For full-size pie-charts, click here.
Graph color coding follows J. D. McDonald 2005 "World Haplogroup Maps"

Для графиков в полном размере, клик здесь.
Цветовое кодирование графиков следует J. D. McDonald 2005 "World Haplogroup Maps"

First, the genetical composition and outer appearance need not to be confused. Genetical composition is a macro state, with a global perspective and imperceptibly slow changes; it is a statistical matrix. The outer appearance is a micro state, close to individual layer, driven by genetical micro changes, and fast and fluid. In archeology, the outer appearance is yet imperceptible, the skeletons are not only mute, but also give no indication about the color, texture, and curling of hair, eyes color, pigmentation, epicanthic folds, etc. A group may have a huge intra-group diversity, but at a first glance look somewhat similar.

Second, we are just approaching the resolution needed for demographical perceptive. Unlike sedentary peoples, the Türkic peoples were distinguished by high mobility and high fluidity. As a result, almost any category in the past studies is comprised of a number of distinct elements, and without seeing these constituent elements the picture is blurred and misleading. For example, the Senior Juz of the Kazakh people in its composition has two main components, each with a unique history and origin: Uisyn aka Usuns, of Dulat aka Dulo, and Sary Uisyn subdivisions, and Kangly, who descend from the ancient Kangar (Ch. Kangju). Without a closer examination, the genetical image is as realistic as a serving of potato soup, which in reality consists of quite distinct potatoes, meat, onions, etc. The genetical analysis is also complicated by comparisons of incompatible objects. The genetical picture of countries with poly-ethnic population, taken at its statistical median, can't be meaningfully compared with the genetical picture of ethnically relatively homogenous groups, like Kazakhs compared with Mari. Historians and anthropologists need a more detailed resolution.

When the reality shows up at the doorstep, even learned scientists that know better have to listen. Citing Dienekes blogspot on the incoming "surprize" results, "This really puts into question the nature of the proto-Indo-Iranians and the "Caucasoidness" of the Bronze Age IE in Siberia." It sure does, exactly like on the first day these naatturress were concocted. Fortunately, nobody displays any embarrassment.

And lastly, the enetic graphs demonstrate the spuriousness of the "Altaic" category, and its continued use in genetic research not only was failing to model an analyzable concept, but also tends to produce misleading results and superficial conclusions. Fortunately, the macro-Altaic category, heavily advocated in the past century, by now is pretty much discredited.

Во первых, генетический состав и внешность не должны быть спутаны. Генетический состав - это макро-состояние, с глобальной перспективой и неощутимо медленными изменениями; это - статистическая матрица. Внешность - это микросостояние, близкое к индивидуальному слою, оно управляется генетически микроизменениями, быстрыми и летучими . В археологии внешность не улавливаема, скелеты не только немы, но еще и не показывают цвет, структуру, и волнистость волос, цвет глаз, пигментацию, эпикантные складки, и т.д. В нутригрупповое разнообразие может быть огромным, но по внешности все смотрятся как-то похоже.

Во вторых, мы только приближаемся к разрешению, необходимому для демографической перспективы . В отличие от оседлых народов, Тюркские народы отличались высокой подвижностью и текучестью. В результате, в прошлых работах почти любая этническая категория состоит из множества отдельных элементов, без этих элементов картина туманна и заблуждающая. Например, Старший Жуз Казахов имеет два главных компонента, каждый с уникальной историей и происхождением: Уйсин иначе известный как Усуни, состоящий из субдивизий Дулат, иначе известный как Дуло, и Сары Уйсын, и Канглы, происходящие из древнего государства Кангар. Без подабающего разрешения, генетический образ является столь же реалистичным как картофельный суп, который в действительности состоит из весьма отличных картофеля, мяса, лука, и т.д. Генетическая картина стран со многоэтническим населением, в еe статистической сердине, не может быть продуктивно сравненена с генетической картиной этнически относительно гомогенной группы, как Казахи по сравнению с Мари. Историки и антропологи нуждаются в более детальном разрешении.

Когда реальность появляется на пороге, даже ученые ученые которые знают лучше, должны слушать. Цитируя Dienekes blogspot о получении "неожиданных" результатов, "Это действительно ставит под сомнение натуру прото-Индо-Иранцев и "Коказоидность" ИЕ Бронзового Века  в Сибири." Конечно ставит, так же, как было и в первый день когда эти нааттурры были сочинены. К счастью, стыда никто не показывает.

