The Huns and Kumyks | ||||
Kamil Aliev |
Links |
http://kumukia.ru/article-9118.html http://kumukia.ru/author?pid=1 |
Posting Introduction |
The offered Nominalia was created from an angle of Kumyks, a small nation in the NE Caucasus, it belongs to the series “Who am I, and where I came from”. In the highly checkered fates of the Caucasus, this is a tricky question, and the answer is beyond any in complexity. Long before the rise of the Khazar Kaganate, the Caucasian Huns played a leading role in the Caucasus and its fortunes. Like a rock at a juncture of the oceans, they stood while the oceans tided and ebbed during all known history. Up until the coming of the Soviet power and its Stalinism embodiment, there was no force that could overturn or sink it. In half a century Stalinism managed to accomplish what two millennia failed to do. From a leading ethnical group and a lingua franca of the north Caucasus, from arbitrators and benefactors for a diverse constellation of nations and hamlets, Kumyks turned into nearly invisible non-entity, dwarfed by luminosity of the small local nations and the shine of the stepmother Russia. Their history was shredded and restored, like a soft bathroom tissue made of recycled paper. Their culture was obliterated, their script sequentially twisted into two alien cacophonic versions, and a new culture was cobbled up like a molded utensil. The social engineering of the 20th century was a keystone for the past and a ground floor the new. The state apparatus, intimidating both a stream of puppet functionaries and the locals, and provoking local conflicts, made great strides dismantling intact nations. It majestically outdid the checkerboard of the past by creating an artful muddle of the ignorant present. Neither a stream of the Kurgan nomadic tribes to the Middle East, nor their presence there had ever been interrupted. In the Assyrian records (23 c. BC) figure horse nomadic cattlemen Guties (Guzes), Turuks (Türk), Komans (Kumans), Kangars, Subars, and Lulu; the Greek records feature horse nomadic cattlemen Yiyrks (stands for “nomad”), Cimmerians, Ases/Scythians/Saka, Jilans/Gelons, Masguts/Massagets, Tokhars/Tuhsi/Dahae; toward the new era figure Jilans/Gelons/Kayi, Masguts/Massagets/Alans, Huns, Savirs/Subars; Ases/Saka become known as Azeris, Kayis become known as Kaitags (Mountain Kayi), and a blend of Huns, Agvans, Savirs, and Kayi became known under a politonym Kumyks. That is a transition to the New Era, with a new Shamkhalate confederation of impoverished nomads stripped of the most of their cattle livelihood and amalgamated with their sedentary mountain neighbors. The amalgamation was an endless process, without a beginning. A known page in the pre-historic anthropological amalgamation was the Koban Culture. The anthropology of the modern Caucasians is listed in Physical types of the Caucasus. A listing of Greek sources on the early Türkic Nomads is given in Türkic-lingual Period Of European History. All four above references should be taken with variable dozes of salt as far as the interpretations go. Kamil Aliev's article found popularity on the Web, it fills the gap left by intentional evasions. The article is mirrored without constructive comments on dozens of websites. The list of Kamil Aliev is a good backbone, although somewhat tainted by uncritical reliance on naive interpretations of the sources or vile hostility. Posting notes try to correct to some degree misunderstandings and distortions. A homegrown distortion originated in Russification of the Caucasian history, where the Russian name of the Hun is Gun (Гун, pronounced Goon), thus a phantom term “Gunnug” that appears to be a play on Russian use of -g- for -h-, Huns > Guns (Гуны), Hunnia > Gunnia (Гунния), which makes it phonetically consonant with the Russian pronunciation of Kumyk and the native Kumuk. It would not hurt to add dates to each member of the listing. Convention:. Page numbers are shown at the beginning of the page in blue. Posting notes and explanations, added to the text of the author and not noted specially, are shown in (blue) in parentheses and in blue boxes, or highlighted by blue headers. Diacritics may need verification against the original. |
Nominalia of Western Hun kings |
No | Dates | Names and Comments | Sources | |||||||
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1 | Tedrehon Mentioned in the first decade of the 4th c. in Zenob Glack's “Taron's History” as “king Tedrehon of the North”. He headed the Barsil Huns troops that invaded Agvania through the Caspian passage [1]. The name is likely a distortion of the Türkic Tengri-Khan. “History of Agvans” (7th c.) mentions it as a name of the Huns' Supreme Deity, also is cited a direct Persian parallel “Aspendiat”. That is a Persian form of the name Isfendiyar ( “holy, saint, divine”).[2] According to V. Ghoukassian “That Tengri-Khan this was one of the first Kagans or leaders of the Türks”[3], which is consistent with their worldview, according to which each Kagan or his successor were a symbol of God, his Viceroy on the Earth |
[1] Abegian M. History of ancient Armenian literature. Yerevan. 1948. Vol. 1. Pp. 345, 349-350 [2] See: Justin G. Iranishe namebuh. Marburg. 1895. P. 308-309 [3] B. Ghoukassian Turkisms in “History of Agvans” of Moses the Utian//Structure and history of the Türkic languages. Moscow, 1971. Pp. 248-249 |
