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Djagfar Tarihi Preface · Chapters 1-5 · Chapters 6-10 · Chapters 11-15 · Chapters 16-20 · Chapters 21-25 and Ghazi-Baradj · Appendix
Djagfar Tarihi Contents · Volume 1 · Volume 1 Appendix · Volume 2 · Volume 3

Bakhshi Iman
DJAGFAR TARIHI
(THE ANNALS OF DJAGFAR)

Volume 3
F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Fragments from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“
Kultasi
Fragments from the annals
“HISTORY OF THE KAZAN“
Kul Gali
Fragments from the book
“HON KITABY “
 
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Translator's Notes

In the statement of the author and publisher Fargat Gabdul-Khamitovich Nurutdinov, he wrote the annalistic contents of the Volume 3 as a conspectus. Per F.Nurutdinov, the conspectus renders the annalistic information in the “Djagfar Tarihi“ of the snatched original translation of collection. While studying in the IYALI KFAN USSR (Language and Literature Institute of the Kazan Branch of  USSR Academy of Sciences) graduate school, F.Nurutdinov reportedly tried to initiate publication of the translation of the annals, but that led to an opposite result, in 1982 all Nigmatullin original notebooks with the text of the translation were snatched from the summer cabin of his father. F.Nurutdinov retained only a portion of “Djagfar's“ translation that was located at his Kazan home, apparently none of then were Nigmatullin's original notebooks. However, F.Nurutdinov's notes in the text indicate that some portions are of the original Nigmatullin translation.

Page numbers, where shown, indicate pages in the book publication.

The offered copy of the printed edition has not been properly proofread, and still contains typos and misspellings, for which I apologize and intend to correct them with time.

The “mouse over“ explanations basically follow the definitions found in the Annals and represent the views of its writers, which may be different from the known or accepted conditions of the present time. They are the best guess and some of them may be incorrect because of incorrect interpretation of the text by the translator. The translator of the Annals to Russian left a multitude of Türkisms in his translation, and they are preserved in the English translation, in blue, and the comments included in the publication are marked  in blue, with additional comments by the translator from Russian to English denoted with a marker “- Translator's Note“.

For a brief dictionary of medieval Bulgarian geographical names and expressions click here. For phonetical conventions click here

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Fragments from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

58

1. Emir Bulüm-Ordu negotiated with Khan Uzbek in the Altyn muncha, moved from the Bulyar, where it was called Kuk muncha. These negotiations lasted 3 days, and were so pleasant to the Khan that he gave up on the Bulgarian tribute to the Kypchak Ulus and agreed to forget the Sabandjar affair and not to start a war because of it...

Also participated in the negotiations and shined their wisdom the Bolgar city sheikhs, the teachers and instructors of the Khan...

All our Kans visited Kuk muncha in Bulyar, and also did the well-known sheikhs:... Abu Hamid...... Kul Daud...... Garib Rumi...(this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

2. “The ceremony of raising Chelbir to the throne happened after he already returned from the campaign against the Shir [Don] Kypchaks...

Apart of this ceremony was an oath by the Kan to ensure the prosperity of the country and defeat of all the Bulgar's enemies. All Kans, also including Chelbir, gave this oath over Koran with a bowl of bal (honey - Translator's Note) in hand, and after stating the oath he drank the bal. This ritual bowl was a special one. It was made from the skull of the Rus Prince Barys [Svyatoslav I] (945-972 - Translator's Note) by the Bulgarian viceroy of the city Tamiya Tarkhan (In Rus' records “Tmutarakhan“- Translator's Note) Kurakhan, who killed the Prince during an attack by Barys on a Bulgarian trading caravan. Kura-Khan sent this bowl as a gift to Talib, and he was the first of the Bulgarian Kans who has drunk from it during the ceremony of the raising to the throne. The Kapagan, that is the Visier, Abdallah... was holding a sword in front of him... The sprinkling with water was replaced...by sprinkling with coins...

The illnesses exorcized... by sprinkling water with a birch broom and pounding with this broom... “ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

3. “Shakh-Timer [Tamerlan] did not touch the Bulgarian population of these ancient cities of ours, and allowed them to leave to Bulgar... “ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

4. “When the Ulugbek Halil, a son of Mahmudtek, accidentally let one Rus merchant, who feigned that his ship was a ship of the Shirvan ambassador, to pass into the mouth of Idel, he immediately was displaced and arrested under an order of the Seid-Emir Yabyk-Mohammed. But our Asatarkhan checkpoint happened to be vigilant, it seized the deceiver, and he saved his life and a part of the goods only because he accepted Islam and took the name of the just born grandson of Yabyk-Mohammed, Kan Yusuf [Sain-Yusuf]..

If the Sakchi-Bolgar city was renamed into Sarai al-Djadid, another our Saksinian city, Kavaly-Suvar was renamed into Sarai al-Mahrus. These names have not replaced the old ones, because the word “sarai“ was used in the sense of the “residence“, “headquarters“...

Astarhan [Asatarkhan] and Tümen [Tümen] subordinated to Bulgar, and were furnishing troops and paid a tribute... When Asatarkhan and Seber [Siberian] Khans showed excessive independence, our troops entered these cities... In the 1490 the Asatarkhan Khan tried to establish again in Astarhae a Bukhara mahalya. That would threaten the trade of our merchants, and consequently the State army by the order of Burash seized the city...

The Astarhan was even spoken about:“The city of Astarhan is a Bulgarian market...“,

The Moscow tribute to Bulgar was one thousand rubles, the Siberian tribute during Aybak times was1000 sable pelts, and during the Taybugian times they were respectively 2 thousand rubles and 2 thousand sable pelts, and the Asatarkhanian tribute was 1 thousand rubles and 10 thousand sturgeon fish...
59

The Kolyn (in Rus' records “Khvalynsk“, later Vyatka and Kirov - Translator's Note), which was seized by Balyn [Moskovia] for the Burash's non-payment of the promised for the help sum, was returned to Bulgar by the Ulugbek Mohammed-Amin in 1505, along with the Unja and Midjer... In the 1524 Balyn again seized these lands...“ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

5. “In Kazan in 1521 lived ... 40 thousand Bulgars, 6 thousand Uruses [Ruses and Ukrainians], 3 thousand Crimeans and Turks, 2500 Buharians [Tadjiks, Iranians, Uzbeks and Afghans], 2 thousand Shirvanians [Azerbaijanians], 1200 Aryaks [Armenians], 1 thousand Chirmyshes [Maris, Udmurts, Komis, Mordvians, Chuvashes], 1 thousand of Black Nogays, 800 Tümenians [Siberian Türks and Finno-Ugrs], 700 Kubanians and Azakians [Balkars, Karachays, Circassians], 300 Urums [Karaims] ... “ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

6. “... Mohammediyar Bu-Yurgan set out from the Bardjil [Persia] to Rum [Turkey], and then to Crimea to his friend... Sahib-Garay, from where he already returned to Kazan... Starting from the Saklanian mountains he was accompanied by a detachment sent by the Khan ... Bu-Yurgan dedicated one poem to Sahib-Garay, who begged him to remain in the Crimea... In addition, Bu-Yurgan in detail and with admiration described the activities of Sahib-Garayin in the office of the Kazan Ulugbek. In particular, Bu-Yurgan noted erection during his tenure of the several magnificent mosques in the Kazan, built by the masters he brought from the Rum. However, Seid-Emir Kul-Ashraf, who wrongly blamed Sahib-Garay as an initiator of the murder of his father, ripped out in irritation those pages from the book of Bu-Yurgan, and changed his description...

The brother of Kul-Ashraf, Fazyl, whom was also called Vasyl, was so prideful that during his stay in Ufa he made evrybody to call that city by his name - Fazyl or Vasyl Balik...“ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Kultasi
7. Fragments from the annals
“HISTORY OF THE KAZAN“
1. DJAN-GALI'S WAR
1. “... In the aul Muhsha-Bakyrcha (or Muhshy-Bakyrchy?? - Translator's Note) remains the tomb of the Crimean ambassador Arslan Chelebi, who dyed from the hands of the infidels in the Kazan. At his burial was the seid Mohammediyar, who was a friend of the deceased...

This aul then was in the Khan's yurtluk (demesne - Translator's Note)...

Seid Djan-Gali was a son of the mullah Abdrazak and a grandson of Mamysh-Birde... His possessions were on the Mountain Side, near Churtan [Sviyazhsk]... When the papazes [priests] began demolishing mosques and torture people to death the for remaining loyal to the true belief, Djan-Gali attacked a group of Tatars and armed karatunians [crusader monks] and killed twelve of them. Four of his friends were killed in the assault, and a fifth was wounded and fell into the hands of the Tatars who accompanied the papazes. The Tatars tortured him with every possible torments, even burned his feet in a fire, but he did not betray the seid and died as a shahid [martyr]. After that battle, the seid began dispatching letters everywhere, with a call for a war with the enemies of the faith, where he called himself seid Djan-Gali...

