| DATELINE |
| Time |
Events |
| 1766 BC |
Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia, 17th member of old Chinese Hia
dynasty, dethroned due to evil ways. His son Sunni went with 500 members
of his Hia nationality to Hun relatives. Hia still has many common words
with Altaic languages |
| 1766 BC |
Oldest
Türkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political
events. Hun’s (Hsiung-nu) words tanry, kut, byoryu, ordu, tug, kylych etc are
oldest monuments of Türkish language. State rulers endoethnonyms Hun, Türkic
"man, male, people" (Hun = kün = kin) |
| 1390 BC |
First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos |
| 1200 BC |
First Hun state in highlands of Ordos |
| 800 BC |
Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions
and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians. |
| 800 BC |
Greeks associated invention of iron working with northern
Mesopotamian and
Anatolian Scythian tribes like Kalybs tribe which gave steel its name in many
early European languages. In time Kalybs are absorbed by Sarmatians and
Yazig. |
| 801 BC |
Kalybs are absorbed by Sarmatians and Yazig, via Yazig cavalry taken by Romans to
Britain and were foundation of King Arthur myths of Ex-Calibur, and sword
myths which are all early Anatolian traditions |
| 700 BC |
Akkadian records name region south of Bagdad Kienkir (Kangar),
inhabited by Sumerians, and region north of Bagdad Subartu,
inhabited by Subars. Sumerian's endoethnonym was Kangarli or
Kangar. Herodotus gives this ethnonym as Angareon. Akkadians
and other peoples called Kangars "Sumerians" or "Shumerians",
borrowed from Subars, i.e. Akkadians called both Kangars (Sumerians), and Subars by ethnonym Subar |
 |
| 685 BC |
685 - 643 BC Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun |
| 679 BC |
679 BC Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers in Tsi, taking that right from
Chjou |
| 659 BC |
659 - 621 Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin |
| 500 BC |
Persepolis inscription text is "Darius Hystapes (522-486) rex popularum bonorum
posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria,
Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae."
attest to Sabirs and Huns bordering Mesopotamia |
 |
| 318 BC |
First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318
BC |
| 300 BC |
In Chinese Tanhu sources Alans are one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu,
Siu-lin) most favored by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son
Ki-ok/Kök) of 3rd century B.C.(ToOD 146).
(Türk.
alan field, akin to 'fieldman', 'polyane', 'polovets') |
| 300 BC |
Hun state consists of 24 clans, some of them:
Kuyan (Jack rabbit)
Lan (Orchard)
Suybu (Uigurs)
Suylyanti (Uigurs)
Tsulin
Taychi
Uyti
Tsetszuy… |
| 124 BC |
Asi or Aasiani
(Ases, Azes, Yazig), Tocharian, Sabir (Sabaroi) tribes
break into Sogdiana (Chinese "K'ang-chu" = Kangar) and Baktria (Chinese
"Ta-hsia"). In next five years two Parthian emperor die in wars.
