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KURGAN CULTURE and SIBERIAN BOY'S GENES

Kurgan Culture Contents
Why Pazyryk? A look at Kurgans
1. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - M.I.Voevoda 1998
2. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - I.V.Kulikov 2007
3. Y-DNA of Native Siberians - T.M.Karafet 2002
Pazyryk Craniology - Tur S.S.
Pazyryk Timing - L.S. Marsadolov
14C Euroasian Timing 3,000 BC-50 AD - A.Yu.Alekseev et. al.
Modern Türks of Pazyryk Descend - Tur S.S.

High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations
 and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life
Karafet, Tatiana M., Osipova, Ludmila P., Gubina, Marina A., Posukh, Olga L., Zegura, Stephen L., Hammer, Michael F.
Human Biology - Volume 74, Number 6, December 2002, pp. 761-789, Wayne State University Press

Foreword

Someday, somehow, that had to happen. Somebody in genetics had to say the magic word: that Kurgan Culture originated in the steppes of Ukraine and Itil/Volga-Urals area, and marched eastward to reach Gansu. That is not a discovery; a mass of the archeological, osteological, and cultural evidence had been accumulated to such a degree that utterly preconceived scholars started noticeably hedging their discourses back at the end of the 20th century. The genetics was lagging behind, studying in great detail surfaces under favored lampposts, sampling population soups as homogenous solids, and using euphemisms to spare sensitivities. But facts are unbendable, the results were predictable, and now we have it: the R-SRY10831b and Q-P36 say that Kurgan Culture originated in the steppes of Ukraine and Itil/Volga-Urals area, and marched eastward to reach Gansu. Not all the way to Gansu yet, but horribly close, we already reached South Siberia and Altai, and are bordering on China.

Another momentous evidence is that language affiliation might be a better predictor of the genetic affinity among Siberians (and any other highly mobile, endogamous, and surrounded by slow-moving populations distinct group ) than their present geographical position. That seemed to be a foregone conclusion: too many earthly populations moved across vast distances and greatest obstacles without losing their ethnic and biological character, take Brits in Australia and Indians in Mozambique, but the scientists studying stationary populations came to an opposite result, and they boldly applied it as a general rule across the borders. Not that we are out of the woods yet, but we are definitely making progress.

Next, we will see studies accomplished in line with what L.P. Potapov distinctly stated in 1969: No clear results can be obtained without studying the constituent components, otherwise the results are blurred by faulty methodology. Altaians are 65% Tele and 35% others, and they must be studied as 65% Tele and 35% others, not as 100% others: "not only about its usefulness, but simply a necessity of studying the ethnic composition, the origin, and ethnic history of Altaians separately for each seok clan to a maximum possible degree, because the ancient elements of culture and daily life are disappearing quickly in front of our eyes, and the tribal divisions of the Altaians are being forgotten. This methodical vision should be also applied to the modern anthropological research." Like with computers, science holds to the motto "Garbage in, garbage out".

Links

http://www.cell.com/AJHG/searchresults?searchTerms=&searchAuthor=Karafet&searchVolume=&searchStartPage=&x=16&y=11

Article

The complete article is located here and here. Following are few citations, and a conclusion.

Two descendant lineages of haplogroup P, R-SRY10831b and Q-P36, were also detected in the Altai. The estimated age of R-SRY10831b (roughly 4000 years) is well after early human dispersals into Siberia. It has been suggested that R-SRY10831b likely traces a population migration originating somewhere in southern Russia and the Ukraine, perhaps stemming from the Kurgan culture (Zerjal et al. 1999; Rosser et al. 2000; Semino et al. 2000; Wells et al. 2001). (Since descendents of Tele live not only in Altai, the same markers can be predicted in the Tele populations elsewhere, including the Russian Kuznetsk province, and the selected areas first encountered by Russians in the 16th-17th centuries. Moreover, the same markers can be predicted among other traditionally nomadic cattlemen populations, morphologically ranging from primarily paleo-Eurasiatic Caucasoid to Caucasoid/Mongoloid admixtures that the fate endowed over the millennia, emanating entirely or partially from the Eastern European Kurgan culture, and speaking in some admixture of Türkic language.)

Mantel tests also supported the existence of NRY genetic patterns that were correlated with language, indicating that language affiliation might be a better predictor of the genetic affinity among Siberians than their present geographic position. The combined results, including those from a nested cladistic analysis, underscored the important role of directed dispersals, range expansions, and long-distance colonizations bound by common ethnic and linguistic affiliation in shaping the genetic landscape of Siberia.

While it is estimated that the number of linguistic communities encountered by early Russian colonists was on the order of 120 (Levin and Potapov 1964), today there are only approximately 35 indigenous languages recognized in Siberia. Although differing in their origin, language, and culture, most Siberian populations are characterized by common types of economic activities involving hunting, fishing, reindeer breeding, and cattle herding. These traditional occupations are closely linked to nomadic and semi-nomadic ways of life. Most Siberian indigenous groups share a number of common socio-cultural features such as clan structure, polygamous marriages, the levirate (the compulsory marriage of a widow to a younger brother of her deceased husband), and a high level of endogamy. Until the 1970's many Siberian peoples had not experienced much gene flow from nonnative populations, although inter-indigenous population gene flow seems to have been more common.