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2 | Hunugur He is mentioned under the year 373 in “History of Agvans”. An Azeri historian Z. Buniyatov, a commentator of the Azerbaijani edition of the M. Kagankatvatsi work [1] does not see it as a proper name, and holds it to be the ethnonym Hunugur. In part, he's right. In our view, this is indeed a proper name from the ethnonym Hunug + er. This practice of naming existed at all Türks, including the Huns [2]. For example, M. Kashgari (11th c.) wrote: “Kumuk is the name of a tribe and a Bey from this tribe “[3]. Moses Kagankatvatsi, describing the Hunugur's single combat with the Persian mighty warrior of the Shah Shapur II (309-379), gives the following account of Gunnug-Undur chief-leader: “At that time stepped out a Hun from the Hunugurs Huns ....He was tall, of gigantic height and clad in chainmail, he wore a riveted helmet on his huge head. A copper plate protected his three-span forehead. The shaft of his huge spear was of sturdy cedar wood. His sword glistened with fire and terrified just by its look”[4]. |
[1] See: M. Kalankatuklu Agvania Tarihi. Baku, 1993, p. 212 [2] Nemeth G. Attila ve Hunlari. Ankara. 1982. p. 229) [3] Divan-i Lugat 't-Türk. Ankara. 1940-1943. p. 392 [4] M. Kagankatvatsi M. History of Agvans/Transl. fr. Armenian K. Patkanyan. St. Pb , 1861. p. 66 |
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3 | Balamir Belived to be a heir in 15th generation to Mete Kagan, the founder of the Eastern Hun Empire, and a founder of the European Hun Empire in 374[1]. |
[1] Ozdek R. Türkün gïzïl kitaby. Bakï. 1992. 1 kitab. p. 69 | ||||||||
4 | Bazuk and Kursih According to Prisk Pannonian, headed the Huns who in 395 BC invaded Persian possessions in S. Caucasus. Both of them were “members of the Hunnic royal clan”[1] |
[1] Artamonov M.I. History of the Khazars. Leningrad 1962. Pp. 43, 50. | ||||||||
5 | Yulduz Khan Became emperor in 400, after death of his father Balamir [1] |
[1] R. Ozdek, op. cit., Pp. 71-72. | ||||||||
6 | Karaton
Son of Yulduz Khan, he occupied the Hun throne until his death in 410.[1] Karaton had sons Ohtar, Rua, Aibars, Munchug.[2] [3] |
[1] Ozdek R., op. cit., pp. 71-72. [2] Ibid; [3] Nemeth G. Attila ve Hunlari. Ankara. 1982, p. 191-192. |
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Rua, 410 – 434 | ||||||||||
7 | Attila, son of Munchuk (Munchug) Great Emperor of the Huns (fr. 434). He became an emperor at age 40, after a death of his uncle Rua, who ruled from 410 to 434. Under the rule of Attila in his empire were united 45 different tribes. The core were Türkic tribes. Under Attila reign, in 445-453 Huns conquered Germany, France, northern Italy, and imposed tribute on Roman Empire. “The Attila's name won a place in history... next to the names of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar” - wrote A. Thierry. He had sons Irnek, Ilek, Dengizik [1], and Chaba [2]. The native Hunnic form of his name, documented in the Germanic epic ( “Song of the Nibelungs”)is Atly. After the death of Attila his younger sons (senior Ilek was killed) Irnek and Dengizik retreated with Huns from Danube eastward, to theAzov and Caspian Seas.[3] The Irnek's name is recoreded with different spellings: Ernah (Prisk) Hernak (Jordan), Ernek (Hungarian sources), Irnik ( “Nominalia of Bulgarian khans”), and in the Armenian sources he, in our opinion, appears under the name of the “king of the Huns” Heran, which almost coincides with that of the Prisk Pannonian, Ernah. Not accidentally I. Marquart calls the Heran's Huns the “royal horde”[4]. We also believe that the form Ernah and especially Heran is a Türkic Eren. Hence comes the epic Alp Eren. The Armenian historian Yeghishe says about him: “... This Heran... annihilated in Agvania Persian forces (451) and in a raid reached the Greek country, and many prisoners and booty sent from Greece and Armenia, and from Iberia, and from Agvania”[5]. It is also know that Heran (Eren) was an Armenian ally in their fight against the Sassanid king Yezdegerd II, and in 451 helped them to defeat the troops of the Persian Shah. In 460, the Heran's Huns were on the side of the Shah Peroz against Agvan king Vache, who revolted against Sassanids.[6] |
[1] Nemeth G. Attila ve Hunlari, Ankara. 1982. P. 191 -192 [2] Homant Balint. Szekly 'liler.//Bulleten, 20. Istambul p. 601 [3] Bernshtam Essays on the history of the Huns. Leningrad 1951. p. 164 [4] Artamonov M.I., op. cit., Pp. 60-61 [5] Yegishe. On Vardan and the Armenian War (translated from Old Armenian. Acad. I.A. Orbeli). Yerevan. 1971. Pp. 121. [6] Kafesoglu I. Bulgarlarin kokeni. Ankara. 1985. P. 3
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8 | Hunn Ambazuk
According to Procopius, in 498-518 he controlled the Caspian Gates, according to other records, it was Darial pass. During his time, Huns skillfully “traded with Byzantium and Persia”[1]. The “Hun Ambazuk” was friends with the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius.[2] “Toward his death, this Hun was offering to Anastasius to buy a castle from him, but that refused, seeing no possibility to maintain there a Byzantine garrison. When Ambazuk died, Persian Shah Kavad seized that fortress [3], booting out Ambazuk's children from there”[4]. |
[1] Kovalevskaya V.B. Caucasus and Alans. Moscow, 1984. Pp. 109 [2] Ibid. Pp. 498-518 [3] Ibid. Pp. 488-496, 499-531 [4] Artamonov M.I. op. cit. p. 64 |
