BULGARS

Bulgars, Bolgars, Bulghars, Bolghars and other variations

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DATELINE

Time	Events
4000 BC	4-3 millennium BC Ancient barrow (pit) archeological culture, formation of pra-Türks. Kurgans.
3450 BC	World's first cities appear along banks of Tigris and Euphrates. They make up Uruk culture, with principal city Uruk, Biblical Erech. This culture invents writing and lunar calendar, uses metals, develops medicine, builds monumental architecture.
3450 BC	In Uruk culture no unified government evolves, and they remain independent for almost one thousand years
3200 BC	Sumerians are making use of wheeled transportation
3100 BC	Cuneiform writing emerges in Mesopotamia. This form of writing, involving wedge-shaped characters, is used to record first epics in world history, including Enmerkar and Lord of Aratta and first stories about Gilgamesh
2700 BC	Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, rules city of Uruk, which has now grown to a population of more than 50,000. Gilgamesh is subject of many epics, including Sumerian "Gilgamesh and Enkidu in Nether World" and Babylonian "Epic of Gilgamesh"
2320 BC	Sargon conquers independent city-states of Sumer and institutes central government
2130 BC	Sumer regains its independence from Akkadian rule, though it does not revert back to independent city-states. At this time, Sumer is ruled from important city of Ur
2100 BC	Sumerian King List is written, recording all kings and dynasties ruling Sumer from earliest times. According to this list, Eridu is named as earliest settlement, a claim that seems to be confirmed by archeological evidence
2000 BC	2000-1600 BCE: Old Babylonian period begins after collapse of Sumer, probably due to increase in soil salt content thereby making farming difficult. Weakened by poor crops, lack of surplus goods, Sumerians are conquered by Amorites, situated in Babylon
2000 BC	Consequently, center of civility shifts north. Though they preserve most of Sumerian culture, Amorites introduce their Semitic language, an early ancestor to Hebrew, into region
1900 BC	Epic of Gilgamesh is redacted from Sumerian sources and written in Semitic language. Thus, though Gilgamesh was Sumerian, his Epic is Babylonian
1750 BC	Semitic group of nomads migrate from Sumer to Canaan and then on to Egypt. They are led by a caravan trader, Patriarch Abraham, who will become father of Israel nation
1766 BC	Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia, 17th member of old Chinese Hia dynasty, dethroned due to evil ways. His son Sunni went with 500 members of his Hia nationality to Hun relatives. Hia still has many common words with Altaic languages
1766 BC	Oldest Türkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political events. Hsiung-nu words tanry, kut, byorü, ordu, tug, kylych etc are oldest monuments of Türkish language. State rulers' endoethnonym is Hun, Türkic "man, male, people"
1763 BC	Amorite King, Hammurabi, conquers Sumer. He writes Code of Laws containing 282 rules including principles of "an eye for an eye" and "let buyer beware". It is one of first codes of law in world history, predated only by Laws of Lipit-Ishta
1750 BC	Hammurabi empire lasts for another one hundred and fifty years, until 1600, when Kassites (Kas=Türk. ‘mountain’), a non-Semitic people, conquer most of Mesopotamia with help of light chariot warfare
1500 BC	15-9 centuries BC Frame culture. Kurgans.
1500 BC	First evidence of widespread organized pastoral nomadic economy in Bronze Age Andronovo culture (mid-second to early first millennium B.C.), found throughout steppe. Settlements of up to forty rectangular, semi-subterranean dwellings found at Atasu, Karkaralinsk and Alekseevka in Kazakhstan. In Dzhezkazgan and Zyryanovskfound are mines from this period
1390 BC	First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos
1200 BC	First Hun state in highlands of Ordos
1200 BC	Cimmerians (Turk. Kam-er, Kim-er - "river man", akin to "Suv-ar", "Bulak-ar" ("Bolkar, Bulgar"), "Sub-ar", "Suv-ar", "Shum-er") begin to occupy Pontic Steppe
800 BC	Assirian chronicles report about Cimmerian invasion to countries of Transcaucasus and Near East. Beginning of Scythian domination in East-European steppes. Assyrians called Cimmerians Gimirrai (Hebrew Gomer; Gen. XI)
800 BC	Plinius of Scythian origins: "Ultra sunt Scytharum populi, Persae illos Sacas in universum appellavere a proxima gente, antiqui Arameos"
800 BC	Hesiod, 7th Century BC, writes: Inventors of bronze working were Scythians. Early Mesopotamian name of metal Zubur, indicates that northern Mesopotamian Subartuan's or a people of region were indeed inventors of process.
800 BC	Herodotus on origin of Scythians from area of eastern Anatolia: "nomad Scythians living in Asia (once only Near East) were attacked by Sarmatians and were forced to cross Araxes (modern Turkish Aras) and wander to land of Cimmerians."
800 BC	Greeks associated invention of iron working with northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Scythian tribes like Kalybs tribe which gave steel its name in many early European languages. In time Sarmatians and Yazig absorb Kalybs.
800 BC	Kalybs are absorbed by Sarmatians and Yazig, via Yazig cavalry taken by Romans to Britain and were foundation of King Arthur myths of Ex-Calibur, and sword myths, which are all early Anatolian traditions.
800 BC	Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians.
722 BC	Pi-van moves capital to the East to Loi or Tsyaju, supposedly because capital with some Chjou territory was under "barbarians" because of disturbances. Later Tsin rulers Syan-gun and Ben-gun captured this territory. Only a part of land returned to Chjou
710 BC	In late 8th century BC Cimmerian and Scythian troops fought against Assyrian king Sargon II, and at end of 6th century BC conflict arose between Scythians and Achaemenian King Darius I
700 BC	Scythians replace Cimmerians in Steppe region
700 BC	Cimmerian tombs of their kings were shown on Tyras (Dniestr), and on south-east another group threatened Assyrians
700 BC	Scyths (Assyrian Ashguzai, Heb. Ashkenax, fr. Türk. As - “nomad”, Güz, Kish, Kiji - “tribe, people”) whom Assyrians welcomed as allies and used against Cimmerians, against Medes and even against Egypt. Hence references to Scyths in Hebrew prophet (Jer. IV.3, VI. 7).
685 BC	685 - 643 BC Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun
679 BC	Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers inTsi, taking that right from Chjou
659 BC	659 - 621 Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin
653 BC	Scythian interregnum in Median Dynasty history. Herodotus dating of this event remains uncertain but traditionally it is seen as falling between reigns of Phraortes and Cyaxares and as covering years 653 to 625 BC.
633 BC	Scythian invasion to Transcaucasus and Fore-Asia.
600 BC	F. Altheim "Das Alte Iran" writes that Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, Gathas, are still not understood by today's linguists.
600 BC	R. Stiehlel writes, it is quite obvious that language of old Avesta is closely tied to ancient Altaic languages. Since newcomers to Iran joined older settled inhabitants often associated with Scythians, Türks and Finno-Ugrians, and borrowed much
600 BC	Many of local people were Iranianized, today we call certain Scythian nations as Iraninan in origin. Much of Persian literature in Persepolis is not in Iranian but in aboriginals' Elamite language that up until last century was also called Scythian
600 BC	About 500-600 BC Hungarians moved south to steppes, where, according to linguistic evidence, they took animal breeding from Chuvash people, as a high proportion of words specific to agriculture in Hungarian language are of Chuvash origin
521 BC	Darius I "the Great" succeeds Cambyses as emperor of Persia. He engages in many large building programs, including a system of roads. In addition, he institutes first postal system
520 BC	6th cent. BC Invasion of Transoxiana by Achaemenids of Persia under Darius I and Cyrus
516 BC	Darius' expedition (516 - 513 BC) against Scythians in N. Pontic is described in great detail by Herodotus, who provided first and perhaps most penetrating description of Europian great nomad empire
510 BC	Hecataeus (6th century B.C.) map showing Scyths
512 BC	Scythian war with army of Persian king Darius I Hystaspos invading Scythia
500 BC	Herodotus mentioned Sarmatians living to north of Scythians of N. Pontic regions and not close to their old homelands along Araxes, Sarmatians must have been a long time thorn in Scythian side.
500 BC	Herodotus: "Anyone who does business with Scyths (Sakae) needs seven interpreters speaking seven languages"
500 BC	Scythians who make this journey (via Budini (Beçen/Peçenek, Budun=Türk. “clan, nation, people”), Thyssagetae (Tis-Saka-it =Türk. outer Sakas), Iyrcae (Yürük=Türk. nomad), Argippaeans (Arik-bay=Türk. pure+ bay=rich man) communicate with inhabitants by means of seven interpreters and seven languages.
500 BC	Sarmate (Sauromatae, Sarma-te=Türk. ‘with sac’) speak language of Scythia, live W of Palus Maeotis (Azov Sea). W of Tanais (Don) and fifteen days' journey N of Sarmate, dwell Budini, "blue-eyed and bright red-haired", whose territory is thickly wooded with trees of every kind
500 BC	Persepolis inscription text is "Darius Hystapes (522-486) rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae."
450 BC	Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.) shows Agathirsi (Agach-ir=Türk. forest+people), Scythians and Massagets, Malanchleni, Budini and Geloni, Thissagets and Jurcae
450 BC	In Issyk fifth-century B.C. Sak's kurgan in town in Kazakhstan near Lake Issyk (Issiq), in a royal tomb, in 1970 is found a flat silver drinking cup jar with Türkic ‘Issyk’ Inscription in Türkic alphabet, attesting that Sak-Massagetan tribes spoke Türkic
450 BC	In Issyk kurgan all human skeletons found in graves showed race characteristics very similar to today's Anatolian Turks, with no trace of Mongoloid features at all (Larousse)
400 BC	Sarmatians take leadership over Scythians.
350 BC	Macedonian burials in kurgans
339 BC	Macedonian raids to North in 339,335,331, 313 è 292 against Scythians and Celts. Celtic alliance with Scythians evidenced by Celtic artifacts in Scythian sites
339 BC	Defeat of Scythians led by king Ateios in battle with army of Philip of Macedonia. Death of Atheios.
338 BC	Macedonian barbarian Philip II defeated united Greek states at battle of Chaeronea in beginning of August 338 BC and appointed himself "Commander of Greeks"
336 BC	Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia, is buried in kurgan per Macedonian custom. Greeks viewed Macedonians as barbarians (non-Greeks), and consequently treated them in same manner in which they treated all non-Greeks.
331 BC	In battle of Gaugamela with Alexander Macedonian, Darius had Scyths (35K Cavalry) and Bactrians in his army
318 BC	First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318 BC
310 BC	Sirac(i), a Sarmatian tribe occupied Kuban region north of Caucasus shortly before 300 B.C. (Tr. Sarig=yellow, blond, Sirs are ansestors of Cumans/Kipchaks)
300 BC	Türkic language splits into 2 branches, Oguz (Eastern) and Ogur (Kipchak) (Western). Oguz 'z', 'y,i', (Oguz, yilan, Yaik) Ogur 'r', 'd, dj', (Ogur, djulan, Djaik)
300 BC	From Chinese sources Alans are listed as one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu, Siu-lin) most favoured by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son Ki-ok/Kök) of 3rd century B.C.
300 BC	In 300 BC Neapolis Scythia In Crimea (Simpheropol area) was capital of Royal Scyths
300 BC	Earliest occurrence of Parthian name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of white Hun (Ephtalite) origin
290 BC	Hun state consists of 24 clans, some of them: Kuyan (Jack rabbit) Lan (Orchard) Suybu (West Tribe) Suylyanti Tsulin Taychi Uyti Tsetszuy…
290 BC	Hun state leader is titled Great Shanüy - "Chenli gydu shanüy" - "Son of endless sky" Succession is from father to eldest son.
247 BC	Start of Parthian Dynasty (ab. 247 B.C.-A.D. 226) which was one of longest in history
246 BC	In Antiochus 11th year Parthians shook off Macedonians, and Ephtalite king's son is new ruler. All nations of Eastern and Northern Asia accepted his rule. King Arsac had four sons. One received Ephtalites, second Hindus, third Parthians, fourth Armenians.
231 BC	Parthian Arsac, lost to Persian king Selecud and retreats amongst Aspasiac Scythians, near Aral Sea. With their aid he reconquers his empire
230 BC	Touman (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), of clan Suylyanti with a bull totem establishes Hunnic Empire
214 BC	Chinese ruler Si Huang Ti (259-210 BC) builds Great Chinese Wall against attacks of Huns
209 BC	Touman died (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), accession to throne of Maotun (Batur, 210 - 174 BC), founder of Hun Empire. Expansion of Hun Empire.
204 BC	HUN EMPIRE 204 B.C - 216 A.D Founder - Mete (Bagatir, Maotun, Batur) Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea, (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
200 BC	Emergence of Huns (Hsiung-nu) on western borders of China.
200 BC	A strong stone and mortar wall surrounds capital Neapolis Scythia of Royal Scyths in 200 B.C. Of note is a mausoleum that contains seventy-two richly furnished tombs, which are probably representative of royal Scythian house
177 BC	Mete Khan (Maotun) letter to Chinese government describes that 26 nations are in Türkish sate and all of them became "nations stretching bow-string", or Huns
174 BC	Kokkhan (174-161 BC), Huns (Hsiung-nu) attack Tocharians (Yüeh-chih), driving them from Gansu
161 BC	Kunkhan (161 - 126 BC)
150 BC	Rise of Hun Empire's puts pressure on territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were pushed west, including Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar.
150 BC	Migration of a part of Sarmats (Bulgarians) from Northern Caucasus to Cis-Caucasus.
141 BC	141-128 BC Tochars (Yüeh-chih), fleeing from Huns (Hsiung-nu), overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan.
126 BC	El Chishi (126 - 114 BC)
124 BC	Asi (Yazig), Pasiani (Budini/Beçen/Peçenek), Tocharian, Sabir (Sabaroi) tribes break into Sogdiana and Baktria. In next five years two Parthian emperors loose their lives in wars. They also later conquer Sakauraka tribe.
121 BC	Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat Huns (Hsiung-nu).
114 BC	Ovi (114 - 105 BC)
103 BC	Tribe Pu-ku/Bu-gu is repeatedly mentioned in different Chinese sources from 103 BC up to 8-th century AD. They inhabit W and E parts of Central Asia, N and NW of Tien-Shan, Semirech'e and W of rivers Syr Darya and Amu Darya.
103 BC	One of tribal lords of Pu-ku - Sofu sulifa Kenan Bain, bears title sulifa, attested later among Dagestan Bulgarians.
100 BC	Diodorus Siculus, 1st c. B.C. Scythians "lived in very small numbers at Araks River....they gained country in mountains up to Caucasus, in lowland on coast of Ocean (Caspian Sea) and Meot Lake (Azov Sea) and other territories up to Tanais River.
100 BC	"They won for themselves a country "behind Tanais River up to Egyptian Nile River" (Diodorus II, 43).
75 BC	Scythian nomads from Central Asia conquered Kabul River Valley, with Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara, from Greek kings of Bactria
56 BC	First split of Hun Empire into Western and Eastern branches Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) (56 - 36 BC)
54 BC	Chinese chronicles mention Ogurs as separate people in vicinity of Edisu
53 BC	Parthian nomads from east of Caspian Sea conquered Kabul River Valley, with Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara, from Scythians. After defeating Greeks in 53 BC, Parthians ruled northern Pakistan area. Parthians promoted art and religion, developed Gandhara school of art with Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art influences
51 BC	Huns (Hsiung-nu) split into two hordes, with Eastern Horde subject to China.
50 BC	Dionisios Periegetos says, already in 1st century BC, Huns dominate over all Caspian lands
6 AD	Illirian rebelion (6-9 AD). Introduction of Roman provincial rule in Pannonia
20	Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20): Massagetae, [meaning hero-tribe] who also live in Balk are Kush. According to Armenians Baktria is land of Kush and Balkh is its capital city, where great Arsac set up his throne.
20	Strabo: Parthian Scythians became Persian and Armenian kings from which even Byzantines received capable rulers. In Armenia Arsac dynasty ruled for about 600 years.
21	Rebellion in Thrace and Gaul
35	3536 AD Alanian participation in Ibero-Parphian war on side of Iberia.
48	WESTERN HUN EMPIRE 48 - 216 A.D Founder - Panu Area - area over present Central Asia
50	Kujula Kadphises unites (Yüeh-chih) to establish Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to Upper Indus.
50	1st century AD (first half) Alans (Alani =Tr. ‘field’) mentioned by written sources of Ancient Rome (?) for first time.
50	Apostle Paul (Saul) begins spreading Christianity to the gentile world. Start of Christianity as a world event
64	Kushana king Kujula, ruler of Central Asian nomads, overthrew the Parthians and took over Gandhara. Kushans extended their rule into northwest India and Bay of Bengal, south into Bahawalpur and short of Gujrat, and north till Kashghar and Yarkand. They made their winter capital at Purushapura, City of Flowers, now called Peshawar, and their summer capital north of Kabul
72	Alans invade Transcaucasus
78	78-144 Reign of King Kanishka over Kushan Empire (territory extended to include Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as dominant religion.
93	Western (Northern) Huns suffer a major defeat from Mongols (Hsien-pi) and start westward migration (93-c.380).
97	Chinese armies reach Caspian Sea.
106	Jornand recalls that Nocopol on Danube was founded by Trayan after victory over Sarmats
124	Dionysius Periegetes (the guide) Orbis terrae descriptio map showing Huns (Unni), Caspii, Massagets, Sacii, Alani, Scyths, Hyrcanii, Sarmats, Taurii
124	Dionisus Periegetes (end of 1st - beginning of 2nd c.) maps and talks that on Northwestern side of Caspian sea live Scythians, Uns, Caspians, Albanians, and Kaduses, of Huns living next to Caspian Sea Sak (Gr. Sacae)=Türkco-Persian saka=water carrier
128	Kanishka, the greatest of Kushans, ruled from 128 to 151 AD
135	Alanian campaign in Transcaucasus and Media
139	Dionisus Periegetes: Huns living next to Dniepr in Eastern Europe. Calls them Khuni (Chuni) and Suni. (Khuni is clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Senü, their ruler)
139	Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ‘below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Tr. Agach-ers ‘forest people’) live Savari (Türkic Suvars), between Basternae (Tr. Bash-t-er 'head people') and Rhoxolani (Tr. Uraksy Alans, i.e. ‘Alans-farmers’) live Huns
150	Mid. 2nd century Alans defeated by Roman army at Olvia (Olbia)
155	End of Huns as a major power in inner Asia.
200	ca. AD 200-370: Invasions by Goths., who colonize and mix with local populations. Tervingi branch consolidated their realm between Dniestr and Danube, and became known as 'Visigoths'. Greutungi dominated west of Dniestr and became known as Ostrogoths
213	Roman war with German and Danubian tribes. Caracalla defeats Alemans
214	Edessa becomes a Roman colony
216	End of HUN EMPIRE 204 B.C - 216 A.D Founder - Mete (Bagatir) Area - At At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
216	End of WESTERN HUN EMPIRE 48 - 216 A.D Founder - Panu Area - area over present Central Asia
226	End of Parthian Dynasty (ab. 247 B.C.-A.D. 226), it was one of longest in history
234	Roman war against Alemans. Maximin, a Thracian, is proclaimed Emperor by Pannonian army (ñ 235 to 238)
236	Roman war against Sarmatians and Dacians
236	Gothic invasion across Danube and invasion of Dacian Carps
260	In 60's of 3rd c, Caucasian Huns served in Persian army
266	Unification of China. Hun rebellion is suppressed
275	EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 - 454 A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N.Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)
290	In 90's of 3rd c, Armenian sources write about Hun's wars in Trans-Caucasus (N.Caucasus )
293	Sasanid (Persian) inscriptions dated by 293 mention name of one of Türkic khakans from Caucasus
300	Tele left early Huns Horde, keeping patriarchal relations and nomadic life. They were not Sinadized. They move in steppes on carts with high wheels.
300	Tele have 12 clans, each governed by aldermen, all living in peace
300	Genealogy: Gaogüys =>Tele =>15 tribes => 1 Uange (Uygurs) 2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto) 3 Kibi 4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele) 5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut) 6 Dolange (Telengits) 7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs) 8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs) 9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs) 10 Hun 11 Sygye (Uygurs) 12 Husye 13 Higye 14 Adye(Eduz) 15 Baysi (Barsil)
300	Sirs and Türks live at Ordos
300	Bulgars and Khazars are blood relatives, with a common or similar language.
301	In 4-7c. Seyanto (Sir + Yanto) occupied steppes between Mongol Altai and E. Tianshan
304	Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China Khan Empire northern part and established a sequence of kingdoms. Toba tribe led predominantly Chinese population.