Later they also conquer Sakauraka tribe |
| 110 BC |
Chinese Han shu recorded presence of Kangars (K'ang-chu)
in Tashkent region |
| 40 BC |
Pompey (Gaeus Pompeius Magnus, 106 - 48 BC), Roman general, had to march against
Alans/Ases, crossing the Caspian gates. Nomadic pastoralists Alans lived in
Asia and Europe around Caspian Sea and documented to have
their hinterlands N of Derbent |
| 36 BC |
Turanian coins were minted north of Jaxartes (Yaxart, Syr-Darya, Seihun) river before the Scythian
invasion into Baktria, and a large number of these anonymous coins are
collected in the British museum |
| 35 BC |
Archaeological work shows that both Bactria and Sogdia contained large nomadic populations well
in advance of Yu-chi migration |
| 35AD |
Joseph Flavius: "Alan people were a Scythian tribe" |
| 150 |
Hou Han shu: Alans were earlier known as Yancai ("Vast Steppe"). They
have about 100,000 bowmen and same way of life and clothes as the Kangju and
identical with Ta Yüeh-chih. Yancai changed its name to kingdom of Alanliao
with capital Di. |
| 150 |
Hou Han shu: Alans are a dependency of Kangju (Tashkent plus the Chu, Talas, and
middle Jaxartes (Syr-Darya) basins). The climate is temperate. Wax trees, pines,
and aconite are plentiful |
| 225 |
Hou Han shu: Alans were vassals of Kangju (Tashkent plus the Chu, Talas, and
middle Jaxartes (Syr-Darya) basins). Now they are no longer vassals |
|
300 |
Genealogy:
Gaogüys =>Tele =>15 tribes =>
1 Uange (Uigurs)
2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto)
3 Kibi (Kibirs)
4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele)
5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut)
6 Dolange (Telengits)
7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uigurs)
8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uigurs)
9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uigurs)
10 Hun
11 Sygye (Uigurs)
12 Husye
13 Higye
14 Adye (Eduz)
15 Baysi (Barsil Bulgars) |
Modern people related to Besenyos via Tele
tribe: Uigurs
Saka (Sakha/Yakut)
Telengits
Kangar in one version are thought to be a geographical
name, of a federation located in the Kang region, which in
turn is etymologized as related to ancestors and/or
ancestor land |
|
| 420 |
WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder
- Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area
- Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan
but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian,
Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2) |
 |
| 440 |
Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar |
| 490 |
Armenian Lazar Parpeci locates Kangars between lake Sewan
and river Kura in Caucasus |
| 540 |
Syriac Mir Aba, d. 552 and Mar Grigor, d. 542 name Kangaraye
and Hangaraye on border of Arran (aks Albania) and Iberia in
Caucasus |
| 552 |
END OF WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder
- Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area
- Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan
but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian,
Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2) |
|
| 552 |
GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen)
Area
- From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China
almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) |
 |
| 600 |
Chinese Sui-shu (581-618, compiled in 629-636), list
branches of Tele (Ch. Tie-le) confederation, among four
peoples east of Byzantium (Ch. Fu-lin) and west of Caspian
Sea appears (second, geographically in region of Tashkent) name Bechen/Bajanak
(Ch. Pei-ju) (Tashkent west of Caspian
Sea ??) |
| 625 |
625-635 Migration of Croats and Serbs to Balkans (Byzantine sources, F.
Curta, 2001). Emperor Heraclius (610–641) sent clergy to baptize Croatians and Serbs. |
| 630 |
Around 630, during reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610–641), Serbs and Croats (supposedly
largely Slavic tribes) led by their respective aristocracies with approval of Emperor
entered western Balkans from north. They settled areas devastated by Avars, where
Byzantium had been reduced to a nominal ruler. Serbs settled in Zahumlje. Some time
earlier much of Dalmatia was settled by Croats, with Zahumlje bordering their territory
on the north.
This allows to trace Ptolemy's Serboi from banks of Itil in 1st c. AD to headwaters of
Vistula in 5th c.
This allows to trace princely Kangar princely or dynastic tribe Chor~Chorbat from Hunnic
times to headwaters of Vistula in 5th c. |
 |
| 630 |
Chor~Chorbat tribe of Kangars was a neighbor of Serboi tribe in Itil region ca. 100
AD.
Chor~Chorbat tribe of Kangars was a neighbor of Serbs in Northern Pannonia ca. 600 AD
Horvat Croats remained neighbors of Serbs in Western Balkans, Serbs followed
Croats; in Sl. Serb has connotation of “serf”, indicating their dependent status
Both Croats and Serbs lost their native language and switched to Slavic, like many other
Türkic tribes that ruled Slav majority |
 |
| 630 |
Constantine Porphyrogennetus in De Administrando Imperio tells
that Emperor Heraclius (610–641) sent for clergy from Rome to baptize Croatians and
Serbs, which was successfully achieved. Constantine connects Conversion with Heraclius’s
political dealings with Slavs, his recognition of their occupation of his country on
condition of their recognition of his suzerainty. |
| 659 |
KANGAR UNION centered on Syrdarya
659–750
Founder -
Area
- ca 5,000,000 km2 |
 |
| 692 |
Kipchaks mixed with Besenyos between Black Irtysh and Syr-Darya in Deshtikipchak |
| 700 |
In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th - beginning of 9th c.