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9 | Bolah
King of the Caucasian Huns, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea under year 520, but he lived prior to that time. From Boariks, he had two sons. |
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10 | Boariks or Berihos
Queen of the Huns, attested by Procopius under year 520, a widow of the above Bolah. Under her authority in the “kingdom of Huns” (Caucasian Hunnia) were 100 thousand Huns. She was, as stated by Theophanes, “an ally and friend of king Justinian”[1]. The residence of the queen was the city Varachan, where now is located Ullu-Boynak (Ullubiyaul) (Aul of Great Prince). In Latin transcription, the name of this queen is distorted. In the language of the Huns it apparently sounded: “Berik”, “Berik-Kyz”. N.A. Baskakov ascends the etymology from berik ( “gift, donation, present”)+ Greek ending -os/-us.[2] |
[1] Artamonov M.I. op. cit. p. 136 [2] Baskakov N. A. Türkizms in “Tale of the Igor's campaign”. Moscow, 1978. Pp. 44 |
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11 | Ziligd or Zilgibi
King of the Huns. Mentioned by Theophanes Confessor under 522. Most likely, he was a son of Ambazuk. He was a friend and ally of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian against Sassanids. He sent against them 26-thousand Hunnic army.[1] He fell in a war with Kavad. Byzantine sources spell his name differently: Ziligd, Zilgivin, Zilgi, Zilgibi. It can be assume that the original name was Zilgi Biy (= Zilgi Prince). Note that a similar name in 9th c. had the king of the Itil Bulgars Silki. Zilgi/Silky apparently meant yylky/jylky “horse, herd” (aka Shilki, Jilki, Djilki). |
[1] Theophanes Confessor. Chronography//Chichurov I.S. Byzantine historical writings. Moscow, 1980. p. 49, 50 | ||||||||
12 | Muager or Muageris
He became a king of Huns after a murder of his brother Gorda. Eventually converted to Christianity. Perhaps Muager is one of the versions of his name. The Greek manuscripts list Muageris, Muager. According to Gy. Moravcsik, the name originates from the Hungarian Moderi [1], with a variation form Magyar [2] (Gy. Moravcsik manages to see the word Magyar everywhere. The terms Magyar and Kubar are synonyms, from Türkic kübar “noble, magnate, aristocrat, grandee, elite”, preserved in the Azeri dialects, and its Hungarian calque). Ju. Nemeth names Mogeri a king of the Kuban Hunno-Bulgars.[3] |
[1] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 80 [2] Ibid. [3] Nemeth Ju. Attila ve Hunlari. Ankara. 1982. p. 228 |
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13 | Gorda
About Gorda Theophanes Confessor reports the following: “In 527/528, to the emperor came the king of the Huns located near Bosphorus, called Gorda, he became a Christian and was enlightened. Emperor received him, and having given him many gifts, sent him back to his country to protect the Romean state and the city of Bosphorus”[1]. He was killed by his brother Muager . The Greek manuscripts of “Chronography” give reading Gordas, Hordasd. The etymology of the name is unclear. Gy. Moravcsik offers a Türkic-Hungarian etymology from Ogurda “a friend of Ogurs” and the Türkic Kurt “wolf”. [2] We believe that this name had a purely Türkic etymology from Kardash “half-brother”. |
[1] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 51 [2] Ibid. s. 79 |
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14 | Styrax
King of the Huns, ally of the Shah Kavad, in 520 with 12-thousand. army he campaigned on the side of the Shah, but on the way was intercepted by Boariks' troops and defeated in the area now called Manas (in Kumykia). Styrax was shackled and sent in chains to the king in Constantinople [1]. It is believed that the Styrax's possession was located in the territory of present Buinak district in Dagestan, where archaeologists excavated numerous early medieval settlements and forts [2] (Western Kumyks (Buinak; Buinaksk) are “mothballed” Agvanians, they live in the mountains, mountain life made them conservative and cautious. They are not numerous (only tens of thousands), but with a keen sense of pride. They may be descendents of the Masguts/Alans, who were noted for their pride by the Classical authors. The only position that could allow Styrax to engage in his own foreign policy was a head of a wing, either Western or Eastern, because the Center wing was headed by Boariks). |
[1] Chronicle of Theophanes the Byzantine from Diocletian to the kings Michael and his son
Theophylact//CHOIDR. 1885 book 2, p. 136 [2] Fedorov Ya.A., Fedorov G.S. Early Türks in the North Caucasus. Moscow, 1978, p. 184. |
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15 | Glenys or Glonis
King of the Huns. Mentioned by Theophanes Confessor. Known for that together with Styrax, went on a campaign in support of Shah Kavad. He was killed in a clash with Boariks troops at Ulu-Boinak in 527 (probably the place of the battle moved historians to associate Styrax and Glenys with Buinak area). |
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16 | Orhan
