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Scythian-Iranian theory Ossetian Genetics Scythian language Etruscan Genetics  
Kurgan Culture Contents
Why Pazyryk? A look at Kurgans
1. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - M.I.Voevoda
2. Pazyryk mtDNA Genetics - I.V.Kulikov
Pazyryk Craniology - Tur S.S.
Pazyryk Timing - L.S. Marsadolov
14C Euroasian Timing 3,000 BC-50 AD - A.Yu.Alekseev et. al.
Modern Türks of Pazyryk Descend - Tur S.S.

 Uraloid Pazyryk Scythians
A virtual portrait of the Scythians

Posting Foreword

I will skip on poor Khanty/Mansi trying to use Scytho-Iranian language in their kitchens. It is bad enough that poor Türks had to retroactively do it starting from the 3rd millennia BC. Much more difficult was for the Iranian phenotype to successfully shed without a trace its Uralic and Mongolian genes. Here is just a little of race-archeological glossary. A better understanding of the contents would also need a reference to the timing of the excavated kurgans (try here and here and here).

Mirror with tamga
Pazyryk Kurgan 6, Rudenko1956
Rudenko S.I. "Culture of Mountain Altai population in Scythian times", Moscow-Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing, 1953.
http://eps.dvo.ru/rap/2006/4/pdf/rap-111-115.pdf

Okunev Culture of the 1---st half of the 2-nd millennium BC in Minusinsk depression. They are contemporaries and possibly successors of Afanasiev Culture of metallurgists and cattlemen of the 3-rd - beginning of the 2-nd millennium BC. Morphologically Okunevs are Uraloids.

Uralic racee (aka Ugro-Yeniseian, Western Siberian race) consist of several anthropological types: Lapanoid, Sub-Lapanoid, Sub-Uralic, Uralic. Typical is a combination of Caucasian and Northern Asian (Northern Mongoloid) race attributes. Characteristic features: gracile constitution, relatively low flattened face, frequently concave noseridge, relatively light for the Mongoloids pigmentation of hair and eyes, hair wavy, soft, thin lips (most of these attributes, italicized here in this citation from a Russian Archeological Encyclopedia, archeologically do not exist, making everyone caught with a "gracile" constitution and "relatively" low flattened face an automatic half-Caucasoid Uralics). The Mongoloid-Caucasian gradient is very smooth and gradual, it is described by a number of intermediate types. Sometimes in the Uralic race is included Lapanoid type, or a little more Mongoloid Western Siberian type. The earliest anthropological finds, all undated, but typologically from the Neolithic - Eneolithic epoch, in the Ural territory belong to the Uralic race.

Caucasoid race (Europoid race, frequently disguised under "Indo-European" euphemism) survived only in the post-Soviet scientific nomenclature, but it is widely used outside of the scientific sphere. It never had a scientific definition, but is used instead as an intuitive concept excluding Mongoloids and Negroids, which in the Europoid great scheme includes all non-Europoids. The race is described separately by its sub-races, the color of skin remains a dominating but not an absolute parameter, and there is not a single parameter which is applied to all sub-races and distinguishes Caucasoids from "others" - Mongoloids and Negroids. To the Caucasoid race are ascribed a number of anthropological types: Nordic, Dinaric (Türkic), Mediterranean, Alpine, East Baltic, Turkish, Bedouin, Afganian, Dravidian. Apparently, S.S.Tur uses Debets' canonical technique to determine percent of admixture based on two questionable criteria. However, the measurements do not tell lies, deceptive can only be interpretations.

S.S. Tur
Uraloid Component Among Scythians of Mountain Altai
(Barnaul, Human Studies Scientific Research Institute of Altai State University, 2003)
http://new.hist.asu.ru/skif/pub/skep/tyr.html

The craniological series of the Scythian time, which includes 27 male and 19 female skulls from three burials of Middle Katun river (Tytkesken-1, 6, Top Еланда-2, Kaindu  excavations of Yu.F.Kirushin and N.F.Stepanova), allow to characterize the population of northern periphery Pazyryk Cultures as anthropologically non-homogeneous. The morphological types are represented unequally in different local groups, and also among the male and female parts of the population.

