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Ethnic Affiliation Scythians
Scythians 7 c. BC
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O.Ismagulov
Population of Kazakhstan from Bronze Epoch to Present
(Paleoanthropological research)
Publishing house "Science" Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata, 1970
Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR
Ch.Ch.Valihanov Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography

Table of contents

Introduction   3
Chapter 1 Anthropological data of Bronze Epoch (17th-8th centuries BC) 7
Chapter 2 Characteristics of skulls in Saka time (7th-4th centuries BC) 22
Chapter 3 Morphological features of skulls in Üsün time (3rd c. BC - 4th c. AD) 39
Chapter 4 Characteristics of craniological series in Türkic time (6th-11th cc. AD) 57
Chapter 5 Craniological data in Mongolian time (12th-15th cc. AD) 76
Chapter 6 Craniological characteristics of Kazakhs (16th - 20th centuries) 90
Chapter 7 Change of craniological attributes in time 119
Chapter 8 Anthropological type of Kazakhs and problems of their origin 137
Conclusion   147
Appendix   149
Literature   231
Abstract   237
     

 

 

Foreword
This pioneering study by O.Ismagulov presents a major achievement in anatomical study of the steppe population historical development, even if the concentration on Mongoloid/Caucasoid (in more primitive terminology aka Europeoid) resembles a religious attention that sees only one dimension, righteous us versus pagans/heretics/faithless/idolaters them. This one-dimensional vision is definitely annoying and greatly reduces the value of the studies. But nevertheless, the studies provide facts that pull a carpet from under Indo-Iranian racialist theories that were treated as postulates in the greater part of the last century, and positively conjunct with relatively recent consistent detection of Uralic-Siberian DNA element in the examined populations. So far, the study managed to remain in obscurity for its total life, ignored by official xenophobic state-proscribed "science", and, judging by paucity of references, nearly totally unknown in English translation, in spite of its very sensible and pioneering discoveries.

Titled "Population of Kazakhstan...", the sampling base is nevertheless miniscule, extremely spotty, and definitely does not represent the whole steppe belt from the Caspian Sea to Baikal across three millennia. The statistically small number of specimens made this first compendious study a maverick, but all later findings and studies invariably confirmed the observations summarized in the O.Ismagulov's 1970 publication. Noteworthy is the absence of cooperation between scientists: the studies are fragmented because they stop at the contemporary political border, even when the border is between "brotherly" Türkic "republics" of the Soviet time. And because Minusinsk depression, Barabin steppe, Altai, and other Türkic territories fell inside the borders drawn for the "Russian Federation", the missing fragments of the studies may as well be on another planet.

The finding that "Mongoloid admixture in anthropological composition of the Saka tribes does not raise any doubts" raises instead curious doubts about the Saka's clamed Irano-linguality, and about the logical Mongoloidness of the Indo-Iranians and their descendents in the next generations.

Map illustrations are translated, but the former Soviet-era placenames are retained for consistency with the text. Most of the placenames are different now, after being restored to their native original names.

All cranial dimensions are in mm. Angles, supposedly, in degrees. Terminology is translated to the best of my capability, but where unsure or not understood, a question mark (?) follows the translation.

A Little Craniological Glossary
Racial Determination Example per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniofacial_Anthropometry

Craniofacial anthropometry is not generally replicable, which makes its findings difficult to explain. A trivial example: from the skull determine whether the person was Caucasoid or Mongoloid. Place the skull face down on a tabletop. Rock it from side to side. If it fails to rock, but instead sits high on its cheekbones, with a face too flat to let the nose portion touch the table, then the chances are that it is of Mongoloid ancestry. If it rocks from side to side because the midline of the face protrudes past the cheekbones like the bow of a boat, then it is probably Caucasoid ancestry. In practice, many other tests are necessary in order to hazard a determination but in the end it works because there are consistent differences among endogamous groups. A skull that matches the group of features associated with European and Asian ancestry is called, respectively. "Caucasoid" and "Mongoloid."

Note, that none of the peoples studied by O.Ismagulov are believed to be endogamous; just the opposite, a tradition of marrying "imported" women is widely documented in the Chinese annals for the "Northern" tribes for centuries on, and O.Ismagulov's findings confirm that. Which means that many of the exceedingly subtle and subjective measurements, some of which regularly give four widely different results if four equally well-trained experts measure the same skull, can't be applied at all to the studied Middle Asian non-endogamous populations. Other more objective measurements unfortunately do not vary even among the endogamous groups. So. that much for a flimsy foundation for a long-range conclusions.

   
Caucasoid skull
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniofacial_Anthropometry (with a disclaimer)
Mongoloid skull
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniofacial_Anthropometry (with a disclaimer)

 

 

 

 
 
Home
Back
In Russian
Genetics - Index
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Sources
Roots
Tamgas
Alphabet
Writing
Language
Genetics
Geography
Archeology
Religion
Coins
Wikipedia
Genetics: Blood Types
Genetics: Lingo-Ethnical Tree
Scytho-Siberian Genetics
Eastern Hun Genetics
Ethnic Affiliation Scythians
Scythians 7 c. BC
Pazyryk 4-2 c. BC
Burial place of a Massagetan warrior 8-7 c. BC
Scythians and their descendents
Alan Dateline
Avar Dateline
Besenyo Dateline
Bulgar Dateline
Huns Dateline
Karluk Dateline
Khazar Dateline
Kimak Dateline
Kipchak Dateline
Kyrgyz Dateline
Sabir Dateline
Seyanto Dateline
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6/30/06 ©TürkicWorld
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