Patriarch Nicephorus tells of arrival to Constantinople at about 619 of the “Hun ruler Organa” and calls him the “ruler of the North Caucasus Bulgars”, “king of Gunnug-Undurs”[1]. By his narrow ethnic affiliation Orhan belonged to the ruling clan Dulo [2]. Historians M.I. Artamonov, and L.N. Gumilev identufy Orhan of the Byzantine sources with Hunnic khan Mohodu-xey, Alp Bogatur [3]. The “History of Agvans” called Orhan by his title “Djebu Kagan”,and the Byzantine sources also called him “Ziebil”,i.e. “Viceroy”. E. Chavannes quite rightly identified Ziebil with Djebu-Kagan [4]. This view was also supported by the American Khazarologist D. Dunlop [5]. There is an opinion that Orhan was the original founder of the “Great Bulgaria”[6], that extended its borders from Azov and Don to p. Sunzha (right tributary of r. Terek) [7]. In 619 in Constantinople, Orhan signed with Emperor Heraclius a treaty of friendship and alliance. The emperor gave Orhan a honorary title “patrikos”. To secure unbreakable friendship and trust, Orhan left in Constantinople as an amanat (hostage) his nephew, and by other sources, his son Kubrat (Kurbat).[8] According to A. Kollauts and Kh. Miyakava, Orhan was a sovereign of the Gunnug-Undurs, who according to the Chinese historical work “Northern Türks” in 630 won a victory over the Kagan of the Western Türks, and died a year after his victory.[9] Probably Orhan had two sons, Kubrat (Kurbat) and Alp Ilitver. According to V.A. Kuznetsov, in the Ossetian Nart sagas Orhan is known as “Argan/Aurgen”[10].
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[1] Ostrogorski G. Bizans Dovleti Tarihi. Ankara, 1991. p. 97 [2] S. Pletneva Ancient Bulgars in eastern steppes//Tatar archeology. Kazan, 1997, No 1, p. 35 [3] Artamonov M.I. op. cit., p. 162 et seq. [4] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 101 [5] Ibid. [6] Miftakhov Z.Z. Lectures on the history of the Tatar people. Kazan, 1998, p. 127 [7] Smirnov A.P. Volga Bulgars. Moscow, 1951, p. 9; Art. 1962, p. 167-168 [8] Turk Tarihi Ansiklopedisi. Ankara, 1991, p. 160 [9] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 175 [10] V.A. Kuznetsov Lower Arhiz - early feudal town of Alanya 10-12th centuries.//Genesis, milestones, and general features of the development path of feudalism among the peoples of the North Caucasus. Mahachkala, 1980, p. 105 |
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Probably not exactly accurate graph, if it is supposed to represent linear descendance. |
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17 | Alp Ilitver
King of Caucasian Hunnia. First appears in the “History of Agvans” under year 626. As is known, in that year Djebu Kagan, i.e. Orhan went on a campaign to Agvania. With him in that campaign participated a “bloodthirsty eaglet”,who in honor of his princely status was called Shad [1]. It is highly probable that the latter was the son of Orhan and his own name was Bulu, to which was added a title “shad” (Prince, son of Kagan). Bulu probably had this title to the death of Orhan in 631 and transfer of the Huns under the Khazar khans of Ashina clan. After that time, he is not mentioned under that name. Because among Huns was not proper to call kings by name, but only with a title, he entered history under a name “Alp Ilitver” formed from the title of “il + teber”. This title was given to the Khazars vassal princes and is analogous to the Chinese “above-Is-F” or “Hsieh-li-fa” in the sense of governor.[2] Alp Ilitver is an illustrious statesman of the Huns, his fame resounded throughout Khazaria. In his reign the Caucasian Hunnia achieved economic and political power. She was respected by the Khazar Kagan, Agvanian kings, and Byzantine emperors. In the Hunic state various steppe groups formed a people that later became known under ethnonym “Kumuk” (from the endonym of the Huns - “Gunnug”). M. Kagankatvatsi explicitly states that Alp Ilitver “was renowned in three countries” (Hunnia, Iran and Byzantium). He was a talented commander, a reformer sovereign who started a religious reformation at the Huns. The Grand Duke Alp Ilitver “lived to a honorable old age, and erected in many places churches and multiplied homage fgor the God's priests”[3]. Obviously, the author Moses Kagankatvatsi of the “History of Agvans” was familiar with the Hunnic epics, “yyrams” glorifying “feats and courage (of Alp Ilitver) in Turkestan at the Kagan of Khazars”[4]. It is quite possible that our ancestors built a monument to Alp Ilitver, the baptizer of the Caucasian Hunnia, at his birthplace in Varachan. This is according to the Kumyk traditions recounting that near Karabudakhkent was erected a stone statue, depicting a rider in full armor on a stallion. The rider was holding three fingers of his right hand at his forehead, in a gesture of crossing himself. Kumyks were telling that the statue represents ermeli (here: Christian) who turned into stone when Muslims wanted to kill him”. [5]
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[1] Kagankatvatsi M. History of Agvans, p. 110, 119 [2] See: Donuk A. Eski Turk Devletlerinde Idari - askeri unvan ve terimler. Istambul, 1988. p. 21.22 [3] Kagankatvatsi M. History of Agvans, p. 148 [4] Kagankatvatsi M. History of Agvans, p. 127 [5] See: Dagestani tales//SMOMPK, vol. 2, p. 140 |
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18 | Khan Kubrat (Kurbat), son of Orhan