Among the male skulls from Tytkesken and Elanda prevail brachycranial type with short, wide, and low brain box, medium wide, intermediately sloping, convex in sagittal and a flat in cross section forehead. The width of the face is on the lower border of large, and the height is on the lower border of middle size, euriprozop proportions. The horizontal flatness of the face skeleton at the orbit level is expressed strongly, at the level of malar arches  is expressed moderately. The vertical profile on a general angle is meso-orthognathic, by the protrusion index is meso-gnathic, with the tendency to prognathism in an alveolar part. The orbits at the middle width are low, of chamecontic proportions. The nose is middle size, chameric. The protrusion angle above the face profile line is a little bit less than middle. The nose bridge is low. As a whole this morphological type is characterized as the intermediate Mongoloid - Caucasoid appearance, in the flatness of the face skeleton and protrusion of the nose it approaches Mongoloid types, and in the facial cerebral proportions is leaning toward Caucasoid side. The conditional share of the Mongoloid element (UDME), calculated from the face skeleton flatness index (ULC = 68,7), is 83,1%, and on calculated from preauricular facial cerebral index (PFC = 93,1) is only 40,3% (Dremov V.A., 1997, p. 22-24).

A similar combination of low meso-brachycranial cranium with moderately flattened face skeleton with moderate height is a typical anthropological type of a number of modern populations in the middle belt of the Western Siberia, representatives of Ob-Irtysh version of the Uralic race, to which belong the Nenets and Türkic groups - Narym Selkups, Chulyms, Kyzylians, and the Tatars of Tomsk, Tobol-Irtysh, Barabin. With some reservations into the Ob-Irtysh variation of the Uralic race are also included Nenetses, who tilt in the direction of the Southern- Siberian race. The Ugrian group of the Northwestern Siberia (Khanty, Mansi) is significantly distinct, and is separated into an Ural proper type, or in another terminology an Ugrian version of the Uralic race (Bagashev A.N., 1993, p. 125). The base for the anthropological type of the Ob-Irtysh variation of the Uralic race constitutes a component, represented widely by the population of the southern taiga strip in the Ob - Irtysh interfluvial in the 1st millennium AD (Bagashev A.N., 1993, p. 142). L.Penroza's generalized taxonomic distances (modified by A.G.Kozintsev), calculated from 21 most important race-diagnostic attributes, confirm objectively a significant affinity of the morphological variation prevailing among the male skulls from Tytkesken-Elanda, and the modern Türko - Nenets populations of Western Siberia both in the "form", and in the "size".

The shortest distances (CR2) separate the Pazyrykans of the Tytkesken-Elanda from the Selkups (0,142), Chulyms (0,181), Tomsk Tatars (0,190). Fairly close to them are Nenetses (0,209) and Kets (0,260). Pazyrykan deviations from the Ugrian groups of the Uralic race are appreciably larger, however they are also not great (with Khants - 0,369, with Mansi - 0,444). The reasons for this similarity help to disclose an inter-group analysis of the main components, performed on a wide geographical, chronological and racial background.

Aside from the skulls of the modern Türko - Nenets populations of the Western Siberia, and their medieval predecessors, and also the Kets, the analysis also included the craniological series representing main groups of the Western and Southern Siberia population from Neolith to the Scythian time. In additon, in the scope of analysis were included craniological materials of the Baikal, E.Baikal, Mongolia and Central Asia Neolith and Bronze Ages, and the Huns of Mongolia and E.Baikal, the Sakas of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, and some other populations, total 84 groups.

In the three-dimensional space formed by positive axes of the 1st - 2nd components, and a negative axis of the 3rd component (64,9 % of the total dispersion of 20 variables), stands apart a group that includs the following craniological series (listed in reverse chronological order):

Selkups (Dremov V.A., 1984, p. 109-110),
Chulyms (Dremov V.A., 1991, p. 186-187),
Tomsk (Dremov V.A., 1990) and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars (Bagashev A.N., 1993, p. 36-37),
Kets (Dremov V.A., 1984, p. 127),
Forest-steppe Irtysh of the middle of the 2nd millennium AD,
Southern taiga Irtysh  of the turn of the 1st - 2nd millennium AD (Bagashev A.N., 1988, p. 23-25, 34-36),
Lower Toma of the 9th-14th centuries AD (Bagashev A.N., 1993, p. 128-129),
Middle Ob (r. Uen) 7th -10th centuries AD (Dremov V.A., 1967),
Tytkesken-Elanda, Lugovsk burial of Ananian culture (Trofimova T.A., 1968, p. 70-72),
Tuva Burials Baidag-3 (Late Bronze epoch) (Gohman I.A., 1980. p. 24-27),
Barnaul-Novosibirsk and Kuznetsk areas Neolith (Dremov V.A., 1997, p. 38-39).