When the Ruses started talking that a reserve group is gathering in Churtan for the army of the Cossack Khan Idjim-Tura [False Dmitry], who promised a freedom for the devout, the seid immediately set out to that city. But by the time of his arrival the group has already left to Idjim-Tura to the Kara-Saklan [Ukraine], and to his hands came only the letter of the Khan's Sardar, Djan-Kazak [Ivan Bolotnikov] in Türkic language ...

Then his rebellion became obvious, and he had to leave, with several mürids, to the woods, and to begin an open war with the tormentors of the Moslems. Those who saw him, said that he was exceptionally impressing the people by his nobleness and courage...

Freeing from the enemy the lands of his grandfather along the Chuyl, the seid went to free the Chirmysh (i.e. Finno-Ugrian - Translator's Note) part of his possessions... During the capture of the city Uran [Yaransk, fell on January, 5, 1609] he was wounded and sent with a wagon train of gazis to the Kazan. On the way, the wagon train fell in an ambush by a platoon of the Kazan voevoda (commander - Translator's Note) Bakdan [Bogdan Velsky], but however the sardar of the detachment not only did not deliver Djan-Gali, but has even sheltered him in his house and even took his name. Later he became a centurion of one of the seid's units...

As soon as his wound healed, Djan-Gali went with a group in two hundred gaziys to the Churtan, and on the way burned and destroyed the fortress Satlyk. Here once was traitorously captured his grandfather Mamysh-Birde. As the local garrison and the monks gave him a strong resistance, he did not spare those captured with weapon in their hands...

From there, already with 900 Bulgars and 500 Chuvashes, the seid went to Chybyksaru [Cheboksars] and in the autumn [of the 1609] took that city, in which once served his grandfather...

After that, the seid came to the Khan-Kerman [Kasimov] Khan Uraz-Mohammed and offered him to take the whole Bulgaria under his power. Khan-Kerman remained the only independent Bulgarian possession built similar to the Bulgar city. Together with Khan he visited, as a Sardar of the Bulgars, the Baylak Khan [Polish king] and returned from him inspired by the promise of the Khan [king] to recognize an independence of the Bulgar. Leaving the Khan, he went to Churtan to procure an army for the Khan, but as soon as he left the Khan [Uraz-Mohammed] was killed by the infidels. From the Chybyksar he went again ... to the Chirmyshes... Here to his group joined about 200 of the Arean Chirmyshes, and from there he went to the Kazan... The inhabitants of the city, frightened by the seid's army, threw voevoda Bakdan, the enemy of the Moslems, from a tower (in one of the legends told to me by my father P-H.N.Nurutdinov, B.Belsky was thrown down from the Süümbika Tower), and also promised to pay a tribute to the gaziys. Seeing from the Kazanians such a respect, Djan-Gali left from the city to the Echke-Gazan. After fortifying the gaziys there, he went to Istanbul to the Sultan of the devout,  and gained a big army tgiven to him to help the gaziys. But the Asatarkhan Cossacks did not allow a passage for this army toward the Kazan, declaring:: “We shall deal with the Moscow people ourselves“. So, Djan-Gali had to return to Kazan from the Azak alone...
60
61

A few traitors handed over the Kazan to a large army arriving from the Moscow [March, 1613]... After fortifying in the Kazan, the Moscow army attacked the Echke-Gazan, but was defeated...

However, the Moscow voevodas in the Kazan were receiving new troops, and the gaziys forces did not receive any reinforcements, because voevodas set up strong bulwarks around the Echke-Gazan. Therefore, after five years of fighting, Djan-Gali with the remains of the army broke through fifteen bulwarks and left to the Bashkort [Bashkiria]... (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

2. AHMETZYAN KULTASI
ALTYNBEK DJURS

Ahmetzyan Kultasi (whose surname sometimes is written in the form “Kultari“) in his History of Kazan preserved this legend. It is said that (in 1236) Kan Altynbek, also called Alan or Kan-Alan, managed to escape from the capital when Gazan-Bek broke through to the Bulyar...

Leaving Gazan - Bek to cover a ferry across Adigel (Kama), Altynbek has vanished beyond the Gazan (Kazan), together with his djurs (militia combatants), Djurash (Vajnah) (eastern part of the Northern Caucasus, present Dagestan and Vaynakhstan (“Checheno-Ingushetia“) - Translator's Note) Bek Mukash, Ishtyak (Khanty? - Translator's Note) Bek Düsay, Kypchak Bek Kudash Kan-Turchi, Baygul Tarkhan Yabynchi,  Bahty vali Djambahty, and Mamed Kadysh... All of them settled in the Atnya tuba, where lived the Bulgars from the clan Atnya. And this clan is Honish (Hunnnish - Translator's Note)  by origin. All Atnyains revered geese, and their tuba was called by the people Kazile (kaz = goose - Translator's Note)...

In the 1430 Emir Gali-Bei, who also called himself “Kazanchi-Sain“, attacked the descendants of these djurs, and during a two-years war defeated them and forced them to flee to Cheremshan, to the Ashrafids. Those accepted them with a delight, and gave to them the lands along the Chulman-Idel (upper Kama - Translator's Note) and Adigel (r. White, a tributary to Kama - Translator's Note)... (this is mine rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Kul Gali
8. Fragments from the book
“HON KITABY “
1. “... The Name “Chelbir“ means “potentate“, and it is combined of two Suvar words “chelb“ - “whole world “, “universe“, and “bir“ - “possessor“...

“Karabag“ in the language of the Suvar Bulgars means “Alp [spirit] of war and victory“, in other words Buri-Baryn. And in the Dyau-Khondjak (Karabah - Translator's Note) is really a rock with Karabag's image, to which the local Bulgars pray before setting out for a campaign... “ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

2. “... In the 1050 Khan Azan (Asan), the son of Ishim, who headed the Kypchak horde after the death of his father, refused to execute the order of the Kan Baluk to suppress the revolt of the Bulgarian igenchis. For that Baluk ordered to flog the insubordinate with knouts and to appoint  Sharykhan (Sharafhan), the son of Azan, as the head of the horde. When the Sharykhan noted to the Kan that he cannot do it while his father is alive, Baluk declared: “I appoint the commander Kur-Batyr as your father, and I declare that Azan is our slave“ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

3. “... Saksinians assert that their province and the city Saksin-Bolgar are named in honour of Saksin Razi, the ambassador of the Caliph who came to Kan Almysh (in 922). When somebody denies that, they get upset and are offended... “ (this is “Nigmatullin's text“).

4. The tso-sign on the Bish Baltavar menzel, called “two-headed snake“ or “two-headed dragon“... The people said: “... The Kazan dragon has two heads, a bull and a snake, because some inhabitants of Kazan insist that Kazan was founded in the Year of Bull, and the others insist that it was in the Year of Dragon... “ (this is my rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).

5... Subyatai wanted to capture Bulyar on the Mutton Fight day, the September 17, but he could not do it... (this is my rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).

6... Kul Gali tells that the most well-known descendants of the Kans Burtas (legendary Idelian Khan, Gr. “Partatua“, 683 — 633 BC Translator's Note) and Madji (son of Kan Burtas,  Madji-Idjik, legendary Idelian Khan still ruling in 625 BC - Translator's  Note) were Askal, also called Alvar, and Magiz, Étéy also called At, Atay and Ati, Chilyar and his son Kylbur...

Askal was killed by his brother because he ostensibly refused to wage a war with Kryashians (Greeks)...

Étéy fell in a battle with the Kan of the divines Baldiu or Balbal. The son of Étéy Balamir in memory of his father gave to Idel a second name “Atil“ -the “Land of Étéy“. Kan Tuki or Tukay (Atilla) took this name as his second name...

Balamir for some time waged a war, together with Alamir-Sultan (Alexander the Great - Translator's  Note), against Kan Targiz of Bardjil (Persia - Translator's  Note) because the predesessor of Targiz captured and killed his ancestor Torgan or Asparyk. The son of Torgan, Kunduz, was then in a mother's womb of Tamyr-bika, but all the same, out of respect for his father, he was elected a Kan. Until he was born and has grown up, Tamyr-bika ruled for him. If a girl was born, then another relative of Torgan would were elected a Kan... On the Kunduz banner was a “Baltavar“ image, therefore he was also called Baltavar. Baltavar defeated the Bardjils, and in the battle with them participated his adolescent son Mosha. Baltavar was also called “Timer“...

Balamir helped Alamir-Sultan to crush Targiz, and in memory of the victory he has named his son Targiz by the name of Alamir-Sultan... (this is my rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).
62
63

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Kul Gali
8. Fragments from the book
“HON KITABY “
ABSTRACT OF THE ACCOUNT
ABOUT BULGARO-KYPCHAK RELATIONS

LEGEND ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME “KYPCHAK“

Once in the Turkestan (Kazakhstan) a tribe of the southern Sakas, Massagets (Masguts) suddenly attacked the central Sakas, the Sarmatians (Chirmyshes). All Chirmyshes were annihilated, but the leader of the Sarmatians Tamyr-bika has had time before her death to hide the baby, her son, in hollow of a tree. The boy was found and brought up by the Türks. They called him Kypchak “From the tree hollow“. Kypchak took 40 Türkic maids as his wives, and his children from them have established 40 clans of the Türkic-lingual Sakas. They began to be called “Kyrgyzes“ (i.e.“forty girls“ -in memory of the Kypchak's forty wives) or “Kypchaks“...