Patriarch Nicephorus calls him “sovereign of Gunnug-Undurs”[1]. In 619 Kubrat (Kurbat) came with the Organ embassy to Constantinople and was left there as a hostage (amanat) and till the age of 19 was raised and educated with the children of the Emperor Heraclius, there he married a Byzantine aristocrat. Kubrat (Kurbat) was friends with Emperor Heraclius, and after his death showed his devotion to his heirs and wife Martina [2]. It is believed that Kubrat (Kurbat) is memorized in epic memory of the Balkars and Karachais under name Tuma-Marien-Khan [3]. Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) died about 650's - early 660s. His sons inherited him. According to Theophanes, Kubrat (Kurbat) left five sons, bequeathing them not to separate one from each other in no case, and live together so that they would rule over all and not fall into slavery to another people.[4] An oral Bulgarian tradition tells that dying Kubrat (Kurbat) called in his sons, asked to bring a bunch of flexible twigs and ordered each son to break this bundle. Naturally, that was not possible, the twigs remained intact. A similar parable exists among the Kumyks. So, Kubrat (Kurbat) demonstrated that together Bulgars are invincible, separately each twig is broken easily, and each separate part can be easily defeated and conquered by the neighbors. This, of course, is a legend, but it is clear that immediately after Kubrat (Kurbat) death in the Great Bulgaria rose centrifugal tendencies that led to its disintegration.
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[1] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 161 [2] Artamonov M.I. op. cit., p. 161 [3] W. Bayramukov U.Z. Treasure of folk memory. Vladikavkaz, 1992, p. 24 et seq. [4] Chichurov. op. cit., p. 61 |
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19 | Batbai or Batbaian, eldest son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) He headed the Caucasian Bulgaria after his father's death. After collapse of the state he remained in the Caucasus, “in the land of ancestors”,and submitted to the Khazars. In this regard, very informative is the genealogy of the Cherkassky princes. According to genealogies, their ancestor was Akabgu (Ak-Yabgu). This is a Türkic title figuratively denoting “western ruler, governor”. This Ak Yabgu in the nobility genealogical legends is also better known under another name Inal (Inal-Tegin, Inal Khan, Inal-Murza, etc.). It was established that the historical prototype of the Inal was a really existing representative of the Khazar administration acting as a Western Viceroy of the Kagan [1]. In addition, it is important to note that according to an oral tradition, the Inal activity falls on 7th-8th centuries. ( “150 years after Muhammad”). In the genealogies a father of Inal is called Hrufataiya or Hurpataiya with a khan's genealogy and linked with the Byzantine emperor. In that ancestor the Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) is easily recognizable. Thus, there is every reason to believe that under the Inal of the Circassian genealogies is hidden an eldest son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) - Bat-Bayan. As pointed out Theophane, who wrote his chronicle in 680, Bat-Bayan in his time, “keeping the covenant of his father,” remained “in the land of ancestors”,the Caucasus. At the same time, he was “a ruler of the first Bulgaria”,and he paid tribute to the Khazars.[2] In other words, his official status in the Khazar administrative hierarchy could be really defined with the term “ak-yabgu” meaning “vassal prince-viceroy” of the West Wing of the Khazar empire. In the Eastern Caucasus (Caucasian Hunniya) at that time a co-rruler of the Khazar Kagan was Alp Ilitver, who was Bat Bayan's relative (uncle) on the side of his father. About the noble origin of Inal also tells the title “tegin” applied to his name. As we know, among Bulgars it applied to the brothers or sons of the Khan [3]. Tegin (Prince), with the appointment as an army commander or viceroy in some part of the empire was given a title of “yabgu”. To the Bat Bai (Bat Boyan) can be applied the words of the Circassian legend: “He ruled for a long time, was known throughout the Caucasus and further beyond, and was successful in wars”. [4] According to the genealogy cited by P.S. Pallas, Inal had two sons, named Komuk (according to Ju. Klaproth) and Qazi. From the first descended princes of the Lesser, and first the second of the Greater Kabarda [5].
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[1] See: Gadlo A.V. Prince Inal of Adyge-Kabardian genealogies//From
history of feudal Russia. Leningrad, 1978, pp. 25-33 [2] The Chronicle of Theophanes, p. 262, 263 [3] Donuk A. A.g.e., p. 48 [4] ABKIEA, p. 229, 230 [5] See: Pallas P.S. Journey through the southern provinces of the Russian Empire in 1793 and 1794.//Atalikov V.M. Pages of history. Nalchik, 1987, appendix pp. 170-171 |
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20 | Asparuk (Asparukh), third son of Khan Kubrat
(Kurbat) Asparuk with his subjects in 668 migrated to the Balkans, in 679 founded a new state, the Danube Bulgaria. Asparuk Khan died at the turn of the century, in 701 and was succeeded by his son Tervel. So the clan Dulo entrenched on the Bulgarian throne. Under the rule of Tervel the young Bulgarian state achieved economic and political might. It was apprehend by the Byzantine Empire, and the neighboring Avar Türkic Khanate, and the raising in the eastern steppes N. Caucasus Khazar Khanate. In the Danube Bulgaria started forming a people nowadays known as “Bulgarians”. Such is the fate of the Gunnug-Undurs led from the Caucasus by the Asparuk.
