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Sources
Table 1 Sources of sources: origin of accounts
| Eyewitness |
Possible contact |
Second-hand information |
| Strategikon |
Procopius |
Jordanes |
| George of Pisidia |
Pseudo-Caesarius |
Agathias |
| Chronicon Paschale |
Miracles of St Demetrius |
John Malalas |
| Theodore Syncellus |
|
Menander the Guardsman |
| Theophylact Simocatta (Feldzugsjournal) |
|
John of Ephesus |
| John of Biclar |
| Gregory the Great |
| Isidore of Seville |
| Fredegar |
Table 2 Time-spans covered by sixth- and seventh-century sources
| Years |
500 |
525 |
550 |
575 |
600 |
625 |
650 |
| Source |
|
| Jordanes |
 |
| Procopius |
| Agathias |
| John Malalas |
| Menander the Guardsman |
| John of Ephesus |
| John of Biclar |
| Evagrius |
| Theophylact Simocatta |
| Miracles I |
| Isidore of Seville |
| Chronicon Paschale |
| Fredegar |
| Miracles II |
Table 3 Chronology of sources
| Date |
Source |
Emperor |
| 550/1 |
Jordanes, Getica |
Justinian |
| |
Jordanes, Romana |
| |
Procopius, Wars 1—VII |
| |
Procopius, Secret History |
| c. 554 |
Procopius, Wars viii |
| |
Procopius, Buildings iv |
| c. 560 |
Pseudo-Caesarius |
| c. 560—80 |
Agathias |
Justin II |
| c. 565-74 |
John Malalas |
| c. 570-9 |
Martin of Braga |
| 582-602 |
Menander the Guardsman |
Tiberius II
Maurice |
| c. 590 |
John of Ephesus |
| |
John of Biclar |
| c. 592-602 |
Strategikon |
| c. 593 |
Evagrius |
| 599/600 |
Gregory the Great |
| 610-20 |
Miracles of St Demetrius 1 |
Phocas
Heraclius |
| 626 |
George
of Pisidia, Belhun Avaricum |
| 629 |
George of Pisidia, Heraclias |
| 630 |
Chronicon Paschale |
| c. 630 |
Isidore of Seville, Chronica Maiora I |
| c. 630 |
Theophylact Simocatta I |
| c. 626—41 |
Theodore Syncellus |
| 639-42 |
Jonas of Bobbio, Life ofSt Columbanus |
Constans II |
| c. 660 |
Fredegar |
| c. 690 |
Miracles of St Demetrius II |
Constantine IV
Justinian II |
Table 4 Raiding activity in the Balkans
| Date |
Period |
Group |
Target |
Source |
| 493 |
Bulgar |
Bulgars |
Thrace |
Paul the Deacon |
| 499 |
Bulgars |
Europe |
Marcellinus Comes, Jordanes |
| 502 |
Bulgars |
Thrace, Illyricum |
Marcellinus Conies, Theophanes |
| 504/5 |
Ostrogoths |
Moesia Superior |
Jordanes, Procopius, Ennodius, Cassiodorus |
| 505 |
Gepids (Mundo) |
Dacia Mediterranea |
Jordanes, Ennodius, Marcellinus Comes |
| 518 |
Antes |
Balkans |
Procopius |
| 519 |
Bulgars |
Illyricum |
Zonaras |
| 526/7 |
Ostrogoths |
Dacia Mediterranea |
Procopius, Cassiodorus |
| 529/30 |
Bulgars (Huns) |
Thrace |
Marcellinus Comes, John Malalas |
| 533-45 |
Antes |
Thrace |
Procopius |
| 535 |
Bulgars |
Moesia Inferior |
Marcellinus Comes |
| |
Gepids |
Moesia Superior |
Procopius, John Lydus, Theophanes |
| 539 |
Bulgars |
Scythia Minor, Moesia Inferior, Thrace |
John Malalas, Theophanes |
| 540 |
Huns |
Illyricum, Europe, Asia Minor, Thessaly, Achaia |
Procopius |
| 544/5 |
Huns |
Illyricum |
Procopius |
| 545 |
Sclavenes |
Balkans |
Procopius |
| 548 |
Sclavenes |
Epirus Nova |
Procopius |
| 549 |
Sclavenes |
Thrace, Illyricum |
Procopius |
| 550 |
Herules, Gepids, Bulgars |
Illyricum |
Procopius, Jordanes |
| |
Sclavenes |
Dacia Mediterranea, Dalmatia |
Procopius |
| 551 |
Cutrigurs |
Illyricum, Thrace |
Procopius |
| |
Sclavenes |
Haemimons, Europe |
Procopius |
| |
Sclavenes |
Illyricum |
Procopius |
| 558 |
Cutrigurs, Sclavenes? |
Scythia Minor, Moesia Inferior, Achaia, Rhodope, Europe |
Agathias, John Malalas, Theophanes |
| 574 |
Avar |
Avars |
Balkans |
Evagrius, Theophanes |
| 578 |
Sclavenes |
Thrace, Greece |
Menander the Guardsman, John of Biclar |
| 579 |
Sclavenes |
Illyricum |
Menander the Guardsman |
| 579–82 |
Avars |
Moesia Superior |
Menander the Guardsman |
| 581 |
Avars |
Thrace, Greece |
John of Biclar |
| 581-4 |
Sclavenes |
Greece, Macedonia, Thrace |
John of Ephesus, Miracles of St Demetrius |
| 584 |
Avars |
Moesia Superior, Dacia Ripensis, Haemimons |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| |
Sclavenes |
Thrace, Europe |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 585 |
Sclavenes |
Haemimons |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 585 |
Avars |
Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Inferior, Scythia Minor |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 586 |
Avars |
Scythia Minor, Moesia Inferior, Haemimons,
Europe, Thrace, Macedonia, Achaia |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| |
Sclavenes |
Macedonia |
Miracles of St Demetrius |
| 588 |
Sclavenes |
Thrace |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 592 |
Avars |
Europe |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 593 |
Sclavenes |
Moesia Inferior |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 594 |
Sclavenes |
Moesia Inferior |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 595 |
Avars |
Moesia Superior,
Dalmatia |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 597 |
Avars |
Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Inferior, Scythia Minor |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 598 |
Avars |
Moesia Inferior, Europe |
Theophylact Simocatta |
| 601/2 |
Avars |
Istria |
Paul the Deacon |
| 609/10 |
Avars |
Illyricum |
John of Nikiu |
| 610/11 |
Sclavenes, Avars |
Istria |
Paul the Deacon |
| 610-20 |
Sclavenes |
Thessaly, Greece, Cyclades, Achaia, Epiras, Illyricum, Asia |
Miracles of St Demetrius |
| 615 |
Avars |
Dacia Mediterranea |
Miracles of St Demetrius |
| 617/18 |
Avars |
Macedonia |
Miracles of St Demetrius |
| 618 |
Avars |
Thrace |
Theophanes |
| 623 |
Avars |
Europe |
Chronicon Paschale |
| 626 |
Avars, Sclavenes, Bulgars |
Europe |
Chronicon Paschale, George of Pisidia, Theodore Syncellus, Nicephoras |
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