The Sakas, who preserved their Indo-Arian (in the Eurocentric science, “Arian“ is defined as Proto-Indo-Iranian undifferentiated language, aka Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Germanic, and the term “Indo-Arian“ here must refer to a different “Arian“, because otherwise it would be akin to the “English-Apian“ language during the Age of the Apes, provided that English descended from the apes like the rest of the humankind. The very notion “Arian“ is an invention 6 centuries younger than Kul Gali, the comments of this and the following paragraphs are clearly outside of the Kul Gali's citations, but in the book edition they are not clearly delineated as outside comments - Translator's  Note) language, continued to be called “Sagdaks“ (Sakas). A part of the Massagets also was at the same time Türkified, and they received from the Bulgars the name “Oimeks“, sometimes transmitted in the form “Kimak“, and the other Massagets, who have kept their Indo-Arian language, remained to be called “Masguts“.

Bulgars regard themselves to be Türkified Sakas (Saklan, Saklab). It is known that the Bulgars consolidated as a result of commingling of seven tribes, the tribes of Sakas, Kars (Finns), Ishtyaks (Ugrs) and Sarychins (Türks) (from “sary chechle“ = “blond people“, which describes only a fraction of the genotypes of the Türks, synonymous with the “Kipchak“ = “White Sakas“ and “Kusün/Kushan“ = “White Hun“, i.e. only the “pale“ fraction of the Türks joined the Bulgarian confederation - Translator's  Note). The ancient writers unanimously highlight among these tribes the Indo-Arian tribes Baryndjar, Shud and Téki, the Türkic tribe May (Miken, Magun, Men) and the others (the ancient writers could not have used the notions “Indo-Arian“ and “Türkic“, they predated these notions by millenniums - Translator's  Note)...

In the 9th century into the Internal Bulgaria (Echke Bolgar) from the north (from the side of the Vyatka city) (Kolyn (866-1374, captured by Novgorod Republic in 1374 => Khlynov (1374-1781) =>  Vyatka (1781-1934) => Kirov (1934-present), indicate the timespan limits for the comments, 1781-1934 - Translator's  Note) penetrate the Ugrian tribe Nukrat (from that comes the Bulgarian name of the Vyatka city, “Nukrat“), and from the east, from the Siberia penetrated the Türkified Ugrs, Askals (and therefore the Bulgars sometimes called Siberia “Askal“).

15 thousand years ago the Idelians-Bulgars formed in the Itil-Ural area the state Idel, which was also called Turan. From the 7th c. AD the Idel already started to be called by the name of the people, Bulgars (Bulgaria, Bolgar, Bulgars, Burgar, etc.).

A part of Sakas, who left from the Idelian Kazakhstan to the south during the rise in the Idel of the Alanian dynasty hostile to them, began to be called Kashans (Kushan) ....

A part of the Masguts and Oimeks, who enlisted into the service of the Alanian dynasty in Idel, began to be called Alans...

In the 7th century AD Bulgaria fragmented into five large parts:

Ulag-Bolgar (Danube Bulgaria),

Kara-Bolgar (future Russia and Northern Pontic)

Khazar (Khazaria);

Avar (Avaria), and

Ak-Bolgar (Itil-Ural-Sibirian Bulgaria).

The Oimeks (Kimaks), who earlier subordinated to the Bulgaria, took advantage of the split  and proclaimed themselves an Oimek (Kimak) Kaganate. Since the majority of that imaginary state consisted of the Kypchaks or Kyrgyzes, the Oimeks adopted some Kypchak customs, and therefore, the names “Kypchak“ and “Kyrgyz“ also were spread on them. Only the Bulgars could still distinguish the Oimeks from the Kypchaks. The seat Oimek Khans was in the place of the former seat of the Kan Bulümar and the Türkish Kagan Idjim (Istemi) on the river Idjim (Ishim), which the Bulgars called Kyzyl (Kuman) Yar (Djar), which meant Red, and also Yellow and Golden (Kyzyl, Kuman) Head (yar, djar). The Kypchaks called that place by a brief  “Kuman“, so they received one more nickname “Kumans“.

“My maternal grandfather Muhammed-Karim Nigmatullin was telling me the following Bulgarian legend about the origin of the city Kyzyl Yar (nowadays Petropavlovsk city in Kazakhstan): “About a thousand years ago the Bulyarian Bulgars' Khan was attacked by the Oimek Khan, whose protector was Baradj (dragon) called Kyzyl (or Kuman) Djar. The Bulyarians of the Saban quarter killed the Khan in a battle, but after that his protector did not leave them to rest. Then the Bulyarians-Sabanians went to the east. But Kyzyl Djar also pursued them on the road. When the immigrants reached the river Idjim in the Tubdjak district, they have completely grown weak, and their elder Izgar suggested: “Let's build here a city and call it in honor of the dragon “Kyzyl Djar“, perhaps, he would cease pursuing us “. And so they did. After that the dragon really ceased attacking the Bulyarians, and they remained on the Idjim river“.

Then a part of the Kashanian (Kashan = Kashgaria per “Djagfar Tarihi“ comments, but it is mostly mentioned as Central Asia adjacent to the Aral (aka Kashan) Sea - Translator's  Note) Kypchaks-Kyrgyzes, not willing to obey the Oimeks, subordinated to the Oguzian (Uziyan) tribe Kangly, formed together with them a new Badjanakian (Besenyo, Russ. Pechenegian) association and declared themselves the successor of the Kashan.

The other Oguzes were infuriated by this association, since they regarded themselves to be the true Türks, and the Kipchaks as the eternal slaves to the Türks. Therefore between them flashed a strong enmity. The Oguzes crushed Badjinaks, and Badjinaks switched to the service of Bulgar (Itil-Ural Bulgaria). But then the Oguzes tried to subjugate the Oimeks, and and were defeated by them. One part of the Oguzes hired into the service of the Bulgar, and another hired into the Khazar, and the third hired into the Samanids, and the fourth came to obey the Oimeks.

In the 990es 240 thousand of Oguzes (Russ. Torks) subordinated to Oimeks coached off to the west and submitted to Bulgar. They were resettled in the south Bulgarian province Saksin. To keep this mass of new subjects in check, Bulgar had to stop all its wars. But its own forces did not suffice, and moreover the Oimeks constantly attacked the eastern border of the Bulgar, demanding a return of the Oguz fugitives. Fortunately, the Oimek horde split into two parts, a western (Karaoimek), with the center in the Kyzyl Yar, and eastern (Akoimek), and in the western part immediately begun internecine wars. In the 1020es a first large Karaoimek horde of Khan Kuman fled from the Kyzyl Yar to the Bulgar and in the 1028 it was hired by the Bulgarian Kan Baluk Ashraf to the service. At that time Kan Baluk added to the title of the Bulgarian Kans the expression “Kan of Kypchak (Desht-i Kypchak“. Khan Kuman had to keep order with own forces among the tribes of the Bulgarian Oguzes, constantly attacking each other. In the 1035 to the service of kan Baluk in Saksin hired another large Karaoimek horde of Khan Ishim, and the people of Kuman received a sanction to settle a part of the Mountain and Meadow (Beyond the Kazan) sides of the Middle Itil.
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By the 1030es the hired Kypchaks (Kumans, Kyrgyzes) constituted a major part of the Bulgarian army. At the end of the 11th and in the 12th centuries in the Internal Bulgaria were resettled a few hundred thousands of the Kumans, and the prevalence there (in the rural areas) of the Kypchak-speaking population became overwhelming. But also, of the 50 thousand Bulgarian feudal lords, in the 12 century by origin were only about 10 thousand of the Hon - Kaganian (Old Türkic) Oguzo-Bolgars and Oguzo-Badjanaks belonging to the old Bulgarian clans. The other feudals came from the new Bulgarian clans (20 thousand were from Kumans, 10 thousand were from Badjinaks, 10 thousand were from Oguses, Kytays, etc.).