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21 | Kotrag According to Theophanes, the second son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) “crossing the river Tanais, settled in acroos from the first brother”. He is considered the founder of the Volga Bulgar, in the depths of which happened to form the basis of modern Itil (Kazan) Tatars and Chuvashes.
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22 | Altsek or Alchagyr, fifth son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) Under his leadership Bulgars came to Italy to the Lombard king Grimuald (662-671), who sent them to his son Romuald in the Benvent, where they settled in Sepin, Bovian and Inzerna [1]. Why there? Because still in the beginning of the 600s a part of Bulgars migrated to the Avar's Pannonia (Hungary). In the late 720s (should be 620s?) Bulgars participated in a struggle for power in Pannonia, but were defeated. Avars were victorious. Headed by Prince Alchagyr (Altsek), Bulgars fled to Bavaria (620s?). The Frankish king Dagobert first allowed them to settle there, but then ordered to annihilate Bulgars. Of the 9 thousand Bulgars survived only 700 men headed by Alchagyr. They fled to Italy and settled in the Benventin duchy (620s?).[2] In the 670s new countrymen joined them. According to Paul the Deacon, the author of the 9th c., “These Bulgarians spoke Latin, but still remembered their language”[3]. |
[1] See Chichurov. op. cit., p. 114 [2] Artamonov M.I. Essay on the ancient history of the Khazars. Moscow, 1937, p. 32 [3] ibid. |
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23 | Cuver, fourth son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat) He ruled the Szekely (Esegel) and Magyar tribes. He joined the Avar Kagan's tribal confederation and heading the Szekely, together with him ended up on the banks of Danube and Tisza [1]. In 680-685 Cuver raised a rebellion in Pannonia against Avars, and left with his tribe to Macedonia [2]. |
[1] Rasonyi L. Tuna kopruleri, p. 18 [2] See: A Brief History of Bulgaria. Moscow, 1987, p. 39 |
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24 | Er-Tegin Possibly, he was a son of Alp Ilitver. Alp Ilitver sent him in 682 as an emissary to Armenia. Judging from the sources, they did not mention him by name, but by the title Tegin (Prince). Er-Tegin's possession was the the Khursan land, located near Chul (Chor, Sula) (Derbent), on the shores of the Caspian Sea.[1]
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[1] Minorsky V.F. Hudud al-Alam "The regions of the World". A Persian geography 372 AH - 982 AD. London. 1937, p. 114, 115 | ||||||||
25 | B_l_dj_a (from Bulu Shat?) Commander sent by Khazar Kagan to Kakhetia during the reign of the Georgian kings John and Juansher (718-786). Georgian sources call him “Bluchan”,and in Armenian “Bulch_an”. Most likely he was a descendant of Bulu Shad (Bulan Shad) - Alp Ilitver and a grandson of Orhan (Organa?). |
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26 | K_sa son of B_l_dj_an Ruler who in 901 led the “Khazar” campaign against Derbent.[1] |
[1] Minorsky V.F., op. cit., p. 143 | ||||||||
27 | Adzar-Narsa (Correct: Atrnerseh) According to Ibn Rusteh, king of Semender in 10th c. Apparently, he was at a religious crossroads and professed three religions at the same time (Christianity, Judaism, Islam). A Leningrad historian A.V. Gadlo believe that the Iranian in origin name of this Semender king, common in the 8th c-9th centuries among Christian rulers of Armenia and Georgia, definitely indicates its commitment to Christianity.[1] In all likelihood, Adzar-Nars was a son of K_sa the son of B_l_dj_an.
