Türkic languages are agglutinative. They form semantical expressions by adding affixes to the root stem. English lost most of the Türkic affixes, and added some to its morphology. The modern Turkish retained most of the affixes, reactivated some that were out of use, and simplified orthography, collecting some phonetically close phonemes under a common symbol. The following listing of the Turkish suffixes allows to highlight modern English affixes genetically connected with the modern Turkish affixes. The modern Turkish language is a product of amalgamation of numerous Türkic languages, which contributed in varying degree to the modern language. A closer examination of the assembly of 42+ languages (the vague number reflects the current state of affairs, not the actual number) would likely produce forms that are genetically closer to the historical and current English forms. Unlike the Norse peoples, England has not preserved its sagas, unlike the Slavic folklore she did not incorporate Türkic history and folklore in her literary inheritance, and the only relict of its linguistic substrate remains the name cockney, in Türkic spelled köken - “motherland, native place, ancestral land”. Sticking out through the fluff of the later fantasies, the earliest reference to the Cockney is a “mythical luxurious country, first recorded in 1305”, a clear reference to the “ancestral land”, which turned out to be not that luxurious, since its inhabitants ended up in the foggy distant Albion and speaking a creolized mixture of Türkic, Norse, and Romance. English was already heavily creolized when Anglo-Saxons brought it over to the Albion, but the traces of its substrate are still fossilized in the lexis and morphology, and the agglutinated suffixation is an ingrained and burgeoning part of its morphology.

Posting notes are highlighted in blue. Page numbers are shown at the end of the page. Columns “English” and “Russian” are editorial additions.

WORD-BUILDING AFFIXES OF TURKISH LANGUAGE
Introduction

The modern Turkish language has a large reservoir of words formed by affixation. The affixal way of word-building in Turkish is a standing means of expressing new concepts. History of the Turkish language lexicon reflects continued use of some affixes, obsolescence of others, and appearance or activation of the third. In the lexical structure of the modern Turkish language along with the words formed with low-productive affixes can be found words created today by productive affixes, some of them come down to us from antiquity, while others are relatively new.

High use of affixes may have a variety of causes. One of them is precision of its semantics, good for a wide use in forming words.

The freedom  in forming words is manifested in the ease in the creation of derivatives according to the corresponding structural and semantic models. Examples of occasional innovations can be found in the Turkish literature. For example, in the following cited sentences “Yol gittikçe dikleşiyor, toprak, ayak altındaki toprak taşlaşryor, kayalaşıyordu" (Samim Kocagöz, Ahmedin Kuruları), “... bu yıldızlı mavi gökyüzü altında “(Oktay Akbal, Önce Ekmekler Bozuldu),"... kompostoyu kaşıklıyordu “(Aziz Nesin, Biz Adam Olmalryuz) are the words created by the authors for those particular cases.

No single dictionary can register the entire vocabulary of a language, and even more so to inventory the continuous creation of the new words. The offered list below includes word-building affixes common in modern Turkish language, with their main uses, and some word-forming affixes used in word-forming function. A reader, with this list, may parse an absent in the dictionary derivative word to its constituent elements, and be able to understand its semantics. Affixes are listed in alphabetical order. As a base form of the affix was arbitrarily chosen a hard-row version, where is given interpretation of its semantic function. Phonetic variations of the hard-row affix are given by reference to the base case without explanation: -lik see -lık. For voiceless forms of the affix are given links to the voiced form: -çı see -cı.

For each affix, after interpretation of its semantics, are given examples with the affix. Examples are also given for some forms defined by reference.

Compound affixes are not listed. However, with the semantics for the simple affixes, and with the known sequence of their location, the meaning of the derived words can be understood by parsing it into its constituent morphemes (eg., bil-im-siz-lik).