When the 18 Siberian populations were divided into four geographic groupings (Northwest Siberia, Northeast Siberia, Central-South Siberia, and the Altai from Southwest Siberia), the Fst value of 0.41 was the same as it was without geographic subdivision. On the other hand, when these 18 populations were divided into five linguistic families, the Fst value rose to 0.45. Similarly, the geographically based Fst value was –0.01 (p = 0.55), whereas the language-based Fst was 0.16 (p = 0.01). Indeed, the only F-statistic in Table 3 that was not significant was the geographically based Fst. Thus, between-group variation was much more striking when Siberian populations were grouped by language than by geography for both Fst and Fsc. The Fsc values show the reverse pattern where higher values were observed by geography than by language (geographic Fsc = 0.42; language Fsc = 0.34).

Thus, 8% of the variance in the genetic data was explained by language, while only 0.1% was determined by geography. (Realizing that  8% was produced by 65% of the sample, a full impact of the undiluted population would be closer to 12% vs, 0.065%)

It is important to note that language differences are themselves barriers to free gene flow (Barbujani 1991), thereby reinforcing genetic differentiation.

Taken together these results indicate that language affiliation might be a better predictor of the genetic affinity among Siberians than their present geographic position.

However, it may also be the case that highly mobile, endogamous populations will not show associations between genetic variation and geography, a fact that was demonstrated for Jewish populations that had recently radiated out of the Middle East (Hammer et al. 2000). Directed dispersals, range expansions, and long-distance colonizations bound by common ethnic and linguistic affiliation have most probably been of utmost importance in fashioning the genetic landscape of Siberia.

In lieu of conclusions

Paleolithic Colonization of Siberia: Insights into the Initial Peopling of Siberia (Skipping on other aspects of  Peopling of Siberia).

During the Late Pleistocene (and more specifically, the early Upper Paleolithic), most of Siberia was free of continental ice sheets, and mountain glaciation was quite limited. Even during periods of maximum cold, the vegetation in southern Siberia was tundra and forest tundra with light larch forests. There were no natural obstacles such as continental or large mountain glaciers to prevent human migrations toward and within Siberia (Kuzmin and Orlova 1998). The earliest dated North Asian Upper Paleolithic industries occur in the Altai Mountains in southwest Siberia (43,300 ± 1600 years BP). Paleolithic industries originally developed in the Altai region subsequently (i.e., from 34,000 BP to 21,000 BP) colonized southern Siberia including the Sayan Mountains, the Angara River basin, the Trans-Baikal, and Mongolia (Derev’anko 1998b; Goebel 1999). Early Upper Paleolithic stone tool industries were centered on the production of macroblades similar to points found in initial Upper Paleolithic industries in western Asia and eastern Europe (Kuzmin and Orlova 1998; Goebel 1999), suggesting continued ties between Siberia and western Eurasia during that time.

Later Siberian Paleolithic sites (i.e., postdating 20 ky ago) tend to share an abundance of microblades and wedge-shaped cores. The individual sites are distributed throughout Siberia and the Russian Far East with unequivocally dated microblade industries in the Yenisei River basin already present by 23 ky ago (Kuzmin and Orlova 1998). Late Upper Paleolithic people seem to have formed small groups of highly mobile hunter-gatherers. There is clear evidence of transport of material over great distances. Goebel (1999) has suggested rapid recolonization and possible replacement of early Siberian Upper Paleolithic people by microblade-making human populations from the Lake Baikal, Yenisei River, and Lena River basin regions. The origin of the Siberian microblade industry is unclear.

This assemblage differs in detail from its west Asian and European counterparts (Klein 1999). A great number of sites in Mongolia, North China, Japan, and Korea contain evidence for this core type. Many scholars find filial connections among these industries (Derev’anko 1998b). Whether they represent evolution of microblade technologies out of local ancestors or trace migrations from farther south and east cannot be determined conclusively with the available archeological evidence (Goebel 1999).

We estimated the ages of the major Siberian NRY haplogroups to investigate the genetic history of Siberian populations. The most frequent lineages in Siberia belong to four major haplogroups: C (C-M217* and C-M86), N (N-M178 and N-P43), Q, and R (R-SRY10831b) (Figure 2). Although globally distributed, the N-P43 and N-M178 haplogroups were found at their highest frequencies in Siberia. The ages of these mutations were estimated as 3500±300 and 2180±105 years old, respectively. The LLY22g mutation which defines haplogroup N may be as old as 6910±1480 years, suggesting that the expansion of the N-P43 and N-M178 haplogroups probably occurred much later than the first migrations of anatomically modern human into Siberia. Haplogroups N-P43 and N-M178 may have entered Siberia from Mongolia and North China (Zerjal et al. 1997) and later spread west, and then northeastward within Siberia.