In the 1045 a majority of the Saksin Badjinaks revolted against unreasonable demands of Kan Baluk, and coached off to the Kharka area (r. Seversky Donets basin). After a hungry winter a part of the Badjanak rebels, led by Kigeven-biy, agreed to return again to the Bulgarian service. Kan Baluk pardoned the rebels and aided them with food, and in return they had to avenge Chally-Urum (Byzantium) for attacking the Bulgarian Crimea and Tamiya-Tarkhan (Russ. Tmutorokan). Kigeven-biy crossed Sula (Danube) to Bersula (Dobrudja) but as soon as Kryashes (Greeks, Byzantines) offered him a good service, he immediately switched over to their side. But soon after that in the 1048 the Oguz rebels, led by Tiryak, also fled to the Ulag-Bolgar out of the fear of the Bulgarian attack. Byzantium have hired them also, tightening the  Badjinaks' rights. Kigeven-biy could not bear it, and with a support of the Ulag-Bolgars (Danube Bolgars) he started a war against Byzantium. The horde of the Kigeven-biy led a war for 10 years, after which for their valour it was been invited to the Avaria (Hungary), and settled there. Some sons and grandsons of these biys came back to Bulgar for study or service.

In the 1055 from the Saksin into the Kara-Saklan (Ukraine) steppe fled a majority of the remaining Oguses in the Bulgarian service. A Bulgarian army of Kumans under a command of Balus pursued the fugitives. Fleeing from the attacks of Balus and famine, many Torks in the 1060es fled to the Rus Pereyaslavl Princedom and to the Ulag-Bolgar (where they were accepted into the Byzantian service and joined, like the former newcomers, in the Danube-Bulgarian nationality). But a part of Oguses, deciding to not test their fate any more, seized an independent Bulgarian beylik (Princedom) Djeremel or Djerem-el (“Deremela“ of the Rus sources) in the basin of the r. Seversky Donets, and asked Balus to accept them back into the Bulgarian service. Djerem-el (“Meadow Country“ in the Bulgarian), where the owners were the Kara-Bulgarian biys and lived many Karaim (Khazaro-Bulgarian) merchants and Ulag-Bulgarian emigrants (especially the Hudayarians-Bogomils), was a main link in communications of Rus with all southern countries, and a competitor for the Bulgarian merchants. Therefore its capture was very favorable for the Bulgar and very unfavorable  to the Rus. In the 1060 the Rus Princes led by the Pereyaslav Prince Bozbulat (Vsevolod) crushed this pro-Bulgarian group of the Oguses (called by the author “Torks“, a variation of Turks/Türks, in the Rus terminology - Translator's  Note), for which Balus in the 1061 crushed the army and possessions of Vsevolod.

That same year (1061 - Translator's  Note) the Bulgarian Prince Akhad, with help of Khan Azan in his service, overthrew Baluk and became the Bulgar Kan, and then he rewarded Azan by declaring him the head of the majority of the Saksinian Kumans again. In the 1068, under an order of Akhad, the Azan's horde took Djerem-el and defeated the Rus army. Adam (a governor of the Saksin) tried to prevent that, but was uncovered and fled to the Seljuks, together with a group of the leader of Bulgarian (Saksinian) Oguzes, Khan Dugar.

In the 1076 Azan, whose horde came to control the Karasaklanian steppe in the interfluvial between the Dniepr and Don, received a message about an accession in the Ak Jorty (Bulgar) of Adam, hostile to the Kumans, and he declared his independence from the Bulgar (using, though, intricate expressions: “I cannot serve any more as before, Ak Jortu, my horde become impoverished, and the people dispersed, somewhere“, etc.).

Azan was the wisest Kumanian  Khan. He preserved the autonomy of the Kara-Bulgarian Djerem-El, which was providing Kypchaks with   the trade incomes, craft products, and agricultural foodstuff. At the same time he tried to be helpful in every possible way for the powerful Bulgar. So, in the 1078 he allowed the Chernigov Prince Yolyg or Alikay (Oleg), who was an enemy of Vsevolod Pereyaslavian, to flee and pass from the Chernigov to the Bulgarian city Tamiya-Tarkhan: Azan knew that Adam did not like Vsevolod. The same year Azan helped Oleg of Chernigov and Dugar to defeat the Rus army of Vsevoloda, and to break through to the city of Chernigov. But near Chernigov, the same Azan suddenly retreated to the steppe, together with Dugar, and Oleg suffered a defeat from a new Rus army. Oleg again hid in the Tamiya-Tarkhan, which was unexpectedly captured by his brother Urman (Roman) with a group of Badjinaks. The brothers staged a pogrom of the Bulgars-Karaims who constituted a prevailing part of the city population. In the 1079, Roman, leaving Oleg in the Tamiya-Tarkhan becuase he was wounded by the city 's guards, started a next attack on the possessions of Vsevolod, but again his ally Azan did not dare to upset the relations with the Rus and forces Roman to retreat. On the way back a patrol of Balus, sent to the aid of the Tamiyatarkhanians, blocks their way, and Azan agreed to turn Roman over to the Bulgars. Roman died wrestling the Kumans of Azan, who were trying to tie him up. Balus donated a bowl, made of the Roman's skull, to the military mosque of the city of Dervishlar (“Chirmysh mosque“), where the Mardanians-Arbugians prayed before campaigns against the enemies. After the prayers, Mardanians were organizing a military feast and drank from that skull bowl.
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After receiving a news about the approach of Balus, the Tamiyatarkhanians arrested Oleg, but there, unexpectedly for everybody, in the city landed Vsevolod's allies Byzantines. Balus approached the city and prepared for its storm, but the huge Rus-Oguzian army of Vsevolod hit it in the rear and forced to retreat. In response, in the 1080 the Oguzes of Dugar also pass through the lands of Azan to the Pereyaslavl, and took to Saksin a few thousand of the Pereyaslavian Oguzes. Deprived the best Oguz horsemen, the Rus cavalry bacame feeble, and does not dare any more to go to the steppe, and Balus, hiring onto the Bulgarian service the vagrant groups of the Rus Princes Daud (Davyd) and Byltyr (Volodar), took the Tamiya-Tarkhan without a big fight. The Bulgars-Karaims secretly let the Balus troops into the city, and they only needed to exterminate and capture the sleeping Ruses and to seize their Sardar (Vsevolod's “voevoda“ to whom the Byzantines assigned the defence of the city). Daud accepted the Karaim faith and, together with Byltyr, was left by Balus in the city as a head of the local Bulgarian garrison. But in the 1083, Byltyr traitorously let Byzantines, who secretly crept to the city, into the Tamiya-Tarkhan. Oleg, who arrived with the Byzantines (at one time he switched to the Greek service), and also Byltyr, inflicted a terrible pogrom on the Bulgars-Karaims, for which Daud, who hardly had a time to escape, has sworn to severely revenge. Soon (in the 1084), Daud together with the Tetesh's horde beaten off from the Byzantines the Bulgarian city of Ulush(Rus. “Oleshie“), where he plundered the Greek merchants, and then (in 1097) he blinded the brother Volodar, Vasyl (Vasilko).

Tetesh-Gali was one of the five sons of Khan Kuman-Djumad, he acheaved the governor post in the Bulgarian province Martüba, and received the lands on the Mountain Side. Impudent Byzantinian attacks on the Tamiya-Tarkhan forced Kan Adam to set up a community,“Suba“, under the command of Tetesh, able to provision itself and to coach in the steppe, like a nomadic horde. In the Suba (horde) of Tetesh were included a few thousand Badjinaks from the Bulgarian province Mardan-Bellak (because that province was also called by the people “Burtas“, its Badjinaks also were called Burtases), Djumad's Kypchaks, and the Serbian (the Türkic ancestors of the Chuvashes, of the Türküt root, as stated elsewhere in the Djagfar Tarihi Annals - Translator's  Note) igencheys (peasants), and also a few tens of artizans and engineers capable to make and repair tilgans (chariots, large merchantile and military carts, siege machines). When Tetesh's horde  stopped, everyone took to work: the engineers were setting up a Bulgarian fortified camp (out of one or several circles of tilgans-carts with tents), which the merchants called “tabyr“, and the soldiers called “subakala“ (it is interesting that the poorly fortified balik “Abikyul“, a district in the city Uchel, the Bulgars jokingly called “subakala“), the Serbians cultivated land (during long stay), the artizans made necessary implements, the shepherds grazed cattle, etc.
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It was Tetesh who Adam charged with a severe punishment of the Byzantium, and with attacking its borders in all the extent from the Danube to the Crimea. Tetesh did not have to take the Tamiya-Tarkhan,  Balus had time to beat this city off from the Byzantines. Thus the Badjanaks and Kumans of Balus captured Oleg of Chernigov, who for his crimes had to remain in captivity in the Bulgaria for 10 years. From an immediate death Oleg was saved by accepting the Hudaiyar (Bogomil) faith, and the Khudaiyar (Bogomil) community, influential in the city,  managed to elicit from Adam a mitigation of the verdict. For that, the Bogomils promised to help Bulgars in their struggle with the Byzantium. Adam cherished a dream to restore the domination of the Bulgars in the Ulag-Bolgar, and coveted, at a good opportunity, together with the Seljuks completely destroy and divide the “impious and debauched“ Byzantium. Taking the Ulush on the Dniepr, Tetesh passed to the Ulag-Kashan (lands between Danube and Dniestr) (i.e. present Moldova - Translator's  Note), and in the local city Ak-Kerman (Belgorod on the Dniestr) took in his horde the troops of the Prince Asli (Seslav, Vseslav), the great-grandson of the Ulag-Bulgarian Kan Shamil (Samuil). With the help of Khudaiyars, Tetesh in the 1085 took from the Byzantium the tuba (district, province) Turysala (Dorostol, Dristr, Silistra) in the Ulag-Bolgar. Adam sent to help him just hired into the service Karaoimek horde of Kydan and Ytlar, together with the troops of the Tetesh brother Chalgy-Bek. With that force, Tetesh within seven years took the city of Kashan (Konstantsa, Constanta), the most important areas of the Ulag-Bolgar (Makidan, Buyrak, etc.) and started threatening Istanbul (Constantinopole, Rus. Tsar-grad). The Khans of Chally Uruma began paying thim a tribute, trying to defer the day of their full destruction, but a sudden treachery by Dugar (1091) changed it all...