lived in basin of Seyhun and Aral area. Later Kypchaks drifted toward Urals.. In
7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak culture was identical |
| 701 |
Amu-Darya flowed into Caspian sea until 8-th c. ? Climatic change caused relocation of
Oguz Besenyos and Alans or Ases, from lower reaches of Amu-darya (Uzboy)
flowing into Caspian Sea. After Uzboy dried, they migrated to coast of Sea of
Khazars |
| 732 |
Kül Tigin Inscription
lists confederation Kangaras as
ally of Eastern (main line) Türküt and enemy of Western Türküt,
at that time under leadership of Turgish clan |
 |
| 743 |
END OF GOKTÜRK KHAGANATE
552 - 743 A.D
Founder - Bumin Khan
(Tumen)
Area
- From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China
almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total
Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) |
|
| 744 |
Türküt empire in Mongolia fell and
hegemony over steppe passed to Uighurs, whose allies Karluks
evicted Oguz
tribal confederation from northwestern Mongolia. Oguzes resettled
near Aral lake and lower Syr-Darya, becoming Bechen neighbors,
and determining further course of Bechen history. |
| 743 |
KIMAK KHAGANATE
743-1050 AD
Founder -
Area
- From |
 |
| 750 |
Besenyos (Kengeres/Pecheneg/Kangar) neighboring Uigurs on the west and hostile to them |
| 750 |
Source with name Bajanak (in
form Be-cha-nag) is Tibetan translation of mid-eight century report by
five Uighur diplomat-explorers about "Western Lands" |
| 750 |
END of KANGAR UNION centered on Syrdarya. Kangars and their allied Besenyo cross Itil
and move into E. European Khazaria
659–750
Founder -
Area
- ca 5,000,000 km2 |
|
| 750 |
KANGAR UNION in Eastern Europe. By 630, Kangar dynastic tribe of Chorbat (Harvat/Croat)
has advanced as far as N.Pannonia apparently as subject allies of Samo (Shambat)
state of Kara Bulgars (Western Bulgars) during 630-658 period
750-990
Founder -
Area
- ca 5,000,000 km2 |
 |
| 800 |
Besenyos live between rivers Emba and Yaik, took control of trading route from Itil to
Khorezm, dealt a hard blow to Khazarian trade, and became their dangerous neighbors.
Besenyos natural allies are Bulgars, who also suffer from
Khazars, their western neighbors ans successors of Western
Türkic Kaganate. Besenyos enemies are Oguzes in the east,
Khazars in the west, Kipchaks-Kimaks in the north. |
| 815 |
Part of Dalmatia ruled by new Croat kingdom |
| 820 |
In the south Kypchaks bordered Bechens, who in 8th - beginning of 9th c.
lived in basin of Seyhun and Aral area. Later Kypchaks drifted toward Urals. In
7-12 cc. Kypchak and Kimak culture was identical |
| 830 |
Around the 830s Khazars and Oguz finally
decided to liquidate Bechens |
The descriptions of the following 100 years
in the literature are skimpy and obsolete, with few and often contradictory dates.
However, all descriptions follow the same basic sequence of events |
| 840 |
Defeated Magyar 7-tribe confederation, led by
the Onugur-Bulghar clan
Arpads of Dulo
lineage fled first to Atilkuzu "Mesopotamia", i.e. southern
Dnieper Right Bank Ukraine, through which flow five big rivers
Dnieper, Boh, Dniester, Prut and Seret. Three years later Bechens
advanced again and as allies of Danube Bulgarian Tsar
Shamgun (aks Simeon) they
forced Magyar confederation to flee further west |
 |
| 840 |
Bechens then took possession of N.Pontic, over which they ruled for over 150 years.