И наконец, генетические графики демонстрируют исскуственость категории "Алтайских" языков, и длительное использование ее в генетических исследованиях не только не было в состоянии моделировать концепцию поддающуюся анализу, но также имело тенденцию приносить заблуждающие результаты и поверхностные заключения. К счастью, категория макро-Алтайского языка, сильно продвигаемая в прошлом столетии, к настоящему времени уже смертельно дискредитирована.

Population	Total HVSI haplotypes	H	Gene pool component, %			Notes
			Caucasian	Mongoloid	Unidentified
Türkic ethnic groups
Chuvash	39	0.988	89.1	9.1	1.8
Tatars	91	0.976	89.1	10.3	0.6
Turks (added)			66.9	6.0	10.6
Bashkirs	105	0.988	60.7	39.3	0
Kazakhs	45	0.990	40.0	56.4	3.6
Shorians	nd	nd	35.7	64.3	0
Uigurs	46	0.993	34.5	54.5	10.9	Alt. data
Kyrgyz	70	0.990	27.4	68.4	4.2
Altaians (N = 110)			27.27		13.64
Altai-kizhi	nd	nd	23.9	67.4	8.7
Tofalars (N = 58)			20.69		3.44
Khakassians	nd	nd	18.5	75.9	5.6
Sakha (Yakuts)	67	0.964	8.4	91.6	0
Todjins (N = 48)			8.33		6.25
Soyots	nd	nd	5.9	88.2	5.9
Tuvinians	nd	nd	5.6	94.4	0
Uzbeks (added)
North-East Asian populations
Evens	33	0.962	0	90.8	9.2
Koryaks	41	0.945	0	100	0
Itelmen	19	0.931	0	100	0
Chukcha	19	0.883	0	100	0
Eskimo	12	0.819	0	100	0
Nenets
Mongolia
Mongols	83	0.990	13.6	86.4	0
Note: The number of HVSI haplotypes has not been determined (nd) in some cases, as mtDNA haplogroups have been established by R FLP analysis without HVSI sequencing