Baffled that Dugar, who was in service to Bulgar, turned out on the side of the Byzantium, together with the Kumanian  Khan Bunek (Bonyak), and that he could not receive any instructions from the Bulgar about it (Tetesh'e messengers were killed by the Dugar's people), Tetesh sent messengers to Dugar, and received from him a news about a quarrel between Adam and the Uzian Sultan (it appears that here author calls the same Oguzes, but in the Seljuk confederation, “Uzes“ - Translator's  Note) and about a termination in this connection of the war with the Byzantium. Shaken by the Dugar's message, Tetesh pulled his troops from the Ulag-Bolgar, and his allies Khudaiyars and the Rumian Badjinaks and Oguzes were crushed by Dugar and Bonyak. Adam, after receiving a news about it, came to an indescribable fury, but Dugar sent him generous gifts from the Byzantines, and ransomed for them his head. But nevertheless the Kan deprived Dugar from the Khin-Kerman, and returned it to him only in the 1095, when Dugar helped Chally-Urumian Khan.

In the 1094 Dugar has brought to Bulyar the deposed Chally-Urumian Khan Arslan (Leo Diogen), who was asking Adam to help him to regain his throne. Adam allowed Dugar to do it, but Dugar (in 1095) only reached the city Kan-Dere (Odrin, Edirne) and then retreated.
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Meanwhile Kydan and Ytlar, carrying out the order of Adam, in 1091 have subordinated to the Bulgar almost all of the Kara-Saklanian steppe, and in the 1092 began to successfully attack the Bashtu (Kyiv).

In the 1094, Balus with Kydan, Ytlar and Dugar, under an order of Adam, defeated Prince Bulymer (Vladimir Monomah) and installed instead Oleg of Chernigov, who was released from the Bulgarian captivity, as the Prince (Oleg agreed to serve to Bulgar).

But their successes aroused Kydan and Ytlar, and they decided to betray Bulgar and seize the Bulgarian Saksin in alliance with Rus. At the same time Dugar also was planing the same. The Rus Princes, however, chose to keep peaceful relations with the Bulgar. With the help of Boyan-Bek (Prince) of the Kaubuys (Kaubuys or “Kovuys“ were Kara-Bolgars of the Chernigov Princedom, who had a full autonomy  and consequently were willingly protecting that area) the Prince Bulymer (Bulymer/Vladimir Monomah, son of Bozbulat/Vsevolod. Here is the Rus version of the events - Translator's  Note) lured Kydan and Ytlar into a trap and killed them (in 1095). Then another Rus Prince killed Dugar (in 1096). The letters of these Khans (in the Bulgarian Türki), where they offered the Rus Princes to ally with them against Bulgar, Bulymer sent to Adam, and Adam in a fury allowed the Rus Princes to crush the possessions of the hostile to Bulgar Kumans. In fact, Shamgun (the son of Adam), not knowing about it, was still at war, together with Oleg of Chernigov, against Bulymer, but Adam soon withdrew him back.

With a sanction of Adam, Bulymer immediately gathered the armies of all Rus Princes and attacked with them Kumans (in 1097). In the Kara-Saklan steppe the power then was divided like this. Khan Bunek (a son of Ytlar) headed the left-bank (of the Dniepr basin) part of the Ytlar's horde, also combimed with a part of the Kydan's horde led by the Kydan's son Khan Kurabay. It is interesting that this horde settled down in the territory of the former yurtluks of the Kagan Kurbat (the Badjanaks called him Kort, the Hungarians called him  Khorti, the Slavs called him  Khor) and the Badjanak Khan Kura (Kort). The island where was the Kurbat's customs house was called “Kort-tash“and “Khor-dize“ (this name was later altered to “Hortitsa“). The land between Hortitsa and the Dniepr influent Kichi-Sula (Sula), the Bulgars called Kortüba (Korsuba). In the area between the Lower Dniepr and Crimea, south from Hortitsa (Bulgars called that area Djakyn or Takin-tüba) was coaching the horde of Urus-abay (a grandson of Khan Ishim and a son of Khan Shonkyr), which also included the horde of Khan Aldan-abay (a younger son of Kydan). Kypchaks did not live in Crimea, there lived Badjanaks and Oguzes, controlled by the  governors of Saksin. The ferry across Dniepr at Ulush was protected by the mercenaries also hired by the Bulgar: Kara-Bulgarian, Ulag-Bulgarian and Rus Princes (the hired Rusins the Kara-Bolgars called Anchians, and the Bulgars called them Chirkeses) , who reported directly to the Saksin governors.

In the 1101 the Rus armies crushed the horde of Bunek, and he retreated to the Djerem-El, defended by Sharafhan (Sharykhan , Sharyk-Khan), a son of the Khan Azan. There, like in the Bulgarian Crimea and Tamiya-Tarkhan, were hiding from prosecutions many Ulag-Bulgarian Princes and Boyars, and also the Khudaiyars (to which number belonged Oleg of Chernigov and some of his descendants, Igor Svyatoslavich, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, etc.) (this religious divergence helps to explain a number of historical facts that remained deeply enigmatic in the studies exclusively limited to the Rus nationalistic chronicles that glorify the newly acquared Greek Christianity of the incipient Rus monarchy, but are silent about the religious beliefs of the opposing sides within the emerging proncipalities - Translator's  Note). However, Bulymer wanted to spare Djerem-El, necessary for the southern Rus trade, and consequently in the 1103 his army unexpectedly struck the Urus-Abay horde. The horde was defeated, and Urus-Abay and Aldai-Abay died in fight. Frankly, Adam decided to take advantage of the heavy for the Russia Rus-Kypchak war, and to double the size of the tribute from Rus, accusing Bulymer of supporting the son of Azan Khan Ayubay (Aepa), who was reportedly implicated in some robberies. In the 1104 the Bulgarian army, under a pretext of a search for Ayubay in Rus, took the Kan-Mardan (Murom) and forced the captured Murom Prince to recognize his dependency from the Bulgar, and in the 1107 it besieged the Balyn (Suzdal). But as soon as Vladimir agreed to double the tribute to the Bulgar, Adam as removed the siege from Suzdal and ceased searching for Ayubay.

Vladimir, offended by the Adam actions, soon (in 1108) demonstratively married his son Djurgi (Üry) to the daughter of Ayubay. In response the egocentric Adam ordered the governor of Martüba Emir Kolyn to punish Rus. Kolyn captured the Djirian (Rostov) and Galidjian (Novgorod) lands  north from the Moskha (Sukhona), and began collecting tribute from the population of Kula (river Kuloy), Djangi (Onega), Chelmaty (Chelmakhta), Kudim (Kodem), Tuyma (Toyma). The Galidjians responded with an attack on Uchel (in the 1110 or 1111), but were crushed by Kolyn. For this attack Kolyn has ravaged the  Koba-Kjul (Beloozero), capturing huge spoils.

Meanwhile Bunek from Djerem-El was also making one attack on Rus after another, and in the 1111 Bulymer had to  intervine there, together with Ayubay who joined the Rus foeces. Bulymer only wanted to expel Kumans from the Djerem-El, and to keep this beylik, but Ayubay began indiscriminately burning and plundering everything and everybody.
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Scared by the Bulgarian attacks and by the behaviour of Ayubay, Vladimir announced to Adam that he was breaking off all relations with Ayubay. In reply to that “courtesy“, Adam also has shown a “courtesy“: he removed Kolyn from the post of the governor of Martüba.