309	Hun's raid eased by rebellion of (Chinese) people against officials
309	Intrigues of Emperor Huai-di against Sym Yuy. Aliance with Tabgach Khan Ilu against Huns
311	Defeat of Sym Yuy. Fall of Loyan, Huns take Chanan
312	Small Syanbinian tribe with Khans from Muyun family moved from southern Manjuria to west and settled in proximity of lake Kukunor. They fought Tibetans successfully and Tobases unsuccessfully.
312	Syanbinian tribe with Muyun Khans were organized into kingdom Togon and became vassals of Empire Wey.
312	Chinese displace Huns from Chanan
320	Muyun Khoy becomes Great Shanuy
321	Tsu Ti dies, and Chinese advance against Huns stopped
325	China loses lands north of river Huai
334	First mention of Bulgars, they live in basin of Tanais and Cuban
336	Beg. 4th c. Invasion of Armenia by Hun-Maskuts (Gr. Massagets), together with Sakas, led by king of Massagetae Sanesan (Tr. Sen-esen=you+storming (man))
336	Türkic names of Hun rulers Karaton (kadadon= dress) Mundjuk, Attila's father (bondjus = bead, tirquose) Attila (Itil= birthplace, or Ata-il = father of country) Illek, Attila's son (Il-Ek = country fortress) Dengizik, Attila's son (Den(g)iz = Sea) Irnek, Attila's son (=young soldier) Aibars, Attila's uncle (= bars, lion) Oktar, Attila's uncle (= ) Ary Kan (aryg-kan = beautiful quinn) Basyk Kursyk Atakam Eshkam
336	Türkic names of Hun rulers (cont'd) Nation Agacheri (Forrest people) Shar (sary - ak, = yellow - white) Ogur (Ok-gur = ten federates) Potential link of ruling family with Asian Tankhu (king)
337	Hun' s vanguard reached Tanais, displaced Ostgoths, who displaced Visigoths and Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division of Roman Empire into Western and Eastern Empires
338	Tele tribes subjugated by Tobases Khan. They live west of Ordos
350	Ügülüy from Syanbinian cavalry organizes a band and joints neighboring nomads.
350	Tele are living of animal husbandry, in a weak confederation of tribes, fighting for their independence.
354	Earliest known European record about Bulgarians is "Anonymous chronograph", a list of tribes and peoples in Latin. He mentiones a certain 'Ziezi ex quo Vulgares'.
360	Huns cross Volga and attack Alans. Part of Alans retreat to N. Caucasus, part is absorbed in Hun's Horde, part retreat to N. Donets. Most likely, after conquest a part of Bulgars joins Huns, and a part remains
360	Uhuans and Syanbins become subjects of Fu Tsyan II, who moves them beyond Chinese Wall
363	In 363, Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages, especially Derbent passage, against Huns, who make repeated raids and campaigns against Persians, Armenians and peoples of Middle East
364	Goth's invasion of Thrace
367	Valens twice crossed Danube with his troops and devastated much of Goths' territory
370	Huns defeat Goths (Germans)
370	Romans hired Hunnic warriors as auxiliary troops and paid them a yearly tribute, partly for services rendered and partly as a bribe to keep them from raiding provinces
370	Huns were a genetic hybrid between Mongoloid, Altaic (Siberian), and Central Asian Türkic stocks. Typical Hunno-Bulgars probably had a squarish face, high cheekbones, and slanting eyes. Term 'Bulgar' comes from Türkic 'bulgha' = 'to mix'. These nomadic horsemen groups were mainly composed of As - Ossetians, Eastern Antes - Iranian-Slavic blend, Khazars - a mixed Türkic group, and a people known as Sarmatians, an Iranian group.
370	Huns defeat Ostrogoths. Death of Germanarix. Vinitari (Vitimir?) becomes new Ostrogothic king. Ostrogoths retire to Lower Dniepr. Geruls and Burgundians part of Ostrogoths.
370	370-376 War between Alans and Goths.
370	Huns control N. Pontic, Tanais, and N. Caspian steppes. Alans who live there join Huns.
370	Guylüchoy, successor to Ügülüy, organized a horde, move along all Khalka to Khingan, subordinated to Tobas Khans, paid tribute in horses, sable and martens.
370	Guylüchoy life and organization are primitive and organized by regiments of 1000 men. No changes for 200 years. All efforts went to rob neighbors.
370	2 migrations of Bulgarians from Caucasus to Armenia. 1st during Armenian ruler Vaharshak, immigrants of Vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, lands named Vanand.
370	2nd migration during Armenian ruler Arshak, disturbances ... in land of Bulgars, many of whom migrated and settled south of Kokh, because of expansion of Huns in E European steppes
372	After crushing, or compelling alliance of, various nations Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci, Huns reached Alani, Don Alans crushed by Huns. Part of Alans joins Huns in advance to Europe
374	Retreating to Dnieper Ostrogoths fight with Ants living there. After a number of battles and defeats, Ostrogoths captured Antian King Boz (Bus, Bog?) and executed him
375	Jordanes, XLVIII, 249. Battle between Alans under Balamber and Ostrogoths at river Erac (present Tiligul). After death of Vitimir, young Vidirix bacame a King. Alatey and Safrac ruled under his name. Ostrogoths retreated to Dniestr.
375	Ammianus Marcellinus: After his (Hermanaric) departure, Vitimir was made a King, and resisted Halans for some time… But after many defeats he suffered, he was subdued by arms and died in battle
376	Huns captured Atilkuzu (Bessarabia). Alans remained in Dacia. Vestgoths and Ostrogoths, defeated by Huns and Alans, retreated to Danube.
376	Vestgoths and Ostrogoths Goths fled from Huns, asked help from Emperor Valens, who allowed them cross Danube to guard borders, and entered Roman Empire. Poor control of crossing, extractions by officials caused rebellion. Rome faced Gothic invasion.
376	Goths who crossed Danube became Visigoths, and Goths who remained behind and became subjects of Huns were designated Ostrogoths. Ostrogoths who cross Danube joined Vestgoths. Entire Alaric's Visigothic population is estimated to be around 100,000 people
377	Hunnish-Bulgarian association during period of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Attilla's combat power consists mostly from mounted Bulgarian troops. Attila' dynasty is continued for Bulgars.
377	A detachment of Huns crossed Kerch straight from Caucasus, displaced Goths in Crimea to center of peninsula, and went to join main army in Dniestr estuary
378	At a victory celebration Bulümar (360??---378) dies, his son Alyp-bi becomes Khan of Huns (378-390)
378	Oldest son of Hun's Bulümar (Balamber) Alyp-bi defeats Sadumes (Scandinavians), crossed Danube, and with Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Alans defeats 80K Byzantium army at Andrianopol
378	Valens acted alone and engaged a massive Gothic force of estimated 200,000 warriors near Adrianople. Result was a catastrophe, Valens army was completely annihilated, he perished (9 August AD 378). His body was never found
380	Western (Northern) Huns in westward migration (93-c.380) take possession of lower Tanais river valley and north of Meotida
380	New Roman Emperor Theodosius settles Gothic problem diplomatically. Goths become federates, and Alans move north.
380	380-395 Alans clear Dacia and Atilkuzu from Vestgoths, Taifals, Gepids, Burgunds and other peoples. Huns went to Pontic steppes
386	Creation of Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
390	Tele move north, to Djungaria, and spread in West Mongolia to Selenga.
390	Alyp-bi (378-390) dies, is buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev) under Baltavar stone with Ψ sign. His son Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) becomes Khan of Huns (390-434)
395	Hun campaign in Cis-Caucasus and even raid Syria. Alans, Ostrogoths and Geruls, retreated earlier to Cis-Caucasus, subordinate to Huns
395	Rebellion of Alarics and Visigoths
400	Syanbian language, ancient Mongolian, becomes inter-tribe language for Türk's allied tribes. "Türk" = "strong", "powerful".
400	Alans and Bulgars live between Itil and Don
400	In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.
400	Arab and Persian authors mention town Varachan (Belenjer), capital of Hun state, in Sulak valley near Upper Chir-Ürt in Dagestan. Later authors refer to Balanjar as native land of Khazars.
400	Ancestors of Khazars among Huns called selves Basils (Bas, head; il/el, people--ruling people)
402	Ruler of Western Empire Stilihon allied with Huns and Alans, who help Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes.
405	New help by Huns and Alans to Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes (Suewes).
406	Alans join Vandals in invasion to Gallia (modern France).
406	Radagais leads Vandals, Suebis, Kuads, Burgonds, Saxsons, Almants, is captured at Fiesol by Huns under Ulduz (?-410?), supposedly, ruler of right, eastern wing of Hunnish army, allied with Romans, and is executed (Aug 406). Vandals cross Rein, retreat to Gaul
409	Alans and Vandals moving from Gaul to Spain.
409	Uldiz, ruler of right, eastern wing spread from Balkhash to Volga, tells to ambassador of Byzantium, governor of Thrace, "I can capture all lands to sunset"
410	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (?-410), his brother Khulüy (410-414) becomes Khan.
410	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitedly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai. Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Syanbinian Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness.
410	Huns attack Roman Empire and sack Rome. Huns introduce pants to Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas
410	After death of Uldiz (?-410?) Karaton (410-422?) becomes Khagan of Huns. In 412 Karaton receives Byzantian ambassador Olimpiodors. Karaton rules mostly eastern part of empire. No information till 422
412	Byzantian embassy to Huns in Pontic area
414	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Khulüy (410-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-?) becomes Khan
418	Syanbinian Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area
420	Toba tribe unites Northern China into a kingdom known under Chinese name of Empire Wey
420	Huns settle in middle Danube. Rulers were Roila (Rugila), Mundzuk and Oktar
420	WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
420	Ephtalites were divided into White Chions and Red Chions
424	Jujan Khan Datan (?-424) with 60K cavalry invades Empire Wey. In 425 Tobases of Empire Wey expel them to behind Gobi
430	Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Wey army, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperses Syanbinian Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by his son Udi (430-445). Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wey
430	Huns reach Rein. Yabgu Roila (Ruga) keeps friendly relations with Rome, lending troops to suppress Bagauds in Gaul
432	After Oktar, Ruga (432-437) becomes Hun Khagan
434	Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khan Ruga (432-437)
434	Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) (390-434) dies. His son Attila becomes Yabgu of W. Huns (Kara Bulgar) (434-445). His son Bleda becomes ruler of E. Huns (Ak Bulgar) (434-445).
434	Roman bishop of Margus crossed Danube and robbed royal Hun graves, stealing their burial treasures. War broke out
434	Attila forces Eastern Roman Empire to recognize the superiority of Huns. Constantinople gives many concessions in treaty of Margus: Hun merchants’ rights, military alliance conducts, the return of Hun fugitives, and increases tribute to 700 pounds of gold to be paid each year
434	Possibly during Byzantine campain Ruga (Rua, Roila, Rugila) dies (?-434), Atilla and his brother Bleda are elected, his nephew Attila becomes ruler of left (western) wing of empire
437	Syanbinian Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wey. In 439 Empire Wey counterattacks, without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border and flees. Then again in 445.
439	In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Khesi to Wey Empire, Khan Ashina with 500 families fled to Syanbinian Jujanes and settled south of Altai mountains and produced iron for Syanbinian Jujanes.
439	An horde of warlike Syanbinians retreated to Tibet from Khesi. Coming to a rich, but disunited country, Syanbinian leader attracted Kyans, i.e. occupied a dominating position between ever-hostile tribes.
439	In Tibet, descendants of Syanbinian leader had title Tsenpo, meaning in between King and Head of Government, supported by Syanbinians who are the only real force in country.
439	Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan
440	Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar
440	Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia
441	Huns are again on Danube border, took Singidun (Belgrad)
442	Ultimatum by Atilla to Theodosius II, who rejects it.
442	442-447 Huns invade Byzantium. Destruction of cities in Illiria and Thrace, capture and inclusion of vast territory in Hunnish state.
443	Peace between Theodosius II and Atilla. By peace of Anatolius (the mediator of the treaty negotiation) Romans were to pay 6,000 pounds of gold immediately, and yearly tribute set at 2,100 pounds of gold, and immediate release of Hun fugitives
444	Atilla, Kara Bulgar Yabgu, becomes Hun Kagan (445-453) upon death of Kagan Bled (434-445), the highest ruler from Caucasus to Danube. Per Priscus, Bleda had honor burial and three-day giant feast attended by all nobles in Kaganate
445	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Wey undertakes punishment raids into steppes against Syanbinian Jujanes.
447	2-nd peace of Anatolius between Byzantiun and Huns. Big tribute to Huns. Hun commander Edeco assented to assassinate Atilla for 50 pounds of gold
448	Byzantian embassy to Atilla, described by Priscus. Byzantian attempt to organize Atilla's murder.
448	Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan.
450	In written sources, Huns are identified with Scythians and Cimmerians, and specifically with "Royal Scythians". Scythian ethnonym "As-kishi", or its stem "as" is retained in written sources, especially old Georgian documents, in Huns' name as "ovs", "os"
450	Hunnish society attained progress thanks to contact with Roman civilization. In dwelling place of Onegesios, in Attila's court, for example, prisoner from Sirmium constructed baths
450	Priscus: "because Scythians are mixed and besides their own language, they try to speak language of Huns, or Goths or Ausoni, when some of them have to do with Romans"
450	Per Priscus, Sabirs conquered lands of Onogurs, Saragurs and Ugors in steppes around north-western Caspian coast.
450	Death of Theodosius II Flavy on a hunt (10.4.401). Markian, a son of a plain soldier, becomes Emperor, formally as a husband of Pulheria. 450 Markian refuses to pay tribute to Huns.
450	Huns were called Os in 5th century, during their raids in Georgia in time of king Vakhtang. Word "ovs" of Georgian sources is actually a slightly deformed name of a Türk tribe "As"
451	Attila heads great army, size of Hunnic army has been variously estimated at between 300,000 and 700,000, crossed Rhine and swept across Europe looting, pillaging, and burning. Aetius battles Attila on Rein in June at Battle of Chalons on Catalaunian Plains
451	451.06.15 "Battle of Peoples" at Catalaun ravine near present Trua. On Atilla's side are Huns, Geruls, Ostrogoths and part of Franks, on Aecius side Roman legions recruited from Gaul and Germany, Vestgoths, Burgunds, Franks, Armorician Alans headed by San. No definite result.
451	Jordanes: In a direct fight battled strongest troops on both sides, without surprise attacks. Mighty tribes were killed, 165K on each side, plus 15K Gepids and Franks who fought at night, killing each other, Franks on Roman side, Gepids on Hun's side
451	Atilla prepares a campain in Italy
452	Italian campain of Atilla, ending with peace. In spite of large conquests, Atilla agreed to peace because of epidemy in his army.
453	Atilla (434-453) weds young German Ildico. Next morning he is found dead. End of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Atilla is given state funerals. Ellak becomes Hun Kagan (453-454).
453	Vestgoths, headed by Torismud, son of killed in Catalaunian Plains Theodorix, defeat Huns and expell them from their territory.
453	Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle at Nedao.
453	Gepids under Ardaric battle Huns under Ellak. Tingiz ((Dengizik/Diggiz) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) retreat to a military camp and defend for 2 years. Negotiations allow Tingiz and Bel-Kermek leave with Bulgars, remaining defenders are surrendered to Ardaric
453	To Ellak, eldest of brothers, given Sabir ulus, to 2-nd son Tengiz given Kutrigur ulus, to Bel-Kermek, 3-rd son, given Utigur ulus
453	454-565 Gepids control Pannonia. Gepidian reign is established in Dacia (current day Transylvania)
454	Several Hunno-Bulgar uluses outside of three main Hunnic hordes joined with Byzantines with obligation of military services, and were given land to settle as protectors against their northern cousins
454	Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle. Sabirs without Ellak retreat to East, through Pontic Steppes, to Daghestan. Kutriguri and Utiguri under Bel-Kermek (Hernach), fell back to 'Ugol' place that corresponds to Bessarabia
454	454 - 455 Rebelion in Hun's state. German tribes of Gepids, Rugs, Geruls rebelled. Battle at Nedao (Nedava, tributary of Sava). Coalition was composed of Gepids, Scires, Suaves, Ruges, Herules and Ostrogoths
454	Jordanes: You could see Goth with lances, Gepids mad with sword, Rug breaking spears in his wounds, and Svev bravely acting with bat, and Hun with arrow, Alan with heavy, Gerule with light weapons.
454	Atilla's son Ellak tried suppress rebelion, was defeated and died in battle. Remains of Ellak's army retreated east of Carpathians. Two other sons Dengizik and Ernak remained in Dacia and Bessarabia. Alans led by ruler Kandak were forced to go to Dobrudja
454	Ostrogoths take part on losing side in battle at Nedao where Gepids under Ardaric crush last Hun coalition. Ostrogoths become sovereign and settle in Pannonia
454	End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 - 454 A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area -4,000,000 Km2)
455	Tingiz and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) (455-465) lead Bulgars, on way from Pannonia to estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper) are attacked by Gallidjians (Scandinavians). Tingiz is killed. Bel-Kermek raises red flag of Asses and breaks through to lower Dnieper.
455	Bel-Kermek, 3rd son of Atilla, leads Bulgars to settle between Crimea and estuary of Buri-chai (Dniepr), and proclaims a beylik of Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys) (455-465).
455	Bel-Kermek with Hun's Sadagariem and other tribes remain in Dobrudja (Little Scythia) and Lower Moesia. Later known as Sacromontizies and Fossatizies.
455	Two other Attilla's sons, Emnetzur and Ultzindur lead from Crimea tribes of Ultzindzur and Ultzindgur to Byzantium on right bank of Danube
455	Jews from Armenia and Persia begin immigration to North Caucasus
459	Hephthalites conquer Kushans and invade India
460	Bulgarian tribes Ultinzur, Bittugur and Bardor of Pannonia join Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys). Huns adopt name Bulgars, Bulgars use Hun's language.
463	Ogur Türkic tribes, including Onogurs (Onoghur = 10 Ogur Confederation), Saragurs (White Türks) and Uturgurs (Utigurs) (Uturgur = 30 Ogur Confederation) cross Itil and enter Europe.
463	Priscus Rhetor: In 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, conquered conquered lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
463	Destunis G.C.: Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine.They said that they were expelled by Savirs, who fled Avars, who fled from people living on shores of ocean. Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates
463	Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire
465	Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium
465	Altynoba's Bel-Kermek (455-465) dies, his older son Djurash Masgut becomes Baltavar (465-505).
465	Agaçeris crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Agaçeris are included in Five Ogur confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly, Kalaç and Kipchak nations
468	Tengiz (Dengizik) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) sent ultimatum to Byzantium, when it is rejected, Dengizik invades Thrace, but is defeated under command of Byzantians Anagast and Aspar. Dengizik dies in battle.
468	Bulgar Kutigurs fight Byzantine (468-469). Bysantine's Anagast procured Khan Dengizik's head after he was killed and sent it to Constantinople where it was displayed atop of a spear. Kutrigurs never forgot Utigur Hernach's refusal of help.
468	468 - 469 Danube war between Huns and Byzantium. Bel-Kermek (Hernach) after Dengizik death leads army. Byzantium beats off invasion with difficulty. Byzantium mercenary army consists of Slavs and Alans commanded by Aspar, whose father was Alan.
468	Vernadsky G.V.:"in some respect Danube war of 468 - 469 was a war of Alans and Ants against their former masters, Huns." After Byzantian victory Huns left Dacia and Bessarabia. These provinces opened for Slavic colonization.
469	Western Hunnish clans retreated. Utigurs to Azov-Taman SE of Sea of Azov. Kutrigurs to between Dniepr and Don Rivers, NW from Sea of Azov Utigurs. Sabirs in Daghestan SE of other two Hunnic hordes, between Daryal Gorge and Kuma River on Caspian Sea.
469	469 - 488 movement of Bel-Kermek army back to Meotian-Taman region. They call themselves descendents of Hernach and are known as Utigurs (Kulakovsky "Alans")
469	Remnants of Tengiz (Dengizik) horde follow Utigurs to Dniepr and settle between Dniepr and Meotian Sea. They were called Kutigurs.
470	Peace between Syanbinian Jujan and Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
480	Promulgation of first Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire
481	Ioanes Antiochenus: First written agreement of Byzantium emperor Zeno (474-475,476-491) with Bulgars' Djurash Masgut (465-505), allying them in war against Ostrogoths Goths of Theodoric (493-526), son of Triarius [Must be 475]
485	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Üychen (?-485)died, his …??... Doulun (485-492) becomes Khan.