	H, HV1, J, T, U, W - Western Euroasian (aka Caucasian) mtDNA haplogroups Haplogroup: H HV1 J T U W O* is ancestral to about a half of Europeans
	A, B, C, D, F, G, M*, Y - Eastern Euroasian (aka Asian, Mongoloid) mtDNA haplotypes Haplogroup: A is common for virtually all Siberian ethnic groups B originates from South Asia C is a source of female mt-DNA among the Türkic people. Into the Türkic  fold it comes from the Tungus (Ch. Dunhu) peoples, who are known to us as Tunguses and Mongols and Manchu, and also as Koreans and Japanese. The highest diversity of C is in the Indian subcontinent (50,000 bp), indicating location of its emergence. C spread to many indigenous populations of Siberia and in Central Asian ethnic groups, reaching Goths, modern England and New York, provinces of Belgium, and Amerindians prior to 1492. D is a source of female mt-DNA among the Türkic people. Into the Türkic  fold it comes from the Tungus (Ch. Dunhu) Mongols and Manchu, and also from north-eastern Asian people.. The highest diversity of D is in the Middle Asia (40,000 bp), indicating location of its emergence. D spread to and with many indigenous populations of Siberia, reaching Goths, modern England and New York, provinces of Belgium, and Amerindians prior to 1492. F originates from South Asia similar in distribution to haplogroup B Haplogroup G contains two subclusters: Gl characteristic of North-East Siberian populations G2a with highest (8.8%) frequency detected in Central Asia Y is thought to originate from the Far East M*  is thought to arose 50,000-70,000 BP in Southern Asia and migrated to Southeastern Asia 50,000-60,000 BP. M1 is much older than notable expansion time of 12,000-13,000 BP Y is
Table 3. mtDNA Haplogroup frequency distribution in the gene pools of Türkic ethnic groups and North-East Asian indigenous populations Fedorova et al., 2003 Population mtDNA Haplogroup frequency, % Eastern Euroasian Haplogroups Western Euroasian Haplogroups Others Graph A В С D G F M* J Т U H Türkic ethnic groups Chuvash 1.8 0 1.8 3.6 0 0 1.8 5.5 3.7 36.4 25.5 19.9 Tatars 2.3 0 1.7 2.9 1.2 0 2.3 8.1 8.1 24.7 31.6 17.1 Bashkirs 4.3 0 12.8 8.1 4.7 6.2 1.0 3.3 5.2 27.5 14.2 12.7 Kazakhs 9.6 5.8 7.7 19.2 5.8 1.9 5.8 0 7.7 5.7 15.4 15.4 Shorians 0 2.4 7.1 9.5 0 43.0 2.4 11.9 0 0 21.4 2.3 Uigurs 7.3 7.3 1.8 16.4 0 7.3 7.3 0 1.8 16.4 20.0 14.4 Kyrgyz 3.3 6.5 14.1 19.6 7.6 3.3 6.5 5.4 3.3 3.3 18.5 8.6 Altaians (N = 110) 0 3.64 19.09 15.45 0.91 8.18 11.82 3.64 0.91 16.36 6.36 13.64 Altai-kiji 3.3 3.3 30.4 9.8 4.4 5.4 9.8 5.4 0 5.4 5.4 17.4 Tofalars (N = 58) 5.17 3.45 62.08 0 0 0 5.17 8.62 5.17 0 6.9 3.44 Khakassians 3.7 5.6 35.2 9.3 0 22.0 0 1.9 1.9 11.1 3.7 5.6 Sakha (Yakuts) 2.1 0.5 44.0 30.4 4.2 6.3 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.6 4.0 Todjins (N = 48) 4.17 4.17 47.91 4.17 18.75 2.08 4.17 0 0 6.25 2.08 6.25 Soyots 8.8 2.9 17.6 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 5.9 0 14.8 Tuvinians (n=36) 5.6 14.0 36.1 16.7 5.6 8.3 0 0 0 2.8 2.8 8.1 Tuvinians (n=458) 3.1 3.7 48.9 9.9 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd Uzbeks (added)                         Turks (added) 1.3 0       0.3 4.4 10.9 11.9 19.1 25 10.6 North-West Asian populations (Uralic/Ugro-Finn ethnic groups) Komi-Permyaks                         Komi-Zyryans                         Mari                         Mordvins                         Udmurts                         North-West Asian populations (Uralic/Nenets ethnic group) Ic R1bd R1a N3 N2 Q C 0 0 0 40.5 56.8 1.4 0 Nenets   nd nd 0 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd North-East Asian populations Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family Chukcha, Eskimo Koryaks 5.2 0 36.1 1.3 41.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.5 Itelmen 6.4 0 14.9 0 68.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.6 Chukcha 68.2 0 10.6 12.1 9.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eskimo 7.2 0 2.5 20.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tungus (Ch. Dunhu), Manju, Koreans, Japanese Evenks 3.9 0 84.3 9.8 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Evens 4.6 0 26.2 15.4 0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 52.3 Mongolia (Mongols) Buryats                         Mongols 3.9 9.7 14.6 30.1 2.9 5.8 11.7   1.0 3.9 7.8 8.6 Note: Cases when a haplogroup has not been determined (nd) are indicated Table 25.1. MtDNA haplogroups in Anatolian-Trans-Caucasus populations (%) Kristiina Tambets et al., 2000 Population Eastern Euroasian Haplogroups Western Euroasian Haplogroups                         A Ä B F M Ml J T U H I K L O O* P* V+pV R* pJT/pHV W X Ü Armenians 0 2.6 0.5 0 0 0 8.9 11.5 20.4 30.9 1.6 7.9 0.5 1 7.3 0 0 1 0.5 1 2.1 2.1 Georgians 0 2.2 0 0 2.2 0.7 3.6 12.9 21.6 17.3 2.2 10.1 0 0 7.2 1.1 0.7 5 0.7 1.4 10.1 0 Ossetes 0 11.8 0 0 2.1 0 18.7 6.9 17.9 18.7 4.3 1.1 1.1 0 13.4 0 0 5.0 1.1 2.1 0.5 0 Turks 0.5 0.8 0 0.3 4.1 0.3 10.9 11.9 19.1 25 2.3 5.9 0.3 1.3 3.6 0.5 0.3 1.7 2.3 3.9 4.4 0.3
Y-DNA = papas
http://hgm2001.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Abstracts/Publish/WorkshopsPoster/WorkshopPoster06/hgm0198.htm Y-chromosome haplotype diversity in populations of Altaic language family Vadim Stepanov, Valery Puzyrev, Maria Spiridonova, Vladimir Kharkov, Irina Khitrinskaya Institute of Medical Genetics, Nab. Ushayky 10, Tomsk, 634050, Russia Distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes in 10 ethnic groups of Siberia and Middle Asia belonging to Altaic language family (Tuva, Buriat, Northern and Southern Altai, Evenk, Kirghiz, Uzbek, Siberian Tatar, Uighur,Yakut) was investigated in order to reconstruct the evolution of paternal lineages in North Eurasia. Were found high level of gene diversity (H=1.00) and substantial degree of genetic differentiation of male-specific gene pool (Fst = 0.212) in modern North Eurasian populations. Most haplotypes in modern Altaic population have common ancestry traced