The population of the Djeremelian cities (Sharafkan, named in honour of Baluk, and also Balyn, Sygyr or Shugur, Chyrshy, etc.) fled in horror to the Bulgarian menzels (stations) along the protected Horys (Khorysdan) road, or to the Kurchak (Sculpturaya) üly (from the Bolgar to the Kyiv). Despite of all the Vladimir's diligence, Ayubay and a part of the Rus soldiers attacked the Bulgarian menzels, but were beaten off by the Bulgarian detachments consisting of Kumans, Oguzes and Badjinaks. For that crime the Bulgars (with the help of Bunek) lured a 10-thousand horde of Ayubay in a trap near Bulyar, and completely destroyed it (that event received a name“Ayubay's Weddings“). The beylik Djerem-El has also ceased to exist, as well as a few of the large Kumanian hordes. That Bulymer in his war with the Kypchaks acted with approval of the Bulgar (to whom the destruction of the Djerem-El and restless Kumans was favourable), testifies the fact of a joint Bulgaro-Rus campaign in the Ulag-Bolgar (in 1116) (and the search for confirmation indicates that the chapter is a transcript of the Kul Gali original, because Kul Gali would not need any confirmation from independent sources for his narration - Translator's  Note). In that campaign Shirdan, a son of Tetesh, with his Bulgarian Suba, together with the warriors of Bulymer, helped Lion Diogen to take Turysala and then returned to the Crimea. Sharafkhan with his sons Sarychin and Atrak fled from the Djerem-El to Bulgar, where the old Sharafkhan died. His sons were accepted into the Bulgarian service in Saksin. In the 1118 the Saksinian governor Kolyn sent Atrak's horde to the aid of the eastern Seljuk (Horasanian) Sultan Sandjar, who sent his armies against the western Seljuk Sultan Mahmud. Atrak captured  Dyau-Khondjak (Karabah) from Mahmud, but then was blocked there by the armies of Mahmud and had to agree to unite in the 1120 with the Georgian King (David).

Sarychin remained to protect the Bulgarian border along the Lower Don. His son As-Tarkhan received a sanction to pasture along the Lower Itil, and founded the city of Astarhan there. Later (in 1121), a part of the serving to the Rus Baryndjars-Berendeys (i.e. Kara-Bolgars living on the right bank of Dniepr and protecting Kyiv), Oguzes and Badjinaks (who fled in 1116 from the Saksin to the Rus) made an attempt to settle on their own (by invitation of Bunek) the much desolated steppe of the Kara-Saklan, but Bulymer (acting on the demand of the Bulgar) blocked them thew way to the Djerem-El and then the fugitives in quantity of not less than 50 thousand persons went to the west and have intruded in the Ulagbolgarian tuba Bersula (Dobrudja). Shirdan, disturbed by this movement, followed the immigrants and positioned his tabyr (or subakala) opposite the Turysala. The Byzantines decimated Oguzes and Badjinaks, and only the Baryndjars, who also set up a tabyr, escaped and broke to Shirdan at night. In the morning the Byzantines tried to storm the subakala of Shirdan, but were beatten off and retreatd. Shirdan led 6 thousand of the rescued Baryndjars to Bulgar, and they were resettled in the Arsu province (they were nicknamed“subakalalar“). In addition to them, of the immigrants to the Bulgarian service was accepted the Badjanak-Uzian horde of Kurlu-Bek (it appears that here author calls “Uzes“ the same Oguzes, called above the “Torks“ - Translator's  Note). This horde was charged with the protection of the Horys-üly. Kurlu-Bek for his loyal service received a land and died in his Bulgarian estate on the Mountain Side. His son Khasan-Kubek (Kobyak) from the Shirdan daughter Altysh-bika went in the 1152, under an order of Emir Kolyn, with a part of his father horde to the Kurtüba, and until 1183 he did not allow the Rus merchants to pass from the Rus to the Black Sea. In 1183 he fell into the Rus captivity and was executed. For that the Bulgarian Kan Gabdulla Chelbir in the 1184-1185 attacked Kyiv. After that campain, the Kubek's horde (under an order of Chelbir) was headed by his son Momed-Altysh Kursan (Korsunsky), which also was keeping the  Rus merchants from the Black Sea (Altysh's mother was the daughter of the Kumanian Bek Guza). Later (in 1202), Altysh participated in the capture of Kyiv. His sister was a mother of the Bulgarian supreme commander Guza.

Bunek for his insubordinate actions lost his Bulgarian protection, that saved his life in the 1110es. In the 1130Kurlu-Bek under an order of the Emir Kolyn defeated the troops of Bunek, and he himself was given to the Ryazan Prince by the Bulgarian Kan as a present. The restless Bunek, it is told, died like this in the Rus captivity.

In 1130es-1140es the Atrak horde gradually returned from the Georgia to the Bulgarian service, receiving from the Bulgarian Emir Kolyn a promise to be given to his horde a place for pastures. It was caused by the Shirvan governors (Manuchihr III, etc.) starting fighting since the 1137 for the Dyau-Khondjak, the residence of the Atrak horde. Under an order of Kolyn, Atrak received Takin-tüba and in 1148 already went, together with the Suba of the son Shirdan's Yalchik (so was called the river Yalomitsa in present Romania by the Bulgars, beyond this river on their returm way from campaigns to Byzantium for them started a safe way home), to a new campaign against the Byzantium (the majority of the Bulgarian campaigns against the Byzantium was caused, as this campaign, by the attempts by the Greeks to hurt the Bulgarian merchants and to expand their possessions and influence on the Black Sea at the expense of the Bulgar positions). Yalchik took Turasala, and the Atrak went deep into the Ulag-Bolgar, but this time the Khudaiyars did not support the Bulgarian army and it returned to Bulgar. In the 1149 Khan Kurlu made an unsuccessful attempt to displace from the Don the  horde of the Bunek son Khan Chishma. The fighting reached the vicinities of the Bulgarian city Khin-Kerman (Sarkel).

In the 1152 Kolyn sent one part of the Atrak horde to the Yaroslavl (the Rus Prince has not paid on time the tribute for the possession of the Djir, the area of the Upper Itil). A bit earlier (in the 1150) the sons of Atrak Khondjak (Konchak) and Terter (Tiptyar) with another part of the horde and with the Yalchik Suba went to a campaign against the Byzantium (the Byzantines offended some Karaim merchants). The young Khondjak in the 1155 croosed Sula (Danube) and plundered a part of the Ulag-Bolgar territory, then croosed it back again and hid in the subakala of the waiting for him Yalchik. The Byzantian troops tried to take the Bulgarian tabyr, but was beaten (historians date this event by 1152, 1154-1156). Though, Terter, who was covering the retreat of Khondjak across Danube was taken a prisoner, but he accepted Christianity and received a rank of Bulyar (boyar, a feudal lord close to the Kan). On the return way Khondjak unruly plundered the Rus lands near Kyiv.

In the 1160 the Seljuk (Ikoniya) Sultan Kylych-Arslan II sent to the Bulgarian tKan Anbal a letter in which he begged him about helping him (in his struggle against Byzantium). The Seljuk ambassador, in view of the urgency of the request, was waiting for the selebrating Anbal for a few days, and still managed to relay the message. Under an order of Anbal, Khondjak (Atrak died on the boundary of the 40es-50es of the 12th century) invaded Ulag-Bolgar, but when he met a large Byzantian army, he immediately turned back (under a pretext that this time he acted alone and was risking too much). On the return way Khondjak again unruly plundered the Rus lands near Kyiv.
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The unruly actions of the Kumans were noted even by the remote from the state affairs Anbal. Taking advantage of it, and also using the presence of the deathbed order by Kolyn about a necessity to create a counterbalance in steppe (just in a case) to the Kumans, the Saksinian governor Otyak persuaded the Kan (in the middle of the 50es of the 12 century) to move from the Tubdjak to the Kara-Saklan the Oimeko-Badjanako-Uzian horde of the Oimek Khan Bashkort, who served to the Bulgar. The Bashkort's horde has took the Takin-tüba and the northern Crimean steppe, and the Khondjak's horde was transferred in the place of the crushed Djerem-El. Khondjak became offended, and in the 1164, when Otyak became a Bulgarian Kan, he stopped obeying Bulgar. To influence Khondjak, Chelbir ransomed from a Rus captivity (in 1181) and resettled in the Internal Bulgaria two of the Khondjak sons, Tatur and Bak-Abay. It did the job: in the 1181 Khondjak came back to the Bulgarian service. At the end of the 1185 Khondjak left again the Bulgarian service. Chelbir took it it easy: the Bulgarian Black Sea territory was not threatened any more, and the Khondjak's son of the Bak-Abay with the Bulgarian Suba watched constantly his father in the steppe. In the 1202 Bak-Abay also participated in the capture of Kyiv. After that Bak-Abay was nicknamed “Bakdan“, accepted Islam and under a name of Bikmuhammed moved to his possession on the Meadow Side of the Bulgar. He begotten the Bulgarian clan Bakdan. And Tatur settled on the Mountain Side. A son of Tatur, Askal Gabdulla, went to the Ulag-Bolgar and remained there. But one of Askal's sons, Balchek, returned to the Bolgar. A son of Balcheka Tatur went along the Horys-üly with the the Bulgarian embassy sent to the Egypt, and saw his relatives in the Ulag-Bolgar.

