BULGARS

337-499 AD

DATELINE
Time	Events
337	Hun' s vanguard reached Tanais, displaced Ostgoths, who displaced Visigoths and Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division of Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Empires
338	Tele tribes subjugated by Tobases Khan. They live west of Ordos
350	Ügülüy from Syanbinian cavalry organizes a band and joints neighboring nomads.
350	Tele are living of animal husbandry, in a weak confederation of tribes, fighting for their independence.
354	Earliest known European record about Bulgarians is ”Anonymous chronograph”, a list of tribes and peoples in Latin. He mentiones a certain 'Ziezi ex quo Vulgares'.
360	Huns cross Volga and attack Alans. Part of Alans retreat to N. Caucasus, part is absorbed in Hun's Horde, part retreat to N. Donets. Most likely, after conquest a part of Bulgars joins Huns, and a part remains
360	Uhuans and Syanbins become subjects of Fu Tsyan II, who moves them beyond Chinese Wall
363	In 363, Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages, especially Derbent passage, against Huns, who make repeated raids and campaigns against Persians, Armenians and peoples of Middle East
364	Goth's invasion of Thrace
367	Valens twice crossed Danube with his troops and devastated much of Goths' territory
370	Huns defeat Goths (Germans)
370	Romans hired Hunnic warriors as auxiliary troops and paid them a yearly tribute, partly for services rendered and partly as a bribe to keep them from raiding provinces
370	Huns were a genetic hybrid between Mongoloid, Altaic (Siberian), and Central Asian Türkic stocks. Typical Hunno-Bulgars probably had a squarish face, high cheekbones, and slanting eyes. Term 'Bulgar' comes from Türkic 'bulgha' = 'to mix'. These nomadic horsemen groups were mainly composed of As - Ossetians, Eastern Antes - Iranian-Slavic blend, Khazars - a mixed Türkic group, and a people known as Sarmatians, an Iranian group.
370	Huns defeat Ostrogoths. Death of Germanarix. Vinitari (Vitimir?) becomes new Ostrogothic king. Ostrogoths retire to Lower Dniepr. Geruls and Burgundians part of Ostrogoths.
370	370-376 War between Alans and Goths.
370	Huns control N. Pontic, Tanais, and N. Caspian steppes. Alans who live there join Huns.
370	Guylüchoy, successor to Ügülüy, organized a horde, move along all Khalka to Khingan, subordinated to Tobas Khans, paid tribute in horses, sable and martens.
370	Guylüchoy life and organization are primitive and organized by regiments of 1000 men. No changes for 200 years. All efforts went to rob neighbors.
370	2 migrations of Bulgarians from Caucasus to Armenia. 1st during Armenian ruler Vaharshak, immigrants of Vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, lands named Vanand.
370	2nd migration during Armenian ruler Arshak, disturbances ... in land of Bulgars, many of whom migrated and settled south of Kokh, because of expansion of Huns in E European steppes
372	After crushing, or compelling alliance of, various nations Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci, Huns reached Alani, Don Alans crushed by Huns. Part of Alans joins Huns in advance to Europe
374	Retreating to Dnieper Ostrogoths fight with Ants living there. After a number of battles and defeats, Ostrogoths captured Antian King Boz (Bus, Bog?) and executed him
375	Jordanes, XLVIII, 249. Battle between Alans under Balamber and Ostrogoths at river Erac (present Tiligul). After death of Vitimir, young Vidirix bacame a King. Alatey and Safrac ruled under his name. Ostrogoths retreated to Dniestr.
375	Ammianus Marcellinus: After his (Hermanaric) departure, Vitimir was made a King, and resisted Halans for some time… But after many defeats he suffered, he was subdued by arms and died in battle
376	Huns captured Atilkuzu (Bessarabia). Alans remained in Dacia. Vestgoths and Ostrogoths, defeated by Huns and Alans, retreated to Danube.
376	Vestgoths and Ostrogoths Goths fled from Huns, asked help from Emperor Valens, who allowed them cross Danube to guard borders, and entered Roman Empire. Poor control of crossing, extractions by officials caused rebellion. Rome faced Gothic invasion.