486	Bulgars fight again against Goths as allies of Byzantium
488	Bulgars settle in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after expelling Theodoric Ostrogoths (488).
488	Khazarian khalifa begins rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus
488	Bulgars fought again against Goths as allies of Gepids.
488	Bulgarians had been regarded as a brave and invincible in war people
488	Chersonesus ruler decided to restore walls and towers damaged by earthquake, scared of Kutugur's raids
492	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Doulun (485-492) killed, end of Syanbinian Jujan overlordship over steppes and Tele. Nagay (492-493) becomes Khan
492	Kutigur Bulgars invade Thrace, defeat Byzantine army and kill their leader Julian.
493	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Nagay (492-493) died, his son Futu (493)becomes Khan.
493	493-499 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns start raiding Thrace, possibly with Slavs. They took advantage of a civil war in Byzantium.
495	Publication of Sinicization decree in Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire prohibiting use of Tabgach language.
498	Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and extends to left bank of Danube. Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship.
499	Toba conquerors assimilated and switched to Chinese language
500	Gaochan in Turfan oasis, under ethnically Chinese lord, under overlordship of Syanbinian Jujanes, breaks with their allies Syanbinian Jujanes.
500	Earliest settlement on site of city of Bolgary dates to about AD 500
502	Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns Bulgars plundered all of Thrace
504	Buddhism proclamed a state religion in China.
504	Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns raid Thrace, possibly with Slavs
505	Altynoba's Djurash Masgut (465-505) dies, Tatra (505-) becomes Bulgarian Baltazar subordinated to Avar overlordship.
505	Sabirs from Pannonia immigrate to North Caucasus and Itil valley
505	Sabirs created a powerful federation of akin tribes, "Kingdom of Huns". They were populous and had an army of 20,000 well equipped cavalrymen. They were masters of art of war and build siege machines unknown even to Persians and Byzantines.
508	Teles (Teleutes) Khan Mivotu in vassalage to Ephtalites. Helps Empire Wey 's 3K army defeated Syanbinian Jujanes at lake Puley, after being paid 60 pieces of silk by Empire Wey. Futu dies in struggles. Mivotu is rewarded with musical instruments.
508	Cheunu (508-520) becomes Syanbinian Jujan Khan.
513	Altynoba's Tatra Bolgarian raids against Byzantium become annual. Hunno-Bulgars aid in Vitalians Revolt (514 ).
513	Buddhism penetrates to Syanbinian Jujanes. Khan Cheunu converts to Buddhism. Religious divisions in ruling clan
516	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu attacks Tele's kingdom Gaogüy, captures Tele (Teleut) lord Mivota, Tele escape to Ephtalites.
516	Slavs raid Macedonia and Illiria
518	Cheunu sends an embassy to Empire Wey, received by emperor Syao-min-di, re-establishes vassalage to Wey.
518	Justin I repulsed Slav hordes beyond Danube
519	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu makes a treaty with Ephtalites, gives Eftalite lords his princesses as wives. Allies with Korea (Gao-Guyli) against Empire Wey, and together smash Manju tribe Dideugan.
519	Empire Wey recognized suzerainty of Turfan's Gaochan, and Syanbinian Jujanes continue to trade with them, receiving bread and cloth. Iron goods are provided to Syanbinian Jujans by their Türk (Türks-tuku) vassals in Altai.
520	Syanbinian Jujan Khan Cheunu (508-520) killed by his mother, installed her another son, Anahuan, replaced by Polomyn.
521	Teles rebel and defeat remaining Syanbinian Jujanes under Polomyn, and Polomyn moves to Empire Wey with remains of his Horde. Anakhuan escaped to Empire Wey in 520, so both branches of Syanbinian Jujan horde ended up in Empire Wey.
521	Polomyn's horde is resettled within Empire Wey by lake Kukunor, and Sinifa, brother of Anakhuan, is resettled beyond border, north of Dunkhuan.
525	Anahuan leads Empire Wey expedition against rebel fortress Bo-ye and defeats rebels. Receives rewards and absolution from Empire Wey.
525	Togon's Syanbinian prince Kualüy pronounces himself Khan.
527	Procopius Caesariensis: Hephthalites are people from Unn tribe, but they do not mix with them… they are not nomads like other Unn tribes, but live since ancient times in a fruitful country… Among all other Unns they are the only ones with white bodies and not repulsive faces
527	Procopius: Chosroes sent army of Huns into Roman Armenia, to create a diversion there, had fallen into hands of Valerian and his Romans, and these barbarians had been badly beaten in battle, and most of them killed
530	Procopius gives first historical accounts about invasions of Slavic tribes across Danube. These invasions started during first half of 6th century during Roman emperors Justinian (527-565) to Heraklios (610-641)
530	Migrations of Slavs were frequently led by Türks, shown by archaeological finds (oldest pieces of Slavic pottery and metal art objects are borrowed from Türkic peoples), and by numerous Türkic loanwords concerning state organization and cultural life
530	Second army of Romans in Caucasus consists of Saracens (sary chechle - yellow haired, or Kipchaks) under Arethas, ruler of Saracens,
531	Gao-Khuan revolted, defeated Tobases and split Empire Wey into East Wey and West Wey, both controlled by Chinese military leaders under a nominal Syanbian Emperors.
531	With split of Empire Wey Syanbinian Togon became free.
531	Khazarian khalifa loses rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus to Persian Sasanid Chosroes I (531-578)
531	Procopius Caesariensis: "Huns and Ants, Sklavens already crossed Danube many times and caused unrecoverable damage to Romans". Attack of Altynoba's Tatra Huns and Slavs on Byzantium. After next raid Justinian appoints Ant (Slav) Khvalibud a Roman commander on Danube
534	Anahuan with his horde attacks Tele's kingdom Gaogüy, defeats it. Tele's lord Ifu killed by his brother Üegüy, who continues resistance, is defeated, killed by Ifu's son Bidi.
537	Goths siege of Rome. To help Belisarius came army of Altynoba's Tatra Bulgars, Sklavens and Antes. Byzantines drive Goths from Rome with help of Bulgar troops (537-538).
538	Slavic soldiers are mentioned in Roman army
539	Altynoba's Tatra Bulgar Huns raid to Thrace. Byzantium runs 3 wars
540	Tele's kingdom Gaogüy under Bidi is defeated and Gaogüy stops existing.
540	Split of Empire Wey makes Syanbinian Jujan Khan Anakhuan a gegemon for both halves of Empire Wey.
540	Altynoba's Tatra Kutigur Bulgars take and plunder not only rural areas, but take forts (539-540). In Illyrium alone, in 540, Kutigur Bulgars seized 32 forts.
540	Syanbinian Khan Kualüy sends embassy to Gao-Khuan in Syanbinian Eastern Wey, becoming an enemy of Syanbinian Western Wey.
540	Togon occupied considerable territory, had cities (protected settlements), had organized government, maybe copied from Tobases, had extensive cattle growing economy, low in culture, and under strong dominance of Khans.
540	Türkic autonomy is recognized by Western Wey
540	Byzantine use of treacherous politics cause Utiguri and Kutriguri to unite against them
545	Altynoba's Tatra (505-545) dies, Boyan Chelbir (545-590) becomes Baltavar subordinated to Avar overlordship
545	Syanbinian Jujan lord Anakhuan, allied with Syanbinian Eastern Wey, together with Eastern Wey's emperor Gao Khuan, and Togon's king Kualüy, attack Syanbinian Western Wey, but do not defeat Syanbinian Western Wey decisively.
545	Emperor of Syanbinian Western Wey Ven-di sends ambassador An Nopanto to Türk lord Bumyn. Bumyn displays disloyalty to their suzerain Syanbinian Jujanes and sends a reciprocating embassy to Syanbinian Western Wey capital Chanan.
545	Türks under lord Bumyn become allies of Syanbinian Western Wey and its successor Bey Chjou.
546	Bey Chjou dynasty was not of Chinese, but of Syanbinian roots and relied on assimilated Syanbinian elite.
546	Ephtalite embassy came to W. Wey
550	West Tele tribes revolt against Syanbinian Jujan dominance, and attack from western Djungaria toward Khalka in Syanbinian Jujan heartland.
550	West Tele tribes are intercepted on the march by Türkic army coming from valleys of Gobi Altai in lined formations, covered by armored plates, on well fed war horses. West Tele army, surprised by unintended enemy, pledged submission to Türkic Lord Bumyn.
550	Bumyn, by accepting West Tele tribes vassalage displays another unloyalty to Syanbinian Jujanian suzerainty.
550	Descendant of Gao-Khuan, Gao Yan, establishes his own dynasty in Syanbinian Eastern Wey named Bey-Tsi.
550	Mid. VI century Period of king Sarosius' government in Alania. Establishment of tight contacts between Alania and Byzanthia.
551	Türkic Khan Bumyn (1) provokes Syanbinian Jujanes to a war by asking for a Syanbinian Jujan princess as a wife. Anakhuan refuses, calling him slave-smelter daring for such an offer.
551	Boyan Chelbir Bulgars and Slavs led by Khagan Zabergan (558-582) cross Danube, loot Thrace and Macedonia, and attack Constantinople. Military losses, Byzantine bribes, and attack of Bulgar homeland by Avars causes Khagan Zabergan to withdraw his forces.
551	Boyan Chelbir Kutriguri Bulgars break through Antian border guard into Byzantine
551	Zachariah Ritor: Bulgars and Alans are mentioned once as settled populations with towns, and once as nomads. Bulgarians towns were in territory immediately next to Caspian gates, while nomads - in steppes north of Caucasus.
551	Zachariah Ritor: Thirteen peoples Avnagur (Onogur), Avgar, Sabir, Burgar, Alan, Kurtargar, Avar, Hasar, Dirmar, Sirurgur, Bagrasir, Kulas, Abdel and Hephtalit live in tents, earn their living on meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their wea
551	Onogurs had towns - in earlier times they had built town of Bakat.
551	Boyan Chelbir Kutrigurs raid Thrace. Byzantium, with a skillful diplomacy, incite Uturgurs against Kutrigurs, and Uturgurs attack Kutugurs
552	Türkic Khan Bumyn executes Syanbinian Jujan's ambassador, and in winter of 552 attacks Syanbinian Jujanes and defeats them.
552	Bumyn Il Khan (1) dies in 552, his son Kolo Isigi (3) becomes Khan (552-552) under name of Kara Issyk Khan (3) , his uncle Istemi (2) remains Istemi-Yabguu.
552	Syanbinian Jujanes, defeated by Türks, elect Anakhuan's uncle Dynshuttsy Khan and continue fight. In a battle near mountain Lyanshan they are defeated by Kara Issyk Khan.
552	Anakhuan commits suicide, his son Yanlochen flees to Syanbinian Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi. Bumyn takes title of Il Khan, but dies in same 552
552	Kipchaks were members of Türkic Kaganate, Boma were not members of Türkic Kaganate
552	Kipchaks lived in Altai, valley of Chjelyan = Djilan = Snake, so Snake mountain and city Zmeinogorsk. Probably same as Boma of Dinlin Belonged to Türkic Kaganate, lived in Alashan, mixed with Kangals, became Koman/Kuman/Cuman Russ. Polovets)
552	Kara Issyk Khan (3) dies in 552, his younger brother Kushu (4) becomes Khan as Mugan Khan (553-572).
552	Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China western part of Shansy province. Local people were submitted to Hunnish Khan Mugan, who controlled Chesi area west of Ordos, between bends of Chuanche and Nanshan.
552	GOKTÜRK EMPIRE 552 - 743 A.D Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen) Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
552	End of WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)
552	Sabirs switch from Iran to Byzantium and conquer Agvania. Byzantium conquer Italy
552	2 Nestorian monks smuggle silkwarm eggs from China to Byzantium, and by early 7-th c silk industry is well established in Asia Minor
553	Syanbinian Jujanes are defeated by new Goktürkic Khan Mugan Khan. They flee to Syanbinian Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi, who accepted them and repulsed Goktürkish pursuit.
553	553-568 Goktürks and Sassanids ally to destroy Hephthalite Empire (Avars?).
553	Ephtalite embassy to W.Wey
553	Kidanes defeated and subordinated by Emperor Ven-di of Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi. Rest of Kidanes fled to Kogurio (Korea) or subordinated to Goktürks, who reached Yellow Sea.
554	Syanbinian Jujanes do not have their herds, and are unable to work. They terrorize and rob population, and Syanbinian Eastern Wey Bey-Tsi sends an army against Syanbinian Jujanes.
554	Thirty Tatar tribes (Chinese Shi Wey), Tatabs (Khi by Chinese), and Kidanes are east of emerging Goktürk Khaganate. All three people were close in culture and life, spoke dialects of Mongolian language, but had hostile relations.
554	Tatabs lived on west slopes of Khingan and were allied with Eastern Wey under dynasty of Bey-Tsi.
554	Destruction of Syanbinian Jujanes weakened Syanbinian Eastern Wey Bey-Tsi. At same time, Syanbinian Western Wey Bey-Chjou was growing and more powerful.
554	Persians defeat Sabirs in Agvania.
554	Jujans started looting in Tsi, but are repelled by Chinese. 555 Jujans flee from Bey-Tsi to W Wey, given to Goktürks and decimated. Lyan attacks Bey-Tsi
555	Syanbinian Jujanes are expelled from Syanbinian Eastern Wey by Bey-Tsi army to steppes. Syanbinian Jujanes are beaten by Goktürks and Kidanes.
555	Goktürks defeat Avars (Abars). First encounter of Goktürks with Ephtalites.
556	Syanbinian Jujanes flee to Syanbinian Western Wey, which surrenders 3K army to Goktürk's ambassador, who orders decapitation of all except children and servants. End of Syanbinian Jujan dominance of steppes.
557	Avar's ambassador Kandikh to Byzantium Justinian demands lands and tribute.
557	Emperor Justinian (527-565) began a huge fortification program in Balkans, in an attempt to slow, if not stop, invasions across Danube
557	Assimilated Syanbinian, Üyvyn Tay, establishes his own dynasty in Chanan of Syanbinian Western Wey.
557	557-561 Türks and Sasanians ally to destroy Hepthalite state in Central Asia, which had ruled, among other places, Sogdiana.
558	Bulgars living along lower Dniepr and Don are Kuturgur Huns. Bulgars living along Kuban are Uturgur Huns. Kuturgurs raid Byzantium's Thracia, Byzantium incites Uturgurs to fight with Kuturgurs.
558	Avars then confederated Kuturgurs and proceeded to attack Byzantium. Perso-Avar union lasted to 628 and almost destroyed Byzantium.
558	Avars devastate Thessalia, Hellas, Epirus, Vetus, and Attica, invad Peloponnese and kill "noble and Hellenic race". Avars ruled over Peloponnese for 218 years
558	Kutugurs under Zabergan raid Byzantine on Balkans and come to walls of Constantinople.
558	Avars smash Bulgars/Uturgurs, loyal allies of Byzantine, and Zals (?) living along lower Don. Kutugurs supported Avars.
558	Istemi Yabgu stops at Itil (Itil), allowing Vars and Huni, both from North of Aral Sea, to escape to west and become known as Avars. Istemi: When I finish with Ephtalites, I will go after Avars, they can't escape
558	Vars (Ugrian tribe, related to Hungarian ancestors Ogors/Ugrs which lived between Itil and Yaik (Ural) rivers, and to Hungarians living in Bashkiria up to 13 c.) and Huni (Khionites = Sarmato-Alanians), both from North of Aral Sea, become known as Avars.
558	Avars first crushed Türkic Sabirs, allies of Byzantine, who lived on Kuma river and in Dagestan. Avars then crushed Uturgurs, a Bulgarian tribe and also allies of Byzantine, living between Itil and Don, then crushed Zals and Ants on both sides of Don.
558	Avars negotiate with Persia and Byzantium to find an ally. Avars conclude agreements with both Persia and Byzantium. Avars proceed to play in their own interests.
558	Invading Avars attack Hunno-Bulgars. Utiguri, Kutriguri, and Sabiri are conquered (559-560).
558	Goktürks conquered Itil and Yaik areas. Remains of Huni, Var, and Obr tribes went west to Danube, creating united Avar people. Their first task was to escape from Goktürk enemy. They managed it only because Ephtalites in C Asia distracted Istemi Yabgu
558	Türkic coins with Türkic inscriptions 'Khagan' and 'Yabgu' are minted in Soghd, Chach and Ferghana. Terminated by Arab conquest of Mawaranahr and consequent introduction of new kinds of coins, in Semirech’e issue of Türkic coins continues into 9th to 10th
558	Hephthalites (Avars) move west to Black Sea steppe to form Avar Khanate
558	Slavic warriors may have taken part in a Bulgar invasion to Greece
558	AVAR EMPIRE in Europe 558-805 AD Founder - Khan Bayan Area - Pannonia, Balkans, Bessarabia, N. Pontic steppes to Tanais and Itil (Total Area - 2,500,000 Km2) Seat of Avar kaghan and his warlords east of Danube in Pannonia, known as Rhing
558	Discovered in Mongolia late in 20c inscription Var-guni (Bar-guni) mention Europian Avars. Majority of Avar's time skeletons from Hungary are Mongoloids, Bayan was probably Mongolian word, evidence that Avars were Mongol Jujuns
558	Avarian embassy to Byzantium. Avars defeat Sabirs and Ants.
558	Avars led by Khan Bayan invaded N Caucasus and faced Byzantium's allies. In Byzantian sources first time they are mentioned
558	Avars show up on Danube.In Jan-Feb embassy of Kagan Bayan negociates in Constantinopole. Justinian hires them to guard agains "barbarians", the same Türkic nomadic hordes as Avars, who continued to erupt from N China.
559	Utugurs under Sandilch attack returning Kutugurs, and start a war. War weakens both peoples.
559	Kutugur Bulgars under Zabergan, with Avars, made a treaty with Sklavins(?), cross Danube on ice, raid Byzantine, in three directions. Via Macedonia to Ellada to Thermopile, to Thracian Chersones, under Zabergan through a break in Long Wall to Constantinop
559	Velizarius led defense and repulsed Kutugurs. Kutugurs remained in Thracia until paid off and received "gifts" on same conditions as Utugurs. Kutugurs leave Thracia.
559	After unsuccessful storm of Constantinopol Bulgars and Slavs were trapped. Byzantians cut their retreat. Justinian magnificiently spared them. Velizarius pushed them behind Long Wall. Zabergan retreated because Avars were coming fron east.
560	Avar Khaganate extended from Itil to mouth of Danube. Bulgars are split, with Kuturgur Huns (also listed are Onogundurs (10 Ogur Confederation), Hunnogurs, Sabirs belonging to Avar Khaganate, and Utugur Huns (30 Ogur) and Khazars loyal to W. Khaganate
560	Avars invaded land of Utigurs on east shore of Meotida. Utigurs recognized Avarian rule. Avars invaded Kutigurs. Kutigurs defeated and became Avarian vassals too. Bayan proclames himself Kagan.
560	Goktürkic ambassadors to Iran killed by Ephtalites on the road
561	Embassy from Kucha to Bay-Chjou
561	Avars captured Bessarabia, execute local ruler Mesamer
561	Sosroi Nushirvan crushes Sibirs
562	Last incursion by Kutigur Bulgars into Byzantium, stopped by Byzantium's instigating internecine wars between two most powerful branches, Kutigur (Kutrigur) and Utigur.
562	Second Avarian embassy to Byzantium
562	Avars came to Dobrudja and settle there
562	Persians defeat Ephtalites
563	Western Wey dynasty Bey-Chjou was of Syanbinian descent, and relying on support of Syanbinian elite transformed into large landlords. They assimilated and used Chinese language.
563	Goktürkic emissary in Constantinopole
563	Goktürkic armies, supported by Khosrov, attack Balkh, invade Ephtalite lands south of Amudarya. Per 'Shah-Name', decisive battle near Bukhara. Ephtalite army of King Gatifar is crushed
564	Army service was made compulsory for simple people of Empire Wey, and two armies were organized. Army of nobles - fubin - was balanced by army of people. Fubin came from military organization of Syanbinian tribe Toba, who conquered Northern China in 4 c.
564	Service in army was mandatory for Syanbinian clansmen. In reward they received land parcels, and were released from any other obligations. Service was inherited, and with time soldiers become a privileged caste.
564	Initially army consisted exclusively of Syanbinians, but later it was supplemented by rich Chinese from Shansi and Shensi who accepted foreign dynasty after it adopted Chinese culture and language.
565	Avars under Khan Bayan (c. 565-602) subjugate Hunnugur and Sabir, and other Hunnic hordes, assimilating them under Avar Khaganate.