Approximate borders of their realm were Don River in the east and Danube
in the west. |
 |
| 860 |
860-880 Allied forces of Khazars and Oguzes displace Besenyos because of threat to
their trading routs. Crossing Itil, they settled instead of Magyars, whom
they displaced from Lebedia, in the vicinity of Don and Kuman
Magyars under leadership of Türkic clan Kabars were in the
service of the Khazars in "" composed of two parts, basin of upper Suvarian Donets, and the present-day Kuban'
region |
|
| 870 |
In second half of 9 c. Kimaks began drifting westwards. They
occupied lands of Bechens (Besenyo, Badjinak, Patsinak), whose nucleus
were tribes of Kangar (i.e. Kangals, Kangly, Kungurs, Kangars, Kangüys, Kanjüys etc.) political union, in
formation of Bechen tribal
union participated Türkic tribes of Bashkirs/Masguts, Sarmatian and
Finno-Ugrian tribes. Bechens lived by cattle breeding in a tribal society |
| 889 |
After 889 Besenyos break through Khazarian border guards and replace Magyars from Levedia |
|
| 889 |
889-893 Besenyos, displacing Magyars from Atil-Kuzü toward Carpathian mountains,
settle down on plains from Don to western Dniepr |
|
| 889 |
Lotharingian (i.e. Frankish-state) monk Regino (d. 915) in ca. 889
makes first mention of Bechens in European sources mentioning Thanais |
| 893 |
Besenyos stop their pursuit of Majars at Dniepr, winter near the mouth of the river Buh |
| 893 |
Catastrophically cold winter of 892-893 froze Itil and Don made it possible for Besenyos, whom
the Oguzes attacked, to flee across the frozen rivers into Atelkuzu, although
some of them were stuck east of Yaik river |
| 894 |
Oguz takeover of Bosnyak's Ak Bulgar lands, which Bosnyaks/Besenyo took
from Eastern Bulgars, essentially Onogur tribal union aka Eastern Wing/Utragur or Utra Kanat, Gr. Utigurs.
Bosnyak center moves from Ak Bulgar to Kara Bulgar |
| 894 |
Besenyos allied with Bulgars start a second attack of Majar tribes forcing them to
leave Atilkiji for Transylvania and the Upper Tisza region |
| 895 |
End of 9th century: Besenyos allied with
Khan Shamgun/Tsar Simeon of Danube Bulgaria, assisting in
driving Magyars into modern day Hungary (Battle of Southern Buh), and forcing Leo VI
of Byzantine Empire to pay humiliating annual tribute to Danube Bulgaria (after Danube
Bulgar/Byzantine Battle of Bulgarophygobattle of Bulgarophygon (896) |
| 895 |
After Magyars attacked Danube Bulgaria and reached, pillaging and destroying, gates of Preslav
where
they met Byzantine's Nicephorus Phocas and sold him thousands of Bulgarian captive,
Danube Bulgaria Symeon led army deep into Magyar territory, cornered Magyar cavalry army
against river Buh, and crushed them in Battle of Southern Buh. Bosnyaks were left to
occupy the now defenseless Atilkuzu, but Danube Bulgaria did not cede suzerainty over
Atilkuzu territory. Symeon signed treaty with Bosnyaks, of which terms we are only told
that “Symeon bribed Bosnyaks”, which distorts significance of pact. |
| 896 |
When Magyars, defeated by Danube Bulgaria, returned to their homes, they
found their Atelkuzu lands across Dniester were occupied by Petchenegs/Bosnyaks |
| 900 |
Magyars and Kabars evacuate Atelkuzu, moving northwest toward Pannonia. Kangars and
Bechens/Bosnyaks occupy Danube Bulgaria's Atelkuzu, and proceed to occupy Danube
Bulgaria's Wallakhia. No reports on significant population transfers allow to conclude
that Atelkuzu and Wallakhia Türkic (Kara-Bulgarian) and Slavic populations remained in
situ under Kangar/Bosnyak rule |
 |
| 913 |
Ibn Ruste, ca. 912: Purdas/Burtas are a branch (kin) of
Besenyos, they are Khazars' vassals, the Besenyos fight a
continuous war with Khazars and their kins Burtases, who
allied with Khazars and who by extension are from Kangar
stock
|
| 913 |
Besenyos, once a part of confederation of W. Khaganate, were driven toward lower
Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk Türks. They were grazing their herds between
Yaik and Itil rivers |
| 913 |
North of Sea of Azov Besenyos occupied Levedia, taking it from Magyars, and then
drove them from area between Dnepr and Lower Danube - Atelkuzu (Itil-Kiji ?) |
| 915 |
Besenyos appear before Kyiv for first time in force.