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[1] Gadlo A.V. Ethnic history of the North Caucasus in 9th-13th centuries. Leningrad, 1996, p. 10 | ||||||||
28 | Sari Khan (Salifan) A king of Semender. Masudi used the word “malik” (king) and at the same time reported that their family designation was “s_l_f_n.”. He is mentioned for the first time at the beginning of 900s, namely in 916, when he “marched with the Khazar army in support of Abdul-Malik, the ruler of al-Bab”[1]. Al-Istahri reports that at that time the Semender king professed Judaism and was a relative of the king of the Khazars.[2] Note that Ibn Rust, writing prior to Al-Istahri, pointed in contrast to the religious indifference of the Semender king. According to Masudi, by 943 Salifan, a head of Semender, while remaining a vassal of the Khazar Kagan, not only accepted Islam, but even managed to gain a Muslim genealogy. Masudi tells about him: “... a Muslim king claims that he is an Arab from Qahtan. Currently, namely in 943, in his state are no other Muslims, except for him, his son, and family ...”[3]. The assertion of the Salifan's belonging to the Arab origin V.Minorsky considers to be “a pure invention of the Arabs based on simple consonance”.[4] It is possible that this king reigned in Samandar before the ravaging by the Rus Vikings of the kingdom's capital in 965 As for the title Selifan, V.F. Minorsky thought it was an ancient Türkic title transcribed in Chinese se-lli-fa (Pyn. Xielifa 苏李发).[5] However, in 1910 F. Müller asserted, and P. Pelliot in 1929 confirmed that the Chinese sie-li-fa (苏李发) corresponds to the ancient Türkic title Il-Teber (cf. the name of the Caucasian king of the Huns Alp Ilitver). So the witty etymology of Minorsky is out of place. The most convincing etymology and reconstruction of this term gave the American Turkologist O.Pritsak, interpreting it as a *slyq\'n ~ slyf\'n, i.e. *sariqan. In Türkic this is Saryg Kagan > Saryg Khan> Sarykan/Saryhan [6] and means “Yellow or White Kagan”. So titled themselves the rulers of the Huns. This explains why Masudi named s_l_f_n., i.e. Saryhan as a designation for all Semender kings. Clearly, the Semender kings, the original Huns, called themselves Saryg Khan (“White Khan”), and the Khazar Kagans called their “local vassal rulers, charged with military and administrative power”[7] Il Teber as subordinated rulers. It is also known that the Semender kings had a rank of Iilteber.[8]
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[1] Islam Cografyacilarina gore Turkler ve Turk Ulkeleri. Ankara, 1985,
p. 66 [2] Ibid. 154 [3] Minorsky V.F. op. cit., p. 202 [4] Ibid, p. 127 [5] Ibid, p. 127, prim.59 [6] Menges K. Oriental elements in “Tale of the Igor's campaign”. Leningrad, 1979 [7] Fedorov-Davydov K.F. Nomads of Eastern Europe under the rule of the Golden Horde khans. Moscow, 1966, p. 222 [8] Gadlo A.V. op. cit., p. 22 |
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29 | Saknan/Sakban (Sakbal?) We believe that after demise or death of Salifan to the throne in Samandar rose his son, Masudi mentions him still in 943. Apparently,his name was Saknan or Sakban, and maybe Sakbal,[1], because already in 1065-67 there already figured a ruler Z_m_z_m binu Saknan (or Saknan), ostensibly with lakab (nickname) “al-Khaydaqi”[2]. In respect of this lakab it should be noted that before the end of the 14th c. the name Kaitag or Khaidaq does not show up in the historical sources.[3] It remains to recognize that we are dealing here with the erroneously read term Dj_ndan, which is quite admissible with the peculiarities of the Arabic script.[4] It can be assumed that Saknan reigned in Semender at the end of 10th - early11th century, maybe before 1030, i.e. before the ravaging of Semender by the Ganja Emir Fadlun (985-1032). In that year, the emir Fadlun went on a robbing campaign against Kumyks and Khazars, for a second time ravaging their capital Semender. As a result, an enmity arose between the Kumyks and Shedadid Muslims.[5]
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[1] Gadlo A.V. op. cit., p. 220 [2] Ibid. p. 28,29 [3] Khinalugsky M. Events in Daghestan and Shirvan. Makhachkala, 1997, p. 102, 106, note.5 [4] Magomedov M.G. Khazars in the Caucasus. Makhachkala, 1994, p. 153-161 [5] Kirzioglu F. Kipcaklar. Ankara, 1992, p. 71 |
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30 | Z_m_z_m binu Sakian A version of his name is B_rum. According to V. Minorsky, perhaps this name is “Firuz”. Sh Erelem read his name as “Zemzem”[1]. This form of name displays a striking similarity with the name of the Khazar warlord Samsam, mentioned in “Akhty-name”, and with the name of one of the provinces of the Kipchak Khanate in the Eastern Caucasus of the time of the Timur campaigns, “Simsim”. This name is also close to the name of the Sultan Djumdjum, it is known that his tomb was located near Derbent.[2] Zemzem in all likelihood reigned in Samandar in 1031-1070. As far as the sources allow to guess, apparently he managed to ally with the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan, whose ancestors are known to be in service of the Khazar Kagan for a long time. To consolidate his power in the Caucasus, Alp Arslan and later his son Malik Shah resettled a number of Türkic tribes in the Eastern Caucasus, and patronized the Semenderoans.[3] In 1064 3 thousand Khazar families (about 20 thousand people) returned their old capital Samandar [4], which was rebuilt again after pogrom perpetrated by Shedadid Muslims in 1030.[5] |
