TELE KURGAN CULTURE and INDO-IRANIAN BLUE EYES

Kurgan Culture Contents
Why Pazyryk? A look at Kurgans 1. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - M.I.Voevoda 1998 2. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - I.V.Kulikov 2007 3. Y-DNA of Native Siberians - T.M.Karafet 2002 Pazyryk Craniology - Tur S.S.	Pazyryk Timing - L.S. Marsadolov 14C Euroasian Timing 3,000 BC-50 AD - A.Yu.Alekseev et. al. Modern Türks of Pazyryk Descend - Tur S.S.

Someday, somehow, that had to happen. Somebody in genetics had to say the magic word: that Kurgan Culture originated in the steppes of Ukraine and Itil/Volga-Urals area, and marched eastward to reach Gansu. That is not a discovery; a mass of the archeological, osteological, and cultural evidence had been accumulated to such a degree that utterly preconceived scholars started noticeably hedging their discourses back at the end of the 20th century. The genetics was lagging behind, studying in great detail surfaces under favored lampposts, sampling population soups as homogenous solids, and using euphemisms to spare sensitivities. But facts are unbendable, the results were predictable, and now we have it: the R-SRY10831b and Q-P36 say that Kurgan Culture originated in the steppes of Ukraine and Itil/Volga-Urals area, and marched eastward to reach Gansu. Not all the way to Gansu yet, but horribly close, we already reached South Siberia and Altai, and are bordering on China.

Another momentous evidence is that language affiliation might be a better predictor of the genetic affinity among Siberians (and any other highly mobile, endogamous, and surrounded by slow-moving populations distinct group ) than their present geographical position. That seemed to be a foregone conclusion: too many earthly populations moved across vast distances and greatest obstacles without losing their ethnic and biological character, take Brits in Australia and Indians in Mozambique, but the scientists studying stationary populations came to an opposite result, and they boldly applied it as a general rule across the borders. Not that we are out of the woods yet, but we are definitely making progress.

Next, we will see studies accomplished in line with what L.P. Potapov distinctly stated in 1969: No clear results can be obtained without studying the constituent components, otherwise the results are blurred by faulty methodology. Altaians are 65% Tele and 35% others, and they must be studied as 65% Tele and 35% others, not as 100% others: "not only about its usefulness, but simply a necessity of studying the ethnic composition, the origin, and ethnic history of Altaians separately for each seok clan to a maximum possible degree, because the ancient elements of culture and daily life are disappearing quickly in front of our eyes, and the tribal divisions of the Altaians are being forgotten. This methodical vision should be also applied to the modern anthropological research." Like with computers, science holds to the motto "Garbage in, garbage out".

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To help unravel some of the early Eurasian steppe migration movements, we determined the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes and haplogroups of 26 ancient human specimens from the Krasnoyarsk area dated from between the middle of the second millennium BC to the fourth century AD.

In order to go further in the search of the geographic origin and physical traits of these south Siberian specimens, we also typed phenotype-informative single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Our autosomal, Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal that whereas few specimens seem to be related matrilineally or patrilineally, nearly all subjects belong to haplogroup R1a1-M17 which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans.

Our results also confirm that at the Bronze and Iron Ages, south Siberia was a region of overwhelmingly predominant European settlement, suggesting an eastward migration of Kurgan people across the Russo-Kazakh steppe.

Finally, our data indicate that at the Bronze and Iron Age timeframe, south Siberians were blue (or green)-eyed, fair-skinned and light-haired people and that they might have played a role in the early development of the Tarim Basin civilization. To the best of our knowledge, no equivalent molecular analysis has been undertaken so far.