Kyiv Prince Ingvar (Igor/Ugyr
Lachini) I the
Old signs peace treaty with them establishing a frontier between Don and Dniestr (? In 915
Kyiv was controlled by Olaf (Oleg I the Seer, 882-916 )?) |
| 917 |
Danube Bulgaria Symeon attempted to win support of Petchenegs/Bosnyaks,
his friends of previous war with Magyars; but his ambassadors were
outbid by Byzantine Imperial agent John Bogas, whose financial resources were larger. In
917 or 918 Petchenegs/Bosnyaks devastated and probably half-occupied Wallachia. John Bogas
led Petcheneg army to ferry across Danube, but there he quarreled with Byzantine admiral Romanus Lecapenus
who refused to transport them across Danube. Petchenegs/Bosnyaks retreated back home,
gaining Wallachia |
|
| 920 |
Contemporary
Islamic sources preserved in Gardizi, ca. 1050 report: "Bechens are
nomads following rain
and pasturage. Their territory extends a distance of
thirty days in either direction (i.e. 1,000x1,000 km),
bordering Kipchaks in the north, Khazars on southwest, Oguz
in the east, and Saqlabs (bilad
as-Saqaliba) to the west. All these peoples raid Pechenegs,
who likewise raid them... Between Pechenegs and Khazars
distance of ten days, of steppes
and forest, with no roads, and they travel by stars, landmarks or at random." |
| 920 |
Khazars fight with Burtas (Steppe Alans or As), Oguzes, Byzantines, Besenyos and Kara
Bolgars |
| 924 |
Besenyos in Itil-Yaik interfluvial live in
Badjanak suba (djien district) in Bellak Province of
Itil Bulgaria, neighboring Kinel suba in the north, and Arbuga and Burtas
subas of Bellak Province across Itil, Tubjak Province in the east, and Saksin
Province in the south, controlled by descendants of steppe Besenyo
(Kyr-Badjanak) princes (Kan Almysh time, ca 895-925). |
 |
| 925 |
ca 925 Formation of Oguz Yabgu state
with center in city of Eni-Kent,
they first adopted a political name ”Türkmens”.
Consisting of two sub-confederations, Besh-Ok and Uch-Ok, Mahmud Kashgari
(ca 1070) and Reshidud-din Fjami-ut-tevarih (ca
1320) list Pechene,
Chepni and Baindyr among Uch-Ok
12 tribes. Oguz Yabgu state dissolves under attacks of
Kipchaks ca 990 and departure of Seljuk branch together with tribes
allied with them. |
| 930 |
Mas'udi (ca. 930): Oguz coalition (with
Karluks and Kimaks) defeated Bechens and their allies (Chepni, Bashgird and Navkarda) in
battle near Aral Sea, and drove Bechens from their native
land and compelled them to search for a new home |
| 934 |
Besenyos join in Hungarian invasion of Byzantium. Thrace. |
| 944 |
Besenyos join in Kyiv Prince Ingvar (Igor/Ugyr
Lachini) I the Old raid on Byzantium |
| 948 |
Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca.