565	After defeat of their forces by Avars, Khazars took lead in Sabir-Khazar federation. Part of Sabirs move north, to Middle Itil region, among settled there Bulgarian tribes. Their main city Suvar is a great center of Itil Bulgaria.
565	Pannonia came under pressure from Avars, Lombardian new king, Alboin, found support from Constantinople less then he had hoped for.
565	Langobards destroys Gepidian Reign
565	Goktürkic Khagan Mugan Khagan and Istemi Yabgu defeat Ephtilites at Neseph. Considered fall year of Ephtilite state. Ephtilites traces lost in history
565	Hephthalite territory divided between Iran and Goktürk Khaganate. Border between them ran west of Balkh and east of Murgab
566	Between 566 and 571 Istemi Yabgu subjugated peoples Bandjar, Balandjar (Belendjer) and Khazar. Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars. Khazar influence increased as Khazars became Goktürks' closest allies and assistants.
567	Goktürks capture Bosphorus
567	Gepidic kingdom defeated by Avars
567	Avars ally with Longobards
567	Goktürk embassy to Sasanids, with a request for Silk Route transit trade through their territories is rejected
568	Sirs live in towns and have ports in Djurdjan, across Amu-Darya
568	Avars occupy Panonia
568	Lombardian King Alboin led a host of Lombards, Gepids, Sarmatians and other peoples (including Hunnic Bulgars, per Paul the Deacon) from Pannonia to Italy. Others, amongst them Bavarians, Saxons and Taifali, joined invasion en route
568	As Lombardian King Alboin advanced, vacuum left behind them was filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs
568	Goktürk embassy to Constantinople led by a Soghdian Maniakh, proposing to ally against Sasanians
569	Goktürks invade and conquer Sirs.
569	Zemarkh embassy to Goktürks, with five further embassies exchanged by 576
569	Goktürk war agains Sasanians; penetration of Kabul and Gandhara regions
570	Kutugurs, as all people on Itil ruled by Goktürks, are encouraged by rise of Avars as alternative to Goktürk suzerainty.
570	Syanbinian Jujan horde keeps robbing neighbors. Language = Syanbinian Consider themselves to be ethnically Tobases.
570	Khazars are ruled by Western Goktürk Khaganate (570-659)
570	Goktürk rulers receive 100,000 pieces of silk tribute a year from China. Goktürks are the first Eurasian steppe empire to extend from Roman/Byzantine world in west, Iranian/Sasanian in south and Chinese in East
572	572-591 Goktürks and Byzantines ally against Sassanians
572	Goktürks subjugate Utiguri until about 581.
572	Western Goktürk Khaganate's "Ulus" on lower Itil and Yaik
572	Mugan Khan (4) dies in 572, his younger brother Tobo (5) becomes Khan (572-581)
572	Peace between Bey-Tsi and Goktürks
574	Embassy from Khotan to Bey-Chjou
575	Istemi Yabgu (2) dies, his son Dyangu (Tardu) Kara ChurinTürk (7) becomes Tardu Yabgu (575-603).
575	Uturgurs are allied with W. Goktürk Khaganate.
575	Alliance between Goktürks and Uturgurs
576	Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Byzantine in Crimea and Panticapeum (Kerch) as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai (576-590).
576	Utugurs under Khan Anagai, as auxiliaries of Goktürks, take Bospor. Utugurs remain on N. Caucasus from Dagestan to Derbent, under W. Goktürk Khaganate suzerainty
576	Goktürks establish Khazar Khanate.
576	Bulgars of lower Itil and Kuban are loyal to Goktürkish dynasty Ashina
576	Goktürks are on both sides of Kerch straight. Goktürkic army leader (Tma Tarkhan) on Taman peninsula, giving name to city Tmutarkhan
577	Goktürks invade Crimea
578	Slavs invade Ellada
578	Bysantium allies with Avars. Avars defeat Slavs, killing their Prince Davrit
578	Regions along lower Danube were in 6th and 7th centuries inhabited by Sclavinae, Antes, and Huns (probably Bulgarians). Moldavia and northeastern Muntenia were populated by Slavic tribe of Antes.
579	Avarian ultimatum by Kagan Bayan to sessede city Sirmiy. Tiberius refuses. Avars capture Sirmiy after a two tear siege
580	Presence in Istria of hostile to Bysantium Slavs and Avars. Avars were partly responsible for southward migration of Serbs and Croats
580	Slavic chieftain sacked Corinth
580	Avars conquered and plundered cities and strongholds in Hellas
580	Goktürks invade Lasica
580	Peace of Bay-djou with Kaganate
581	Tobo (5) dies, Shetu (9) becomes Khagan (581-587).
581	Tardu Yabgu sends Bokhan to attack Cheronesus as a leader of Utigur Huns under chief Anagai.
581	Goktürks at Chersonessus walls
581	581-584 Devastating raid of Slavs through Thrace, Macedonia and Ellada. Settlement of Slavs in Thrace
581	Khans Ashina are Türks and are" wolves". Syanbian quean describes her husband Shabolio as Wolf by his personality.
581	Chinese revolt against Syanbinian dynasty. New dynasty received name Suy. Sinadized Syanbinian elite survived.
582	Avar Khagan Bayan attacks Byzantium in Thrace.
582	Kuturgur Hun Bulgars settle in Bessarabia and Wallachia, from which they will move to Moesia under pressure from Magyars, and make it Bulgaria.
582	Hunnic Khan Zabergan (558?-582) dies, Gostun becomes Hunnic Khan ruling over Kutigurs.
582	Shetu Kagan appoints Gostun Kutigurian Khan
582	Goktürkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khaganates. Khwarezm (lower part of Amu Darya R., S. of Aral Sea) and Sugd/Sogdiana (Zerafshan and Kashka Darya R., including area around Samarkand) likely autonomous kingdoms to become independent in next century with Tang defeat of Goktürks
582	582 - 602 Rule of Byzantine Emperor Maurice. First mention of Khazars in Byzantine annals, along with Bulgars and Barsils. Noted their coming from Bersilia, supposedly in Caspian steppe
583	Avarian attack on Byzantium
584	Hunnic Khan Gostun (582-584) dies, Orchona becomes regent of his nephew Kubrat (584-594).
584	New Emperor recognizes queen Khan's wife as daughter, thus Shetu as son, thus recognizing previous traditions of trading with Goktürks as a form of paying tribute, and confirming privileges of Syanbinian elite. Shetu acknowledges vassalage to empire.
584	New Slav attack on Constantinople. Defeat and retreat
586	Avars and Slavs besieged Thessalonica
587	Shetu (9) dies, Moho (14) becomes Khagan, followed by Tulan (Ün-Ulug) (16) (587-599). Tulan has anti-khan Tuli (Jangar) (18) (600-609) supported by empire.
587	Byzantium peace with Avars
588	Shetu Khan (19) dies, Ün Ulug (Tulan) (Dulan) (16) (587-599) becomes Khan
588	China open markets for trade with Türks
588	582? Separation of Goktürkic Empire into East (Mongolia) and West (Turkestan) parts
589	W. Goktürk Khaganate campaign against Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars. Both Khazars and Bulgars are confederated (jointed voluntarily, not as conquered) into W. Goktürk Khaganate.
589	W. Goktürk Khaganate's Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured wealth.
589	Invasion of Khazars, Greeks and Georgians to Agvania is repelled by Persians
590	Under dynasty Suy position of fubin worsened. Soldiers were moved from "military" lists to "Civil household lists", thus exemption from taxes ended. This was aimed against Syanbinian privileges left from Syanbinian overlordship.
594	Hunnic Regent Orchona (584-594) dies, Kubrat accends to Khanship (594-642).
594	Judging from some eparchial lists from end of 7-th or beginning of 8-th century, in 7-th century there was an Onogurian episcopate in Gothic eparchy. This attests early spread of Christianity among Onogurs
594	Theophanes Confessor and Constantinus Porphyrogeneus explicitly state that Bulgarians, settled on Balkans, had been called earlier Unogundurs
594	Byzantine patriarch Nicephorus calls ruler of Great Bulgaria khan Kubrat "ruler of Unogundurs"
594	Heir of throne, Tulan Khagan's cousin, Tuli (Jangar), with a title of Toleses' Khan = Tuli Khan, was Khan of north-east territory. Tuli Khan had vassals ShiWey (Tatars), Kidanes, Khi (Tatabs).
598	Kara Churin embassy to Constantinipole
599	Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) is killed, Kara Churin Türk (7) becomes Khan with title Boke Khan (599-604)
599	Chinese fight successfully in Ordos
600	Tulan (Ün-Üylüy) (16) dies, Jangar (Tuli) (18) (600-609) assumes control of all Eastern Goktürk Khaganate, in vassalage of Chinese empire.
601	Byzantians defeat Avars
601	Priskos, Byzantine general, defeated Avars in Banat and collected 9.000 prisoners, 3000 Avars, 800 Slavs, 3200 Gepidae, and 2.000 Abarbarians
602	Byzantium general Priscus defeats Avars. Bayan (c. 565-602) dies. Next Khan rules (602-630).
602	HAZAR EMPIRE 602-1016 A.D Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf. Area - Hazars separated from Goktürks and formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area
603	Tardu Khan (7) dies in 603, his grandson Buri-Shad (13/14/15) becomes Khan of partitioned Western Goktürk Khaganate, controlling westernmost part. Chulo (10) controls eastern part.
603	Kushans rebel against Iran with help from Goktürks. Tocharistan separates from Iran
604	Rebellious Tele in basin of Selenga area pacified, but Djungaria and basin of Tarim did not return to Eastern Goktürk Khaganate.
604	New dynasty treat carefully descendants of Tobases (Syanbinians). Assimilated Syanbinians live along Great Wall from Khebey to Chanan. There were many large landowners and professional military pushed from power by Chinese landowners who took power.
604	Kara Churin Türk Boke Khan (7) dies, Goktürk Kaganate split into West and East. Tuli (Jangar) (18) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Kaganate, Taman (28) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (604-610).
604	Nominally Djungaria and basin of Tarim entered Western Goktürk Khaganate. However Kibi on northern slopes of East Tian-Shan and Seyanto on S. Slopes of Altain-Nuru crest fought western Goktürks for 2 years (605-606) and gained freedom.
605	Kidanes revolt against Goktürk suppression
606	New state was created in Djungaria, under Kibi leadership, with a vast territory and including settled population necessary for nomadic state, in oasises Karashar, Turfan and Khami. Kibi's Prince Gelen took title Mokhe-Khan.
606	Leader of Seyantos Ishibo subordinated to Gelen but retained control over his tribe. State was likely a tribal union.
607	Order about outlawing a free trade of Chinese with Goktürks
608	Wars between Tele and Goktürks of Western Khaganate end.
608	Troops of Empire Suy attack Togon and destroy it.
608	Jangar Khan (Tuli) (18) (-608) died, his son, Shad Dugi, becomes Khan of East Goktürk Khaganate in vassalage of Empire Tan, under name Shibir (Shipi) Khan (25) (609-620).
609	Troops of Empire Suy attack Tele and Western Goktürk Khaganate
610	610-620 Avar Slavs raided Thessalia, Hellas, Aegean Islands, Achaia, and Epirus
610	Marquart: Leader of Unugurs (Unogundurs) Organa, founder of Bulgarian Dynasty Dulo, uncle of Kubrat Dulo, related to Ashina by female line, of most-western ulus, is baptized in Constantinople. Kubrat is not baptized.
610	Future Sibir-Khan (14), Mokhodu, of most western ulus is baptized in Constantinople. This starts his fight with Buri Shad (34) (610-618) and Tardu Yabgu (Tun-djabgu) (23) (618-630). Kubrat is not baptized.
610	Taman Yabgu (28) dies, Buri Shad Yabgu (34) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (610-618). Chulo (26) = anti-Khan (610-611).
615	Tobases living along northern border of Western Wey stopped being Tobases long ago, but did not become Chinese yet. They are equally distanced from steppes and China, and equally close to both. Goktürks called them Tabgach.
615	In time of revolt Tabgaches participated because of warlike ancestry, but acted aimlessly, because lost organization and unity.
617	617(?) A defeat from Byzantines resulted in deterioration of situation for Avar’s Khakan. Alburi killed at court of Avar’s Khakan.
617	Shi Wey, along with Kidan, Togon and Gaochan submitted to Shibir Khan Khagan (25).
618	Buri Shad Yabgu (34) dies, Tung Yabgu (23) becomes Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (618-630).
618	Bu-Yurgan refused to be elected Baltavar, saying, that he will be a bolyar, i.e. a cleric. On his advice, Kara Bulgars elected Alburi’s senior son Kurbat a Baltavar
619	Kubrat allies with Byzantium against Avars.
619	Both Tele leaders, Kibi's Mokhe-Khan and Seyanto's Inan, subordinate to Tung Yabguu Khan = Yabgu of Shenuy. Djungaria returned to Western Goktürk Khaganate.
619	Sirs are controlled by Tung Yabgu Khan directly.
619	Baptism of "Hunnish Khan" in Constantinopole. Avars reach Constantinopole.
619	China breakes union with Goktürks. Capture of Khesi. Lyan Shi-du and Lyu U-Chjou invade N China with Goktürkic support
620	Shambat, younger brother of Baltavar Kubrat, on Kubrat order, builds in aul Askal on mountains Kuyantau city-fortress named Bashtu, present Kiev. Other names Askal, Kuk-Kuyan, Shambat, Kyi.
620	Shibir Khagan (25) (609-620) dies, Kat Il Khan (27) becomes Khan of Eastern Goktürk Khaganate, free from vassalage of empire (620-630).
620	In 200 years descendants of Syanbinians assimilated in Tibet. Tsenpo was an inherited position, he received income from lands, taxes, tributes, confiscations and executions. But he could be dismissed at any time because he did not have support or real pow
620	Tibet army was under a special advisor. Tsenpo Nimry (570-620). In following history there is no Syanbinian role,
620	Avarian retreat from Constantinople
622	The Hijra. Start of Islam as a world event
622	Union of Lu Shey-da with Goktürks
623	Several successfull uprisings of Slavic tribes against Avars are recorded, for example revolt of Vends in 623.
623	Avars reigned over a vast territory between Alps, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea
623	Shambat starts war against Avars, with Ulchis (Slavs) and Ugrs. Shambat captures Pannonia and calls his ulus Duloba (623-658). Baltavar Kubrat calls him Kyi (Separated).
623	Slavs attacked Crete
623	Byzantine authors recorded ethnic composition of Avar Empire as Avars, Gepids, and Slavs
623	Birth of Samo state, first political formation of Slavs, first mentioned in writing in 623
625	Exchange of embassies between Byzantium and Western Goktürkic Khaganate
626	(Onogur?) Bulgars live in Trans-Caucasus on right bank of Kuban' to Don Different fr and rival to Khazars
626	Avars controlled all Kuturgur Hun lands Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars did not participate in Khazars' war raids into Caucasus Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars guarded western border of Western Kaganate Uturgur (Onogur?) Bulgars are allied with Tele (Dulu).
626	W. Goktürk Khaganate campaign against Sasanian Persia in Caucasus, with Khazars but without Bulgars
626	Khazars and (Onogur?) Bulgars confederated (voluntarily, not conquered) into W. Goktürk Khaganate. Khazars supply military contingents and participate in division of captured wealth. Bulgars man western border with Avars and don't benefit from captured we
626	Kubrat proclaims independence from W. Goktürk Khaganate and assumes title of Khagan.
626	While Heraclius with W, Goktürk Khaganates fights Persians in Caucasus, Persians with Avars attack Constantinople. Avars retreat with heavy losses and in disgrace. Kubrat suggests sucking Avar Khagan and replacing him. End of Avar-Persian union.
626	Khazars ally with Byzantine under Emperor Heraclius (626-630)
626	Li Shi-min coup. Peace with Goktürks at river Vey
626	Greeks and Goktürks seige Tbilisi
626	Avars suffered a crushing defeat at Constantinople in 626
627	Seyanto tribe and Djungaria left Western Goktürk Khaganate and joined Eastern Goktürk Khaganate Kat Il Khan
627	Cinese embassy to Tun-Yabgu Khan stopped by Kat Il Khan
627	Seyanto and Uygurs, both Tele tribes, help each other in Goktürk Khaganate. Seyanto's Inan and Uygur's Pusa support each other.
627	Series of revolts against Avars start among subjugated tribes. Uprising of western Slavs, led by Samo, a Frankish merchant, resulted in founding of a Slavic state on territory of present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia.
627	Avars and Perians beseige Contantinopole
628	Khazars capture Tbilisi
628	Seyanto tribe with 70K yurts gains independence.
629	Chinese take fortress May in Ordos. Counterattack by Goktürks on all fronts. Srontsangambo enthroned in Tibet
630	Bulgars/Barsils are incorporated into elite of W. Goktürk Khaganate horde.
630	Great Bulgaria north of Black Sea under Kubrat (630-660)
630	End of rule of Khazars by Goktürk W Khaganate
630	Seyanto pursue Goktürk Chebi Khan who finds refuge in Altai valley with 30K army.
630	Avars treat Bulgars/Barsils badly as conquered people. Western Bulgars/Kuturgurs move to Bavaria, and are annihilated by Frankish king Dagober. Eastern Bulgars/Kuturgurs joint with Bulgars/Uturgur
630	Avar Khagan (602-630) dies. Next Khan rules (630-?).
630	Sibir-Khan (14) recognized independence of Bulgaria under Kubrat of Dulo dynasty, his nephew of feminine line.
630	Qarluqs rebel, Tung Yabgu (23) dies, W. Goktürk Khaganate split, SW and NE. SW run by Nushibis, under Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) (631-631), installed by Nishu Khan Shad (32), son of Baga Shad (24). NE run by Tele (Dulu), under Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) (630-631).
630	Chinese Tang defeat Eastern Goktürkic and occupy Eastern Goktürkic Khanate (Mongolia). Kat Il Khan (27) taken prisoner by Tang army, Eastern Goktürk Khaganate is ruled by Tang Empire for 50 years (630-682)
630	630-640 Chinese subdue Tarim Basin
630	Türks of Ordos become known as Gok Türks (Blue Türks), different from their northern neighbors - Tele
630	80 K Chinese living with Goktürks are captured
630	Tardu Tong Yabgu of Western Goktürk Khaganate (619-630), per Chinese chronicle Tanshu, subjugated Toleses between rivers Orkhon and Tola, and Lake Aral, Iranians, advanced to Khandagar in south. His army has hundreds of thousands of good bow-shooters.
630	W. Goktürks invade Armenia and defeat Persians. W. Goktürks clear S Caucasus
630	Xuanzang visits court of W. Türk kaghan Tung Yabghu near Lake Issyk-Kul
631	Seyanto tribe keeps independence.
631	Seyanto under China = 70K wagons
631	Uygur leader Tumidu, heir of Pusa, defeated Seyantos and seized their ranges. Emperor Taitszun sent an embassy to Seyanto leader Inan and recognized him as Khan, as a counterweight to Uygurs. Uygurs subordinated and recognized new Khan.
631	Seyanto state organized like Türk's. Khan's sons are Shads, leading Tolos (North) and Tardush (South). Army numbered 200K lances, smaller than was 1,000K of Gokürks' Shibir Khan.
631	Seyanto state successfully controlled all Türkic leaders except for Ordos Türks under Chinese protection. Some Ordos Türks move north into Seyanto state.
631	Irbis Bolun Yabgu (31) replaced by Nishu Khan Shad (32) as Dulu Khan (631-634). Sibir Khan Yabgu (14) killed. W. Goktürk Khaganate reunited.
631	New Seyanto state spread from Altai to Khingan and from Gobi desert to Baikal.
631	Kutugur's rebelion against Avars and defeat of Kutugurs by Avars
631	Samo Slavs in 631 beat Frank Army of King Dagobert near Vogatisburg and gain their independence from Franks and Avars
632	Seyanto gave a blow from behind. Ashina Chuni, loyal to traditions of Eastern Kaganate, raised his army against Seyanto. He had 50K army without success.
632	Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) is not trying to re-subjugate Bulgars
632	Kipchaks are not in 10 arrows of Western Kaganate
633	Kubrat unites Bulgar Kuturgur and Uturgur tribes and liberated from W. Goktürk Khaganate.
633	Kubrat organizes state, 2nd=kavkhan, 3rd=lchirguboyl ??
634	Seyanto tribe with 70K wagons keeps independence.
634	Dulu Khan (32) (631-634) dies, his younger brother Tong Shad becomes Yabgu as Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu (634-639).