This grouping in the planes of the 1st - 2nd component (56,6 % of dispersion) includes the skulls (in order of increased distance in the 3rd component):

Omsk Irtysh Black lake-1(Bronze epoch) (Dremov V.A., 1997, p. 78),
Krasnoyar-Kansk Neolith (Alekseev V.P., 1961; Gerasimova M.M., 1964),
Okunevians of Minusinsk depression (Gromov A.V., 1997, p. 303);

In the plane of the 1st - 3rd component (46,8 % of dispersion) are the skulls of Nenetses (Dremov V.A., 1984);

In the plane of the 2nd -3rd component (24,6 % of dispersion) with an small deviation by the 1st component are the skulls from Elovsk burials from the 2nd Andronovo period (Dremov V.A., 1997, p. 102).

Distinctions between the groups, located within the limits of the delmarkated space of the three first components, can be very substantial, however they all represent a certain unity, the morphological basis of which is a low-faced Mongoloid type, in more or less obvious form present in each group. It should be also noted that all these series, sometimes removed from each other in time very considerably, come from the same territory - from Irtysh in the west to Yenisei in the east, Mountain Altai and Tuva in the south. The only exception is the Lug burials in the Kama area, but that also is located in the formation zone of of the Uralic race, which looks not less symptomatic.

The internal structure of the detected group is non-homogeneous. The closest taxonomic distances are noted between the Selkups, Chulyms, Tomsk and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, i.e. inside the Türko - S. Nenets group - on the average 0,088, and also between the Kets and Nentses (0,161). The average distances of the Türko - S. Nenets group from the Pazyrykans of Tytkesken-Elanda is 0,186, of the Kets 0,258, of the Nentses 0,272; between the Kets and Nenetses and the Pazyrykans 0,260 and 0,209. Approximately the same distance separates the skulls of the Türko - S. Nenets group and Pazyrykans of the Tytkesken-Elanda from the medieval series in the Ob - Irtysh interfluvial (0,244 and 0,269),  the internal differentiation of which is expressed more profoundly (0,312).

The skulls of the Kets and Nenetses are removed from the medieval series of the Ob - Irtysh interfluvial even more (0,374 and 0,417), however in this case also the taxonomic distances only slightly exceed the limits of the close value category.

Close distances of about 0,25-0,40 also group the craniological series:

Selkups, Chulyms, Tomsk and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars on the one hand, and the Neolithic series of Barnaul-Novosibirsk-Kuznetsk area, Black lake-1, EK-2 on another hand;

Nenetses and Krasnoyarsk-Kansk Neolithic series;

Southern taiga Irtysh at the turn of the 1st -2nd millennium AD - Neolithic series of Barnaul-Novosibirsk-Kuznetsk area, EK-2;

Lower Toma of the 9th - 14th centuries AD - Black Lake-1 and Okunevs;

Middle Ob (r. Uen) of the 7th - 10th centuries AD - Barnaul-Novosibirsk-Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk-Kansk Neolithic series,

Okunevs, EK-2; Tytkesken-Elanda - Krasnoyarsk-Kansk Neolithic series, Okunevs;

Barnaul-Novosibirsk-Kuznetsk Neolithic series - Black Lake-1, EK-2;

Black Lake-1- Okunevs, EK-2;

Krasnoyarsk-Kansk Neolithic series - Okunevs;

Okunevians- EK-2.

The skulls of the Lug burials are only close with the later series - Tytkesken-Elanda, Lower Toma of the 9th - 14th centuries AD, Selkups, Chulyms, Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, Kets and Nenetses. And, finally,  considerably removed from all of them is the group Baidag-3, in some measure only approaching the Pazyrykans of the Tytkesken-Elanda (0,40) and Okunevians (0,52). In aggregate, close taxonomic distances - both synchronous and diachronous - tie all these groups (excluding Baidag-3) into a mazy differentiated, but a uniform genetic layer.