948-952): Besenyos (Patsinaks) settled in territory between
Yaik-Emba (Geeh) and
Itil rivers |
 |
| 948 |
P.Golden explanation of Besenyo tribal
names: Names of 8 tribs consist of two parts, a name proper,
usually a horse color, and with some possible exceptions,
titles of their rulers, e.g. Xaboujin-gula => Qabuqàin-Yula
=> “Yula tribe with bark-colored horses”, Suroukoulpey => Suru Kül
Bey => “Kül Bey tribe with grayish horses”. |
| 948 |
Emperor K.Porphirogenesos (948-952)D’Administrando Imperio: Besenyos consist
of communities:
Ertim (or Erdem; the leader - Baicha, then - Yavdy),
Chor (the leader - Kyugel, then - Kuerchi),
Yula (the leader - Korkutkhan, then - Kabukschin),
Kukhey (the leader - Ipa, then - Sura),
Karabai (the leader - Karduxm),
Tolmach (the leader - Kortan, then - Boru),
Kapan (the leader - Yazy),
Choban (the leader - Batahan, then - Bula). |
| 948 |
Besenyo communities, with three Kangar meaning “brave” (Ertim, Chor and Yula), occupied banks of rivers running into Black Sea:
| Kangar |
Besenyo-Bosniak |
Chor (Charavon, Charvat < Chor-bat, Harvat, Croat) (east of Dnieper),
Ertim (Irtim, Erdem) (Dniestr),
Yula (Gyula, Gila) (Prut) |
Choban (Tsopon) (Don area),
Kapan (lower Danube),
Karabai (between Dnepr and Bug),
Kulbei (Kyulbey, Kulpei,
Kukhey) (Donets),
Tolmach (in area of Don flowing into sea) |
|
|
| 948 |
First three Besenyo communities had contacts with Oguzes, Khazars, Alans, and
Crimea;
Yula bordered on “Türkey” (Hungary),
Kapan bordered with Danube Bolgars.
A part of names are Türkic title ranks (Yula, Chor, Kapan = Kapgan, Kul, Bey),
and names of leaders in most cases mean colors: Kuerchi = blue, Kakhushkin =
wood bark, Sulu = ash, Boru = grey, Yazy = swarty, Bula = multi-colored,
Yavdy = brilliant |
| 950 |
Al Mas'udi (died in 956) describes 4 Türkic peoples: Ydjni, Badjkurt (Maskurts,
Masguts, Herodotus (5-th c. BC), Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20), and C. Plinius
Secundus (62-113 AD) Massagetae Scythians), Badjanak (Besenyos), Nukardi) |
| 960 |
Fortress Chalap-Kerman,
located at influence of rivers Djaik (Yaik, Ural) and Ilak (Ilek)
on the Bukhara trading road from Bulgar city to Khoresm
becomes center of Illak district of Badjanak (Besenyo) Ulus
in Itil Bulgaria's Mardan-Bellak Beylik.
Fortress operates till 1236 |
| 960 |
Besenyos live in Moldova (10th cent.-1171) |
| 964 |
Besenyos seriously threaten Khazaria |
| 965 |
Svyatoslav possibly signed agreement with Besenyos before crossing their territory. He allies
with Oguz (Russ. Torks/Uzes). Purpose to gain tribute from Viatchi on Oka by
removing their Khazar overlords. He also conquers Yasians and Kasogians in
Taman-Kuban area. |
| 965 |
Knyaz Svyatoslav of Kyiv seizes Sarkel |
| 969 |
Besenyo Khan Kura captures Kyiv |
| 972 |
8 Besenyo tribes, under Khan Kura, of Kipchak stock with Oguz element, freed of
Khazar dominance, defeat Russian prince Svyatoslav and make a drinking cup of
his skull. Besenyos continuous fights with Khazars, Byzantines and Rus |
| 993 |
Rus defeat Besenyos and found city Pereyaslavl (Russ. “Victory”) |
| 996 |
Besenyo attack Belogorod
(reference to fortress Askal -
"White Fortress"/"Belogorod", first built ca 630 on a Kyiv
hill, by 996 it still was a separate fortification occupied
by local ruler. The name "White Fortress" survived in the
name Kyiv, which is the same "White Fortress" , where Ky is
"White", iv/ev/ov is "Fortress") |
| 1026 |
Besenyo invasion of Byzantium is repulsed by Constantine Diogenes |
| 1033 |
Besenyos raid Byzantium Empire's Balkan
territories |
| 1036 |
Besenyos raid Byzantium Empire's Balkan
territories |
| 1036 |
Yaroslav's treacherous raid on Besenyos at
defenseless moment when their army fights Byzantium |
| 1040 |
Early 1040s: Besenyos began feeling pressure
in the east from Oguzes, who themselves were forced to
migrate westward by Kipchaks |
| 1045 |
Byzantine-Besenyo agreement. Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (1042-1055) accepts part of
Besenyos, led by Kegenes, to settle down in Dobruja, they received land and
three fortresses, as federates, against attacks of other Besenyo tribes, led
by Tyrach |
| 1045 |
Byzantines call Besenyos and Kumans "Skythicon" |
| 1048 |
By 1048 Besenyo were left with only
thirteen districts on Dniper right bank, with a population of 800,000,
Kagan Tyrach (Tyrakh?)