The greatest quantity of the Ulag-Bulgarian refugees came to the Echke-Bulgar in the 1207-1217. The son of Ulag-Chishma, Dervish, brought a first group of the refugees. Among the refugees was an Ulag-Bulgarian Prince Ulag-Azan and his son Idjim-Burat. The refugees were placed in the Bish-Balta, where they set up a church and a cemetery, and in the Burat, where (after a departure of Ulag-Azan to the Ulag-Bolgar after a while) Idjim became a wali (local head). In the Bulyar the Ulag-Bulgarian refugees have settled even earlier, and also had their cemetery. During the reign of Bulgarian Kan Mir-Gazi (1225-1229) Ulag-Bolgars formed a military unit which distinguished itself crushing the Suzdal-Ryazan army in the 1228 near the Deber. And the Ulag-Bulgarian Kans were protected by a special unit composed of the Bulgarian Kumans, Torks and Badjinaks. That unit was headed by the sons and grandsons of Terter, and some of them, with a sanction of the Ulag-Bulgarian Kans, professed Islam. A grandson of Terter, a Christian Torna Tiptar camed to the Bulgar with Ülay (Ülian) as a Ulag-Bulgarian ambassador. Because Torna accepted Islam, Kan Altynbek allowed Ülay to come to Ufa, and Torna was appointed a wali of the fortresses on the river Baradj-Chishma (it began to be called Tornali)...

A son of Khan Guza, Burnay Mustafa, received a land on the river Cheremshan and begotten the clan Vurnay...
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F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Abstract
from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

ABSTRACT ABOUT BULGARIAN VISIERS
75

... The Bulgar Emirs were frequently appointing the heads of the tax department, popularily simply called “tamgachi“ as the Visiers. But when the Bulgars got rid of the Kypchak tribute burden (in 1437), the Bulgarian Visiers began to be popularily called “bahshi“...

All Visiers were coming from the noble clans, more often suvaries (the richest merchants), capable of supporting the state treasury during critical moments with their own...

The most well-known Visier after Fayzulla was Ibragim Suvari (the grandson of Hudja and son of Gusman), which was from a Kush clan and was a Visier for 50 years (from 1264 to 1314). Before him the Visier was his father, Gusman Suvari (1260-1264). Ibragim was so known that people called his time “time of Ibragim“. People were composing legends about his decency, kindness and honesty. During his time the Bulgar came out from an economic crisis and turned into a prospering state. His son Isshil (pronounced Ees-shil - Translator's  Note) for some time also was a Visier (1314-1316). In the 1323 Emir Bulüm Ordu appointed Mohammed, the son of Ismail, as a Visier, before that he was a Bulgarian ambassador to Egypt, to the Turkish lands, and to the Iran. He was a Visier for 17 years (i.e. 1323-1340 - Translator's  Note). In the 1360 Emir Azan appointed a Visier the Mohammed's son Galim, who miracluously escaped death during his pilgrimage to the Ulug-Bolgar in the 1396. In the 1400 a Visier became the son of Galim, Shahid, who died in the 1409. The son of Shahid,  Sultan-Gali, became a Visier in the 1414 and remained there for 20 years (i.e. 1414-1434 - Translator's  Note)...

The son of Sultan-Gali, Gabdulla, was a Kazan Bahshi (Head - Translator's  Note) in the 1437-1459... The Son of Gabdulla Mohammed (was born in 1437) was Kazan bahshi in 1480-1488. He distinguish himself by taking the state treasury to the city of Korym-Chally (the second capital of the Bulgar)in the 1487. But the Challynian Visier (a main Bahshi and a Visier of Bulgar) Bozok accused him of loosinf a part of the treasury, and he was discharged from the service. The son of Mohammed, Musa, was a mullah. His time was difficult, two Bulgarian governors (Emirs) from the Ashrafid clan fought for the power authority over Bulgar,  a governor of Korym-Chally Yadkar Kul-Ashraf and a governor of Echke-Kazan Mamed. In the family of Musa, under a pretence of being his son, and under a name “Sheikh-Gali“ was brought up Mohammediyar, about the real parents of whom, the Khan Mohammed-Amin and Saulia-bika, was forbidden to talk.
76

Kul-Ashraf, seizing Kazan (in the 1524), appointed the son of Musa, Chally-Ibragim, a Challynian Bahshi (i.e. the Visier). Ibragim, however, did not stand-by when the serving to Kul-Ashraf as an Ulugbek (governor) of Kazan Il (Kazan province) Khan Safa-Garay distributed illegally to his supporters the Kazan state lands (which were bringing a main income into the Bulgarian treasury), and paid the state taxes frrom the increase of the taxes upon the townspeople and subashes (state peasants) of the Kazan Il.

“When the complaints of the Visier have not bring any results, he he swithed to the side of the other Bulgarian governor, Mamed, who was promising to introduce order in Kazan in a case he takes it. Ibragim helped Mamed to expel Safa-Garay (in the 1531) from Kazan, but after Mamed seized the capital, he also began acting like Safa-Garay. A disappointed Ibragim left the post of the Visier and submerged into the family affairs. He accomplished that his son Kasim (Kuba-Kasim) received a brilliant education at the Bulgarian university in Kazan, “Muhamad-Alamia“. The teacher of the Kuba-Kasim was a rector of the university, Ibragim's friend sheikh Kasim (in his honour Ibragim, who donated plernty of money for the development of the university, named son “Kasim“).

In the 1535 Kazan was occupied by the troops of Kul-Ashraf. The Challynian Emir summoned Ibragim and inquired, why he did not escape from the capital, because he was threatened with execution.“A man is born and dies at the will of the Creator, and if the Supreme wants me to die from your hand, it is useless to run“, coolly answered Ibragim. Ibragim was saved by a intercession of sheikh Kasim, whose opinion valued all Ashrafids.

Soon to the arena of the political fighting joined a third Ashrafid, the poet, historian, and philosopher Mohammediyar (Bu-Yurgan). Süümbika (wife of Safa-Garay, who was again installed in the 1535 by Kul-Ashraf as the Kazan governor) helped Mohammediyar to return to the Bulgar from the Persia, where he was exiled to by the contenders. In the Bulgar he again, after a long break, met Ibragim and acquainted with his son Kuba-Kasim. Kuba-Kasim was a modest and introverted person. His teacher, sheikh Kasim (also a scientist and a poet) has lit in his soul an unextinguishable fire of love for the literature. So, Kuba-Kasim helped the Siberian Khan Tahtagul to write his “Shahri Kazan dastany“ (“Legend of the Kazan land“), basimg on which the priest Ivan Glazatyi in the 1565 created the “Kazan History“. Kuba-Kasim told Tahtagul the legend of Baradj and some accounts about the history of the Bulgar and of the Mountain Side. And Kuba-Kasim without any hesitation gave Mohammediyar a right belonging to him, for tax collection from the peasants of one of the mountain auls (that village received the name of the poet, “Bu-Yurgan“, which reached to us in the form“Bürgany“).
77

Kul-Ashraf tried to undermine the autonomy of the Kazan Il, for which he tried to weaken in every possible way the positions of the commanding in the Kazan aristocrats (ulans or kazanchis). With the approval of that Seid-Emir, Safa-Garay was distributing the Kazanian lands to the nomadic feudal lord mercenaries from the Kypchak hordes, which in the Bulgaria were called “Tatars“. Kul-Ashraf wanted to use these mercenaries in the struggle against the ulans. But the contracted feudals began oppressing the igenchis (farmers) under their power much more than the Bulgarian feudals. Kuba-Kasim and Mohammediyar, seeing that, began opposing the distributions of the Kazan lands to the “Tatars“, and consequently, opposing the policy of Kul-Ashraf and Safa-Garay.

In the 1546, Mamed for a short time has occupied Kazan and offered Kuba-Kasim a post of the Kazanian Bahshi. Kuba-Kasim accepted that offer, but only after Mamed agreed to declare Mohammediyar a Kazanian seid. Mamed installed as a Kazanian governor a Khan-Kermanian (Kasimian) Khan Shakh-Gali. A Bulgarian patriotism and a deep knowledge of the Bulgarian culture by the Khan appealed to Kuba-Kasim and Mohammediyar, and they became bonded by friendly relations. Shakh-Gali managed to convince Kuba-Kasim and Mohammediyar that in the conditions when the Turkey cannt help the Bulgaria, and the Moskovia is not threatening the Bulgarian statehood,  most favourable for the Bulgaria or its western part, the Kazanian Il, would be to be in a foreign policy alliance (union) with the Moscow, under an aegis of the Moscow ruler. A similar alliance, which did not touch the statehood or the internal suzerainty of the Bulgaria, and only obligating the Bulgarian Kans to coordinate with their ally the foreign policy, the Bulgarian Kandom already concluded in the 1236-1278 with the Mongolian empire, and in the 1278-1437 with the Deshti-Kypchak hordes.