376	Goths who crossed Danube became Visigoths, and Goths who remained behind and became subjects of Huns were designated Ostrogoths. Ostrogoths who cross Danube joined Vestgoths. Entire Alaric's Visigothic population is estimated to be around 100,000 people
377	Hunnish-Bulgarian association during period of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Attilla's combat power consists mostly from mounted Bulgarian troops. Attila' dynasty is continued for Bulgars.
377	A detachment of Huns crossed Kerch straight from Caucasus, displaced Goths in Crimea to center of peninsula, and went to join main army in Dniestr estuary
378	At a victory celebration Bulümar (360??---378) dies, his son Alyp-bi becomes Khan of Huns (378-390)
378	Oldest son of Hun's Bulümar (Balamber) Alyp-bi defeats Sadumes (Scandinavians), crossed Danube, and with Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Alans defeats 80K Byzantium army at Andrianopol
378	Valens acted alone and engaged a massive Gothic force of estimated 200,000 warriors near Adrianople. Result was a catastrophe, Valens army was completely annihilated, he perished (9 August AD 378). His body was never found
380	Western (Northern) Huns in westward migration (93-c.380) take possession of lower Tanais river valley and north of Meotida
380	New Roman Emperor Theodosius settles Gothic problem diplomatically. Goths become federates, and Alans move north.
380	380-395 Alans clear Dacia and Atilkuzu from Vestgoths, Taifals, Gepids, Burgunds and other peoples. Huns went to Pontic steppes
386	Creation of Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
390	Tele move north, to Djungaria, and spread in West Mongolia to Selenga.
390	Alyp-bi (378-390) dies, is buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev) under Baltavar stone with Ψ sign. His son Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) becomes Khan of Huns (390-434)
395	Latin anonymous chronograph: name of ancient Bulgars is used for name of ancient Baktrians, living in territory near Pamir and Hindukush. More specifically, per Armenian geography ”Ashharatsuytsu” Bulgars are located precisely where western ranges of Pamir and Hindukush meet northern ranges of Zeravshan ridge of the Pamir
395	Hun campaign in Cis-Caucasus and even raid Syria. Alans, Ostrogoths and Geruls, retreated earlier to Cis-Caucasus, subordinate to Huns
395	Rebellion of Alarics and Visigoths
400	Syanbian language, ancient Mongolian, becomes inter-tribe language for Türk's allied tribes. ”Türk” = ”strong”, ”powerful”.
400	Alans and Bulgars live between Itil and Don
400	In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.
400	Arab and Persian authors mention town Varachan (Belenjer), capital of Hun state, in Sulak valley near Upper Chir-Ürt in Dagestan. Later authors refer to Balanjar as native land of Khazars.
400	Ancestors of Khazars among Huns called selves Basils (Bas, head; il/el, people--ruling people)
402	Ruler of Western Empire Stilihon allied with Huns and Alans, who help Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes.
405	New help by Huns and Alans to Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes (Suewes).
406	Alans join Vandals in invasion to Gallia (modern France).
406	Radagais leads Vandals, Suebis, Kuads, Burgonds, Saxsons, Almants, is captured at Fiesol by Huns under Ulduz (?-410?), supposedly, ruler of right, eastern wing of Hunnish army, allied with Romans, and is executed (Aug 406). Vandals cross Rein, retreat to Gaul
409	Alans and Vandals moving from Gaul to Spain.
409	Uldiz, ruler of right, eastern wing spread from Balkhash to Volga, tells to ambassador of Byzantium, governor of Thrace, ”I can capture all lands to sunset”
410	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (?-410), his brother Khulüy (410-414) becomes Khan.
410	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitedly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai. Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Syanbinian Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness.
410	Huns attack Roman Empire and sack Rome. Huns introduce pants to Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas
410	After death of Uldiz (?-410?) Karaton (410-422?) becomes Kagan of Huns. In 412 Karaton receives Byzantian ambassador Olimpiodors. Karaton rules mostly eastern part of empire. No information till 422
412	Byzantian embassy to Huns in Pontic area
414	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Khulüy (410-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-?) becomes Khan
418	Syanbinian Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area
420	Toba tribe unites Northern China into a kingdom known under Chinese name of Empire Wei
420	Huns settle in middle Danube. Rulers were Roila (Rugila), Mundzuk and Oktar
420	WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
420	Ephtalites were divided into White Chions and Red Chions
424	Jujan Khan Datan (?-424) with 60K cavalry invades Empire Wei. In 425 Tobases of Empire Weiexpel them to behind Gobi
430	Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Weiarmy, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperses Syanbinian Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by his son Udi (430-445). Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wei
430	Huns reach Rein. Yabgu Roila (Ruga) keeps friendly relations with Rome, lending troops to suppress Bagauds in Gaul
432	After Oktar, Ruga (432-437) becomes Hun Kagan
434	Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khan Ruga (432-437)
434	Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) (390-434) dies. His son Attila becomes Yabgu of W. Huns (Kara Bulgar) (434-445). His son Bleda becomes ruler of E. Huns (Ak Bulgar) (434-445).