with his subjects was forced to quickly cross Danube and move into Byzantine
territory. |
| 1048 |
Besenyo began exodus across Danube into
Byzantine Empire territory, mainly into Bulgaria (e.g. in
1048) where they were settled as federates |
| 1048 |
From 1048 to 1053 Besenyos raid Byzantium
Empire's Balkan territories almost continuously |
| 1050 |
Biruni of Khwarezm: Language of Alans is a compound Khwaresmian and Besenyo-Türkish |
| 1050 |
KIMAK KHAGANATE
743-1050 AD
Founder -
Area
- From |
|
| 1050 |
Before 800, Alans or Ases lived, together with Besenyos, around lower reaches of
the Amu-Darya (Uzboy) flowing into Caspian Sea, and later, after river
changed its course, they migrated to coast of Sea of the Khazars |
| 1050 |
1050es: by 1060es, Oguzes harass Besenyos into flight from entire left bank of Dniper |
| 1050 |
By 1050 Besenyos evacuating from Oguzes
reached Adrianopole |
| 1051 |
Besenyos invade Byzantium. |
| 1053 |
Last raid by Besenyos against Byzantium
Empire's Balkan territories |
| 1055 |
Following disappearance of their state, large
segment of N.Pontic Besenyos became dominated by Oguzes. and
later, from 1055 on, by Kumans, and became ethnically
absorbed by these peoples |
| 1057 |
Cedrenos (Historiarum compendium, 1057) reports 13 Besenyo tribes in 11th century
(see year 1250 below) |
| 1059 |
Joint Besenyos-Hungarian raid repulsed by
Byzantium Isaac I |
| 1060 |
Oguzes complete expulsion from left bank of
Dniper of Besenyos, who completely evacuate from entire left
bank of Dniper |
| 1060 |
Kipchaks replace Besenyos from N Caucasus steppes. Stan of Kipchak Khans is located on
river Sunj. N Caucasus steppe is an important component of Deshti-Kipchak. |
| 1063 |
Oguzes complete expulsion from Atelkuzu and
right bank of Dniper of Besenyos, who completely evacuate
west from Atelkuzu |
| 1063 |
Besenyos enter anti-Byzantine alliance with
Seljüks Oguzes (who after 1071 succeeded
in conquering a greater part of Byzantium's territories in Asia Minor), and
eventually with enterprising Turkic pirate Caxa (Tzakhas) |
| 1064 |
Besenyo invade Byzantium across Thrace to gates of Constantinople |
| 1065 |
600K Oguzes crossed Danube and devastated Balkans to Thessalonica. Emperor
Constantine X Ducas, and then Besenyos and Bolgars annihilated them. remains
of Oguzes were subjugated, eliminated or assimilated by Kipchaks |
| 1071 |
Besenyo, in service of Byzantium, desert Emperor Romanus Diogenes V (1067-1071) in
favor of Seljuk Oguz Sultan Alp Arslan. |
| 1071 |
After disaster at Manzikert, Byzantines
recruited large numbers of Besenyos cavalry into service as
mercenaries, forming a standing regiment known as "Skythikon".
Byzantium succeeded in splitting Besenyos to make them fight
on both sides of a frontline |
| 1087 |
Besenyo invade Byzantium across Thrace, are driven back, and defeat Alexius Comneus. |
| 1091 |
Kumans under Tugorkhan (?-1096) (Grousset's Togortak) and Bonyak (Grousset's Maniak)
are allied with Byzantium under Alexius Comnenus, and together crushed
Besenyo army at Mount Lebunion, pushed Besenyos across
Danube into Wallachia, and occupied their Crimean territory |
| 1096 |
Per
Rabbi Nissim, seventeen Khazarian communities join nomads (Besenyo, Bolgars,
Oguses) |
| 1117 |
Kipchaks under Khan Otrok retreat to N Caucasus steppes. Kipchak Khan Syrchan remains
in Don Steppes. Kipchaks under Khan Otrok on way to N Caucasus destroy
Sarkel. Its inhabitants with Besenyos and Oguz Türks migrate to Russian
principalities |
| 1121 |
Vladimir Monomakh defeats Berendeys, Oguzes (Torks), and Besenyos. The latter flee
from Rus |
| 1122 |
Kuman Khan Bonyak defeats Besenyos at battle of Eski Zagra.