635	Kubrat escaped dominance of Goktürks and Khazars, by supporting Sibir-Khan in 630. He became independent, defeated Avars. Controlled near- Black Sea steppes
635	Kubrat sent embassy to Constantinople and received title of Patrician. Kubrat's Bulgaria joins Byzantium as Federatae. Byzantium becomes a bordering state with Khazaria of W. Goktürk Khaganate, controlling former Khazar territories.
635	In W Goktürk Kaganate nations that did not receive autonomy were Karluks, Yagma (YanNyan), Kipchaks, Basmals, and Hun (Dulu) tribes Chue, Chumi and Shato
635	Yshbara Tolis-Shad Yabgu reorganizes W. Goktürk Khaganate into 10-arrow Goktürks, of 5 Nushibi and 5 Tele (Dulu) tribal leaders, recognizing them as Shads (blood prince).
636	Bulgaria hostile with Khazars of W. Goktürk Khaganate on East, with Avars on West, with Byzantium on South.
636	NE of Western Goktürk Khaganate controlled by Tele Khan Tong Shad Yabgu, who attempts to unite W. and E. Goktürk Khaganates.
639	Seyanto ally with Gaochan in defense of Gaochan from aggression of Empire Tan. Gaochan is attacked and occupied.
639	Yishbara Tolis Shad (33) died, then (42), then cousin Bagadur, title = Irbis Yshbara Yabguu Khan (37)
639	Capital of 'South Horde' at Chu & Ili
641	Türks in service of Tan Empire are moved to north bank of Khuankhe and serve as a barrier against Seyanto.
641	Seyanto Khan Inan organized expedition against restored Goktürk vassal Khaganate on north bank of Khuankhe. Seyanto army demolished 80%.
641	Kipchaks have 100K people, 40K army, 90 K horses
641	Irbis Yshbara Yabgu Khan executed (37), his brother Yugu-Ukuk (38) selected Khan of Western Goktürk Khaganate (641-651)
641	Kipchak on Altai subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu,
641	Boma on Enisey subordinated to Khan Ükuk Yabgu.
642	First Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman
642	Imperial Chinese garrison in Khami deafeats W Goktürks of Irbis Dulu Khan
645	Seyanto Khan Inan died.
646	Remains of Seyanto Horde loose to Empire Tan army and are dispersed. Uygurs fought Seyanto with Empire Tan and become loyal subjects and fight in all wars for Empire.
646	Seyanto Khanate was destroyed by Empire and their allies Uygurs, people were mercilessly wiped out. Remains of Seyanto dispersed by slopes of Beyshan, and joined Goktürks.
646	Empire Tan breakes relations with W Goktürkic Khaganate
649	Türk Chebi Khan horde is resettled in East Khanganate vacated by Seyanto.
650	Irbis becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (650?-….).
650	Kipchaks move to Upper Irtysh and E. Kazakhstan steppes under pressure from China and Uygurs
650	Langobards conclude conquest of whole Italia, excluding Ravenna, South Italia and Sicilia.
650	In village Nagi Szent Miklos in Hungary is found famous treasure, 23 golden cups with Türkic inscriptions, dated by Avar period (c 650)
650	Migration of Bulgars to middle Itil, attested to by burial sites in Shilovka and Brusyany. Burials are of Türkic nobility with complex rites and rich implements.
651	With loss of W.Goktürk Khaganate rule, former confedrate Khazaria with attached Bulgar Kutugurs, Alans, Slavs and Itil Bulgars gain independence. Khazars keep Kagan from Ashina dynasty.
651	Defeat of Khazar-Alan army by Abd Al Rahman Arabs in Euthrates battle.
651	W. Goktürks take Tinchjou (Bishbalyk = Head City)
652	End of first Khazar - Arab war (642-652) against Abd Al Rahman
653	Ükuk (38) died, son Chjenchu (39) (653-659)
655	Khazars allied with Alans.
656	Murder of Calif Osman. Civil war in Califate.
656	Founded Khazarian state
656	Advance of Chinese inperians against W Goktürkic Khaganate. Rebelion of Baiyrku, Sige, Bugu and Tonra against Empire Tan. Sogdiana occupied by Chinese (657-700)
658	Great Bulgaria, Baltavar Kubrat's state, is divided into 2 uluses, Western Kara Bulgar and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, separated by river Shir (Don).
658	Kara Bulgar extended from estuary of (Danube) to Shir (Don). Ak Bulgar Yorty extended from Shir (Don) to estuary of Itil (Volga). Border went by river Aksu, including aul Kharka (current Kharkov). Bulyar was included as semi-autonomous beylik.
658	Great Bulgaria's capital Bandja, renamed fron Onoguria (Gr. Phanagoria). Summer stan is Khorysdan or Batavyl ( Lord's stan), present Putivl. In between are two more stans, Tiganak and Baltavar, present Poltava.
659	Tang defeat last rulers of first Goktürkic empire. Chjenchu (39) executed, end of dynasty. Western Goktürkic Kaganate ceased to exist forever. Yshbara Khan died
660	Khan Kubrat Dulo (24) (618-660) died, is buried 13 km from Baltavar, present Poltava, burial excavated in 1912, no anthropological, forensic examination.
660	Kubrat's 1st son Bayan (Batbayan) is elected Baltavr and remains in Great Bulgaria, confederated with Khazars
660	Kubrat's 2nd son Kotrag resettled his Kuturgurs (Kotrags) West of Don, and in 730-740 they spread to E. Azov area to join Kuban Bulgars. Kotrag domain consisted of groups Barsula, Eskel and Bulkar (Bulgar).
660	Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh (Khan Asparukh) heads Onogurs (Utigurs)
660	Agvanian Djevanshir defeats Khazars
662	Tibetians penetrate Western region to support rebelling Türks
662	Arabs fight Khazars for Derbent
663	Dismemberment of Great Bulgaria - Divided up among Kubrat's five sons, third of which was Asparukh, Khan of Utiguri.
665	With death of Prince Samo first Slavic state is re-intrgrated into Avar Khaganate in 665
665	Kutlug (56) restores E. Goktürk Khaganate, becomes Elteres Khagan (665-691).
667	150K Kumans, Turkmens, Gok-Oguses and Kyrgises, confederated with Khazars, cross Itil from the east. Shambat and Asparukh battle Khazars, loose and flee to Bashtu, present Kiev.
667	Arabs defeat Peroz, last Sassanian shah, and cross Oxus River (Amu Darya) for the first time
668	Peace treaty between Khazars' Kagan Kaban and Kara Bulgar's Baltavar Bat-Boyan. Kara Bulgar is subordnated to Khazar.
669	Split of Kara Bulgar into W. and E. of Dniepr. West is controlled by Shambat and Asparukh, and East, including Bulyar, by Baltavar Bat-Boyan
670	Bat-Boyan Bulgars are defeated by Khazars. Khazars recover territory with east Bulgar (Utugur) and Alan populations.
670	Khazars under Alp-Ilitver defeat Bulgars
671	Large Horde of Kubrat's 3rd son, Atilkese, nicknamed Asparukh, after death of Shambat in 670, moved west with Onogurs (Utigurs) and some Turkmen (Byzantian historians call them Bolgars from now on), to Danube and Pannonia district Kashan, between rivers B
673	Arab raids to Bukhara, across Oxus River
675	Bulgars arrive on Danube under Asparukh
678	Kubrat's 4th son Kuber (Ultzindur?) (Balkor?) moved from S of Crimea his Ultzindurs and Ultzingurs of Hunnish stock to Pannonia under Avars (678-679)
678	Kubrat's 5th son Emnetzur (Altsek) moved his Alciagirs, Alcildzurs and Alpidzurs from Crimea to Italy under Byzantines, to duchy of Benevetto/Abruzi region, Pentapolis at Ravenna.
679	Byzantine's Constantine IV attacks Asparukh Bulgars. Bulgars retaliate, take Scythia and lower Moesia, Pliska becomes Khans' new headquarters.
679	Chuvash may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars. Tatars may be descendants of Utugur Bulgars and Volgo-Kama Bulgars.
679	Territorially, Bulgar's split is along Kutugur/Utugur uluses, with Kutugurs independent of Avar and W. Goktürk Khaganates, and Utugurs remaining in W. Goktürk Khaganate sphere.
679	Kubrat's Bulgaria is split into independent (Byzantium Federatae) west Khanate under Asparukh, controlling from Donets on East to Danube on West, and Eastern Ak Bulgar Yorty, subject to Khazar Kagan from Itil to Donets, with capital Onogoria (Gr. Phanago
679	Kipchaks restored Goktürk Kaganate, second component = Sirs, descendants of Seyanto, became 'Kok Goktürk' = Blue Türks, known as Kipchaks from that time
679	Revolt Against Tan Empire
679	Asparukh Bulgars invade Thrace
680	Asparukh Khaganate includes Slavs. Asparukh Khaganate spreads into Dobrudja south of Danube.
680	Asparukh 680 treaty with Slavs recognizes their self-government and territory. Slav princes participate in people assembly along with Bulgarian nobles. state administration consists of a Khan and 12 Great Boyls.
680	Slav's obligation to Bulgars is to pay tribute and supply military contingents. state capital established in Pliska in Moesia.
680	Empire of Avars peaked at end of 7th century (680 AD), after devision of Kubrat Bulgaria between Avars and Khazars, when it reached from Volga to Danube
680	In Avaria, men were laid down in tombs with their horses, arms, and horse-trappings. Tomb objects are characterized by geometrical ornaments pressed upon a print, with a certain degree of Byzantine influence
680	Arab raids to Khwarizm, Samarkand
682	Albanian missionary bishop Israel describes "Kingdom of Huns" (Belendjer) capital Varachan located north of Derbent, and Tangri cult of Northern Dagestan Barandjar (Balandjar) = Onogur = Utigur Bulgars, subordinated to Khazars.
682	Kutlug is proclamed Khagan, title Ilterish (Country Creator) and oranized a second Khanate, appointing his brother Kapagan as Shad, and another brother Tosifu as Yabgy
683	Successful Türkic rebellion led by Kutlug Ilterish (56) and Tonyukuk, restoration of Türkic Goktürk Khaganate
683	Khazar raid to Armenia
684	Khazar raid to Cis-Causasus
688	Greek occupation of Cis-Causasus
689	Otuz-Tatars are hostile to Kutlug Khan state
690	Bulgar Khan Bat-Boyan (660-690) dies, succeeded by his son Bu-Timer (690-700) in vassalage of Khazars
691	Kutlug Khan (56) (682-691) died, succeeded by his brother Mochur (Bak-chor) (Mochjo) (Mochur) (57) (691-716) as Kapagan Khan.
692	Boma live N. of Kyrgyz Khanate
692	Kutlug Khan subordinated Khalka
692	Kipchaks mixed with Kangar (Besenyos, Russ. 'Pecheneg') between Black Irtysh and Syr-Darya in Desht-i-Kipchak
694	Embassy from Kurykans arrived to China. Rebellion of Ashina Suytsy and his alliance with Tibetians. Chinese imperial troops crush Tibetians, Turgeshes and W Goktürks
700	Khazars are frequently allied with Huns of North Caucasus. Alp Elteber of Huns of North Caucasus is a vassal of Khazars. Huns capital city is Varachan (late 10 c).
700	Tatars lived north of Tatabs and Kara-Kibi, on Kerulen tributary of Amur river, in those times mostly engaged in fishing.
700	Oguz tribe federation relocates in great numbers from Orkhon area to vicinity of Talas, then to Syr Darya. Oguz dialect separates from Eastern Türkic, and by 11th century Oguz language of Syr Darya differs from Eastern Türkic in lexicon and pronounciation
701	Khan Asparukh (679-701) of Danube Bulgaria dies, his son or grandson Terval (702-718) succeeds him
703	Busir (Ibousir-Glavan) becomes Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate (703?-….).
703	Khazar royal princess ….. marries Bysantine emperror Justinian II to become Empress Theodora.
704	Ashina Khayn subjugated Semirechye for Empire Tan. Shato subdued without fight. Western Goktürks are subjugated, and Karluks, Huvu and Shunishes accede
705	Khan of Danube Bulgaria Tervel aids Justinian II in regaining his control of Constantinople after a rebellion. Afterwards, Terval is crowned "Caesar"
705	Beginning of systematic Arab conquest of Transoxania. Qutaiba ben Muslim becomes Governor of Khurasan
706	Chinese break negociations with Goktürks
708	Chinese built three fortresses north of Huanhe against Goktürks
709	709 Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand. 711 Arabs capture Khiva. 712 Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand. 713 Arabs sack Kashgar.
711	Khazars help to install Phillipicus as a Byzantine Emperor
711	Goktürks suppress rebelion of Turgeshes. Divisions in Khorezm
712	Khan-Caesar Tervel, after leaving Justinian II to his doom, sees fit to avenge his death by raiding and looting southern Thrace.
712	Kuteyba subjugates Khorezm and takes Samakand. Emperor appoints Mohedo Tutuk a ruler of Samakand
713	Arab embassy to China
714	Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat Goktürks at Lake Issyk-Kul.
714	Khazars loose Derbent to Arabs
714	Trurks are defeated at Byshbalyk. Shato subordinate to Empire Tan
715	Chinese beat back Goktürkic attacks on Beytin, and Arabs and Tibetians on Fergana 716 Luchen is taken from Kidanes. Turgeshes rebel against Empire and defeat Chinese and Karluks
715	Ases, and then Yasygs, are cruelly suppressed by Kapagan Khagan
716	Mochur (Bak-chor) (57) (691-716) Qapagan Khan died, after defeating Bayirku of upper Kerulen but killed on return trip. He was succeeded by Mogilyan (Mokilien) (63) (716-734), elder brother of Kul-tegin, installed by Kul-tegin. Peak of second Goktürk empire (716-734)
718	Danube Bulgars under Khan Tervel as federats of Byzantium defeat Arab invasion and save Byzantium. Khan-Caesar Terval (26) (702-718) dies, ?.. becomes Khan (718-725).
718	Orkhon Inscriptions on Tonyukuk slella are created, describing events and providing Türkic perspective. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
718	Khazars invade Azerbaijan.
720	Goktürks' victory over Chinese imperians. Kashmirian Radj is given title Van
722	Second Khazar - Arab war (722-737) First campaign of Arabian troops led by Zh. Jirrah in Northern Caucasus against Alans and Khazars
722	Son of Türk Bilge Khagan, Tengru Khan, has 300K army
723	Khazars lose Balanjar to Arabs, move capital to Samandar
723	Start of massive Jewish emmigration to Khazaria (723-944)
724	In Avaria, after about 40 years, i.e., after 720 AD, figures of plants and animals were used more frequently, were cast and decorated. New art shows Türkic Asian features, probably a new population coming from east took place of earlier one
724	Second Jirrah's campaign in Northern Caucasus.
725	Danube Bulgar Khan ..?. (718-725) dies, end of Dulo dynasty. Sevar becomes Khan (725-740). Danube Bulgar Khanate expands.
727	Khazars invade Azerbaijan. Muslam's raid against Khazars
730	Khazar's Barjik leads 300K army to raid Azerbaijan (Albania?). At Arbadil, Khazars defeat entire Arab army.
732	Orkhon Inscriptions on Kul Tegin slella with a large and small inscriptions, and on Tonyukuk slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
732	Otuz-Tatars moved from Goktürks to Amur-area taiga.
732	Khazar princess Chichek marries Bysantine emperror Constantine V to become Empress Irene.
734	Mogilyan Khan (63) poisoned, his son Yollyg-Tegin (Yijan) (65) died, his brother Bilge Kutlug Khan (66) succeeded as Tengri Khagan (66) (734-741).
735	Fubin annulled statuary. Chinese and foreign (Syanbinian) stratification was fixed and joining Chinese people was impossible. This started a new ethnical substrate. All non-Chinese could only join border army, hated by Chinese element.
735	Campaign of Arabian military leader Mervan Kru in Alania. Alan king Itaz.
737	Arabs force conversion to Islam. …... becomes first Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam for political reasons (703?-….).
737	Khazars loose Samandar to Arabs, move capital to Itil.
737	Goktürks attack Kucha
740	Danube Bulgaria Khan Sevar (725-740) dies, Kormisos becomes Khan (740-756)
740	Ashina Sin is appointed a ruler of ten tribes, sent west and killed. After his death Dumochji, Yabgu of three tribes is appointed Dumochji, Yabgu of three tribes
740	UYGUR EMPIRE 740 - 1335 A.D Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan (Bilge Kutlug Tengri Khan) Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia
743	END OF GOKTÜRK EMPIRE 552 - 743 A.D Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen) Area - From Black Sea across Asia along northern borders of Mongolia and China almost to Pacific Ocean, and valleys of Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
744	Ozmysh Khagan (68) (742-743) killed by Basmils. Basmils failed to take control of E. Goktürk Khaganate, and Uygurs, with Karluk help, set Kuli Peilo Khan as Kutlug Bilga Khagan (11) (Tengrida Bolmish El, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan) (742 - 747). Creation of Uygur
744	Uygurs substituted one Türkic people for another, closely related, for hegemony of Mongolia, in the next century (744-840)
747	Khan Marduan of Daghestani Bulgars, Burjans, build a small wooden city, named city Marduan. Khazars called it Mardukan. Present Bulgar (Great Bulgar)
747	Tatars lose a battle to Uygurs N-W of Selenga. Tatars were caught at Keyre spring and river Tri- birkyu, and lost half of army.
747	Ay Tengrida Qut Bolmish, Tutmish Bilge Qaghan (11) dies. Bayanchur (12) (747 -759).
747	Created Shine-usu, Terkhin and Tes inscriptions. Inscriptions are in Old Uygur?? language in Türkic alphabet. Kagan Bayanchur (747-759) relates 6-th c events with "QSR=QASAR". Sources
750	Bulgars live along north-western shore of Caspian Sea
750	After living as neighbors of Chuvash people for over 1,000 years, a part of Hungarians moved south to "Levedia" in approximately 750 AD, while others remained between Itil River and Ural Mountains
750	Kengeres/Pecheneg/Kangar/Besenyos living west of Uygurs and are hostile with them
751	Defeat of Chinese armies at Talas river by a combined forces of Goktürks, Arabs and Tibetans. End of Chinese control over Turkestan. Paper starts spreading to Arabs and on to Europe
752	Tatars lived on eastern border of Uygyria.
753	Ilmish Kutlug Khan is Kara Khan of Goktürks
755	Constantine V (son of Leo III) builds a chain of forts along Bulgarian border. War begins between Danube Bulgars and Byzantines. After initial success, Bulgars are defeated.
755	Created Orkhon Inscription on Mogilyan Bilge Khan slella. Inscriptions are bilingual, in Kipchak language in Türkic alphabet, and in Chinese language in Chinese characters. Sources
756	Danube Bulgaria Khan Kormisos (740-756) dies, Vinekh becomes Khan (756-761)
759	El Tutmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. El Tekin (13) (759 - 779).
760	Khazar Khagan Boghatur (760?-…)
760	Bulgar Khan Tat-Ugek renames city Marduan to Bulgar, which becomes a center of small Burjan kingdom.
761	Khan Vinekh of Danube Bulgaria (756-761) and all his kin assassinated. Teletz of Ugain clan and a leader of conspiracy is elected new Khan (761-763).
762	Khazars, led by As Tarkhan, invade and re-conquer Cis-Caucasia. 764 Khazars take Tbilisi
763	Danube Bulgaria Khan Telets seizes southern Thrace. Bulgars loose battle of Anchiel. Khan Telets (761-763) is murdered by hostile Boils for his failure. Umar, then Bayan (763-765) is elected new Khan
765	Danube Bulgaria Khan Bayan (763-765) is replaced by Toktu, then Magan, then Telerig (c.765-777) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood.
772	War between Greeks and Danube Bulgars. Khazaria unites with Alania
775	Leo IV "Khazar" emperor of Byzantine Empire (775-780)
777	Danube Bulgaria Khan Telerig (c.765-777) is replaced by Kardam (c.777-c.803)
779	Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Tonga Bagha (14) (779 - 789).
780	Leo II, greatson of Khazar Kagan, ruler of Abkhazia. (780-….)
786	Khazars help Abkhazia to free from Byzantine, and Abkhazia becomes Khazarian dependency
789	Tengride Bolmish Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Taras (15) (789 - 790).
790	Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Aychur (16) (790 - 795).