434	Roman bishop of Margus crossed Danube and robbed royal Hun graves, stealing their burial treasures. War broke out
434	Attila forces Eastern Roman Empire to recognize the superiority of Huns. Constantinople gives many concessions in treaty of Margus: Hun merchants’ rights, military alliance conducts, the return of Hun fugitives, and increases tribute to 700 pounds of gold to be paid each year
434	Possibly during Byzantine campain Ruga (Rua, Roila, Rugila) dies (?-434), Atilla and his brother Bleda are elected, his nephew Attila becomes ruler of left (western) wing of empire
437	Syanbinian Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wei. In 439 Empire Weicounterattacks, without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border and flees. Then again in 445.
439	In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Khesi to Wey Empire, Khan Ashina with 500 families fled to Syanbinian Jujanes and settled south of Altai mountains and produced iron for Syanbinian Jujanes.
439	An horde of warlike Syanbinians retreated to Tibet from Khesi. Coming to a rich, but disunited country, Syanbinian leader attracted Kyans, i.e. occupied a dominating position between ever-hostile tribes.
439	In Tibet, descendants of Syanbinian leader had title Tsenpo, meaning in between King and Head of Government, supported by Syanbinians who are the only real force in country.
439	Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan
440	Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar
440	Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia
441	Huns are again on Danube border, took Singidun (Belgrad)
442	Paulus Diaconus and Fredegarius: Early 5-th c. - probably 422 AD Battle between Bulgars and Langobards in N. Carpathians
442	Ultimatum by Atilla to Theodosius II, who rejects it.
442	442-447 Huns invade Byzantium. Destruction of cities in Illiria and Thrace, capture and inclusion of vast territory in Hunnish state.
443	Peace between Theodosius II and Atilla. By peace of Anatolius (the mediator of the treaty negotiation) Romans were to pay 6,000 pounds of gold immediately, and yearly tribute set at 2,100 pounds of gold, and immediate release of Hun fugitives
444	Atilla, Kara Bulgar Yabgu, becomes Hun Kagan (445-453) upon death of Kagan Bled (434-445), the highest ruler from Caucasus to Danube. Per Priscus, Bleda had honor burial and three-day giant feast attended by all nobles in Kaganate
445	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Weiundertakes punishment raids into steppes against Syanbinian Jujanes.
447	2-nd peace of Anatolius between Byzantiun and Huns. Big tribute to Huns. Hun commander Edeco assented to assassinate Atilla for 50 pounds of gold
448	Byzantian embassy to Atilla, described by Priscus. Byzantian attempt to organize Atilla's murder.
448	Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan.
450	In written sources, Huns are identified with Scythians and Cimmerians, and specifically with ”Royal Scythians”. Scythian ethnonym ”As-kishi”, or its stem ”as” is retained in written sources, especially old Georgian documents, in Huns' name as ”ovs”, ”os”
450	Hunnish society attained progress thanks to contact with Roman civilization. In dwelling place of Onegesios, in Attila's court, for example, prisoner from Sirmium constructed baths
450	Priscus: ”because Scythians are mixed and besides their own language, they try to speak language of Huns, or Goths or Ausoni, when some of them have to do with Romans”
450	Per Priscus, Sabirs conquered lands of Onogurs, Saragurs and Ugors in steppes around north-western Caspian coast.
450	Death of Theodosius II Flavy on a hunt (10.4.401). Markian, a son of a plain soldier, becomes Emperor, formally as a husband of Pulheria. 450 Markian refuses to pay tribute to Huns.