With the help of Shakh-Gali and Mohammediyar, Kuba-Kasim begun recouping from the Kazanian “Tatar“ Kypchaks the illegally acquired state and ulanian lands. In response the mercenaries revolted against the Kazan provincial authorities and began threatening the city of Kazan. In head of The mercenaries were lead by a Bulgarian aristocrat Bibarys Ryshtau, who decided to show off before Kul-Ashraf. Kuba-Kasim, Mohammediyar and Shakh-Gali together left Kazan and sailed down the Itil. On a way, in Tetesh (Tetüsh) Kuba-Kasim and Mohammediyar went ashore and spread to their estates nearby, and Shakh-Gali sailed further south, and by the Saratau (Saratov) met his saviors, the Kasimov border patrol...

The Kazanian merchant-artizan magistrate “Tümen“, mindful of a slaughter, refused to let the “Tatars“ and Safa-Garay into the city until Mohammediyar would return to the post of the Kazanian Seid. When Kul-Ashraf agreed reluctantly to satisfy this requirement of the city magistrate, Mohammediyar returned to Kazan, but agreed to hand over the city to Kul-Ashraf and Safa-Garay only after a declaration by the Seid-Emir of an amnesty for Kuba-Kasim and the Kazanian townspeople.
78

In the 1549, after the death of Safa-Garay, Kul-Ashraf offered Kuba-Kasim to become the Kazanian Bahshi, and he again held that important post. In the summer of the 1551 the army of Mamed besieged the Kazan, and Kuba-Kasim, protected by the Bek Kuchak troops, removed the state treasury to Korym-Chally. But Kul-Ashraf already decided to move the capital of Bulgar to the city of Ufa (Vasyl-Balik), and ordered Kuba-Kasim to move the treasury there. At a crossing across Kama, a Moscow unit suddenly attacked the Kuba-Kasim's “golden train“, but Kuchak, who was protecting the transport, fearlessly threw with his troops against the enemy. Covered by Kuchak, the train succeded in proceeding to Ufa, but Kuchak with a part of his people was taken prisoner. The Moscow Prince Ivan [Sheremetev], furious because of the failure, decided to personally slaughter the captured Bulgars. Kuchak managed, with a help of a Bulgarian dagger “chirkes“, hidden in his boot, to free from the shackles, and when Ivan with his retinue came nearer to the captured and started murdering them, jumped on him. The Bek managed to kill three guards and even to wound the fleeing Ivan [Sheremetev], but the forces were unequal, and the enemies chopped down brave Kuchak into pieces...

For these feats Kuba-Kasim was appointed by Kul-Ashraf a Visier of the whole Bulgar. Untill 1584, Kuba-Kasim managed to keep “afloat“ the state machinery of the Bulgar, which was almost continuously fighting with superior forces of the Mosha-bashi (Moskovia).

In the 1572 the Moscow cossacks, getting a wind about the departure of the Bulgarian army to a campaign agains Moskovia (the Bulgarian army, headed by Mamli-Kuchak, a son of Kuchak, reached the river Yoreg, i.e. Neva), attacked Bulgar and after fierce fights occupied Ufa. Then Kasim managed in the third time miracilously tsave the Bulgar state treasury. This time the “Bulgar gold“ was taken to Kargala, but after a while the cossacks were kicked out, also it returned again to Ufa. In the spring of the 1584, during a last desperate Bulgarian attack against the Moskovia, a new Moscow army moved to Ufa. A mercenary Siberian detachment that was protecting Ufa received a news about a raid of the Rus cossacks on their possessions, and returned to the Siberia. In these conditions the Bulgarian Kan (Seid-Emir) Sheikh-Gali (a grandson of Kul-Ashraf) had to abandon Ufa, together with Kasim, and retreat to the Bukhara, which hospitably sheltered the Bulgarian emigrants. With a help of the Kirgiz Khan Shigay and his son Tafkel (Kuba-Kasim was married to the daughter of Shigay), Kasim in a fourth time organized shipping of the state archive and treasury. From the Bukhara,  Kasim send a part of the Bulgarian state archive to Turkey. The “book caravan“ crossed Caspian Sea and with a help of the Kumyks and Chechens reached the Türksh fortress Azak (Azov). Some other parts of the Bulgarian archive were later taken from Bukhara to the Iran and China. In the Bukhara Kasim became an outstanding Islamic figure, a scientist and a teacher, and received (like his teacher, Kasim Bulgari) a rank of a sheikh. The Sheikh Kasim al-Kazan (as Kuba-Kasim was called in the Bukhara) died in the 1590 at an age of 70 years old.
78

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Abstract
from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

ABSTRACT
ABOUT AKAY
78

The Bulgar Sardar Azan, also called Akay, disbarked in Bulymer. And that is a place where once (in the 985) were disbarking the Ruses under a command of the Prince Bulymer (Vladimir)...

From there Azan went to the Bolgar, where he had held a prayer...

After that his people dispersed onto the vicinities, calling everybody to come under the banners of Razi-Kazak (Stepan Razin). When the boats with the Moscow soldiers began nearing the Bolgar, Azan went to the Sember, to Razi-Kazak.
78

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Abstract
from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

ABSTRACT
ABOUT  NOGAYS (NUGAYS)
78

... The Nugays who lived near Astarhan and Djaik were completely ruled by Bulgar (like the Siberia and Astarhan). They protected the Bulgarian cities, crossings and custom offices in the lower reaches of Idel and along Djaik, and also the Bulgarian ambassadors and merchants... To pay for the service of the loyal Nugays, a few dozens of the subash auls of the Kazan and Chally Cheremshan lands were paying so called the “Nygay tax“, and for that they were here and there called the “Nygay daruga“. The unfriendly attitude of many of our people to the Nugays in the “epoch of two houses“ (1236-1437) quickly disappeared after the Nugays (of the Khan Ulug-Mohammed) helped Bulgar to unite and defended it from Ahmad-Khan (in the 1460-1480)...

The Nygay Ulybiyes as a token of their fidelity to Bulgar even named themselves and their children after the Bulgarian Seid-Emirs, who they called “Ak Patsha“. So, the most well-known Nygay Ulybiy Seid-Ahmed was so named in honour of Seid-Emir Yabyk-Mohammed (which most often was called Seid-Ahmed), and another Ulybiy Yusuf was so named in honour of Seid-Emir Sain-Yusuf Artan...

The Nugays never made any unauthorized attacks against the Bulgar: all their attacks were made under the orders of the Ashrafids themselves, to whom they served. So, the Ulybiy Yusuf served at times to Mamed, at times to Kul-Ashraf, and Ismail served to Mamed... During the last attack of Aladja (Ivan IV) against Kazan (in the 1552) the Nugays did for the protection of the Bulgar more than anybody else: 3 thousand Nugays fought in the ranks of the Kazan militiamen (Chirmyshes), 3 thousand fought in the in Japancha division, 2 thousand guared Ufa, 5 thousand tried to stop a war between the Siberian Khans subordinated to the Bulgar, and 5 thousand were saving the Kyrgyzes dependent from the Bulgar (they were attacked by the Uzbeks who with the approach of the Nugays stopped their pursuit and retreated)...
79

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Abstract
from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

ABSTRACT
ABOUT  THE LAW OF YABYK-MUHAMMED
80

... Seid-Emir Yabyk-Mohammed granted the Siberian, Asatarkhan, Nygay, Arean, Kazan, Djebelian (i.e. Mountain, Sembårian), Bashkortian, Ishtyakian and Nukratian Sheikhs, Beks and Hudjis a right to elect Patshas (Kans), Ulugbeks and Ulubiys at their djiens. The Seid-Emirs were only approving their elections. In case the Seid-Emir would not recognize the choice of the djiens, the djiens had to gather again and select a new Ulugbek, until the Seid-Emir would agree with the choice of the djien. The attempts of Sain-Yusuf and Kul-Ashraf to change that rule caused the big shocks... (this is mine rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).
80

F.Nurutdinov
Conspectus of “Djagfar Tarihi“ fragments
Bakhshi Iman
Abstract
from the text of
 “DJAGFAR TARIHI“

ABSTRACT
ABOUT  SEID SHAKH-HUSAIN AND THE BOOK OF BU-YURGAN

80

... Shakh-Husain was so similar to his brother, the seid Sain-Yusuf, that he went under his name to Artan, Crimea, Moscow, Astarhan, Bukhara, Seber, Rum, Bardjil and other lands. He was extraordinaryly devoted to Sain-Yusuf and enjoyed his full trust. When Burash was discharged and died soon after that out of derangement, Sain-Yusuf installed precisely Shakh-Husain as the Kazanian and Arean seid, because he was exactly carrying out all instruction of his ruling brother. When Bu-Yurgan was exiled, in relation to Mohammed-Amin and Muhammediyar he behaved so rude and heartless that Bu-Yurgan never mentioned his name in his history... I included in the book of Bu-Yurgan his notes... (this is mine rendition of the “Nigmatullin's text“).
80

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Djagfar Tarihi Preface · Chapters 1-5 · Chapters 6-10 · Chapters 11-15 · Chapters 16-20 · Chapters 21-25 and Ghazi-Baradj · Appendix
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