790	Shato subordinate to Tibet. Tibetians take Beytin and Kucha (Ansi) 791 Tibetians take Khotan
791	Franks met resistance on their campaign in area of Austria and Slovenia
792	Franks met with little resistance on their 2 campaigns in area of Austria and Slovenia because of Avar/Bulgar/Slav draught and famine
792	Avar leaders fought each other between 792 and 795, but Kaghan and Yugrush, his fellow ruler, were killed by their own men, who blamed them for draught and famine
794	Tibetians defeat Uygurs 795 Tatabs and Tatars are defeated by Chinese
794	According to archaeological evidence, Avars populated Banat, Crishana, and parts of Transylvania. Their number in Transylvania is not very high, but this is difficult to estimate. As in other territories, they probably lived together with Slavic tribes
795	Avars power broken, Franks destroyed residence of Kaganat. Nestor chronicle stipulates that all Avars died, but some retired to east of Tisza. Last reliable mention of Avars is from 822, and in 873 there is a record of uncertain character.
795	Ay Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Alp Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Qutluq (17) (795 - 805)
796	Avar Kaghan and his warlords abandoned their capital Rhing before Frankish host reached it in 796, but 90 per cent of Charlemagne's horses that advanced as far as Gyõr in 791 also perished of famine
796	Avar state, weakened by internal dissent, was destroyed by a combined Frankish and Bulgarian Khan Kardam attack in 796.
803	Danube Bulgaria Khan Kardam (c.777-c.803) is replaced by Krum (38) elected to Bulgarian Khan-hood (803-814). Bulgars under Khagan Krum unite with Franks to crush Avar Khaganate.
804	Khan Krum's army has 30,000 chain armored heavily armed cavalry, vs. Byzantium's less than 400.
804	Khan Krum venture to become independent suzerain, lays off federatae status, become Tzar, and absorbs Slavic and Avar territories and populations. Policy program for next half century.
804	Charlemagne and then Pepin defeat and subjugate Avar Khan in Pannonia, rob 2 centuries of treasuries. In 805 Avar Khagan Zodan baptized with name Theodore. Theodore continued ruling as a subject of Charlemagne
804	Joint forces of Bulgars and Franks crush and annihilate Avar Khaganate.
805	End of AVAR EMPIRE in Europe 558-805 AD Founder - Khan Bayan Area - Pannonia, Balkans, Bessarabia, N. Pontic steppes to Tanais and Itil (Total Area - 2,500,000 Km2) Seat of Avar kaghan and his warlords east of Danube in Pannonia, known as Rhing
805	Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (18) (805 - 808).
806	Manicheans arrive to Chanan from Uygurs
807	Danube Bulgars and Greeks fight.
808	Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish, Alp Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (19) (808 - 821).
813	Bulgars take Adrianopole.
813	In 813, Krum led a large army of Slavs and Avars against Byzantium and besieged Constantinople without success. He died in following year.
814	April 13, 814 While preparing another attack against Byzantines, Khagan Krum (38) bursts a blood vessel and dies. Khagan Omurtag (41) assumes Bulgarian Khan-hood (814-814). Boils rule Bulgaria - Chok (?) (?_?).
814	Khan Ditsen (40) (814-816)
816	Chok and Boils Danube Bulgars conclude a peace treaty with Byzantines to last thirty years, to be renewed every ten years.
816	Khan Omurtag (41) (816-831)
817	Inhabitants of Samandar revolt against attempts by Khazar Khagan Karak introduce Judaism
817	Manichean missionaries are exiled to Uyguria
818	Danube Bulgars thrust to north as far as Kiev (818-820).
819	Kara Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)
820	Khazars found Sambata (sam = high, bat = stronghold) and Kiev ( kui = low, ev = settlement), settled by Khazars and Magyars.
821	Preslav is completed - new Bulgarian capital.
821	Kun Tengride Ulugh Bolmish, Kuch Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Unknown (20) (821 - 824).
824	Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuch Bilge Qaghan. Hazar Tekin (21) (824 - 832).
827	Danube Bulgars and Franks fight.
830	Khazar Khagan Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) (830?-…)
830	Construction of Sarkel fortress by Khazars with Byzantium's help
830	Khzarian Kabars rebel against Bek (830-862).
830	First Rus Khaganate is established as ulus by Itil Bulgarian Khan Aydar (819-855)
831	Danube Bulgaria Khan Malamir (42) (831-837)
832	Danube Bulgars and Franks sign peace treaty.
832	Tengride Qut Bolmish, Kuchluk Bilge Qaghan. Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839).
833	Khan-Tuvan (Dyggvi) sends an embassy to Byzantine asking to send engineers-fortificators to build fortresses against Rus' attacks.
836	Danube Bulgar Khan Presijan (43)(836-852)
837	Magyars crossed Dnieper from east around 837, occupying steppe as far as Danube by year 860
837	Atelkuzu, largely consisting of Ukraine, Moldavia and Eastern Wallachia, favoured survival at time of warming. As drought spread, it was possible to move flocks up-river to cooler, wooded regions, where fishing provided an extra food for semi-nomads.
837	Magyar tribes, and chiefly ruling caste, moved up river as far as Kharka, Bashtu, and Galich
839	Kho Tekin (22) (832 - 839) dies. Kichik Tekin (23) (839 - 840)
840	Destruction of Uygur Orkhon Empire by Kirgizes. End of Uygur leadership of E. Goktürkic Khaganate
840	E. Goktürk Khaganate Kichik Tekin (23) dies
840	In about 840-850 AD, Hungarians were forced to move westwards to Atelkuzu (Etelkoz) and they then occupied Carpathian Basin in 896 AD living there to this day
841	Kyrgyz ambassador arrived in China
842	Muhamad ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi works in Khazarian Kagan's palace, sent there by Caliph Al-Wathiq.
850	Bashkorts used prior to 9c antroponym 'Ishtek/Istek' (Asses, Ossian/Yassian people), and from 9 c became known antroponym 'Bashkort' from (according to Arab author Salam Tardjman) Khan Bashgird, whose horde lived in present area.
852	Khan Presijan (43) (836-852) controls Danube Bulgaria extending from Panonnia, Transilvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, to Donets ??, with numerous inhabitants (Slavs, Bulgars, Thracians (Vlach, Wallach, Dacian, Get)
855	Kara Bulgarian Baltavar Khan Aydar (819-855) died, Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) becomes Khan (855-882)
859	Khan Shilki lost battle to Khazar Kagan Iskhak at Baltavar (Poltava)
859	Kara Bulgar Khan Gabdulla Djilki (Shilki) lost Bashtu (Kiev) and Urus (Novgorod) uluses to Khazars. Khazars oganize them as ulus Rus. Khagan Iskhak appoints Norman leader Dir (Bulg. Djir) of Slavic militia in Bashtu a ruler of Rus and Norman Ascold (Bulg. As-Khalib) a Viceregent of Rus
859	Shilki settles in c. Karadjar (Chernigov) with territory
859	Shilki's brother Lachyn becomes Khan of remaining Kara Bulgar with a capital in Khorysdan (Putivl)
859	Kara Bulgar Bashtu becomes Khazarian Kiev
861	Religious debate in Khazarian court (khazarian Polemic) between Cyril and Methodius, Rabbi Yitzhak Ha Sangari, and Muslem cleric Farabi Ibn Kora.
861	Khazar Bulan Bek, nobility and some common people convert to Judaism.
862	Chronist Nestor gives 862 as year of creation of Rus. Ruses are rulers of Slavs. Ruses live in military settlements and "feed" by spoils, a part of which was rendered to Jewish Khazars. Slavs are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Russes are eth
862	Viking warrior Hrorekr (Riurik) leads expedition to Staraya Lagoda and occupied city in 862
862	Hrorekr (Riurik) (862-879) takes Novgorod, the other brothers take two other cities. Eventually Riurik gained all three cities. Gradual conquest of surrounding Slavic states, raided as far as Constantinople. At his death, his son Ingvar is too young to ru
863	Khan Shilki re-unites Bashtu and Karadjar with Kara Bulgar. Knyaz Dir (Bulg Djir) submits to Shilki, Ascold (Bulg As-Khalib) escapes to Galidj (Novgorod? Galich?) Shilki restores himself as Baltavar of Kara Bulgar with capital at Baltavar (Poltava)
865	Khan Barys of Itil Bulgaria beylyk founded by Tat-Ugek, died, and Shilki, Khan of Kara Bulgar with a capital in Baltavar (Poltava) is proclamed Khan of Itil Bulgaria (865-882).
865	City Bulgar becomes a capital of Itil Bulgaria.
865	Shilki proclames Itil Bulgaria an Islamic state, without a Califate recognition
866	Established Kara Bulgar station Kolyn (Khlynov, Vyatka)
868	First revolt of Türkish soldiers against Abbasid Calif al-Mutaawakkil (847-861)
868	Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Türkish praetorian of Abbasid Califate, becomes an independent ruler of Egypt and extends his rule to Syria
875	Khazars built a glass factory in Hrodna (present Belarus)
879	879-882 Post Riurik (862-879), pre-Olaf period in Rus ulus
882	Khan Shilki (855-882) died, Bat-Ugyr becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (882-895).
882	Khan Alabuga of a Baryn line of Sabans starts a city, named later Bilyar.
882	Olaf (Russ. Oleg) (882-913) First serious Rus expansion. Dominated several E. Slav tribes as tribute states.
889	After 889, Besenyos break through Khazarian border guards and replace Magyars from Levedia
893	Catastrophically cold winter of 892-893 froze Itil and Don, made it possible for Besenyos, whom Oguzes attacked, to flee across frozen rivers into Atelkuzu, although some of them were stuck east of Yaik river
893	Besenyos stop their pusuit of Majars at Dniepr, spend winter near mouth of river Buh
894	Majar Prince Levente leads Khazar Kabars against Bulgaria
894	Besenyos in alliance with Bulgars start a second attack of Majars, forcing them to leave Atilkiji (Itil-Kiji, Atelkuzu) for Transylvania and Upper Tisza region
895	Bat-Ugyr (882-895) abdicates. Baltavar (Elteber) Almush (Almas), eldest son of Shilki, becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria, accclamed in city Bulgar (895-925).
895	Khan Almush Kara Bulgar census lists 550K, 200K are Saban-speaking Bulgars, 180K-Ars (Udmurts, Finno-Ugors), 170K-Modjars
895	Alans and Bulgars freed from Khazar power
895	Some Khazar Kabars settle in Transilvania/Hungary with Majars.
895	Avaria (Pannonia) is divided between Slavic state of Great Moravia under Svyatopolk, and Türkic Khanate of Bulgaria. Bulgar Onogundur (or Onogur) settle there, possibly giving name to Hungary.
900	Ibn Ruste lists three branches of Itil Bulgars: "first branch was called Bersula, second - Esegel, and third - Bolgar".
902	Varangian Rus mercenaries are mentioned serving in Byzantine naval expedition to Crete. Rus mercenaries also serve Khazars
904	Olaf (Russ. Oleg), Prince of Kiev (882-916 ), remains a vassal of Avar Khaganate, divided between Bulgarian principalities.(In 859 to Khazars??)
909	Rus raiders (druzhina) with Varangian (Varyag) allies captures Khazarian fort Abezgun on Caspian Sea
910	First missions of Christian preachers from Byzantium to Alania. Establishing Alan arch-episcopate. Peter as first arch-bishop of Alania.
913	Kengeres, once a part of confederation of W. Goktürk Khaganate, were driven toward lower Syr-Darya and Aral Sea by Karluk Türks. They were grazing their herds between Yaik and Itil rivers.
913	North of Sea of Azov Kengeres occupied Levedia, taking it from Majars, and then drove them from Atilkiji area between Dniepr and Lower Danube
913	Ingvar (Russ. Igor) (913-945) re-established control over Eastern Slavs
913	Khazars demolish Rus marauding expedition fleet
915	Besenyos appear before Kiev for first time in force. Prince Ingvar (Russ. Igor) signs peace treaty with them establishing a frontier between Don and Dniester
920	Khazars fight with Burtas (Steppe Alans or Asses), Oguz, Byzantines, Kengeres and Kara Bulgars.
920	Itil Bulgar Baltavar Almush (Almas) allies with Caliphate as counterbalance to Khazars. Beginnng of minting of Bulgarian dirkhems
922	Itil Bulgars congress of Bulgarian tribes adopted Islam as state religion, built mosques and schools. Itil Bulgars start transition to Arabic script from Türkic script
922	Baltavar Almush takes a title 'Emir' as obligation to rule in accordance with Quran
922	City Bilyar becomes a province Baityuba capital and a 3rd sized city after Bulgar and Bandja
922	City Nur-Suvar (922-1246). Present Tatarskiy (Sham-Suar).
922	Established city Tukhchi, renamed in 1219 Djuketun (Chistopol)
925	Governor of province Mardan-Ballak Balus starts a city, named later Banja (Banja-Burtas). Present Syzran.
925	Almush (895-925) died, Khasan becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (925-930). Almush is buried in Fortress Gulistan.
930	Seljuks are from tribe Kynyk - one of 24 Oguz tribes. Oguzes live between Syr Darya, Caspian and Aral seas. Kynyks live near delta of Syr Darya.
930	Yabgu rules Oguzes. Leader of Seljuk clan, Temir-Yalyg, nicknamed Dukak (Dokak), has a high position. He objects to a raid by Yabgu against other Türkic tribes, and sours relations with Yabgu. He and his tribe may be Moslems.
930	Itil Bulgaria has 30 cities. Khasan built: Matak Nukrat Bandja (Samara ) (Center of Mardan-Bellak ulus) Bulyar (citadel in Bilyar) Kamysh Simbir Gazan-Deber Kashan Tukhcha Tau-Kerman (Sviyajsk) Tash-Bulgar Subash-Simbir Karadjar Djilan
930	Khasan (925-930) died, Yalkau Michail becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (930-943).
930	Khazars ally with Alans who adopt Judaism, and arrange a dynastic marriage
932	KARAHANID (Karahanli, Ilek (ilig)-khanid, al-Hakaniye, el-Haniye, al-Afrasiyab) 932 - 1212 A.D Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes Initial center in Kashgar
932	Khazars ally with Oguzes.
934	Kengeres join in Hungarian invasion of Byzantian Thrace.
939	Khazar Baliqchi Pesakh defeats Rus
943	Yalkau Michail died (930-943), Mohammed becomes Khan of Itil Bulgaria (943-976).
944	Kengeres join in Prince Ingvar of Kiev raid on Byzantium.
945	Helga (Russ. Olga) (945-962) is energetic in subjugating Slavs, exacting terrible revenge upon Drevlians, burying alive and burning their most distinguished men alive in a bath in Kiev, massacring 5,000 at her husbands funeral feast, burning Izkorosten with many killed or enslaved
944	All Gothic cities-colonies are robbed to foundation in raid of Prince Ingvar of Kiev
945	Start of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war
949	Talib, junior son of Khan Gazan, and grandson of Almush, organizes a regular army in Itil Bulgaria.
950	There is information about Bashkir Confederation in 9-12c under Masim Khan, starting with Khan Bashkort. Bashkir 'Shejere' listed Khans Muyten Bey and Maiky Bey at approx. 1220, witha list of 10 predesessors covering 9-12c.
950	Al Mas'udi (died in 956) describes 4 Türkic peoples: Ydjni, Badjkurt (Maskurts, Masguts, called by Herodotus (5-th c. BC), Strabo (c.64 BC - A.D. 20), and C. Plinius Secundus (62-113 AD) Massagetae Scythians), Badjanak (Besenyos), Nukardi
950	Conversion of Karakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955)
950	Magyars living in Lebedia are vassals of Khazars.
960	End of Itil Bulgar-Turkmen 15 year war. Chief Turkmen Khan Arslan is beheaded by Bulgar sardar Kukcha Amir.
960	Besenyos live in Moldova (10th cent.-1171)
960	…... becomes second Kagan of Khazar's Kaganate to convert to Islam (960?-….).
960	Karahanid Satuk's son, Musa (Baytas) defeated eastern Khan Arslan Han and carried off this branch of dynasty. Entire Karahanli State becomes Muslim (960). Afterwards, forced diffusion of Islam among C. Asian Türks turned into holy war. First case among Türks to abandon tradition of freedom of convitions and to force conversion of subject populations
961	After Dukak death, Oguz Yabgu appoints Dukak’s son Seljuk Syu-Bashi as head of army. Seljuk evacuates his tribe to Sugura, near Jend (Hojdent), bordering with Moslem countries. Relocation may be caused by Kipchak wictory over Oguz State or shotage of pastures
961	Seljuks (Salchukiyans, Sakachikas) together with Kynyk clan and other Oguz clans leave winter capital of Oguz State Yenikent (Ruins of present Jankent) between Caspian and Aral, with their cattle of horses, camels, sheep and cows, to Maverannakhr .
961	M Kashgari: To live with Moslem Türks, multitudes of Seljuk tribes adopted Islam. Seljuk adopted Islam for political possibilities, and asked neighboring Bukhara and Khorezm to send Moslem scholars. Prior, they were called Turkmens, Karluks and Oguzes
961	Oguz Yabgu's Oguses arriving in Jend to collect annual taxes are driven out by Seljuks under pretext "We are not paying taxes to infidels", and started juhad war against Oguz State with Seljuk’s title Gazi. Start of independent Seljuk Beylyk in Jend.
962	Svyatoslav (962-972) first Rus Prince with Slavic name. Numerous campaigns to assert his authority over eastern Slavs. Invaded Khazaria and destroyed its capitl Itil, and its major fortresses Samander and Sarkel. Allied with Constantinople against Danube Bulgars
962	Türkic Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan
962	GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D Founder – Alptekin Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)
964	Kengeres seriously threaten Khazaria
965	Byzantine governor (strategos) of Chersonesus asks Svyatoslav for aid against Khazars. Svyatoslav campaign to Don. En route he attacks Volga Bulgars. He raids Sarkel, Itil, and Tmutarkhan, also captures Chersonesus
965	Svyatoslav possibly signed agreement with Besenyos before crossing their territory. He allies with Oguzes. Purpose to gain tribute from Viatchi on Oka by removing their Khazar overlords. He also conquers Yasians and Kasogians in Taman-Kuban area.
965	Kkazar Kagan temporarily converts to Islam for political reasons
965	Itil Bulgars gain independence after defeating Khazars.
966	Bandja (Fanagoria), capital of Great Bulgaria in VII c, destroyed by Kiev Knyaz Svyatoslav. Escaped inhabitants established New Bandja in Jiguli on Itil (Murom setlement).
966	Khan Mohammed established fort Simbir (Simbirsk)
967	Knyaz Svyatoslav of Kiev seizes Khazar capital Itil
969	Khazaria, broken by Svyatoslav (called Barys by Bulgars), is divided between Itil Bulgaria and N. Caucasus Saklans.
969	Inflow of silver dirhams from Bulgaria and Khazaria stops
969	Saklans receive territory S. of rivers Sal and Kum, Shir (Don), Kuper-Kubar (Khoper), Boryn-Inesh (Voronej). Khin (Sarkel, Belaya Veja) is a province ruled by Bulgar's vali.
970	Khan Mohammed established fort Balyn (Suzdal) in Mary land
972	8 Besenyo (Bedjenek) tribes, under Khan Kura, of Kipchak stock with Oguz element, freed of Khazar dominance, defeat Rus prince Svyatoslav and make a drinking cup of his scull. Bedjenek's continuous figts with Khazars, Byzantines and Russ.
976	Mohammed died (943-976), Talib becomes Khan of of Itil Bulgaria (976-981).
981	Itil Bulgaria Khan Talib (976-981) died, Timar becomes Khan (981-1004).
985	Türkic Karakhanid and Gaznevit, and Iranian Samanid states surround Seljuk Beylyk. Seljuks fight with Karakhanids and Samanids. Samanids give Karakhanid Yabgu Arslan Israel with Oguzes control of Nur, near Bukhara.
985	Seljuq Türks, a ruling tribe of Oguz, move to vicinity of Bukhara.
986	Khazars present Judaism to Knyaz Voldemir (Russ.Vladimir) of Kiev, Itil Bulgars present Islam.
988	Voldemir consolidates his possession of conquered city-states through adoption of single state religion. He orders conversion of subject people and launches built-up of Christian churches. Negotiations for military aid with Emperor Basil II end in agreeme
994	Formation of Türkic-Ghaznavid dynasty in present day Afganistan
999	Destruction of Persian Samanid dynasty by Türkic tribes.
1000	Some Khazars in Kievan Rus are Slavicized and adopt East Slavic language (1000-1300).
1004	Itil Bulgaria Khan Timar (981-1004) died, Masgut becomes Khan (1004-1006).
1006	Itil Bulgaria Khan Masgut (1004-1006) died, Ibragim becomes Khan (1006-1025).
1010	Kipchaks are pressed by Kumosi- Kimaks and then by Kidanes and move west
1016	Last Khazar Khagan Georgius Tzul is cuptured by combined army of Byzantine Basil II and Sfengus, brother of Kiev's Grand Prince Voldemir. Khazaria loses last independence and territories of Crimea and Taman.