Thus, the results of the component analysis, and the analysis of the taxonomic distances allow to conclude that the similarity of skulls from the Tytkesken-Elanda, and the modern Türko - Nenets groups of Western Siberia and Kets, is based on a common genetic base which roots originate in the Eneolith - Neolith, and the morphological distinction is defined by a low-faced Mongoloid type. This, in turn, absolves us from the necessity to adopt an assumption that the descendants of the Pazyrykans were a part of the Nenets ethnos, that had arisen in connection with the detection of the data about the affinity of a number of mitochondrial DNA in the Pazyryk mummies with that of the northern Selkups and Kets (Molodin V.I., etc., 1998, p. 315-316). (This is a fascinating conclusion, the Türkic-speaking people of the Kurgan Culture, and the Nenets-speaking people that never had a Kurgan burial tradition, shared a common Uralic part in their genetic make-ups during the vaguely dated Neolith-Eneolith, prior to the Bronze Age incipience of the Kurgan Culture, and brought this genetic trait to modernity, when the modern geneticists run genetic tests and putatively associate the modern ethnoses with known ancestors - Translator's Note)

Alongside the similarity between the Tytkesken-Elanda skulls and the skulls of the Uralic groups of Western Siberia (modern and medieval), come to light some distinctions. The Tytkesken-Elanda Pazyrykans have a higher cranial index, due to a smaller length and/or a greater width of the brain box, more straight forehead, smaller orbit sizes with the identical sizes of the face. In such summary parameters as ULS and PFC, which reflect the share of the Mongoloid admixture, they fall within the limits of the variations of Ob-Irtysh type of the Uralic race, but differ in the proportions of the ULS components.

With identical if not lower height of the nose bridge, the Tytkesken-Elanda Pazyrykans have a higher nose angle protrusion and the general flatness of the face skeleton (77+ Zm '), which in addition is more diversified at different levels (Zm ' 77). These distinctions are small in scale, however they are regular enough and are apparently caused by a long developmental divergence. It can be noticed that by a number of attributes discriminating the Uralic groups and Tytkesken-Elanda Pazyrykans, the last lean toward direction of the Mongoloid features of Baidaga-3. In that respect even more similar with the Tytkesken-Elanda Pazyryk skulls is the Neolithic skull from the Lower Tytkesken cave-1 (Kim A.R., Chikisheva T.A., 1995), which was not included in the above statistical analysis.

Taking also into account that a combination of lightly protruding nose and moderate profiling of the face is a distinction inherent to some extent to all Uralic groups, and some of them are reaching an extreme degree of expression (like the Chulyms at the turn of the 1st -2nd millennium AD), it should be recognized that the Tytkesken-Elanda Pazyrykans certainly are not "real" Uralians, but are only Uraloids.

In addition to the Uraloid component of the autochthonous origins, the Middle Katun male skulls display a Northern Asian Mongoloid type, the fraction of which is incomparably smaller. Its genetic sources are connected with the Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, and the nearest and numerous analogies of it are represented by craniological materials from the Shibe, Tuekta, and Pazyryk royal kurgans. The morphological form of the Middle Katun female skulls contains only a small dispersed admixture of Uraloid and Northern Asian Mongoloid components, the base of their anthropological type is Caucasoid brachycranial, generally similar to the Central Asian interfluvial type.

The brachycranial Caucasoid component in a small number of cases is noted also among the male skulls. During pre-Scythian and Scythian time this morphological variety was widespread both to the east, and to the west from the Pazyryk cultural area.

And finally, among the female skulls were found some sufficiently distinct but rare inclusions of gracile and hypermorphic Eastern Mediterranean type. A weak admixture of this hypermorphic variation can also be admitted for the male skulls. The hypermorphic Eastern Mediterranean type was spread more widely in other areas of the Pazyryk Culture. In particular, it characterizes the skulls from the Kyzyl-Djar-1 and 2 (Red Head) burials in the valley of the Chu river ( individual measurements by V.A.Dremov, kept in the AGU (Altai State University) Cabinet of Anthropology).

Thus, despite of the intensive admixing, both mechanical and biological, of different in origin groups within the population of the Pazyryk Culture, to some degree they did not lose their former insularity, and are being predominantly located in different Pazyryk regions. The Uraloid component in its purest form persisted in the northern part of the Mountain Altai, and by some preliminary data (Maima, 3rd century BC) its areal also covered the northern foothills.

Literature

 

 

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Contents Türkic Genetics
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4/27/2009

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