip, notch’; in two texts TTS I 296; II 420.
701

701

 
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