The ages of haplogroups C and P (the haplogroup that contains Q and R) were estimated to be 27,500 ± 10,100 and 29,900 ± 4200 years old, respectively. This estimate of the age of haplogroup C agrees with that of Bergen et al. (1999) (27,000–33,000 years) which was based on the variance in repeat numbers at nine Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs). The age of the M45 marker that also defines haplogroup P was estimated by Wells et al. (2001) as 40,000 years old based on only six Y-STRs. When we use the same approach as Wells et al. (2001) with our data from 11 Y-STRs, we estimate an age for haplogroup P of 30,000–37,000 years, depending on whether we assume 20 or 25 years per generation (data not shown).

Thus, the age estimates of haplogroups C and P are consistent with the age of the Siberian Upper Paleolithic, albeit somewhat younger than the oldest Paleolithic sites. We must caution, however, that these age estimates depend on sampling and on other parameters in the model that are difficult to measure such as effective population size and mutation rate.

Archeological evidence suggests that the Altai Mountains were the first habitat of anatomically modern humans in Siberia. Both haplogroups C and P are found in the Altai. Y-STR analyses indicate that haplogroup P is about three times more diverse (considering the variance in STR repeat numbers) than haplogroup C in the Altai (0.757 versus 0.280, respectively) (data not shown). Therefore, haplogroup P might represent the oldest lineage in this area. The candidate source populations for haplogroup P most likely include Central Asian populations—the most diverse in Eurasia (Hammer et al. 2001; Wells 2001). Our conclusion is consistent with the inference of Wells et al. (2001) that early settlement of Central Asia 40,000–50,000 years ago was followed by subsequent migrations into Europe, India, and Siberia. This finding also supports archeological evidence for a Central Asian source of the first colonization of anatomically modern humans in Siberia. We hypothesize that the first Siberians, with a macroblade industry and carrying NRY haplogroup P, settled in the Altai region and subsequently moved to the east.

Two descendant lineages of haplogroup P, R-SRY10831b and Q-P36, were also detected in the Altai. The estimated age of R-SRY10831b (roughly 4000 years) is well after early human dispersals into Siberia. It has been suggested that R-SRY10831b likely traces a population migration originating somewhere in southern Russia and the Ukraine, perhaps stemming from the Kurgan culture (Zerjal et al. 1999; Rosser et al. 2000; Semino et al. 2000; Wells et al. 2001). The presence of R-SRY10831b in western Siberia probably chronicles known migrations originating in the Altai and Sayan Mountains. The low frequency of this haplogroup in several Central and East Siberian populations is most likely due to admixture with recent migrants of European descent.

Haplogroup Q, with an estimated age of 17,700 ± 4800 years, was found at moderate frequencies in our Altai sample, as well as in remote regions of Northeast Siberia (i.e., among Eskimos, Yukagirs, and Koryaks). The extremely high frequency of haplogroup Q in the Selkups and Kets may be due to intergenerational genetic drift coupled with founder effects. This is supported by very low levels of Y-STR diversity associated with haplogroup Q in both populations (0.149 and 0.159, respectively). This haplogroup is present at low frequencies in other Northwest Siberian populations and is absent in Central Siberia.

The highest Y-STR diversity associated with haplogroup C chromosomes was found in East Asia (including Mongolia), followed by Siberia and Central Asia (0.954, 0.940, and 0.461, respectively). Two haplogroup C members were found in Siberia at moderate frequencies: C-M217* dated at 11,900 ± 4800 years and its relatively recent descendant C-M86. Our time estimate for the M86 mutation is 2,750 ± 1370 years. Mongolia and/or the Lake Baikal region might represent the source of this rather recently derived haplogroup in Siberia.

The combined archaeological and NRY data lead to the following scenario for the early peopling of Siberia. The first migration(s) of anatomically modern humans to the Altai Mountains from Central Asia brought haplogroup P Y chromosomes, and these people later dispersed throughout the southern part of Siberia including the Sayan Mountains, the Angara River basin, the Trans-Baikal, and Mongolia. They also produced the early Siberian Upper Paleolithic stone tool industries that were centered on macroblade technology. Eventually they became the first colonists of the Americas. Another migration from Mongolia and/or North China to the Baikal region may have been associated with carriers of haplogroup C. These mobile hunter-gatherers with a microblade industry initially colonized southern Siberia, and later the subarctic and arctic zones of North America, perhaps arriving there after the last Glacial Maximum and thus representing a second dispersal to the New World.

In sum, the level of among-population variation in NRY diversity for contemporary Siberian populations outpaces that for any other region of the world. This underscores the fact that foraging populations adapted to boreal climates in the northernmost regions inhabited by humans are genetically subdivided, and that genetic drift has played a key role in shaping patterns of variation in Siberia. These results also emphasize the large-scale coherence of family-level language affiliation and the role of long-distance range expansions in Siberia.

Home
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In Russian
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Scythians
Alans and Ases
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Overview of Sarmatian chronology Alan Dateline
Avar Dateline
Besenyo Dateline
Bulgar Dateline
Huns Dateline
Karluk Dateline
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Kyrgyz Dateline
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