450	Huns were called Os in 5th century, during their raids in Georgia in time of king Vakhtang. Word ”ovs” of Georgian sources is actually a slightly deformed name of a Türk tribe ”As”
451	Attila heads great army, size of Hunnic army has been variously estimated at between 300,000 and 700,000, crossed Rhine and swept across Europe looting, pillaging, and burning. Aetius battles Attila on Rein in June at Battle of Chalons on Catalaunian Plains
451	451.06.15 ”Battle of Peoples” at Catalaun ravine near present Trua. On Atilla's side are Huns, Geruls, Ostrogoths and part of Franks, on Aecius side Roman legions recruited from Gaul and Germany, Vestgoths, Burgunds, Franks, Armorician Alans headed by San. No definite result.
451	Jordanes: In a direct fight battled strongest troops on both sides, without surprise attacks. Mighty tribes were killed, 165K on each side, plus 15K Gepids and Franks who fought at night, killing each other, Franks on Roman side, Gepids on Hun's side
451	Attila prepares a campaign in Italy
452	Italian campain of Atilla, ending with peace. In spite of large conquests, Atilla agreed to peace because of epidemic in his army.
453	Atilla (434-453) weds young German Ildico. Next morning he is found dead. End of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Atilla is given state funerals. Ellak becomes Hun Kagan (453-454).
453	Vestgoths, headed by Torismud, son of killed in Catalaunian Plains Theodorix, defeat Huns and expel them from their territory.
453	Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle at Nedao.
453	Gepids under Ardaric battle Huns under Ellak. Tingiz (Dengizik/Diggiz) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) retreat to a military camp and defend for 2 years. Negotiations allow Tingiz and Bel-Kermek leave with Bulgars, remaining defenders are surrendered to Ardaric
453	To Ellak, eldest of brothers, given Sabir ulus, to 2-nd son Tengiz given Kutrigur ulus (Kuturgurs/Kotrags  = West Wing, from köturi = behind = "to the west"), to Bel-Kermek, 3-rd son, given Utigur ulus (Utragurs/Utigurs = East Wing, from utra = front, opposite  = "opposite side" = "to the east", but it is homophonic with “otra” =  Center)
453	454-565 Gepids control Pannonia. Gepidian reign is established in Dacia (current day Transylvania)
454	Several Hunno-Bulgar uluses outside of three main Hunnic hordes joined with Byzantines with obligation of military services, and were given land to settle as protectors against their northern cousins
454	Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle. Sabirs without Ellak retreat to East, through Pontic Steppes, to Daghestan. Kutriguri and Utiguri under Bel-Kermek (Hernach), fell back to 'Ugol' place that corresponds to Bessarabia
454	454 - 455 Rebelion in Hun's state. German tribes of Gepids, Rugs, Geruls rebelled. Battle at Nedao (Nedava, tributary of Sava). Coalition was composed of Gepids, Scires, Suaves, Ruges, Herules and Ostrogoths
454	Jordanes: You could see Goth with lances, Gepids mad with sword, Rug breaking spears in his wounds, and Svev bravely acting with bat, and Hun with arrow, Alan with heavy, Gerule with light weapons.
454	Atilla's son Ellak tried suppress rebelion, was defeated and died in battle. Remains of Ellak's army retreated east of Carpathians. Two other sons Dengizik and Ernak remained in Dacia and Bessarabia. Alans led by ruler Kandak were forced to go to Dobrudja
454	Ostrogoths take part on losing side in battle at Nedao where Gepids under Ardaric crush last Hun coalition. Ostrogoths become sovereign and settle in Pannonia
454	End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 - 454 A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area -4,000,000 Km2)
455	Tingiz and Bel-Kermek (Hernach)(455-465) lead Bulgars, on way from Pannonia to estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper) are attacked by Gallidjians (Scandinavians). Tingiz is killed. Bel-Kermek raises red flag of Asses and breaks through to lower Dnieper.
455	Bel-Kermek, 3rd son of Atilla, leads Bulgars to settle between Crimea and estuary of Buri-chai (Dniepr), and proclaims a beylik of Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys) (455-465).
455	Bel-Kermek with Hun's Sadagariem and other tribes remain in Dobrudja (Little Scythia) and Lower Moesia. Later known as Sacromontizies and Fossatizies.