back to the Upper Paeleolithic period (about 15 kya). According to AMOVA results, 5.7% of observed diversity is due to differences between language groups of Altaic family, 19.9% is due to differences between populations within language groups, and only 74.3% of genetic diversity is attributable to within-population level. In most populations was found more than one lineage. Most ancient lineages (7-12 kya) were found in Uzbek and Kirgiz Türkic-speaking populations of Middle Asia. Among native Siberian populations most ancient Y lineages was observed in Türkic ethnic groups in Altai and Tuva. The age of Siberian lineages obtained from the microsatellite variance within the 'binary' haplogroup were 5 to 6 kya. Mongol-speaking Buryats and Evenks, belonging to Tungus branch, have relatively 'young' lineages in their male-specific gene pool. Age of two main Y-chromosome clusters in Buryats were 2,800 and 4,500 kya, and the age of Evenk lineages were 2-3 kya. Using the molecular variance of microsatellite haplotypes was estimated the age of ancestral haplotypes for 'binary' haplogroups. The age of DYF155S2 deletion was estimated as about 6,9 kya, and the age of T-C transition at Tat locus as 4,2 kya.
http://www.roperld.com/YBiallelicHaplogroups.htm Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups L. David Roper (roperld@vt.edu) (www.roperld.com)
Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Trees See Y-chromosome haplogroup tree and The Journey of Man, A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells, p. 182. Biallelic SNP markers are single base-pair mutations (polymorphisms) that occur at different Y-chromosome locations about once every 7000 years. SNP=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. There are 153 known haplogroups. Haplotypes defined by the 25 STR markers are subgroups under the haplogroups. R1b Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   F(M89) 45,000 Middle East => South West Asia   K(M9) 40,000 South West Asia => North Central Asia   P(M45) 35,000 North Central Asia => North West Asia   R(M207) ? In North West Asia   1(M173) 30,000 North West Asia => Europe   b(P25) ? In Europe R1a Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   F(M89) 45,000 Middle East => South West Asia   K(M9) 40,000 South West Asia => North Central Asia   P(M45) 35,000 North Central Asia => North West Asia   R(M207) ? In North West Asia   1(M173) 30,000 North West Asia => Europe   a ? In Europe E3b Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   M145 ? ?   E(M96) ? ?   3(P2) ? ?   b(M35) ? ? G Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   F(M89) 45,000 Middle East => South West Asia   G(M201) ? ? I Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   F(M89) 45,000 Middle East => South West Asia   I(M170) ? ? I1b Haplogroup: Y Haplogroup Y Biallelic SNP Marker Years Before Present Migration Route   M94 ? In Africa   M168 50,000 Africa => Middle East   F(M89) 45,000 Middle East => South West Asia   I(M170) ? ?   1(P38) ? ?   b(P37b) ? ? Y-DNA HAPLOGROUP DEFINITIONS: Family Tree DNA provided the following thumbnail summaries of the different haplogroups : Haplogroup B is one of the oldest Y-chromosome lineages in humans. Haplogroup B is found exclusively in Africa. This lineage was the first to disperse around Africa. There is current archaeological evidence supporting a major population expansion in Africa approximately 90-130 thousand years ago. It has been proposed that this event may have spread Haplogroup B throughout Africa. Haplogroup B appears at low frequency all around Africa, but is at its highest frequency in Pygmy populations. Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia, the south Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations. Haplogroup C originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This lineage colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is found with its highest diversity in populations of India. Haplogroup C3 is believed to have originated in southeast or central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and then into the Americas. Haplogroup D2 most likely derived from the D lineage in Japan. It is completely restricted to Japan, and is a very diverse lineage within the aboriginal Japanese and in the Japanese population around Okinawa. Haplogroup E3a is an Africa lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most common lineage among African Americans. Haplogroup E3b is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa. Haplogroup G may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East. Haplogroup H is nearly completely restricted to India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Haplogroups I, I1, and I1a are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe. Haplogroup I1b was derived within Viking/Scandinavian populations in northwest Europe and has since spread down into southern Europe where it is present at low frequencies. Haplogroup J is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan. Haplogroup J2 originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations. The Cohen modal lineage is found in Haplogroup J2. Haplogroup Q is the lineage that links Asia and the Americas. This lineage is found in North and Central Asian populations as well as native Americans. This lineage is believed to have originated in Central Asia and migrated through the Altai/Baikal region of northern Eurasia into the Americas. Haplogroup Q3 is the only lineage strictly associated with native American populations. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the M3 mutation (also known as SY103). This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the Native American peoples. Haplogroup R1a is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe. Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype (HG1).

 

Genetic Diversity of mtDNA

Haplotype

Genetic Diversity (H)

HVSI

RFLP