[1] Erel S. Dagistan ve Dagistanlilar. Istambul, 1961, p. 77 [2] Bakikhanov A.-K. Gulistan-e Iram. Baku, 1991, p. 51 [3] Togan Z.V. Hazarlar.//IA, p. 199; Kuzgun S. Hazar ve Karay Turkleri. Ankara, 1993, p. 83 [4] Gmyrya L.B. Hun Country by the Caspian Gates. Makhachkala, 1995, p. 147, 148 [5] Minorsky V.F. op. cit., p. 75 |
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31 | Shau-Tegin or Sau-Tegin It is known that after conquest of the Caucasus, Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan and his son Malik Shah, in order to consolidate their local power, practiced appointment of their viceroys, Shah Walis. Perhaps from that title in the Oguz epic (Kitab-i Dedem Korkud (Korkut)) is a distorted name “Shevkal-i Melik”, which the scientists (F. Kyrzyoglu) identified with the Kumyk Shavhal (Shavhal < Shahwan < Shahwali). Shau-Tegin was appointed a viceroy of the “Derbent side” in 1075 during the reign of the Sultan Malik-Shah. To Shau-Tegin “was granted a border province... and his name was read in the khutba after the name of the Sultan from the mosque spulpits in the border area”.[1] This person is mysterious, with no biographical information. One matter is clear: Shau-Tekin or Sau-Tegin is not a proper name but a Türkic title meaning “Vice Khan” (i.e. Prince-Viceroys of the Khan)[2]. Among Bulgars, this term referred, for example, to the brothers or sons of the Khan.[3] Also is know that Tegins were appointed commanders and rulers of the border regions. Consequently, the likelihood is high that the Shau-Tekin descended from an aristocratic family. It can be presumed that he was a prince of the Semender royal house in the service of the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan and his son Malik Shah. Apparently, that explains why he was appointed a Viceroy of the “border region”. Usually those appointed were commanders that originated from the population of such areas. That is also attested by some historical facts cited by A. Kayaev, who possessed an unknown manuscript of the “Tarikh-i Dagestan”.[4][5] According to the “History of Maz”, the Kumyk Shauhals were descendants of the Shamkhal “whom Emir Chuban (Shau-Tegin?) installed among them (having selecting him) from among his relatives (or courtiers) (!). Shauhals are a ” branch of Khan's-Kagan's line”. A.-K. Bakikhanov, who used now inaccessible sources, calls this Shauhal a “relative” of the Emir. |
[1] Erel S. op. cit., p. 80 [2] Ghoukassian V.L. Turkism in Albanian (Agvanian?) sources.//Soviet Türkology. 1977, No 2, p. 53 [3] Donuk A. Eski Turk Dcvletlerinde Idari-askeri unvan ve terimler. Istambul, 1988, p. 48 [4] Kayaev A. Materials on history of varnishes//Manuscript Fund of IIYAL. F.1. List. 1, file 1642, l. 253 [5] Gajiyev V.G. Shamkhalate. History of emrgence and state administration.//States and state institutions in a pre-revolutionary Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1989, p. 27 |
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32 | “Shevkal-i Melik” He is mentioned not by name, but by the prime title. He was a relative of Shau-Tegin (in the sources he appears under the names Emir of Chopan, Emir of Kalantar, Ghazi of Kalantar, Kovsar-Shah, Kaftar-Shah), who appointed him a ruler of the Kumyks. We call him “First Shauhal”. Like Sau-Tegin, he had a “Khan's-Kagan's genealogy”. Under Seljuks, he ruled Kumyks in the second half of the 11th - beginning of the 12th c. A. Kayaev stated directly that this First Shauhal was a Türk “After him, the Shamkhalate was handed down by inheritance”.[1] Unfortunately, downstream generational connections are known. |
[1] Kayaev A. op. cit., p. 140, 268 | ||||||||
33 | Shauhal Khan So we conditionally call the anonymous Shauhal elected by the Kumyks upon their acceptance of the Mongol-Tatar rule in 1240 or 1258. According to A. Kayaev this Shauhal descended from Chingiz Khan.[1] |
[1] Kayaev A. op. cit., p. 269 | ||||||||
34 | Emir Shauhal Mentioned in 1396 during Timur raid against Kumyks. Died in battle with Timur hordes. |
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35 | Chingiz Shauhal He was elected a Shauhal by Kumyks in 1443 after their liberation from the Timurid power. Originally he was from Chingizids.[1] Therefore, we conditionally call him Chingiz Shauhal. |
[1] Cevdet A. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi//Emel. 221.Temmuz-Agustos. 997, p. 28 | ||||||||
36 | Oge Khan Descendant of Batbai (Batbaian), son of Khan Kubrat (Kurbat)[1], was a leader of the Kabar rebels in the end of 9th c. |
[1] Oztuna Y., p. 106 | ||||||||
37 | Edil-Khas (Etelkoz) Son Oge Khan and his son Almas (Hungarian - Almosh) were leaders of the Hungarians (Madjar) punched between the Don and the Dnieper. Almas was married to a noble Khazarian.[1] |
[1] Baskakov N.A. Türkizms in “Tale of the Igor's campaign”. Moscow, 1985, p. 24 | ||||||||
38 | Arpad Son of Almas, grandson of Edil-Has, he was appointed by the Khazar Kagan to head the tribal confederation of the Kabars, Sekels and Magyars, like his father, he was married to a noble Khazarian maiden.[1] Under the leadership of Arpad these tribes in 896 moved to the area between the Danube and Tisza and founded their own state, which exists to this day and is called Hungaria (Hungary). Arpad ruled in Hungary in 889-907, he established a dynasty of the Hungarian kings. The dynasty ruled in Hungary until 1301.[2] |
[1] Baskakov N.A. op. cit., p. 24 [2] Ozdek R. Türkün gïzïl kitaby. Baku, 1992, p. 132 |
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K. Aliev's publications (up to 2015) | ||||||||||