1016	End of HAZAR EMPIRE 602-1016 A.D Founder - no historical data for founder, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf. Area - Hazars separated from Goktürks and formed a state from Caucasian Mntns to Danube and N. Pontic area
1020	Kipchaks occupy Middle and Lower Donets basin, lower Don and N.Azov. Earliest Kipchak gravestone monuments are located west of Itil
1024	Lavrentiev Chronicle dates establishment of Suzdal in Merya land
1025	Itil Bulgaria Khan Ibragim (1006-1025) died, Azgar becomes Khan (1025-1028).
1025	One of Seljuk chiefs, Arslan Israil Yabgu, serves as auxiliary to Karakhanid's Ali-Tegin, against Ghazavids.
1026	Kengeres invasion of Byzantium is repulsed by Constantine Diogenes..
1028	Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar (1025-1028) abdicated, Ashraf becomes Khan (1028-1061).
1029	Kipchaks control steppes from Itil to Irtysh
1032	Torgul-beg , with Daud and Arslan Israil Yabgu, acquires control of E. Iran.
1035	Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established fort Khazar (Voronej)
1036	Itil Bulgaria Khan Azgar established city Tyumen, center of Tubdjak ulus (Tyumen)
1040	SELCUK EMPIRE 1040 - 1157 A.D Founder – Seljuk Area - East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and Tarim Derya; West, Aegean and Mediterranean; North, Aral, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and Black Sea; South, area including Arabia (Area - 10,000,000 Km 2)
1051	Kengeres invade Byzantium.
1054	Seljuks, under Tügral Beg, capture Baghdad, Abbasid capital, from Buwayhids, establish Seljuq Sultanate, and become official protectors of Caliphate.
1054	Rus chronicles record appearance of Guz people, pushed by Kipchaks - a branch of Kimaks of middle Irtysh and of Ob.
1055	Rus claims that majority of Kipchak tribes have crossed Itil and occupy E. Europian steepes.
1055	Ipatian Chronicle reports first arrival of Kipchaks at border of Pereyaslav principality
1059	Yabgu Arslan Israel with Oguzes fights Karakhanids, and withdraw with booty, leaving Samanid heir Ismail El Muntasyr, who loses war with Karakhanids,and dies. Samanid state desintegrates, Karakhanids take over Maverannakhr, and Gazavids take Horasan.
1060	Kipchaks replace Besenyos (Bedjenek) from N Caucasus steppes. Stan of Kipchak Khans is located on river Sunj. N Caucasus steppes is an important component of Deshti-Kipchak.
1063	Beginning of reign of Seljuc Alp Arslan
1064	Kengeres invade Byzantium, across Thrace to gates of Constantinople..
1065	600K Oguzes crossed Danube, devastated Balkans to Thessalonica. Emperor Constantine X Ducas, and then Kengeres and Bulgars, who were ruled at that time from Byzantium, annihilated them. Remains of Oguzes were subjugated, eliminated or assimilated by Kipch
1065	Visit of Alanian king Durguleit Great to Georgian king Bagrat IV in Kutais.
1065	Three Türkic peoples inhabit steppes N. of Lake Balkhash: Oguz (Ghuz, Torks, Ouzoi, Uzes, Türkmen), Kimaks/Kipchak of middle Enisey of Ob, and Kirghiz. Ogur group is distinguished from Oguz Türkic people that they had Y mutated to J (DJ).
1169	Prince of Suzdal, Andrei Bogoliubskii, sacked Kiev, then moved seat of Great Prince to Vladimir, capital of Suzdal
1070	Turks in Karahanli State engage in cultural and scientific activities. Turkish written with Uighur and Arabic alphabets becomes literary language and literature spread for the first time. Karahanli people exchange with Gazneli and other state sultans in Turkish written in Uighur letters
1070	Most ancient monument of Islam era in Türkic is "Kutadgu Blig" written by Yusuf Has Hacib in 1069-1070 in Uighur and Arabic letters about ideal administration system of a state
1071	Kengeres, in service of Byzantium, desert Emperor Romanus Diogenes V (1067-1071) in favor of Oguz Sultan Alp Arslan.
1072	Beginning of reign of Seljuc Malik Shakh.
1072	Marriage of Maria of Alania to Byzantine emperor Michael VII Duca Parapinaces (1071-1078 d. 1078). Marriage of Georgian king George III with Alanian princess Burduhan
1073	Probably grandson of Mohammed b. Yusuf Kadir Han, Great Khan of Eastern Karahanli State, Mahmut Kashgari work, titled "Divan-i Legat it-Turk" written in Baghdad in 1073-1077, gave examples of dialects of various Türkic peoples ranging from Byzantine borders to borders of China. He wrote about geography of Türkish cities, political and economical life of Türks and their beliefs, gave examples of literary works and ancient epics and folk literature that did not survive
1076	Itil Bulgaria Khan Akhad (1061-1076) deposed, Adam becomes Khan (1076-1118).
1076	Capital of Itil Bulgaria is transferred from city Bulgar to city Bilyar
1077	HARZEMSHAH 1077 - 1231 A.D Founder - Kudrettin Mehmet (Harzemshah) Area - Persia, Southern Caucasia, Dagestan, Afghanistan and most of Central Asia. (Total Area - 5,000,000 Km 2)
1078	Daughter of Burduhan and George III is crowned as Queen Tamar on Georgian throne
1087	Kengeres invade Byzantium across Thrace, are driven back, and defeat Alexius Comneus.
1088	Former Khan, Emir Akhad Moskha built in Batyshes' (Russ. Vyatiches) land fort Moskha (Caw), now Moscow (Moskva).
1089	King of Ovs (As, Alans) David Soslan's son marries Queen Tamar
1091	Kipchaks under Togortak and Maniak are allied with Byzantium under Alexius Comnenus, and together crush Kengeres army.
1096	Rabbi Nissim: Seventeen Khazarian communities join nomads (Kengeres, Bulgars, Oguses)
1099	Formation of Karachai-Balkarian (Alan) people completed.
1099	Tatars are beaten by Kerayit Türks' Khan Torgul, son of Khan Cyriacus(Qurjaquz), son of Marcus(Marguz) Buyiruq
1099	Tatars lived since at least 8th cent. on south bank of Kerulen river near Bor Nor to Khingan range. On north bank of Kerulen to Onon river roved neghbouring Mongols. On west bank of Selenga river to Black Irtysh river roved neighboring Naiman Türks.
1099	200,000 Kerayit Türks, Nestorian Christians since 1009, roved neighboring south of Selenga river, on upper Orkhon, to Karakorum. Tatars are confederated as Tokuz Tatars (Nine Tatars) and Otuz Tatars (Thirty Tatars).
1099	Tatars are redoubtable warriors and ranked among fiercest of all people.
1099	Tatars constitute a serious danger to Sino-Tungustic kingdom of Kin. Kin used early Chingiz Khan to attack Tatars from Northwest.
1100	Kipchaks are subdivided into hordes: Dniepr, Don, Lower Itil (Kipchak-Saksin), Eastern (Kipchak).
1103	Established settlement Uchel (Kazan)
1103	W. Kipchaks are raided and defeated on river Suten (Molochnaya) by Voldemir Monomakh and Svyatopolk Izyaslavich of Kiev. 20 Kipchak princes died. Kipchaks retreat from Bug.
1109	Don Kipchaks are invaded and defeated by Rus Princes.
1110	Kipchaks stone monuments spread in Dniepr basin, Crimea, N.Azov, Don, itil, N Caucasus
1111	Don Kipchaks are again invaded and defeated by Rus Princes.
1116	Don Kipchaks are again invaded and defeated by Rus Princes. Cities Sharukhan, Sugrov and Balin with Alano-Bulgar populations are taken.
1116	(1116-1236) End of Russo-Kipchak wars. Kipchaks ally with Rus Principalities and join in in Rus intestine wars. In 120 years Kipchaks participate in 16 Russo-Russo wars, with only 6 Russo-Kipchak invasions and 6 Kipchak-Russo invasions.
1117	Kipchaks under Khan Otrok retreat to N Caucasus steppes. Kipchak Khan Syrchan remains in Don Steppes. Kipchaks under Khan Otrok on way to N Caucasus destroy Sarkel, last known as Itil Bulgarian domain. Its inhabitants with Besenyos (Bedjenek) and Oguz Tür
1118	Itil Bulgaria Khan Adam (1076-1118) died, Shamgun (Sain) becomes Khan (1118-1135)
1118	Old capital city Bulgar becomes capital of Itil Bulgaria instead of city Bilyar.
1118	Kipchaks make peace with Alans. Khan Otrak has 40K army and is allied with Georgian King David IV the Builder and participates in war with Seljuks. A number of Kipchaks settle in Georgia.
1120	Capital of Itil Bulgaria is again transferred from city Bulgar to city Bilyar
1122	As-Tarkhan established settlement As-Tarkhan (Astrakhan)
1122	Russes defeat Cumans
1123	Scyths/Besenyos (Bedjenek) reported as really wiped out by Byzantine Emperor John II in 1123.
1124	Formation of Kara Kitai Empire in Transoxania.
1130	1130-1150 Kipchaks participate in intercine wars of Rus principalities.
1135	Itil Bulgaria Khan Shamgun (Sain) (1118-1135) died, Khisam Anbal becomes Khan (1135-1164).
1136	Established station Omek (Omsk)
1137	Established station Kazgyn (Novosibirsk)
1150	Bulgars had their own scientists and poets. Jakub ibn-Nogman who wrote "History of Bulgaria" lived in first half of XII century. Scholar Burchan ibn-Bulgari wrote book on rhetoric and medicine.
1152	Kipchak lands are defined in Ipatievsk Chronicle and Chronicle of Igor. Itil, N Black Sea, Sula, Crimea (Suroj and Korsun (Kerch), Tmutarkhan (NW Fore-Caucusus)
1155	Tatars capture Mongol Qutula Khagan's brother Okin-barqaq and cousin Ambaqai and deliver them to Kin, who executed them by nailing to a wooden donkey.
1161	Tatars, allied with Kin, defeat Mongols at Bor Nor, in retaliation for Mongol Qutula Khagan raids, plunder of Kin. First Mongolian royalty is destroyed, Qutula Khagan's sons Jochi and Altan don't have titles, and people reverted to old tribal order.
1161	Once victory made Tatars masters of Eastern Gobi, they incessantly harassed frontiers of Kin.
1164	Itil Bulgaria Khan Khisam Anbal (1135-1164) is captured, Otyak becomes Khan (1164-1178).
1167	Tatars poisoned baghatur Yesugei, father of Chingiz Khan and a chief of Mongolian Kiyat clan, at a friendly meal in steppe. Chingiz Khan is born about 1167 on right bank of Onon, in region of Dulun-Boldaq (Russia).
1171	Besenyos lose control of Moldova to Cumans (1171-1241)
1175	Kipchaks consolidate into 2 confederated hordes, Dniepr and Don. Al Mansuri and An Nuvayri mention Burjogly and Toksoba confederations.
1178	Itil Bulgaria Khan Otyak (1164-1178) died, Gabdulla Chelbir becomes Khan (1178-1225).
1183	GAZNELI EMPIRE 962 - 1183 A.D Founder - Alp Tekin Area - from Trans-Oxus to Ganges River, from Caspian to steppes of Pamir (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2)
1184	Dniepr Kipchaks are again attacked and their Khan Kobyak is captured. Kobyak is from line Toglyy/Izay/Osoluk/Kobyak
1185	Don Kipchaks are again attacked, unsuccessfully, by Igor Svyatoslavich of Novgorod-Severskiy.
1185	A number of Kipchaks, in 10's K, settle in Georgia in times of George III (1152-1184) and Quinn Tamara (1184-1214).
1195	1195- Kipchaks participate in intercine wars of Rus principalities.
1198	Kin re-oriented and allied with Kerayit Khan Torgul. Torgul, accompanied by Chingiz Khan, attacked from northwest, and Kin from southeast, and defeated Tatars at Bor Nor. Torgul, with Chingiz Khan, chase Tatar chief Megujin SeUltu along Ulja river.
1201	Tatars join anti-Wamg-Khan an Chingiz Khan coalition that included 8 Mongol clans, and Türkic Markit, Oirat, Naiman.
1202	After subjugating Mongolian clan Tayichi'ut, Chingiz Khan turns to Chaghan Tatars and Alchi Tatars. Tatars vanquished and were massacred and were distributed among Mongol tribes. Chingiz Khan choosed two beautiful Tatar women, Yesui and Yesugan.
1202	Further east, Solons, of river Nonni, acknowledge Chingiz Khan as tributaries.
1203	Chingiz Khan is in control of eastern Mongolia. Naimans under Khan Tayang remain in control of western Mongolia.
1203	Türkic tribes Markit, Oirat, Tatars, with rebel Mongolian clans, unite against Chingiz Khan, but he is warned about war by Ongut-Türks' Alaqush-tegin, invited into alliance to outflank Chingiz Khan.
1203	Chingiz Khan calls quriltai and starts a war against Naimans and allies.
1206	Chingiz Khan calls quriltai and is proclaimed Khagan of all Turco-Mongol peoples.
1206	Khazar Jews are reported to use a form of Cyrillic script.
1209	Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule
1212	End of KARAHANID Empire 932 – 1212A.D Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han Area - All Trans-Oxus area including area between Issyk and Balkash Lakes
1218	Chingiz Khan starts western campaign.
1219	Chingiz Khan grants Muyten Bey yarlik for Bashkir? Kipchak? Ulus from Yaik and Agizel (Belaya), tributary of Kama, to Irtish.
1220	Chingiz Khan conquest of Bukhara, Samarkand, Tirmidh and Gurganj
1220	Uchel (Kazan) renamed Gazan
1220	Rus Knyaz George II of Vladimir raids Itil Bulgars, captures Oshel and other cities along Kama. Bilyar city was saved by paying rich ransome
1221	Chingiz Khan conquest of Balkh, Merv, Heart and Nishapur.
1222	Defeat of Alans and Kipchaks in first fight against Mongol-Tatars. Mongol-Tatars seizing capital of Alania Magas (Meget).
1223	Itil Bulgaria Khan Gabdulla Chelbir makes a deal with Juchi to help him in taking Khwarezm, Persia and Caucasus in exchange of not attacking Itil Bulgaria
1223	An important Russo-Kipchak force was defeated on , at battle of Kalka.
1223	War councel in Kiev: Kipchak Khan Kotyak Galicia Knyaz Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy (Brave) Kiev Knyaz Mstislav Romanovich Chernigov Knyaz Mstislav Svyatoslavich Volyn Knyaz Daniil Kursk Knyaz Oleg Smolensk Knyaz Vladimir Former Novgorod Knyaz Vsevolod
1223	80K Russo-Kipchak force was defeated by 20K, 3 tumen force of Subetai on June 16, (May 31?) 1223, at battle of Kalka.
1223	Gabdulla Chelbir collects 24K army, of 5K Kursybays, 3K militia of Dair Tetush, 6K Kazanchies, 10K Bashkorts. Staged at Kermek, NW of Mardan-Sember (Simbirsk), Left bank of Itil. Subetai had 20K Tataro-Mongols, and 50K Turkmen and Kumans.
1223	Second son of Subetai Uran Kytai led a battle at Kermek and ordered a surrender to Gabdulla Chelbir of 38K surviving troops. Subetai lost 4K dead, and ransomed captured in exchange for sheep.
1223	Chingiz Khan army penetration as far as Novgorod.
1225	Itil Bulgaria Khan Gabdulla Chelbir (1178-1225) dies, ?? becomes Khan ()
1227	Juchi dies, Batu becomes Ulus Juchi (Kipchak) Khan (1227-1255)
1227	Cuman prince Barc and 15,000 of his people baptized in Transylvania.
1228	First bishopric of Cumania established in Transylvania and King Béla IV of Hungary assumed title “king of Cumania”
1229	Itil Bulgaria Khan ?? died, Gazi Baradj becomes Khan (1229-1246)
1229	Chingiz Khan dies in 1229, Ogodei becomes Khan (1229-1241).
1235	Eastern Desht-I Kipchak from Altai to Idel are included in Tataro-Mongol Empire Kipchak Kaganaate
1236	5 November 1236 Capital of Itil Bulgaria Bilyar is taken by Batu
1237	Capture of Bulgar city and Voronej by Batu Tataro-Mongols, and subjugation of Bulgar population
1237	Batu founded his capital, Sarai Batu, in city Saksin-Bolgar on lower stretch of Itil. Capital was later moved upstream to Sarai Berke, which at its peak held perhaps 600,000 inhabitants.
1237	Batu Khan becomes ruler of Kipchak Kaganate (Altyn Urdu)
1237	Batu army invades Asses and Kipchaks in N.W. Caspian and N. Caucasus. Leading Kipchak warrior Bachman killed, Khan Kotyan retreat beyond Tanais. Batu starts encircling maneuver going through Burtases, Erzya, Moksha, and Rus.
1237	KIPCHAK KHANATE (ALTYN URDU) (GOLDEN HORDE) 1224 - 1502 A.D Founder - Batur Han Area - Eastern Europe, Western Ural Area, Crimea and area to north of Itil
1238	Capture of Moscow, Vladimir and Suzdal.
1239	King Béla IV of Hungary granted asylum to Cumans and their prince Kuthen, who had earlier unsuccessfully tried organize Rus resistance to Mongols
1239	Assimilation of Alania into Ulus Juchi
1240	Batu Khan controls Kipchak, Bulgar, Rus Principalities
1240	Batu Khan sack and burn city of Kiev in 1241, and subjugate S.Slavic population
1240	Türkic tribes concentrated on animal husbandry in steppes, while their subject peoples, Russ, Mordvinians, Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians, contributed tribute
1240	Cumans' leader Kuthen, considered a dangerous alien, is murdered. Cumans left Hungary but resettled there by Béla IV in 1245.
1241	Death of Ogodei (1229-1241), Shiramon becomes Khan (1241-1242), then Toragana (Regent) (1242-1246)
1241	Mongols defeat Hungarians and European knights.
1241	Cumans lose control of Moldova to Mongols (1241-1286 )
1242	End of Daghestani Khazar kingdom.
1243	Great Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir calls a meeting of Rus princes, suggests recognizing Khan Batu as Tsar, and concluding a treaty with Bordjugins clan of Batu, to find a protection from conquering by Teutons and Lithuania.
1243	City Saksin-Bolgar is renamed Sarai Batu
1243	MONGOL EMPIRE 1229 – 1405A.D Founder - Chingiz Khan Area – From Mideterranian to Pacific, from Baltic to Indian Ocean
1246	Guük becomes Mongol Khan (1246-1248), then Oghul Ghaimish (Regent) (1248-1251)
1246	Itil Bulgaria Khan Gazi Baradj (1229-1246) died.
1246	City Nur-Suvar destroyed (922-1246). Present name Tatarskiy (Sham-Suar).
1248	Appointment of metropolitan for Khanbalik (Peking)
1249	Establishment of Kipchak Türkic Mamluk dynasty in Egypt.
1249	1249-1345 Date of inscriptions on Nestorian gravestones near Bishkek
1250	City Bolgary became most important trade and craft center of Kipchak Khanate
1250	Kipchaks spoke a Türkic language whose most important surviving record is Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Latin, and Persian, compiled by Christian missionaries
1250	Presence in Egypt of Kipchak-speaking Mamluks also stimulated compilation of Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries and grammars written in Egypt and Syria
1250	Béla IV's son, future Stephen V, married Cuman princess, and, under rule of their son (Ladislas IV [László]; 1272–90), Cuman influence in Hungarian affairs was great
1250	Cumans did not completely assimilate into Hungarian society for centuries
1250	Bulgars had their own scientists and poets. Poem by Kul-Gali "Tale about Yusuf" (13-th century) was well known far from Bulgaria and greatly influenced development of Bulgarian and Tatar literature
1251	Alexander Nevsky comes to Sarai Batu, befriended and bebrothered Sartaq, become his anda, and an adopted son of Khan Batu. Aleksnder returns with Tatar army that defeats Teutons. Aleksander receives yarlyk for Rus' Great Prince, in vassalage of Kipchak Khanate
1251	Rus is allied with Kipchak Khanate as an autonomous vassal without loss of culture or religion. Rus' principalities refusing protection of Tatars are eventually captured by Lithuania
1251	Vassalage tax paid by Rus is 5,000 R a year to XV c and 7,000 R after XV c, or 1.6 kg of grain per person in a country of 5 mln.