455	Two other Attilla's sons, Emnetzur and Ultzindur lead from Crimea tribes of Ultzindzur and Ultzindgur to Byzantium on right bank of Danube
455	Jews from Armenia and Persia begin immigration to North Caucasus
459	Hephthalites conquer Kushans and invade India
460	Bulgarian tribes Ultinzur, Bittugur and Bardor of Pannonia join Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys). Huns adopt name Bulgars, Bulgars use Hun's language.
463	Ogur Türkic tribes, including Onogurs (Onoghur = 10 Ogur Confederation), Saragurs (White Türks) and Uturgurs (Utigurs) (Uturgur = 30 Ogur Confederation) cross Itil and enter Europe.
463	Priscus Rhetor: In 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, conquered conquered lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
463	Destunis G.C.: Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine.They said that they were expelled by Savirs, who fled Avars, who fled from people living on shores of ocean. Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates
463	Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire
465	Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
465	Altynoba's Bel-Kermek (455-465) dies, his older son Djurash Masgut becomes Baltavar (465-505).
465	Agaçeris crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Agaçeris are included in Five Ogur confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly, Kalaç and Kipchak nations
468	Tengiz (Dengizik) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) sent ultimatum to Byzantium, when it is rejected, Dengizik invades Thrace, but is defeated under command of Byzantians Anagast and Aspar. Dengizik dies in battle.
468	Bulgar Kutigurs fight Byzantine (468-469). Bysantine's Anagast procured Khan Dengizik's head after he was killed and sent it to Constantinople where it was displayed atop of a spear. Kutrigurs never forgot Utigur Hernach's refusal of help.
468	468 - 469 Danube war between Huns and Byzantium. Bel-Kermek (Hernach) after Dengizik death leads army. Byzantium beats off invasion with difficulty. Byzantium mercenary army consists of Slavs and Alans commanded by Aspar, whose father was Alan.
468	Vernadsky G.V.:”in some respect Danube war of 468 - 469 was a war of Alans and Ants against their former masters, Huns.” After Byzantian victory Huns left Dacia and Bessarabia. These provinces opened for Slavic colonization.
469	Western Hunnish clans retreated. Utigurs to Azov-Taman SE of Sea of Azov. Kutrigurs to between Dniepr and Don Rivers, NW from Sea of Azov Utigurs. Sabirs in Daghestan SE of other two Hunnic hordes, between Daryal Gorge and Kuma River on Caspian Sea.
469	Death of Dengizih (Diggiz)
469	469 - 488 movement of Bel-Kermek army back to Meotian-Taman region. They call themselves descendents of Hernach and are known as Utigurs (Kulakovsky ”Alans”)
469	Remnants of Tengiz (Dengizik) horde follow Utigurs to Dniepr and settle between Dniepr and Meotian Sea. They were called Kutigurs.
470	Peace between Syanbinian Jujan and Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
480	Promulgation of first Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
481	Ioanes Antiochenus: First written agreement of Byzantium emperor Zeno (474-475,476-491) with Bulgars' Djurash Masgut (465-505), allying them in war against Ostrogoths Goths of Theodoric (493-526), son of Triarius [Must be 475]
481	Goths' Theodoric, son of Triariya, victory over Bulgars
485	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Üychen (?-485)died, his …??... Doulun (485-492) becomes Khan.
486	Bulgars fight again against Goths as allies of Byzantium
488	Bulgars settle in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after expelling Theodoric Ostrogoths (488).
488	Khazarian khalifa begins rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus
488	Bulgars fought again against Goths as allies of Gepids.
488	Bulgarians had been regarded as a brave and invincible in war people
488	Chersonesus ruler decided to restore walls and towers damaged by earthquake, scared of Kutugur's raids
492	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Doulun (485-492) killed, end of Syanbinian Jujan overlordship over steppes and Tele. Nagay (492-493) becomes Khan
492	Kutigur Bulgars invade Thrace, defeat Byzantine army and kill their leader Julian.
493	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Nagay (492-493) died, his son Futu (493)becomes Khan.
493	493-499 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns start raiding Thrace, possibly with Slavs. They took advantage of a civil war in Byzantium.
495	Publication of Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire prohibiting use of Tabgach language.
498	Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and extends to left bank of Danube. Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship.
499	Toba conquerors assimilated and switched to Chinese language