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http://www.csen.org/DNA_Report/DNA.html - Repertory Warrior Women
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians

So far only Pokrovka Sarmatian mamas from the unstated period between 6 c. B.C.-3 c. A.D. Papas promised later. The analysis of mamas tells us that either only most dedicated husbands dragged their sweethearts with them half a way across Eurasia, otherwise finding suitable spouses locally, or that only selected few women belonging to the local highest elite could get a ticket for a place under kurgan. Turkic Sredny Stog spreading east and west also fits the results and history nicely. Probably, we will hear many other speculations, none better than the other. The genetics must be a superbly touchy subject, since the report on Pokrovka innocent glass beads by Mark E. Hall and Leonid Yablonsky was published still in 19100. And the papas are still waiting their day under a sun, keeping the mystery alive and allowing proliferation of a kind of particular-type theories. Because Pokrovka is just one of many thousands kurgan burials, it allows only a pick into the history, statistically insignificant, and can be dismissed as an aberration in the whole picture of some particular-type theories. Much more honest research is needed.

Author's undefined yellow highlighting may indicate warrior burials, since one of the tasks of the study was to confirm that some of the buried warriors were in fact women. That was expected, though not completely appreciated by Indo-European-bent researchers. A real revelation of the study is the presence of the "surprising" - for the author, and probably for the same category of  Indo-European researchers, which in itself is not surprising at all - the presence of a Turkic-rooted woman among the Pokrovka Sarmatians, and a complete absence of any pointers characteristic for the Indo-Iranians, who reputedly constituted a bulk, if not all, of the Sarmatians.

On a similar study in the Carpathian basin see comment “Early Neolithic’ graves of the Carpathian Basin are in fact 6000 years younger—Appeal for real interdisciplinarity between archaeology and ancient DNA research”, Journal of Human Genetics (2012) 00, 1–3, The Japan Society of Human Genetics, on the publication in the Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 56, issue 11 (15 November 2011), an article by Guba, Z. et al., and “Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans”, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 3736–3741 (2007) by Burger, J.  et al. So far (2012), the samples have not been retested, and results have not been published. Revisions are as cited below, 2 Sarmatian and 1 potentially Magyar or Bulgarian Kabar are of mtDnA Hg N9a.

Material and Methods

Specimen:

From Pokrovka 15 skeletons were examined.

Kurgan 7: 5 individuals - Burial of 1 man, 4 women and 2 children
Kurgan 8: 6 individuals - Burial of 2 men, 3 women, 1 child
Furthermore two mediaeval burials without exact date.

Extraction, PCR, cloning, sequencing

First test was done looking for old DNA. Then DNA had been isolated from all skeletons with Phenol Chloroform Extraction and concentration with Contricon 100.

PCR amplified the following marker:

1. mitochondrial DNA, Hypervariable Region 1 Position 15996 - 16410 = 415 bp
As fragments of 415 basic pairs on old DNA are not-expected, shorter and overlapping fragments have been amplified (s. pict. 1)

Graphic 1: Sequencing strategy mt DNA

2. 9 short tandem repeat loci
3. Amelogenin–locus (X-Y-Polymophismus)
All positive PCR products have been directly sequenced. In addition single PCR products have been or are currently cloned (as of Apr. 12 2005).
6 - 10 clones have been sequenced.

Control

With each extraction at least one extraction control has been carried out. (blank or other species)
With each PCR at least one blind- control has been carried out.
All controls have been negative.

Condition of the material:

The amplified DNA showed the following, typical characteristics of degraded DNA:
Few molecules
fragment longitude less then 200 base pairs
modified DNA molecules, particularly deamination of C ami G , bad condition in general, eg, creation of secondary structures, slippage at STRs

Reproduction

All DNA extractions have been carried out ternary and independently (Ex A, B, C).
2 PCRS have been carried out of two extractions. (see graphic 2).

Graphic 2: reproduction Strategy

In conjunction with the STR Genotyping (generic fingerprint) the Amelogenin–locus has been analysed.

Results

Chart 1 Results Gender Determination

Sample	Amel	Sex
Pr 4	X/Y	Male
Pr 5	X	Female
Pr 6	X	Female
Pr 3	X/Y	Male
Pr 10	X/Y	Male

* more individuals are still being typed

All molecular genetic Gender Determinations comply with the previously carried out classical anthropological Gender Determinations.

Inter Tribal Relations:

12 out of 13 Sarmatian individuals have different mitochondrial DNA-Sequences. That means that the individuals are not maternally related; meaning no mothers related to daughters or sons, no siblings, no aunts no uncles from the mothers side, not related with cousins or cousins of the mothers sister, etc.

The only possible blood relation which could not be eliminated by the mt-DNA is the paternal relation. To review this possibility an STR-Genotype has been generated. This has been successfully done with 5 individuals so far (graphic 3).

Graphic 3: Results of STR Genotyping

Probe	D3 S1358	D8 S1179	D5 S818	vWA	D21 S11	DI3 S317	FGA	D7 S820	D18 S5I	Sex	Affiliation
Pr 4	15	12/14	12/13	18						Male	W.Eurasia
Pr 5	14	13	11							Female	W.Eurasia
Pr 6	15/(17)	8/10	10/13	17	28/ (32.2)	11	22/24			Female	Türkic
Pr 3	16	10/13	11	(15) / 16	16 8/- 25					Male	Undetermined
Pr 10	16/17	11/12	10/12	14/18	29/30	8/12	22/23	11		Male	Not yet

According to the results of the five successfully analyzed individuals, none of these individuals is a first grade relative of any other individual (neither maternal nor paternal).

On all others, not yet positively - regarding STR - analyzed individuals, no comments can be made concerning paternal relations.

Ethnicity:

Mt-Sequences of 12 Sarmatians from the kurgan have been compared to 23.000 sequences from recessive populations (Data Base of Peter Poster, University of Cambridge). (recessive populations = homogeneous populations that because of their small size and interbreeding accumulate elevated proportion of recessive genes; that may result in visible peculiarities suppressed by dominant genes in non-recessive populations, such as predominantly light eyes - Translator's Note)