1251	Mongke becomes Mongol Khan (1251-1258)
1255	Hulegu recaptures Samarkand
1255	First Buddhist-Taoist debate in Karakorum
1255	Kipchak Khan Batu dies (1227-1255), Sartaq the Christian becomes Khan (1255-1257), then Ulagchi the Child (1257-1257)
1257	Kipchak Khan Ulagchi the Child dies (1257-1257), Berke the Moslem becomes Khan (1257-1266)
1258	After Mongke (1251-1258) Ariq-Buqa (1258-1260) becomes Mongol Khan
1258	Second Buddhist-Taoist debate in Karakorum.
1259	Crusader offensive by Ariq-Buqa Khan on Jerusalem. In Ain-Djalud battle noyon Kit-Buga is defeated by Mamluk army
1260	After Ariq-Buqa (1258-1260) Kublai becomes Mongol Khan (1260-1294)
1261	Kipchak Khan Berke exchanges ambassadors with Mamluk Egypt
1262	First war between Kipchak Kaganate and Il Khans
1263	Kipchak Khan Berke alliance with Mamluk Egypt
1263	Kipchak Khanate carried on an extensive trade with Mediterranean peoples, particularly their allies in Mamluk Egypt and Genoese
1265	20,000 horsemen against Byzantium
1266	Kipchak Khan Berke the Moslem dies (1257-1266), Mangu Timur becomes Khan (1266-1280)
1269	50,000 horsemen to help Qaidu
1278	Mongol-Tatars and Rus allies seize Alanian town Dediakov.
1279	Kipchak Khanate Khan Mangu Timur installed Kipchak (Cuman) George Terter I Khan of Danube Bulgaria (1280-1292)
1280	Kipchak Khanate Khan Mangu Timur (1266-1280) dies, Tode Mangu the Moslem becomes Khan (1280-1287)
1281	War between Mamluks and Mongols. Destruction of Mongol fleet off Japanese coast
1286	Mongols lose control of Moldova to Lithuania (1241-1286 )
1287	Kipchak Khanate Khan Tode Mangu the Moslem (1280-1287) dies, Tole Buqa becomes Khan (1287-1290)
1290	Kipchak Khanate Khan Tole Buqa (1287-1290) dies, Tokhtaga becomes Kipchak Khan (1290-1312)
1295	Accession of Ghazan to Il Khanid throne. June 19: Public conversion of Ghazan to Islam.
1297	Adoption by Il Khanid Ghazan of Islamic state symbols.
1299	OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1299 - 1922 A.D Founder - Osman Bey Area - Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Sudan…Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Türkish Lakes (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)
1300	Descendants of Jewish Khazars in Eastern Europe adopt Yiddish language (1300-1500).
1300	Kipchaks live east of Itil and in southern Urals
1300	Kipchaks who settled from Itil to Lower Ilek rivers left modest earthen kurgans with rectangular burials facing east, with a hide or a mummy of harnessed and saddled horse.
1300	Kipchak men grave goods have bark quivers with cut arrows, knifes, flints, and women have bronze or silver earrings, rings, pendants, scissors, bronze mirrors and headdress ornaments (bark tubes "bokks")
1303	Mamluks stop last Mongolian invasion of Syria
1304	Khan Tokhtaga summons Rus princes for meeting in Pereyaslavl to stop feudal infighting and swear allegiance to Kipchak Khan
1309	Hungarian Christian clergy edicts that Catholics cannot marry "Khazars".
1312	After Kipchak Khan Tokhtaga (1290-1312), his nephew Giazetdin-Sultan Mukhammed-Uzbek (Özbeg) (1312-1341) becomes Khan. He gives yarlyks to Rus princes to collect taxes instead of former Tatar baskaks
1315	Kipchak Khan Uzbek summons Prince Yuri III (1303-1325) of Moscow to Sarai Berke. Yuri marries Usbek's sister Konchaka (Russ. Agrafia), becoming brother-in law of Khan Uzbek, and lives 2 years in Sarai Berke
1320	Kipchak Khan Uzbek gives princess (Tughay? D. 1348) to Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad of Bahri Mamluk dynasty (1293-1341) as wife
1321	Lithuanian Duke Gedemin defeats coalition of Kipchak Rus vassal princes and captures Kiev, leaving his vassal prince as governor
1324	Lithuanian Duke Gedemin annexes all Black Rus (Ukraine) and Podlyakhia into his Lithuanian domains
1327	Kipchak Khan Uzbek sent 50,000 horsemen against Prince Ivan I Kalita (Moneybag) (1328-1340) of Moscow
1327	Ivan I Kalita with Tatar help subdued anti-Mongol uprising in Tver. Thousands of Tverians were sent to China to join Rus volunteer recruits, conscripts, and captured prisoners serving as special guards for Mongol Emperor
1334	Partition of Chagatai Khaganate
1335	End of UIGUR EMPIRE 740 - 1335 A.D Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia
1336	Birth of Timurlan
1339	Join campaign of Ivan I Kalita and Khan Uzbek to take Smolensk.
1339	Kipchak Khanate is gradually Islamized
1340	Grand Prince Ivan I Kalita with all Rus princes called to gather in Sarai Berke. Khan Uzbeg approves Ivan’s son as next Rus Grand Prince
1341	After Kipchak Khan Uzbek (1312-1341), Tini Beg is murdered (1341-1341), Jani Beg I becomes Kipchak Khan (1341-1356)
1341	Dmitry (future Donskoi), Great Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, son of Ivan I Kalita, mints “denga” coins with "Es-Soltan-El-Egzem" on one side and Seal Of Great Prince Dm on another side
1346	Black Death struck in 1346-47
1349	Black Death struck in 1349. Beetwen 1364 and 1425. Rus looses 1/3 of population
1349	Hungarian Jews, partly of Khazar origin, resettle in Poland and Austria.
1352	Black Death struck in 1352-1353
1356	Kipchak Khan Jani Beg I (1341-1356), last member of House of Juchi to rule over Kipchak Kaganate, dies, Berdi Beg becomes Khan (1356-1359)
1359	Kipchak Khan Berdi Beg (1356-1359) dies, Qulpa becomes Khan (1359-1360)
1360	Kipchak Khan Qulpa (1359-1360) dies, Nauruz Beg becomes Khan (1360)
1360	Kipchak Khan Nauruz Beg (1359-1360) dies, Hizr becomes Khan (1360-1361). General Khan Mamai controls western half of Kipchak Khanate
1360	Black Death struck in 1360
1361	City Bolgary was destroyed by Ak Urdu Khan Bulak-Timur.
1361	Kipchak Khan Hizr (Ak Urdu - White Horde) dies, Temur Hoja becomes Khan (1361-1362)
1361	Gazan (Kazan) renamed Bolgar-al-Djadid (New Bolgar)
1362	Kipchak Khan Temur Hoja (1361-1362) dies, Murad becomes Khan. He gives yarlyk to Dmitri of Moscow (future Donskoi), who is also a favorite of rebellious Khan Mamai
1364	After Kipchak Khan Murad (1362-1364), Abdullah (1364 d1370) becomes Khan, civil war and multiple khans following him
1364	Black Death struck in 1364-1366
1369	After Kipchak Khan Abdullah (1362 d1370), Jani Beg II becomes Khan (1369-1370)
1369	EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN 1369 - 1501 A.D Founder - Timur Gurgani Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia
1370	After Kipchak Khan Jani Beg II (1369-1370) dies, Mohammed Buluq-Khan becomes Khan (1370 d)
1370	Mohammed Buluq-Khan (1370 d) dies, Tulun Beg-Khanum (fem) becomes Khan (1370-1373)
1371	Grand Prince Mikhail again goes and obtains yarlyk from pretender Khan Mamai, while Dmitri obtains competing Grand Prince yarlyk from Khanum Tulun Beg at Sarai Berke
1372	1372-75 Renewal of war between Tver, joined with Lithuania allied with Khan Mamai, and Moscow, allied with Sarai Berke Tatars. Dmitry of Moscow concludes separatist peace with Lithuania. Pretender Khan Mamai sacks Riazan in revenge (1373)
1373	Tulun Beg-Khanum (fem) (1370-1373) dies, Ai Beg becomes Kipchak Khan (1373 d 1376)
1373	Dmitry of Moscow repulsed Khan Mamai punitive incursion
1374	Black Death struck in 1374
1375	Kipchak Khan Ai Beg (1373 d 1376) dies, Hajji Cherkes (in Sarai Berke) becomes Khan (1375-1376)
1376	Dmitrii Donskoi of Moscow open campaign against Kazan
1376	Hajji Cherkes (in Sarai Berke) (1375-1376) dies, Urus-Khan becomes Kipchak Khan (1376-1378)
1377	Khan of Ak Urdu Tokhtamysh assumes control of Kipchak Kaganate.
1378	Urus-Khan (1376-1378) dies, Arab Shaykh (restored)(in Sarai Berke) becomes Kipchak Khan (1378-1379)
1379	Arab Shaykh (restored)(in Sarai Berke) dies, Mamai becomes Kipchak Khan (1379-1380)
1380	Dmitrii Donskoi of Moscow and Rus princes in 1380 won a signal victory over Kipchak Army under rebelious general Mamai at Battle of Kulikovo
1380	Tokhtamish, son of a minor Tatar prince, won fight with Mamai and ascended throne of Kipchak Khaganate. Mamai dies, Tokhtamish becomes Kipchak Khan (1380-1397)
1382	Tokhtamish sack Moscow, restored Rus vassalage
1388	Tamerlane (1336 - 1405) assumes title of Sultan
1393	Tamerlane captures Baghdad and Shiraz.
1395	Tamerlane defeated Tokhtamish, demolished Tana, Hajji-tarkhan (Astrakhan) and burnt Sarai Berke. He systematically annihilated Sarai Berke, Azov, and Kaffa.
1395	Tamerlane, who invaded Horde's territory in 1395, destroyed Sarai Berke, and deported most of region's skilled craftsmen to Central Asia, thus depriving Horde of its technological edge over resurgent Moscovy. Ak Horde never recovered.
1395	Tamerlane defeats Tokhtamysh. Türkish Emir Edigu takes over control of Kipchak Kaganate.
1395	Tamerlane army invasion in Northern Caucasus, mass murder of Alanian population
1396	Black Death struck in 1396
1398	Emergence of Great Nogay Horde of Ak Urdu's Temnik Nogay, inbetween Itil and Yaik rivers
1398	After Kipchak Khan Tokhtamish (1380-1397) dies, Temur Qutlugh becomes Khan (1398-1400)
1399	Lithuania fought and lost a major battle against Golden Horde in Crimea in 1399
1400	After Kipchak Khan Temur Qutlugh (1398-1400) dies, Shadi Beg becomes Kipchak Khan (1400-1407)
1400	Tamerlane defeats Mamlukes in Syria
1402	War between Tamerlane and Ottoman Empire.
1405	Death of Tamerlane (1336 - 1405), Shah Rukh becomes Turkestan Khan(1405-1447)
1407	Shadi Beg (1400-1407) dies, Pulad becomes Kipchak Khan (1407-1412)
1412	After Kipchak Khan Pulad (1407-1412) dies, Jalal Al-Din becomes Khan (1412-1413)
1413	After Kipchak Khan Jalal Al-Din (1412-1413) dies, Karim Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1413-1414)
1414	After Kipchak Khan Karim Berdi (1413-1414) dies, Kebek becomes Kipchak Khan (1414-1417)
1417	After Kipchak Khan Kebek (1414-1417) dies, Jabbar Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1417-1419)
1419	After Kipchak Khan Jabbar Berdi dies, Ulugh Mehmed becomes Kipchak Khan (1419-1420 d 1434)
1419	Death of Edigu. Beginning of civil war in Kipchak Kaganate
1420	After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed dies, Devlat Berdi becomes Kipchak Khan (1420-1421)
1421	After Kipchak Khan Devlat Berdi dies, Baraq becomes Kipchak Khan (1421-1428)
1423	Crimean Khaganate separates from Kipchak Khaganate under Khan Mengli Girei
1423	After Kipchak Khan Baraq dies, Kuchuk Mehmed becomes Kipchak Khan (1423(36?)-1459)
1428	After Kipchak Khan Kuchuk Mehmed dies, Ulugh Mehmed (restored) becomes Kipchak Khan (1428-1434)
1430	Kazan Khaganate separates from Kipchak Khaganate.
1430	Hajji Girei formed Crimean Khaganate
1431	Bolgar-al-Djadid (Kazan) renamed Kazan
1434	After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed (restored) dies, Sayyid Ahmad I becomes Kipchak Khan (1434-1436)
1432	Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mehmed's envoy enthroned Vasili II on throne of Moscow instead of Vladimir. This is last time that Tatar envoy participated in coronation of Grand Prince of Russia
1436	Formation of Khanate of Kazan
1438	?... died, Ulugh Mohammed becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1438-1446 )
1440	Ulugh Beg (1393-1449), a preeminent astronomer and mathematician of fifteenth century, published a new star catalog, correcting many errors in Ptolemy's work
1443	Formation of Crimean Khanate
1446	After Kipchak Khan Ulugh Mohammed died, Mahmudek becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1446-1466)
1447	Shah Rukh dies (1405-1447), Tamerlane grandson Ulugh Beg becomes Turkestan Khan (1447-1449)
1459	After Kipchak Khan Sayyid Ahmad I dies, Mahmud becomes Kipchak Khan (1459-1466)
1466	Mahmudek died, Khalil becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1466-1467 )
1466	After Kipchak Khan Mahmud dies, Ahmad becomes Kipchak Khan (1466-1481)
1466	Formation of Astrakhan Khanate
1467	Khalil died, Ibrahim becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1467-1479)
1469	Kazan Khanate becomes a Rus vassal
1470	Struck last bilingual Tatar-Russian coins
1479	Ibrahim died, Ilham becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1479-1485 d. 1487 )
1480	Ivan III of Moscow "liberates" Russia by refusing to pay tribute to Kipchak Khan, but continues collecting trubute taxes
1481	Ahmad dies, Sayyid Ahmad II becomes Kipchak Khan (1481-1502)
1485	Ilham replaced, Mohammed Amin becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1485-1486 d. 1518 )
1486	Mohammed Amin replaced, Ilham (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1486-1487 )
1487	Ilham (restored) died, Mohammed Amin (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1487-1496 d. 1518 )
1490	Kazakh Empire is established in Central Asian steppes
1496	Mohammed Amin (restored) died, Mamuk becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1496-1497 )
1497	Mamuk died, Abdul-Latif becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1497-1502 )
1501	End of EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN 1369 - 1501 A.D Founder - Timur Gurgani Area - West, Balkans; North, Volga, South, Indian Ocean; East, Central Asia
1502	Abdul-Latif died, Mohammed Amin (re-restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1502-1518 )
1502	Mengli Girei of Crimea destroyed Kipchak Kaganate capital Sarai Berke. Crimean Khanate seizes leadership of Kipchak Kaganate as a successor of Sarai Berke, starting a disintegration spiral
1502	End of KIPCHAK KHANATE (ALTYN URDU) (GOLDEN HORDE) 1224 - 1502 A.D Founder - Batur Han Area - Eastern Europe, Western Ural Area, Crimea and area to north of Itil
1504	Kazan Khanate threw off Rus subjugation
1518	Mohammed Amin (re-restored) died, Shah 'Ali (see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1518-1521 d. 1567 )
1521	Shah 'Ali (see Kasimov) died, Sahib Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1521-1525 )
1525	Sahib Girai died, Safa Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1525-1532 d. 1549 )
1526	EMPIRE OF BABUR 1526 - 1858 A.D Founder - Babur Shah Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2)
1532	Safa Girai replaced by Jan 'Ali (see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1532-1535 )
1535	Jan 'Ali (see Kasimov) died, Safa Girai (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1535-1546 d. 1549 )
1546	Shah 'Ali (restored) died, Safa Girai (re-restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1546-1549 )
1546	Safa Girai (restored) died, Shah 'Ali (restored) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1546 d. 1567 )
1549	Safa Girai (re-restored) died, Utemish Girai becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1549-1551 )
1551	Utemish Girai died, Shah 'Ali (re-restored)(see Kasimov) becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1551-1552 d. 1567 )
1552	Shah 'Ali (re-restored) (1551-1552 d. 1567 ) captured, Yadiger Mohammed becomes Kazan Khanate Khan (1552)
1552	Rus Ivan IV of Moscow conquers Kazan Khanate and subjugates Türkic population.
1554	Capture of Astrakhan Khanate by Russ and subjugation of Türkic population. Start of methodical destruction of Sarai-Batu city
1555	Beginning of "Friendship" treaties between Moscow and Great Nogay horde turning horde into a mercenary (Kazak) state.
1558	Beçens (Beçen/Becen "Peçenek") are still living in same area in 16th c, river Kama [branch of Volga] is called Vachen, live in wilderness without house or habitation
1558	Beginning of Russian penetration of Central Asia.
1563	1563-98 reign of last Shaybanid ruler of Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan
1571	Crimean Tatars sack Moscow
1574	Ivan IV (1576-1584 ) mints bilingual Tatar-Russian coins, struck at a time of no Tatar vassalage
1590	Kazakh Empire divides into three hordes: Great Horde (east), Middle Horde (center), and Lesser Horde(west).
1650	1st half 17 century Balkarians and Karachais first mentioned in Russian documents.
1662	Bashkir revolt of Sary Mergen against Russian domination (1662-1664).
1662	Bashkir revolt of Seit against Russian domination(1681-1684).
1680	1680-1718 Rule of Khan Teuke over reunited Kazakh hordes
1690	End of use in Hungary of Türkic 32 character alphabet with 4 suplemental letters a,f,h,l from Greek.
1690	2nd half 17 - beg. 18 century Kabardins populate plains of Alania
1704	Bashkir revolt of Aldar and Kusüm against Russian domination (1704-1711).
1735	Bashkir revolt of Kilmyak, Akai and Yusup against Russian domination(1735-1736).
1737	Bashkir revolt of Tülkuchur, Bepen, Kusyap and Seit-bey against Russian domination(1737-1738).
1739	Bashkir revolt of Karasakal, Allanziangul and Mandar against Russian domination(1739-1740).
1773	Refer to Bashkir Encyclopedia for multiple Bashkir revolts, including Pugachev.
1775	Rissian army destroys Sich of Zaporozhian Cossaks on an Island on Dniepr
1778	Catherine I of Rissia deports Tatar speaking Crimean Goths to Azov area. They establish Mariupol (akin to Mariampol near Bakhchisarai)
1804	9 May 1804 Kabardins, Balkarians, Karachais and Ossetians battle with troops of general G. I. Glazenap on river Chegem.
1810	Kabardins and Balkarians encounter with troops of general Bulgakov.
1822	General A. P. Ermolov's raid in canyons of Balkaria.
1822	20 October 1822 Karachais battle with troops of general G. A. Emanuel at Hasauk. Karachai included in Russia.
1858	End of EMPIRE OF BABUR 1526 - 1858 A.D Founder - Babur Shah Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2)
1893	B. Tomsen, dean of comparative linguistics at Cponhagen University deciphers Orkhon Inscriptions
1922	End of OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1299 - 1922 A.D Founder - Osman Bey Area - Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea were for a time Türkish Lakes. (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2)

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Notes.

1. One of Chinese derogatory monikers for Huns, with a meaning “ferocious slaves”. There were more respectful names for Huns in Chinese, like “western nomads”, etc. Chinese also had plenty of derogatory terms for themselves, but, unlike “Hsiung-nu”, these terms are not used to designate Chinese in the scientific literature.

2. One of a number of versions that can be found in the literature.

3. This is a nice pearl of the racial attitude found in a multitude of scientific works. Romans, Goths, and Persians are beautiful and merciful blessings, and Huns, Avars, and Tatars are ugly and cruel menace. That did not prevent multitudes on both sides from marrying each other and producing mixed populations, including attractive offsprings to become Caesars, Basileuses, Kings, Tsars, Khans and Sultans. The speculation on 'bulgha' is an another example of a scientific pearl, not unlike the Chinese’ selection of the hieroglyphs to denote a negative attitude. But in this scientific thought we go a step further, proclaiming a negative meaning for a self-ethnonym.

4. Otrok (Russ. "son, boy”) could be a Rus' nickname for the young Kipchak Khan, or a semantical distortion. Other sources give his name as Khan Otrak.

Updated on: 6/23/2002.