At Eski Zagra Viking Guard and mercenary knights led by John
II Comnenus broke into Besenyos wagon-laager and wholesale
slaughtered Besenyos and their dependants. Kumans subsequently
occupy their lands. Besenyos completely ceased to exist as independent group, becoming diffused among
Bulgars and Kumans |
| 1123 |
Scyths/Besenyos were really wiped out by Byzantine Emperor John II in 1123 |
| 1123 |
Many Besenyo captives were forcibly
resettled in military colonies in Thrace and Macedonia |
| 1139 |
Besenyos mercenaries are recorded in
Byzantine service |
| 1169 |
Last mention of Besenyos in Rus sources |
| 1171 |
Besenyos lose control of Moldova-Atelkuzu to Kumans (1171-1241).
Besenyos apparently absorbed by Kumans |
| 1172 |
Besenyo migrants establish important Besenyo settlements
in Hungary |
| 1220 |
Gengiz Khan conquest of Bukhara, Samarkand, Tirmidh and Gurganj. Kangli garrisons
slaughtered |
| 1237 |
Invasion of Ases and Kipchaks in N.W. Caspian and N. Caucasus. Leading Kipchak
warrior Bachman killed, Khan Kotyan retreat beyond Tanais. Batu starts
encircling maneuver going through Burtases, Erzya Moksha, and Rus |
| 1239 |
Assimilation of Alania into Ulus Juchi |
| 1250 |
In 13th century number of Besenyo
communities grew to 13, and among names were Aba, Balchar,
Bator, Bychkyly, Eke, Ilbeg, Kure, Karaja, Temir, Teber,
Sol. Besenyo fortresses are named: Salma, Saga, Kerbak. From
these words it is clear that Besenyo language most of all
resembled Türkic Kipchak dialect |
| 1463 |
During Ottoman times, Kangar-Besenyo commixed Ogur/Kipchak language
amalgamated with Turkish Oguz language, retaining a rich pre-Turkish vocabulary, and
possibly morphological elements. Kangar-Besenyos readily embraced Islam, quickly becoming
Moslem-majority country that endured massive influx of Slavic peoples and Slavic
subjugation without losing their language and religion until Communist nationalistic
excesses |
| 2000 |
Kangar-Besenyo became Bosnyaks, in the Middle Ages their Bosnia state became a unique
island of tolerance and cooperation in the Balkans that survived assaults and
nationalistic frenzy of the 20th century. Kangar-Besenyo were among the tribes that
migrated to Khorasan from Oguz Yabgu state and then to Anatolia, settling in the
territory of the ancient Cilicia. In the late 19th c., in the early 20th c., and in the
second half of 20th c., many refugees from the Balkan Bosnia flowed to Anatolia, adding
to the Tyrkey Kangar-Bosnyak descendents
http://www.worldcat.org/title/muslims-of-bosnia-herzegovina-their-historic-development-from-the-middle-ages-to-the-dissolution-of-yugoslavia/oclc/35295795&referer=brief_results. |
 |
One of the tribes participating in the last big wave of Türkic resettlement
from Central Asia to the west (9-11 cc.) were Besenyos, who were one of the
groups in the Kok-Türkic Kaganate. It is probable that they lived in areas of
Issyk Kul and Balkhash, as a part of the On-Oks (Turgishes), and after the
disintegration of the Western Kok-Türkic Kaganate (middle of the 7 c.),
probably, retreated to western Siberia (second half of the 8-th c.) because of
Oguzian relocation to Syr-Darya as a result of pressure from Karluks.
The first eight entries, from Choban to Tolmach, represent local tribes or septs...
